学前儿童语言教育复习资料 杭师大

学前儿童语言教育复习资料 杭师大
学前儿童语言教育复习资料 杭师大

学前儿童语言教育复习资料

考试题型:判断,单选,简答,教案设计,课程总结感想收获;

第一章

(概念与教育观念)

(一)研究对象:0-6岁儿童语言发生发展规律及其教育;

(二)研究内容:

1、描述学前儿童语言发展的基本特点和规律;

2、揭示学前儿童语言发生发展的原因和机制,探究其影响因素;

3、解释和评价学前儿童语言发展的个别差异;

4、介绍和阐明促进学前儿童语言发展的办法和活动设计类型;

(三)纲要(《幼儿园教育指导纲要》)对语言领域的规定目标:

1、乐意与人交谈,讲话礼貌;

2、注意倾听对方讲话,能理解日常用语;

3、能清楚说出自己想说的事;

4、喜欢听故事、看图书;

5、能听懂和会说普通话;

(四)指南(《3-6岁儿童学习与发展指南》)听说读写具体规定:

1、听与说

目标:1认真听并能听懂常用语言;2愿意讲话并能清楚表达;3具有文明语言习惯;

2、阅读与书写准备

目标1:喜欢听故事、看图书;2:具有初步阅读理解能力;

3:具有书面表达愿望与初步技能;

(五)学前儿童语言教育基本观念

1、完整语言教育观

内涵:强调教育目标和内容的完整性和全面性,主张教育活动情境的真实、完整;观点:(1)学前儿童语言教育目标是完整的(听说读写四项的情感态度、认知、能力)

(2)教育内容是全面的(教导包括书面、日常、文学语言)

(3)教育活动过程是真实、形式多样的;

2、整合教育观

内涵:儿童语言学习系统理论直接影响产生,将语言学习看成整合的系统;

语言发展和其他智能去、情感的发展是整合一体的关系,共同促进、发展;观点:(1)语言教育目标整合(促进语言发展为主,促进其他发展的整合目标体系)

(2)内容整合(整体适应,多元化,社会知识和语言知识的有效整合)

(3)方式整合((以活动的形式构建语言教育内容)

3、活动教育观

内涵:以活动的形式组织幼儿语言教育过程,加强儿童在活动中的主动性;

观点:(1)为学前儿童提供充分操作语言的机会;

(2)通过多种形式的操作,促进儿童语言发展;

(3)发挥学前儿童在活动中的主体地位和教师的主导作用;

(六)儿童语言获得理论

1、强化理论(斯金纳)

观点:语言获得来自对语言行为的操作性条件反射(强化),强调“选择性强化”

评价:1、无法解决1语言发展速度超过强化能力;2没有对正确语法的明显强调而习得正确语法;3强化无法促进语法认知这三个问题;

2、过分强调无目的反应和强化,忽视儿童自身作用;

2、模仿理论(社会学习理论,以班杜拉为代表)

观点:语言发展源自模仿,对社会语言范型的响应;

评价:不能解决儿童语言发展的速度,儿童说出的话多于能够模仿的对象;

3、生成转换理论(乔姆斯基,当前影响最大)

观点:人天生带普遍语法(语言获得装置),在后天语言经验下转换为具体语法;评价:对语言学和发展心理学产生巨大影响,有可取之处,但仍不完美;

注:一、二(P3);三、四(P5);五(P9);六(P12),多选择题型;

第二章

(语言发展阶段与特点)

(一)语言发展内容阶段

概念:语言发展是连续、有次序、有规律的过程,是由量变到质变的过程;

阶段:0-1岁语言准备期、1-3岁语言形成期、3-6岁语言发展期;

(二)语言形成期划分与特点

附加概念:1-2岁语言发生阶段;2-3岁基本掌握口语阶段;

1、单词句阶段(1-1.5岁)

特点:1理解语言迅速发展;2词义笼统,一词多意;3以音代意,词性不确定;2、双词句阶段(1.5-2岁)

特点:1词汇量急剧增加,出现“词语爆炸”;2双词句为主,增长速度较快;

3、简单句阶段(2-3岁)

特点:1语音逐渐稳定规范;2词汇量迅速增加;

3句法结构逐渐完善;4语言理解能力继续提高;

(三)小中大班语言特点

小班(3-4岁)

特点:语音上前后鼻音和声母易错,出现人称代词与语气词,但词性理解肤浅;

