英文写作基础——英文写作方法

英语写作方法

英语写作方法六大原则：

1. advanced words (高级词汇原则)

2. adverbial advanceed (状语提前原则)

3. phrases preferred (短语优先原则)

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ec14366023.html,pound sentence, composite sentence and sentence of special kind (并列句、复合句和特殊句式原则)

5. long and short sentences alternately (长短句交替原则)

6. passages in paragraphs(短文分段分层原则)

高分作文的五大特性

1. sense of order (条理性: 段落完整，层次分明）

2. accuracy (准确性: 语法准确，用词精当）

3. fluency (流畅性: 层次清晰，行文连贯）

4. conciseness & variety (简洁、多样性: 语言简洁，不重复）

5. ideological content (思想性: 文章立意高，表达个人观点内容积极向上）

过渡词的使用

过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词犹如“桥梁”，在文章中发挥着连接上下文的作用，学会恰当地运用过渡词会使文章结构紧凑，启、承、转、合，过渡自然，融会贯通，连成一体。

1、根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十六类：

（1）表并列关系的过渡词：

and, also， as well, as well as，or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor等。

（2）表递进关系的过渡词：

besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover(此外，而且), what’s more，what’s worse等。

（3）表转折对比的过渡词：

but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others等。

（4）表原因的过渡词：

because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）, for this reason, owing to, as far as, considering that, seeing that等。

（5）表结果的过渡词：

so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so…that, such…that?, accordingly等。??

（6）表条件的过渡词：

if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as等。

（7）表时间的过渡词：

when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on,? eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment等。

（8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词：

first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）等。

（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词：

in other words, that is to say, to put it another way等。

（10）表进行举例说明的过渡词：

for instance, for example, take … as an example, namely, such as, like, in other words, that is to say, that is等。

（11）表陈述事实的过渡词：

in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth等。

（12）表强调的过渡词：

certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, of course, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely等。

（13）表比较、对比的过渡词：

like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, be similar to, rather than, on the contrary, by contrast, one one hand…, on the other hand, otherwise 等。

（14）表目的的过渡词：

for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to等。

（15）表总结的过渡词：

in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, to conclude, at last, in summary, on the whole等。

（16）表增补的过渡词：in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what’s more, similarly, next, finally 等。

2、文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。

（1）“启”。

用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：

过渡词： first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently,

过渡句：It is often said that…,

As the proverb says…,

It goes without saying th at…,

It is clear/obvious that…,

Many people often ask …

（2）“承”。

表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：

过渡词： second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what

is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，

过渡句：It is true that…,

Everybody knows that…,

It can be easily proved that…,

No one can deny that…

The reason why …is that …,

There is no doubt that…,

To take…for an example (instance) …,

We know that…,

What is more serious is that…

（3）“转”。

用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：

过渡词：but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, inspite of ..., yet, instead,

过渡句：I do not believe that…,

Perhaps you’ll ask why…

This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…,

Though we are in basic agr eement with …, yet differences will be found,

That’s why i feel that…

（4）“合”。

用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：

过渡词： in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum up

过渡句：From this point of view …

On account of this we can find that …

The result is dependent on …

Thu s, this is the reason why we must…

长短句结合

（1）句子既要生动，又要简明扼要。

（2）在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型，而应注意句式的变化，如长短句结合，简单句、复杂句和复合句并用，还可以使用简化句等，一些较复杂的结构如独立结构，分词结构等也可以使用。

（3）可以使用一些特殊句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等，增强语句的表现力，以增加文章“亮点”。强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

task 1 范文汇总

Version 105

Task 1

关于四个国家政府在1990-1995 见的花销的比较四个pie chart

四个部分的花销：Education Defense Health and Other

其中肯尼亚和另一个国家（记不起名字了）较为相似，在教育上的花销较大而在defense 上很小，与之

相比较的是英国和美国，他们在教育上的expenditure 较小，而健康和defense 上很大，四个国家的相

同之处就是other 占的比例最大，大约都在70%左右

105 t1 A

The chart shows the status of government finance in four countries, England America, Kenya, D, and it classifies the expenditure in four part, including Education, Defense, Health, and other.

The common ground of four countries is expenditure in other accounts for the primary part, which all are close to seventy per cent. The cost in health is also similar in four countries. From the chart we could know that the invest in health in these countries holds ten per cent in all government expenditure equally, except in England, the health expenditure of which is about fifteen per cent.

The differences are in the part of the cost in Education and Defense. In England and America, the governments pay more attention to the defense. Respectively, there are ten per cent in the full cost in England and fifteen in America. On the other hand, In Kenya and D, more expending is used in Education, the cost of which is about fifteen per cent. The cost in Defense in both countries is a little.

verson 105 task 1

The above four pie charts show the expenditure condition in four countries, Korea, America, Britain, and Kenya during 1990-1995. It infects the great difference that exists between wealthier and poorer nations. As we can see from the pie charts, American and British people tend to spend more money on defense and health. The proportion of health in America and Britain, which occupied/took up/comprised 15% and 17% respectively, was higher than the other two countries. The proportion of defend was over 20%, particularly in America up to 21%. The corresponding figures for Kenya and Korea were 4% and 5% each. The noticeable character of expenditure in Korea and Kenya was higher expense proportion on education. There are 16% and 12% of the total expenditure used by them on education. These figures were overwhelmingly higher than the corresponding figure of 6% in America and 5% in Britain.

