2018年考研英语句型及语法结构分析

考研语法，在考研英语的复习中是基础，也是难点。千里之行，始于足下。为了把语法体系学好，我们首先要认识一下基本概念。下面从总体上将对各个知识点进行了详细阐释，并辅以经典例句。

一、句式及结构

(一)句子成分

英语的句子成分主要包括：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。其中主语、谓语和宾语属于整个句子的主干部分。我们来举例说明。

例：Such characteristicsmake them perfect candidates。

其中，characteristics为主语，make为谓语，them为宾语，candidates为补语。Such和perfect为形容词，作定语，分别修饰主语characteristics和宾语candidates。

了解这个概念的目的是让大家知道，句子是由各个成分有序组合而成的，这些成分就是如上提到过的那几种。主谓宾部分，是你抽思剥茧后剩下的东西，也就是我们提到过好几次的主干部分或核心信息，而剩下的那几个就是阻碍你把句子划分清楚的东西，叫做修饰部分。

(二)两个简单句及其扩展的介绍

相信大家都认识两个句子：主语+谓语+宾语

主语+系动词+表语

其实所有的句子都是在这两个句子的基础之上通过重组、叠加变复杂的。

比如说下面这句话，其最初的形式是：I (主语)+love(谓语)+you(宾语)，其中I为主语，love为谓语，you为宾语。那么我们来变一下。

1.主语的扩展

I, full of creativity andimagination, love you. (这句话通过给主语添加形容词短语full ofcreativity做后置定语，使其变复杂了)

I, the most considerateand handsome boy in the world, love you. (这句话通过给主语添加同位语themost considerate and handsome boy in the world使其变复杂了)

I ，who is the most considerate and handsome boy in the world ，love you. (这句话通过给主语添加who引导的定语从句who is the most considerate and handsome boy in the world，使其变复杂了)

2.谓语的扩展

I love you with heart andsoul. (这句话通过给谓语动词love添加介词短语withheart and soul作状语，使其变复杂了)

I love you more than I cansay. (这句话通过给谓语动词love添加比较状语从句morethan I can say作程度状语，使其变复杂了)

I love you, willing to doeverything for you. (这句话通过给谓语动词添加分词短语作伴随状语，使其变复杂了)

3.宾语的扩展

I love the twenty-year-oldyou。(这句话通过给宾语添加形容词the twenty-year-old作定语，使其变复杂了)

I love you, the smartestgirl in the world。(这句话通过给宾语添加名词短语the smartest girl inthe world作同位语，使其变复杂了)

I love you who is thesmartest girl in the world。(这句话通过给宾语添加who引导的定语从句who is the smartest girl in the world做定语，使其变复杂了)

从以上的例句我们可以看出，句子本是简简单单、清清爽爽的，而随着岁月的冲刷，它的各个部分就变得复杂起来，而且这些部分还可以无限制地添加。

其实各个语法知识点可以集结在如下这幅简单句的句型拓展图当中。可以说在这幅图中，我们的考研语法知识点，及其各个语法点在一个句子中所担当的角色会有一个明确的呈现。

首先请看，括号中2的部分可放置形容词、形容词性短语、分词对主干成分中的主语进行修饰，使得主语所传达的信息复杂起来，而括号中3的部分可以通过放置形容词性短语、介词短语、动词不定式、分词短语、定语从句(终极复杂修饰)对主语从后面进行修饰，这种从后面进行修饰的方式也就是定语后置。而括号2(形容词、形容词短语、分词)和括号3(形容词性短语、介词短语、动词不定式、分词短语、定语从句)所代表的内容可以同理投射到括号5和括号6的位置当中去——因为它们修饰的都是句子中的名词性成分。

再看横线1 和横线7两个位置都可以放置一个从句或非谓语结构，与主句“主+谓+宾”形成一种特定的逻辑关系，这个从句叫做状语从句，这个非谓语结构就叫做分词短语。

通过这种方式，句子的修饰成分在横向得到了拓展。而纵向也就是箭头标注的句子的主干成分也可以通过自身的变化复杂起来。主语的位置可以是名词、名词短语、动名词，以及名词性从句。(若将一个从句放在主语的位置，这个从句就是主语从句，之所以能够把一个句子放在这里做主语，是因为句子前面有一个引导词，取消了这个句子的独立性，使其成为新句子的组成部分——主语部分。这一点对于任何从句都是适用的)。主语所作的自身的变化同样可以投射到宾语中去。唯一有所不同的是，如果这个部分是由句子充当的话，就改名换姓，被叫做宾语从句了。当然，由于它们起到的都是名词性的作用，所以不论是主语从句还是宾语从句，抑或是我们以后要学到的表语从句、同位语从句，统统都归为名词性从句。