中班(4-5岁)

特点:语音词汇发展迅速,对量词掌握有进步但仍不足,对时间概念掌握较差;

大班(5-6岁)

特点:语音健全正确,词汇大增(3000-4000),词义理解运用较好,完整句运用;注:一(P22);二(P24);三(P28-41),无大题,理解为主;

第三章(重要)

(语言教育全部)

(一)语言目标制定依据

1、社会发展需要(1反应当下价值观与教育目标取向;2适应生产力水平对人才的要

求;3具有一定超前性)

2、学前教育机构保育和教育的主要目标(纲要规定了目标内容和要求)

3、语言学科性质特点(结合儿童语言发展特点,考虑语言学科性质)

4、学前儿童语言发展规律和儿童语言学习特点(重点:3岁前运用句子表诉能力,3-4

岁语音词汇教育,4-5岁口语表达,5-6岁连贯性语言)

5、学前儿童社会性发展的需要(人际交往,成人、同伴交流中语言的运用)

6、学前儿童语言教育目标的特色(目标的综合性、生活化)

(二)目标发展趋势

1、重视学前儿童语言情感态度的培养;

2、重视支持性语言环境创设(开放平等环境,扩展语言经验,满足个别需要)

3、关注儿童语言学习运用能力的培养;

4、重视学前儿童早期阅读能力的培养;

(三)目标结构(重要)

1、语言教育的层次目标

(1)总目标:学前阶段语言教育任务的总和,期望的最终结果;

(2)年龄阶段目标

3-4岁:安静倾听说话,学说普通话,喜欢儿童读物,理解表达感受;

4-5岁:倾听、理解日常用语,普通话表诉,文学作品欣赏与复述,按顺序看书并交流、乐于看电视、广播等;

5-6岁:倾听理解生活语言,普通话表述与礼貌,欣赏复述文学并学习创作,将生活信息作交流讨论,对文学感兴趣;

2、语言教育的分类目标

倾听、表诉、欣赏文学作品、早期阅读行为(P57-58表);

(四)目标表述要素

1、认知目标(具体语言知识的形式、数量和种类)

2、情感与态度目标(兴趣、态度和价值观的培养)

3、能力与技能目标(能力与技能训练结果,包括语言、表演等)

(五)语言教育活动内容选择

1、根据教育目标选择(目标—内容)

2、根据学前儿童心理发展特点选择(要求趣味、新颖、生动、规范)

3、根据语言发展特点选择(非语言交际—口语,口语—书面两个转换特点)

(六)语言教育活动类型

文学欣赏、早期阅读、讲述、谈话、听说游戏五种

(七)语言教育设计原则

1、教育活动经验连续性原则(承上启下)

2、教育活动中主客体交互作用原则(儿童主体,教育内容方式为客体)

3、内容和方式相适应原则

4、不同领域活动相互渗透性原则(语言符号系统为主,其他为辅)

5、面向全体,注重个别差异的原则

6、注意事项

1围绕目标设计活动过程;

2考虑儿童主动活动和教师参与活动的比例

3为活动过程实施留有余地

(八)语言教育活动组织原则

1、儿童是活动主体的原则(激发儿童主动性,明确儿童操作主体地位)

2、促进儿童语言发展原则

3、自由与规范相统一原则(自由环境,规范用语)

4、示范与练习相统一原则(示范是基础,练习来巩固,示范要启发性,练习机会充

足,注意隐性示范)

(九)学前儿童语言教育途径

1、专门的语言教育活动;

2、渗透的语言教育活动;

(十)学前儿童语言教育方法(简答题)

1、示范法(1示范规范标准,2示范讲解结合,3适时适量,4显性隐性结合,5积

极观察,及时强化,6适当纠正性示范)

2、讲解法(适量(儿童主体),适当(启发理解),与示范结合,浅显易懂清楚)

3、讨论法(精心选择话题,讨论围绕语言教育目标,兼顾全体,尊重儿童意见)

4、视听将做结合法(辅助材料适当,提问适当,让儿童在实践中获得语言经验)

5、游戏法(根据目标选择,材料充分,趣味性,恰当时机)

6、表演法(情节适合,目的明确与排练,表演真实性,场景道具准备)

7、练习法(生动活泼,明确要求适当提高,独创性发展,结合日常生活)

