名词和名词词组

名词和名词词组
名词和名词词组

第一讲名词和名词词组

一,名词的分类classification of nouns

Nouns can be classified according to word formation, lexical meaning and grammatical form.

1. Simple, compound and derivative nouns

2. Proper and common nouns

3.Count and non-count nouns

个体名词boy house tiger

集体名词family team 可数名词

普通名词物质名词air rice

抽象名词不可数名词

专有名词

二,名词的数number forms of nouns

Number is a grammatical category that indicates the change in the form of nouns and verbs, depending on whether one or more than one is talked about.

㈠规则的复数形式

构成法:一个名词如果表示一个或一样东西,它取单数形式,如pen,dog,church。如果表示两个或两个以上的这类东西,则需要名词的复数形式。构成复数,大多数是在单数形式后加-s或-es,有下面几种情况:

1,在单数形式后直接加-s

girl girls hat hats

2,如单数名词以s,x,sh,ch或z结尾,需在后面加-es

kiss kisses tax taxes brush brushes watch watches 3,以y结尾的词,变y为I,再加-es

lady ladies story stories

如果y前面还有一个元音字母,则直接加-s

day days monkey monkeys

4,以o接尾的词,多数加-s

demo demos inferno infernos 阴间,地狱kilo kilos tempo tempos cello cellos memo memos banjo banjos 班卓琴octavo octavos 八开本piano pianos canto cantos 篇,章dynamo dynamos 发电机tobacco tobaccos solo solos photo photos cameo cameos浮雕贝壳或宝石ratio ratios 以“元音字母+o”结尾的词,一概加-s

curios rodeos bamboos tattoos

但有少数以o结尾的词后要加-es

echo, echoes embargo, embargoes jingo, jingoes 沙文主义者torpedo, torpedoes veto, vetoes hero, heroes Negro, Negroes potato, potatoes mosquito, mosquitoes go, goes no, noes

其他以o结尾的此,一般既可加-s,也可加-es

zero, zeros, zeroes halo, halos, haloes 日月周围的光晕mango, mangos, mangoes

motto, tornado, volcano, cargo, buffalo, commando 突击队

5,以f或fe结尾的此,多数直接加-s

chief, chiefs reef, reefs 暗礁cliff, cliffs cuff, cuffs 袖口roof, roofs fife, fifes 横笛belief, beliefs safe, safes gulf, gulfs strife, stifes

但有几个名词,需变f为v,再加-es

elf, elves leaf, leaves calf, calves thief, thieves shelf, shelves loaf, loaves

half, halves life, lives self, selves wife, wives wolf, wolves knife, knives

有个别名词,可加-s或-es

hoof, hoofs, hooves 蹄wharf, wharfs, wharves 码头scarf, scarfs, scarves

dwarf, dwarfs, dwarves beef, beefs, beeves staff, staffs, staves

(二)不规则的复数形式

有些名词有不规则的复数形式

1,把单数形式稍加变化,成为复数形式:

man, men alderman, aldermen 市议员foot, feet foot, foots 残渣

woman, women countrywoman, countrywomen goose, geese goose, gooses 熨斗mouse, mice dormouse, dormice (睡鼠)louse, lice

child, children ox, oxen

2,把单数形式用作复数形式(单复同形)

2.1动物名称通常用规则复数。然而,许多动物的名称有两种复数形式:-s和零复数。

2.1.1规则复数bird, cow, eagle, hen, monkey

2.1.2 通常是规则复数elk(麋鹿)crab, duck

2.1.3 规则复数与零复数并存antelope, reindeer, fish, flounder(比目鱼)herring(青鱼)

2.1.4 通常用零复数bison, 美洲或欧洲的野牛grouse, quail, salmon(鳟)swine

2.1.5 永远用零复数sheep, deer, cod(鳕)

2.2 数量名词

2.2.1 名词dozen, hundred, thousand, million有另一个数量词作前置修饰语时,他们用零复数形式。Three dozen glasses two hundred people

以上四个名词后面接-of短语时,不论它们前面是否有不定数量词,通常用复数形式。Many dozens of glasses thousands of spectators

另外,注意以下组合:

tens of thousands of people

hundreds of millions of stars

hundreds ( and hundreds ( and hundreds) of times

2.2.2 表示长度的foot和表示重量的pound常用零复数,尤其是在它们之后接一个数词时:She’s only five foot two.如果pound表示货币时,当它后面接一个数词时既可用零复数也可用规则复数。This ticket costs only two pound(s) fifty.