These four countries have similar condition in the expenditure aspect of education, defend and health, which was about 70% of the overall outgoings.

A 106 task 1

The following charts describe the situation of patent application. Chart 1 is about trends of patent application form 1985 to 1999. Chart 2 shows the proportion relevant to residents and non-residents in USA, Japan, Brazil and Zabya.

In Chart 1, the column figures illustrates the number of native people in USA is about 90000, while the non-native figure is 85000. Though the total number is much than the situation of Japan, there are 140000 native people applied for patent in this country. However, only 30000 applications are about non-residents. At the same time, Brazil only contains native application and Zabya only have non-native

application.

Regarding Chart 2, the line graph shows an increasing trend of patent application. From 1981 to 1995, the figure climbed steady with some slight fluctuation. However, after 1995, this increasing trend began to ascend dramatically from 3 million applications to almost 7 applications.

From the charts, in developed countries such as Japan and USA, the number of patent application cases is numerous, while developing countries have low figures. The patent applications improve rapidly recently.

108 task 1

The following curved chart show the situation concerning the costs of videos sales and rentals trade in EU and US from 1992 to 2000. The abscissa of the chart represents the value of each element, and the ordinate figures the time during 8 years.

In rental trade, there are dramatically different between the situation of US and EU. in 1992, there are almost＄6000 profits in US. However, the trade in EU only generalized ＄2500 at the same time. Then the trend kept climbing in following year though there were still some little drops in US, while EU got the decrease from ＄2500 to ＄1500.

Regarding the situation of sales trade, there were very close figures in 1992 respectively ＄2000 in US and ＄1800 in EU. Then the data in US had ascended without any fall in the period. Simultaneously, after a series fluctuations, the data in EU dropped to ＄1000 in 2000.

From the chart, the value about videos sales and rental in US is much than EU. Rentals are popular in US during this stage, while sales were developing very fast. Both rental and sales in EU kept drop from 1992 to 2000.

109 TASK 1Life-span is known as a matter of great concern for the general public in our society from ancient time to now. According to the above table we can obtain some information about the life-span from 1911 to 2001 in the UK.

In 1911, only 73 men and 100 women were 100 or more 100 years old. However, in 1941, the number of people who can reach to 100 years old increased to 449 that includes 132 males and 317 females. Then, the number reached to 2332 in 1971 which contains 287 males and 2035 females. In 2001, the number of males is about 536 while approximately 4085 are females Another important phenomenon is that in 2001 the number of females increased 40 times than the males’ number in 1911 while males only went up about 7 times .

Judging by the figures, we are fully justified in declaring that with the development of the science and technology, the people’s life-span is increasing slowly and most of them are women.

110 task 1

The first bar chart show that the goals of the learners could change with their age, under 26 about 90% people start for their careers. While only about 10% are just for their interests. However when people are over 49, over 70% people are for their own interest, comparing with less than 40% for careers. This is an interesting situation. Companying with the increase of age, from under 26 to above 49, the percentage of the people studying for careers is decreasing gradually, from 90% to 40%. By contrast more and more people study for interest from about 10% up to about 75%, and they are equal approximately during 40 and 49.

According to the second chart, there is a waving change between age and employee support. Indeed, the highest spot of employee support is under 26,up to 60%. Then the percentage is diminishing step by step. And during 30and39,it reaches the lowest spot ,about 30%.next,it increases slowly again. Until above 49,it has gotten about50%.

Those two charts demonstrate the interesting relationship between people’s age goal and employee support.

111 task 1the following chart describes the situation regarding underground transportation in London, Paris, Tokyo, Washington DC, Kyoko and Los Angel.

The major cites founded their subway system in the 20th century, which was in Tokyo, Washington DC, Kyoko. London firstly completed its underground work and began to operate in 1836. the lastest time that Los Angel had had its subway was after 136 years.

London has the longest underground railway distance, which is almost 2 times than Paris. Tokyo and Washington DC have similar datum which are 149 kilometer and 114 kilometer respectively. Kyoko only contains 11 kilometer of route length.