(十一)语言教育评价

监测作用,坚持客观、参照、全面、发展、实效、多元性原则;

(十二)评价内容(重点,评课评什么,建议看书)

1、对学前儿童语言发展状况的评价(目标达成、参与程度)

2、对教育活动评价(目标、内容、方法和组织方式、过程、环境材料、互动情况)对教师设计和组织情况评价(言语素质,互动情况)

(十三)教育评价的主要方法(看书扩展)

1、对学前儿童语言发展的评价

1自然观察2境控制观察3谈话4问卷5现场实录6档案—评价法

2、对教育活动的评价

1自然观察2现场实录3自由叙述4综合等级5实地观察—评价法

注:一(P50);二(P53);三(P55);四(P60);五(P62);六(P63);七(P63);八(P66);九(P73);十(P74);十一(P79);十二(P82);十三(P86);

第四章(最重要类型)

(文学活动)

(一)语言材料分类(看书扩展)

1认知发展类;2情感陶堰类;3意志品质形成类;4行为习惯培养类;5语言表达训练类; (二)文学作品内容选择(简答)

1、作品形象鲜明生动;

2、作品结构简单,情节单纯有趣;

3、作品语言浅显易懂,具体生动;

4、作品题材以学前儿童熟悉的生活为主;

(三)文学活动目标

1、向幼儿展示成熟语言,提升幼儿对语言多样性的认识;

2、扩展幼儿词汇量,培养其自觉获取语言材料的能力;

3、培养幼儿善于倾听的技能;

4、提升幼儿灵活富有创造性运用语言的能力;

(四)活动中提问内容和技巧存在的问题(开放性问题)

针对(儿童记忆系统、细节、情感识别与匹配、作品主题情节、文学语言、作品整体结构形式、生活原型和作品形象比较)的提问;

注:一(P94);二(P97),简答题;三(P98);四(P122),开放题型;

第五章

(早期阅读)

(一)世界读书日4月23日

(二)早期阅读基本特征(简答)

1、文本以图画书为主

2、早期阅读是发展儿童自主阅读能力的过程

3、早期阅读是图画认知和讲述结合的过程

4、早期阅读是在成人陪伴下的共享阅读

5、早期阅读是萌发读写意识的过程

(三)早期阅读语言教育目标(重点)

小班:看懂图画书,口头语言表述,认读简单汉字,描画形式练习笔画;

中班:细节观察,看懂内容,爱护图书,认读汉字,练习笔画;

大班:制作图画书,图画文字对应关系,书面语言,基本书写;

(四)早期阅读的主要内容(早期阅读兴趣习惯能力构建)

前阅读、前识字、前书写经验

(五)早期阅读设计实施(浙江省方案采用五个阶段法)

游览、理解、分析、提升、应用式阅读活动;

注:二(P130);三(P133);四(P135);五(P137);

第六章

(讲述活动)

(一)讲述活动特点

1、讲述活动拥有一定凭借物;

2、其语言是独白语言;

3、具有相对正式的语言情境;

4、需要调动儿童的多种能力;

(二)讲述活动分类

1、讲述内容分:叙事性,描述性,议论性讲述;

2、凭借物特点分:看图讲述,实物讲述,情境表演讲述;

(三)讲述活动目标

1、培养幼儿感知理解讲述对象的能力

2、培养幼儿独立构思清楚表达的意识情感与能力;

3、培养幼儿掌握对语言交流信息清晰度的调节技能;

(四)讲述活动语言教育目标

具体看书,小班基础,中班发展,大班流畅理解;

(五)讲述活动基本结构(简答)

1、感知理解讲述对象,

2、运用已有经验自由讲述,

3、学习新的讲述经验,

4、集中倾听,

5、巩固与再实践;

注:一(P167);二、三(p168);四(P171);五(P172);

第七章

(谈话活动)

(一)谈话活动简述(简答)(p197)

1、创设谈话环境,引出谈话话题(实物、教具/语言/游戏或表演)

2、引导幼儿围绕主题自由交谈(轻松氛围,鼓励参与,个别差异注意)

3、教师引导儿童逐步拓展谈话范围(对象—态度—感受)

第八章

(听说游戏活动)

(一)听说游戏主要目标

1、培养儿童良好倾听态度,

2、提高学前儿童口语表达能力,

3、阶段目标(小班乐于参加,中班参与,大班迅速理解)