2.2.3 其他用零复数的数量名词

ten gross of nails gross=12 dozen

a stand of pine. 高大植物或树的群丛:

a fleet of 10 sail一支由十条船组成的船队

2.3 国籍名词

以-ese结尾的国籍名词也用零复数形式

Chinese Japanese Vietnamese Burmese Swiss Portuguese Lebanese (三) 外来语的复数形式

许多名词原来是外来词,特别是一些科学上的术语,仍沿用原来的复数形式。但其中有些已经采用英语词尾-s或-es。

1. 拉丁语

1.1 以-us结尾的名词

大多数的复数形式是I/ai/ 如

stimulus—stimuli alumnus---alumni bacillus-bacilli(杆菌)nucleus—nuclei locus—loci(地点,所在地;轨迹)cumulus—cumuli(堆积;积云)

corpus—corpora/ corpuses genus—genera(类,属)

用规则复数(-uses)的包括:

apparatus, bonus, campus, caucus(政党的领导人秘密会议), census, chorus, circus, impetus(推动力), minus, prospectus(内容说明书,样张), sinus(窦, 穴, 湾, 凹处), status, virus, genius, magus(魔术家,占星师), narcissus, incubus(梦魇,沉重的负担),

具有两种复数形式的:

focus, radius(半径), terminus, fungus, syllabus, octopus, hippopotamus

1.2 以-a结尾的名词

复数形式大多为-ae/I:/

alumna—alumnae alga—algae larva—larvae

仅用规则复数(-as)的有:

area, arena, dilemma, diploma, drama, era

具有两种形式的:

antenna, formula, nebula, vertebra(脊椎骨)

1.3 以-um结尾的名词

外来语复数为-a

corrigendum—corrigenda(勘误表)ovum—ova(卵子)bacterium—bacteria datum--data erratum—errata(错字勘误表)addendum—addenda(附录)desideratum—desiderata(迫切需要得到之物)

仅用规则复数的:

album, chrysanthemum, museum, premium(额外费用,奖金)

通常是规则复数的:forum, stadium

具有两种形式的:

aquarium, candelabrum, curriculum, maximum, medium, memorandum, millennium, minimum, moratorium(延期偿付), podium(乐队指挥台), referendum (公民投票), spectrum(光谱), stratum, symposium, ultimatum

△media常以“news media”的意义来指报刊,广播等,有时作单数看,复数形式是medias。

△strata是stratum常见的复数形式,有时strata也用作单数来指社会阶级。

△除了单数的candelabrum(枝状大烛台)及其复数外,还有单数的candelabra,复数形式是规则的。

△agenda和insignia(勋章)在英语里用作单数,复数形式是规则的。

1.4 以-ex,-ix结尾的名词

复数形式是-ices。如index---indices。但是index和appendix具有规则和外来两种复数形式。规则复数形式indexes用来指一本书或其他出版物的索引;复数形式indices多半用来指indicators。Appendix作“附录”讲时,可用这两种里的任何一种;

作“身体一部分”讲时,用规则复数。其他的还有:apex,vortex(旋涡),matrix。

仅用外来复数形式的有codex---codices (古代典籍的抄本;法律;规则;药典)2. 希腊语

2.1 以-is结尾的词

复数形式为-es

oasis—oases basis—bases analysis—analyses axis, crisis, diagnosis, ellipsis

hypothesis, paralysis, parenthesis, synopsis, synthesis, thesis,

metropolis—metropolises pelvis

2.2 以-on结尾的词

复数形式为-a

criterion—criteria phenomenon—phenomena

只用规则变化的:electron, neutron, proton(质子)

用两种变化的:automaton—automata/ automatons(自动机器)

3.法语,意大利语和希伯来语

3.1 一些以-eau和-eu结尾的名词,如bureau和adieu,除了用普通的-s复数形式外,

还可保留法语里的-x作为复数形式。同样的还有tableau(生动的场面;戏剧性局

面),plateau,有些以-s和-x结尾的,单数形式的最后一个咝音不发音,其复数形

式是规则的,读作/z/,但书写形式不变。如:corps, abatis, (铁丝网)chamois,

(岩羚羊)rendezvous, faux pas, (失礼,失言)chassis, (底盘)patois (方

言,行话)

3.2 以-o结尾的意大利词

外来语复数是-i,如tempo—tempi,只用规则复数的有:solo,soprano(女高

音)。两者都可的有virtuoso(艺术品鉴赏家),libretto(歌剧等的剧本),tempo。

Confetti(狂欢节撒的糖果,纸屑等)和其他意大利语的复数名词如ravioli,

spaghetti等,通常在英语中作不可数名词处理,它们后面的动词用单数。

3.3 来源于希伯来语的名词:kibbutz—kibbutzim (以色列的集体农场)