所以，通过刚才的展示，我们发现句子就是这样变得复杂起来的，在横向的位置，句子通过修饰成分变得发展壮大起来;而在纵向的位置，句子的主干成分通过自身的变化实现了复杂的目的。在阅读的时候我们应该识破这些修饰的表象，抓住主干的本质;而在写作的过程中，我们又要利用这些修饰把我们的句子壮大起来，实现句型的丰富多变。

(三)复合句的概念

复合句通过连词把各个分句连接起来。因其连接词的不同，我们还可以将复合句分为并列复合句和主从复合句。并列复合句是指通过and, or, but等并列连词连接起来的句子，分句间的关系是平等的。主从复合句指的是由that, which,how,whether等从属连词连接起来的句子。主从复合句中，主句和从句之间的关系就像是主人与仆人的关系，仆人是主人的附加和修饰。

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一、选择题 1．This my sister and those my brothers. A．is, is B．are, are C．is, are 2．Kay looked _________ at the guests who said that the food she cooked tasted _________. A．happily; wonderfully B．happily; wonderful C．happy; wonderful D．happy; wonderfully 3．These chicken wings taste ________. I want more. A．well B．wonderfully C．nice D．bad 4．The teacher's smile made me ________ better. A．feel B．to feel C．feeling D．felt 5．Jim a basketball? A．Does; have B．Does; has C．Is; have 6．Our school basketball team ________ in the final of the basketball competition. Another team from No.5 Middle School ________ doing very well too. A．is; isn’t B．are; aren’t C．is; are D．are; is 7．My mother with me ________ at my grandma’s home ________that snowy night. A．were, at B．was, at C．was, on 8．My parents don’t_______me eat_______junk food. A．like; too many B．want; too much C．ask; too many D．let; too much 9．—Let’s _________ the library this afternoon. —Sorry, I want _________ my grandfather. A．go to;to meet B．go to;meeting C．to go to;to meet 10．—Why ______ you so busy these days? —Because they arrived ______ London ______ the morning of July1. A．are; in , in B．are; in , on C．do; on , in D．do; at , on 11．I tried to make the baby ________by singing, and that worked well at last. A．stop crying B．to stop crying C．stop to cry D．to stop to cry 12．Many students are so crazy about mobile games that they lose interest in their schoolwork, which _________ their parents and teachers a lot. A．worries about B．is worried about C．worries D．is worried 13．What a beautiful song! It ___________so sweet. A．feels B．sounds C．tastes D．smells 14．2019 has come. I hope everyone can make his dream ________. A．came true B．come true C．comes true D．coming true 15．—Do you know whom they will have ________the parts of car together?—Sorry,I have no idea. A．fix B．fixed C．to fix D．fixing

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He is always late for class. 7、补语：补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。 He made me sad.（形容词） She asks me to take an umbrella.（不定式） The war made him a soldier.（名词） I find him at home.（介词短语） I saw a cat running along the wall.（分词） 8、同位语：同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. I myself will do the experiment. She is the oldest among them six. 一）. 简单句五种基本句型：句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型：1、基本句型的词序：

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主语系表语主语系表语（介词短语） ▲定语只修饰名词，不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在所修饰的名词之前，而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后，请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。介词短语 ---英国法学家波洛克介词短语 Happiness is a station -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5 形容词介词短语 man is a teacher 介词短语形容词

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她父亲是个医生，她母亲是个老师。I liked the story very much but Li Ming wasn't interested in it.我非常喜欢这个故事，可是李明却对它不感兴趣。 Hurry up，or you'll be late. 快点，否则你就会迟到的。 3复合句句型：主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。）句子的成分组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。下面我们分别讲述一下句子的各个成分： 1主语主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。 We study in No.1 Middle School.（讲述“谁”～）我们在一中学习。 The classroom is very clean. （讲述“什么”很干净）这间教室很干净。 Three were absent.（数词作主语）