(二)听说游戏活动基本结构

1、创设情境引发游戏,

2、交待游戏规则,明确玩法,

3、教师引导游戏,

4、幼儿自主游戏,

注:一(P209);二(P212);

第九章不考

英语语言学概论大纲(DOC)

一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 (一)课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业(本科段)的一门重要的专业理论课程,其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识,掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论,了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用,熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物;通过该课程的学习,考生可以从不同的角度了解语言(的性质),了解语言学习和语言教学,为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是:专业术语多,概念多,内容抽象,所以,考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程,如高级英语、泛读(三)、写作等,这样可以减少语言障碍,有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 (二)本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编,计十三章。第一编(一至二章)介绍了语言和语言学;第二编(三至八章)介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学;第三编(九至十二章)为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学,以及语言学理论与外语教学;第四编(十三章)介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习,要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求: 1、掌握语言的性质、功能,以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念; 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论; 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用; 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 (三)本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程,其含盖范围很广,既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学,又涉及许多交叉学科,如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学(包括语言学理论与外语教学),以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中,词汇学与语言学关系最为密切,词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读(三)、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系,这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴,日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究,这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标

英语语言学概论精选试题学生版

《英语语言学概论》精选试题1 1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic C. Animals also have language D. Language is arbitrary 2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language A. Symbolic B. Duality C. Productive D. Arbitrary 3. What is the most important function of language A. Interpersonal B. Phatic C. Informative D. Metalingual 4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Anonymous 5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue 6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it" is . A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies . A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B. the perception of sounds C. the combination of sounds D. the production of sounds 8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in . A. the place of articulation B. the obstruction of airstream C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips 9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 10. Which studies the sound systems in a certain language A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 11. Minimal pairs are used to . A. find the distinctive features of a language B.find the phonemes of a language C. compare two words D. find the allophones of language 12. Usually, suprasegmental features include ___ ,length and pitch. A. phoneme B. speech sounds C. syllables D. stress 13. Which is an indispensable part of a syllable A. Coda B. Onset C. Stem D. Peak 三、判断

英语语言学—中文版

单元练习......76页 英语语言学概论 —自学指导 主编: 支永碧王永祥

英语语言学概论 —自学指导 主编: 支永碧王永祥 副主编:李葆春丁后银王秀凤

前言 本书主要为参加英语专业(本科段)自学考试和全国研究生入学考试的考生而编写,是《英语语言学概论》(王永祥、支永碧,2007)的配套辅导用书。 自2007年起,《英语语言学概论》(王永祥、支永碧,2007)被确定为英语专业(本科段)自学考试的指定教材。在此期间,许多参加自学考试的考生希望能再出一本配套的辅导教材。他们中的不少人不仅希望自学考试轻松过关,还希望和全国其他学生一样将来能参加全国统一的研究生入学考试继续升造求学。而现有的教材内容和相关练习似乎还不能充分满足他们的需求。其一,配套练习尚不够全面,缺少问答题的参考答案;其二,和研究生入学考试真题相比,配套练习的类型也不够全面;其三,参加自学考试的学生往往很难得到老师的亲自授课和指导,而英语语言学理论和概念往往抽象难懂,再加上其它各种原因,不少考生不能轻易地掌握各章的所有重点、难点,因此,他们迫切需要有一本简单实用的自学考试指南和辅导练习帮助他们解决问题;此外,在英语专业研究生入学考试中,英语语言学是一门必考科目。入学以后,英语语言学也是英语专业研究生的一门必修课。鉴于此,他们希望了解更全面的英语语言学基本理论,多做一些更实用的英语语言学练习和真题,以备将来需要。为了满足广大自考学生和准备参加英语专业研究生入学考试的考生的需要,我们在广泛征求了各方面的意见之后,精心编写了本书。本书的编写除了主要参照王永祥、支永碧主编的《英语语言学概论》以外,我们还参考了胡壮麟主编的《语言学教程》(修订版)和戴炜栋、何兆熊主编的《新编简明英语语言学教程》和其它一些高校使用的语言学教程。 本书第一部分为英语语言学核心理论和概念,主要包括:本章主要考点,课文理解与重点内容分析;第二部分为英语语言学概论的十三章单元配套练习,和原教材中的练习稍有不同的是,在本部分,我们选编了部分自学考试真题和各个高校历年考研真题,以便考生更好地了解本章重点。这样,学生可以更有针对性地进行各章节的学习和复习。虽然该部分略有难度,但对考研和自考的学生都很有帮助;第三部分为英语语言学综合模拟试卷, 内容紧扣《英语语言学概论》,针对性很强,适用于英语专业各类考生;第四部分为江苏省自学考试英语语言学概论部分考试样题及参考答案。本书的习题主要包括以下七种类型:问答题、选择题、填空题、名词解释、是非判断题、汉英术语互译题、操作题。另外,为便于学习者了解考试重点,本书附加了江苏省英语专业(本科段)《英语语言学概论》自学考试新大纲2007版;另外,为便于自学者查询深涩难懂的语言学词汇,我们按照汉语字母顺序编写了常见的英语语言学术语汉英对照表,以补充原教材的些许缺失。 本书力求充分满足广大考生学习和考试的需要,帮助他们了解各章的主要考点和复习要点。祝参加英语专业自学考试的考生轻松克服《英语语言学概论》的学习难题,祝参加英语专业研究生入学考试的考生在本书的帮助下能轻松通过英语语言学这个难关,实现自己的梦想。 支永碧 2009年2月于南京师范大学随园

