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北师大版八年级上册数学知识点总结第一章勾股定理 1、勾股定理（1）直角三角形两直角边a ，b 的平方和等于斜边c 的平方，即2 22c b a =+ （2）勾股定理的验证：测量、数格子、拼图法、面积法，如青朱出入图、五巧板、玄图、总统证法……（通过面积的不同表示方法得到验证，也叫等面积法或等积法）（3）勾股定理的适用范围：仅限于直角三角形 2、勾股定理的逆定理如果三角形的三边长a ，b ，c 有关系2 22c b a =+，那么这个三角形是直角三角形。 3、勾股数：满足2 22c b a =+的三个正整数a ，b ， c ，称为勾股数。常见的勾股数有：（6,8,10）（3,4,5）（5,12，,13）（9,12,15）（7,24,25）（9,40,41）…… 规律：（1），短直角边为奇数，另一条直角边与斜边是两个连续的自然数，两边之和是短直角边的平方。即当a 为奇数且a ＜b 时，如果b+c=a2那么a,b,c 就是一组勾股数.如（3,4,5）（5,12，,13）（7,24,25）（9,40,41）…… （2）大于2的任意偶数，2n(n ＞1)都可构成一组勾股数分别是：2n,n2-1,n2+1 如：（6,8,10）（8,15,17）（10,24,26）…… 4、常见题型应用：（1）已知任意两条边的长度，求第三边/斜边上的高线/周长/面积…… （2）已知任意一条的边长以及另外两条边长之间的关系，求各边的长度//斜边上的高线/周长/面积…… （3）判定三角形形状： a2 +b2＞c2锐角~，a2 +b2=c2直角~，a2 +b2＜c2钝角~ 判定直角三角形a..找最长边；b.比较长边的平方与另外两条较短边的平方和之间的大小关系；c.确定形状（4）构建直角三角形解题例1. 已知直角三角形的两直角边之比为3：4，斜边为 10。求直角三角形的两直角边。解：设两直角边为3x ，4x ，由题意知： ∴x=2，则3x=6，4x=8，故两直角边为6，8。中考突破（1）中考典题例. 如图（1）所示，一个梯子AB 长2.5米，顶端A 靠在墙AC 上，这时梯子下端B 与墙角C 距离为1.5米，梯子滑动后停在DE 位置上，如图（2）所示，测得得BD=0.5米，求梯子顶端A 下落了多少米？思维入门指导：梯子顶端A 下落的距离为AE ，即求AE 的长。已知AB 和BC ，根据勾股定理可求AC ，只要求出EC 即可。解：在Rt △ACB 中，AC2=AB2-BC2=2.52-1.52=4， ∴AC=2 ∵BD=0.5，∴CD=2 ∴EC=1.5 答：梯子顶端下滑了0.5米。点拨：要考虑梯子的长度不变。例5. 如图所示的一块地，AD=12m ，CD=9m ，∠ADC=90°，AB=39m ，BC=36m ，求这块地的面积。思维入门指导：求面积时一般要把不规则图形分割成规则图形，若连结BD ，似乎不解：连结AC ，在Rt △ADC 中，在△ABC 中，AB2=1521 答：这块地的面积是216平方米。点拨：此题综合地应用了勾股定理和直角三角形判定条件。第二章实数基本知识回顾 1. 无理数的引入。无理数的定义无限不循环小数。得要领，连结，求出即可。AC S S ABC ACD ??-

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