Though the longest route is in London, the most carrying capacity is Tokyo's subway system. It carried about 1434 million passengers per year, while 548 million people in London at the same time. The figures in Washington DC are not achieved 100, only 70 per year. Kyoto only carries 11 million people which is the lowest carrying capacity in all six cities.

verson 111 task 1

there is a table which illustrates the relative data about underground system in six countries, london, paris, tokyo, washington d.c, kyoto and los angeles.

in 1983 the first railway was built in london, which is the longest railway (1100km) in the six cities. the carrying capacity reach 548 million people per year. as a countries having railway earlier, paris established the first underground in 1890 and 850 million people per year were carried by using 548 kilometer railway. comparatively, tokyo has relatively less railway (149 km), but it carries most people per year about 1434 million people. similarly, the railway in los angeles is used effectively. people in los angeles use 14 km railway to carry 306 million people per year when it was built in 2001 firstly.

overall, the cities ,having the first railway and the longest railway, the railway of having the biggest carrying capacity, the most effective railway are london, tokyo, los angeles respectively

verson 113 task 1

there is a chart which illustrate the number of softwoods and hardwoods in new south wales, australia from 1990 to 1998, which was divided into five short periods.

as we can see from the diagram, the number of softwoods increased steadily from the period of

1990-1991 to the period of 1996-1997, peaking at x1, and then decreased slightly in 1998. however, there was a slight increase in the number of hardwoods at the first three periods. by 1996 this trend continued to climb up at a quicker rate especially from 1997 to 1998 and reached a peak at x2.

obviously, the number of the hardwoods went up dramatically during the whole period while the corresponding data of the softwoods fluctuate slightly. i rather say, both the numbers of hardwoods and softwoods went up gradually the first 7 years, while softwoods come down to the level similar to that of the year before, noticeably, hardwoods multiplied its number to more than two time in 1998 than one year before

114 TASK 1

According to an investigation of girls and boys watching TV in a school day, we can see that fewer and fewer students have a chance to watch TV being face with a heavy school day.

It is shown in the table that about 50 percent of girls and boys can watch TV for 1 to 5 hours. Approximately 20 percent of girls have less than 1 hour to watch TV and the percentage of boys is much lower, which is almost the same as the situation of watching for 5 to 9 hours. We will be astonished to see that less than 5 percent of children have no time to watch TV but the same percentage of them have more than 9 hours to watch.

As is described in the table, we can find that the latest time is allowed for watching TV is centered on the time between 7:30pm to 11:00pm. Nearly 50 percent of children have to stop watching at 7:30pm to 9:30pm and 40 percent at 9:30pm to 11:00pm. Nevertheless, there are still a few students indulge in the TV world after 11:00pm.

关于V118task1美国黄石公园火灾范文

The flow diagram shows how a forest is regenerated in a national park after being destroyed by fire. The following report describes the process in greater detail.

First of all, the forest is hit by lightning and a fire breaks out. The fire spreads quickly because the trees are very close together and there are also old pieces of wood lying on the ground and as a result the forest is completely destroyed by the fire. However, after the forest has been burnt down the ash from the trees fertilizes the soil and creates ideal condition for plant growth.

In the next 50 years seedlings from the trees begin to grow and the trees continue to grow until the forest is back to its former state, which takes 300 or more years.

In conclusion, forests can regenerate themselves, but it takes a long time and as forests are important for the environment, their protection is also important.

118小作文

This is a flow chart that describes how the trees in the yellow stone park in the USA will be replanted. After the light and fire had destroyed the trees, most of the trees became soil and dead wood gradually. Then some saplings were planted in the area which was destroyed by the light and fire. In the next 50 years, the young trees will grow slowly.

Over the next 100 years, the trees will reproduce, the area of trees will expand extensively. By the next 150 to 300 years, the tree will become taller and thicker.

After the next 300 years, most of the trees will fully grow. A new forest will replace the old forest which was destroyed by the light and fire 300 years ago.

118 TASK 1

From the above set of pictures, we can get the information clearly about the forest of Yellowstone Park after the big fire.

In the 50 years period after the huge disaster, the forest did not stop growing as people predicted before. The combination of the bad woods and soil and the sunshine from the sun offered a perfect condition to the surviving forest. These woods strongly grew up. Between 50 to 100 years after the fire, the woods chose by the nature, which means that just the big and strong woods had the right to live. The time of 100 to 300 years after it was a process of developing of the forest. Standing on the black land and under the

blue sky, the woods were growing sturdy. Then, fewer and fewer woods survived, but they were the best.

I think there are tens of thousands of species on the world and they live in there own way, however, the game rule in the nature is same that is: The better would survive.

英文作文模板：

（1）不同观点列举型（选择型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.

People,however,differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.

As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.

（2）利弊型的议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.

Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.

To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.

（3）答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.

As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.

Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.

（4）谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )

A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.

With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.

（5）图表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.

There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand,_______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.

As far as I am concerned,I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.

（6）实用性写作（申请信)

Your address

Month, Date, year

Receiver's address

Dear ...,

I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in .... And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising.

.../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed. On the one hand, .... On the other hand, .... I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.

I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview. I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.

Best regards for your health and success.

Sincerely yours,

X X X

备注：

老外很喜欢用关联词，比如in addition(此外), moreover(此外), furthermore(此外), but(但是), however(但是) 等等。