(完整word版)英语语言学概论--整理

Chapter 1 Language语言 1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2. Productivity (能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5. discreteness(离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1. ★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2. ★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3. Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4. ★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I. H alliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II. A dult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇

英语语言学概论

英语语言学概论 GE GROUP system office room 【GEIHUA16H-GEIHUA GEIHUA8Q8-

Chapter 1 Language语言 1.Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Productivity (能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3.arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4.symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5.discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6.displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7.duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8.culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.

英语语言学概论复习

《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则:第一,理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二,以 各章的题目为统领,理解各章节下的具体内容。第三,动手书写 和记忆重要内容,部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1)Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance 2)Study of the origin of language 3)What are the functions of language? 4)Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics? Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 1)Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription 2)Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples 3)The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification

《英语语言学概论》word版

英语语言学概论》重、难点提示 第一章语言的性质 语言的定义:语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性);语言的功能(寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为);语言的起源(神授说,人造说,进化说)等。 第二章语言学 语言学定义;研究语言的四大原则(穷尽、一致、简洁、客观);语言学的基本概念(口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为);普通语言学的分支(语音、音位、语法、句法、语义);;语言学的应用(语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学)等。 第三章语音学 发音器官的英文名称;英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法;语音学的定义;发音语音学;听觉语音学;声学语音学;元音及辅音的分类;严式与宽式标音等。 第四章音位学 音位理论;最小对立体;自由变异;互补分布;语音的相似性;区别性特征;超语段音位学;音节;重音(词重音、句子重音、音高和语调)等。 第五章词法学 词法的定义;曲折词与派生词;构词法(合成与派生);词素的定义;词素变体;自由词素;粘着词素(词根,词缀和词干)等。 第六章词汇学 词的定义;语法词与词汇词;变词与不变词;封闭词与开放词;词的辨认;习语与搭配。 第七章句法 句法的定义;句法关系;结构;成分;直接成分分析法;并列结构与从属结构;句子成分;范畴(性,数,格);一致;短语,从句,句子扩展等。 第八章语义学 语义的定义;语义的有关理论;意义种类(传统、功能、语用);里奇的语义分类;词汇意义关系(同义、反义、下义);句子语义关系。 第九章语言变化 语言的发展变化(词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化); 第十章语言、思维与文化 语言与文化的定义;萨丕尔-沃夫假说;语言与思维的关系;语言与文化的关系;中西文化的异同。 第十一章语用学 语用学的定义;语义学与语用学的区别;语境与意义;言语行为理论(言内行为、言外行为和言后行为);合作原则。 (主讲教师张祖春)Questions & Answers on Key Points of Linguistics 《英语语言学概论》重、难点问与答 1.1. What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (l ike “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, in Japanese, in Chinese, “check” in Korean. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages, developed or “new”. W riting systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the def inition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 1.2. What are design features of language? “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability 1.3. What is arbitrariness? By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds (see I .1). A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo words, like “bang”, “crash”, “roar”, whi ch are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds (words compounded to be one word) are

英语语言学概论复习

英语语言学概论复习 Final approval draft on November 22, 2020

《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则:第一,理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二,以各章的题 目为统领,理解各章节下的具体内容。第三,动手书写和记忆重要内容,部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics 1)D efinitionsofthefollowingterms:language,linguistics,arbitrari ness,duality,creativity,displacement,descriptiveVSprescriptiv e,synchronicVSdiachronic,langueVSparole,competenceVSperforman ce 2)S tudyoftheoriginoflanguage 3)W hatarethefunctionsoflanguage 4)W hichsubjectsareincludedinmacrolinguistics Chapter2SpeechSounds 1)Definitionsofthefollowingterms:articulatoryphonetics,acoustic phonetics,auditoryphonetics,phonetics,phonology,consonants,vo wels,allophones,broadtranscriptionVSnarrowtranscription 2)Analyzethecomplementarydistribution,freevariationwithexamples 3)TheclassificationofEnglishconsonantsandEnglishvowelsandthefea turesinvolvedintheclassification 4)Understandsomeprocessesofphonology:nasalization,dentalization ,velarization

英语语言学概论 整理

Chapter 1 Language 语言 1. Design feature (识另U特征)refers to the defining properties of human Ianguage that distinguish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on. 2. Productivity (能产性)refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large qua ntities of sentences in their n ative Ian guage. 3. arbitrari ness (任意性) Arbitrari ness refers to the phe nomenon that there is no motivated relati on ship betwee n a lin guistic form and its meaning. 4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to someth ing such as an object, word, or sound that represe nts someth ing else by associati on or conven tio n. 5. discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a Ianguage are meanin gfully disti net. 6. displaceme nt (不受时空限制的特性) Displaceme nt refers to the fact that huma n Ian guage can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situati ons of its users. 7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of Ianguage into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meanin g, is known as duality of structure. 8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that Ianguage is passed on from one gen erati on to the next through teach ing and lear ning, rather tha n by in herita nee. 9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1. ★ What is Ian guage? Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on. This defi niti on has captured the main features of Ian guage. First, la nguage is a system. Secon d, la nguage is arbitrary in the sen se. The third feature of Ian guage is symbolic n ature. 2. ★ What are the desig n features of Ian guage? Lan guage has seve n desig n features as follow ing: 1) Productivity. 2) Discrete ness. 3) Displaceme nt 4) Arbitrari ness. 5) Cultural tran smissi on 6) Duality of structure. 7) In tercha ngeability. 3. Why do we say Ian guage is a system? Because eleme nts of Ian guage are comb ined accord ing to rules, and every Ian guage contains a set of rules. By system, the recurri ng patter ns or arra ngeme nts or the particular ways or desig ns in which a Ian guage operates. And the soun ds, the words and the senten ces are used in fixed patter ns that speaker of a Ian guage can un dersta nd each other. 4. ★ ( Function of Ianguage .) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children s Ian guage? And what are the three fun cti onal comp onents of adult Ian guage? I. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children s ' Ianguage: 1) In strume ntal fun ctio n. 工具功能 2) Regulatory fun ctio n. 调节功能 3) Represe ntati onal fun cti on. 表现功能 4) In teracti onal fun cti on. 互动功能 5) Perso nal fun ctio n. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic fun ctio n.启发功能[osbQtq'kFh] 7) Imagi native fun cti on. 想象功能 II. Adult Ian guage has three fun cti onal comp onents as follow ing: 1) In terpers onal comp onen ts. 人际 2) Ideati onal comp onen ts. 概念

(完整word版)英语语言学概论--整理.docx

Chapter 1Language 语言 1.Design feature(识别特征 ) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Productivity( 能产性 ) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3.arbitrariness(任意性 )Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4.symbol (符号 ) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5.discreteness(离散性 )Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6.displacement(不受时空限制的特性)Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7.duality of structure(结构二重性 )The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8.culture transmission( 文化传播 )Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9.interchangeability(互换性 ) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1.★ What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2.★ What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1)Productivity. 2)Discreteness. 3)Displacement 4)Arbitrariness. 5)Cultural transmission 6)Duality of structure. 7)Interchangeability. 3.Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4. ★ ( Function of language .)According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children ’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children s’language: 1)Instrumental function.工具功能 2)Regulatory function.调节功能 3)Representational function.表现功能 4)Interactional function.互动功能 5)Personal function.自指性功能 6) Heuristic function.启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7)Imaginative function.想象功能 II. Adult language has three functional components as following: 1)Interpersonal components.人际 2)Ideational components. 概念 3)Textual components. 语篇

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