外来语复数是-im,通常两者都可的是:cherub—cherubs/cherubim(小天使),

seraph (圣经上的六翼天使)

(四)其他复数形式

1.某些词,字母,数字,斜体字,缩略语的复数形式:

before, before’s; perhaps, perhaps’s ; s, s’s ; p, p’s

9, 9’s; 765, 765’s Tribune, Tribunes; liang, liangs; Macheth, Macheths

M.P., M.P.s; Iou, Ious; Bro, Bros; Prof, Profs

P, PP;(pages)

2.专有名词和人名的复数形式:

Mary---Marys, Maries; Cato—Catos, Catoes; Charles—Charles’, Charleses

January—Januarys, Januaries

带头衔的人名可有两种复数形式

Miss Anderson—Misses Anderson (formal) , Miss Andersons

the Ladies Huntington or the Lady Huntingtons

3.合成词的复数形式:

最普通的方法,尤其在非正式用法中,是将复合词看作简单名词并将最后一个成

分变为复数。

3.1 复数通常在最后一个成分中表示:

assistant director—assistant directors babysitter—babysitters breakdown-breakdowns merry-go-round—merry-go-rounds forget-me-not—forget-me-nots

3.2复数表示在第一个成分。这种情况尤其出现在复合词含有一个后置修饰语或词末

小品词(particle)的时候。

Commander-in-chief—commanders-in-chief fathers-in-law maids-of-all-work

Tenants-at-will men-of-war passers-by brides-to-be editors-in-chief

3.3 同位复合词,其中第一个成分是man或woman的词,复数形式同时表示在两个

上面。

Man servant—men servants man saint—men saints woman singer—women singers

Woman writer—women writers gentleman farmer—gentlemen farmers

数的分类

三,单复数形式的意义

绝大多数复数形式的意义和单数形式相同,只有数量上的差别。但是有些名词只有复数形式有意义,单数形式不存在,如:tidings, news, oats, trousers, mathematics, bowels, dregs, summons.

另有许多名词,特别是不可数名词,只有单数形式有意义,只能用单数。如:

ink, pork, paste, soil, lumber, haste, quiet, thunder, might, wisdom, courage, hunger

A phrase used to express quantity and used with an uncountable noun. There are three types of partitive in English. 下面是一些例子,可用来修饰一些特定的名词。

1.和表示人的名词一起用:

an army of children, workers, troops, beggars a colony o f artists, Italians

a band of patriots, robbers, fugitives, revelers a company of actors, acrobats, magicians

a batch of recruits, prisoners 一批… a gang of thieves, ruffians, politicians

a body of troops, unemployed men a handful of people, robbers, rebels

a bunch of green-horns, never-do-wells a host of students, barbarians

a class of students a knot of friends, students 一小群人

a pack of thieves, fools, rascals, liars a panel of experts

a parcel of servants, fools a party of guests, visitors

a school of thinkers, artists a team of players

a troop of soldiers a troupe of actors, acrobats a galaxy of girls

2.和表示动物的名词一起

an army of herring, fogs, caterpillars毛虫 a band of jays 鸟;傻瓜

a bevy of quails, roes,雌鹿 a brood o f mice, chickens, hen, pheasants 一窝野鸡

a cluster of cats a colony of gulls, ants, rabbits, seals

a den of foxes, wolves a drove of sheep, cattle, swine,

an earth of foxes, badgers earth: 狐狸,獾等的洞穴

a flight of swallows, pigeons, doves, any birds while flying

a flock of sheep, goats, camels, lions, rabbits, geese, sparrows, parrots, pigeons, etc

a herd of cattle, oxen, goats, horses, asses, deer, buffaloes, bucks, antelopes, other hoofed

animals; elephants, wolves, giraffes, whales, seals, swans

a hive of bees a host of sparrows, locusts

a kennel of dogs a knot of toads 蟾蜍;癞蛤蟆

a litter of pigs, puppies, cubs, whelps 小狗

a muster of peacocks a nest of mice, rabbits

a pack of monkeys, hounds, wolves, dogs a pride of lions, peacocks

a school of fish, whales, other aquatic animals

a shoal of mackerel, 鲭perch 河鲈herring, fishes in general

a stable of horses a swarm of insects, bees, flies, eels, locusts, gnats 小昆虫

a tribe of monkeys a troop of lions, kangaroos

3.和表示事物的名词一起:

a batch of letters, loaves, munitions 一批信件;一大批食物;一批军需品

a block of buildings, shops a bunch of keys, grapes, celery, carrots

a chain of mountains a clump of bushes, trees

a cluster of stars, grapes a collection of books, stamps, curios, relics

a flight of stairs, steps, arrows a ground of houses, villages

a heap of ruins a knot of ropes, hair a line of trees, cars, hills, words

a pack of cards, ice, cigarettes a pair of shoes, trousers

a pile of books, papers, bricks, stones a range of mountains

a series of books, stamps a stack of books, rifles, chimneys

a string of beads, pearls a suit of clothes, underwear

△其他单位词:

和物质名词一起

an article of clothing, dress, furniture a ball of snow, string, wool

a breath of air a cake of soap a chip of glass, stone, wood

a clod of clay a crop of barley, rice, wheat a cube of cheese, apple

an ear of barley, rice, wheat 一穗麦子a flake/fleck of dust

a grain of corn, rice, sand, salt a gust of wind a head of cabbage, lettuce

a heap of earth, rubbish a joint of beef, meat a lump of clay, coal

a morsel of bread, cake, meat 一口a piece of cannon, chalk, furniture, luggage

a roll of film, cloth a shower of rain, sleet a slice of bread, cake

和抽象名词一起:

an act o f foolishness, kindness, mercy, insanity

a barrage of editorials 接二连三的一堆社论an attack of rheumatism, malaria

a bit of news, advice a case of typhoid, murder

a chain of events, revolts a display of affection, bad temper

a fit of anger, madness, fever, coughing

a glimmer of hope a gust of laughter, anger

a hint of hope an item of news, expense, cost, crime, misery, slavery

a peal of laughter, thunder

a piece of advice, anecdote, evidence, expenditure, information, news, music, service

a round of boxing-match, cards, golf, game, applause

a scrap of information, gossip

a salvo of applause salvo:保留条款;礼炮齐放

a shout of laughter a spell of bad weather, illness, work, leisure 一段时间

△引申用法:

a drop o f comfort a crum

b of respect crumb: 少许;少量

a gallon of kindness a grain o f sarcasm an ounce of strength

a scrap of courage a speck of comfort tons of evils

五,名词的性(gender)

Gender refers to a grammatical distinction in which words such as nouns, articles, adjectives, and pronouns are marked according to a distinction between masculine, feminine, and sometimes neuter. 英语和其他相关语种不同。英语的名词、限定词、和形容词没有以屈折形式作标记的性的区别。

性的分类

阳性人称名词与who---he,阴性人称名词与who-she之间有互指关系,这些名词分为两类,第一类的阳性和阴性之间在词形上没有标记,而第二类的阳性和阴性形式之间有派生关系。但派生后缀不能随意活用。

5.1.1 词形上无性别标记,如

bachelor—spinster boy—girl brother—sister father—mother

king—queen man—woman Mr.—Mrs, Miss, Ms monk—nun

nephew—niece uncle—aunt abbot—abbess bridegroom—bride

butler—housekeeper (男/女管家) sloven—slut (懒散的男/女人)

Herr—Frau (德语中的先生夫人) swain—nymph, wench

lad—lass (少男/少女) wizard—witch

5.1.2 词形上有性别标记,如:

a.在阳性名词后加-ess

heir—heiress priest—priestess poet—poetess host—hostess

此外还有:giant, god, jew, count, baron, prince, peer(贵族), patron, steward, shepherd, prophet, author, tailor, viscount, manager等

b.把阳性名词的-ter或-tor改为-tress,如:

hunter—huntress waiter—waitress traitor—traitress sculptor—sculptress

actor, conductor, ancestor, monitor, translator 等。

c.把阳性名词的词尾-rer或-ror改为-ress

adventurer—adventuress adulterer—adulteress launderer, murderer, sorcerer(男巫

师) caterer(包办伙食者) emperor

一些表示亲属中男女成对的名词具有双重性别。例如:parent可表示father—mother;sibling表示brother—sister。一些随意选用的表示阴性的名词,如poetess,authoress等不再广泛使用,有双重性别形式poet,author来代替。为了避免语言中的性别偏向(sexual bias),曾尝试引进中性形式(sex-neutral forms),例如用s/he替代she 和he,wo/man替代woman 和man等。然而,由于s/he和wo/man仅用于书面语中,因而减少了广泛接受这些词的可能性。还有一些例子:

supervisor代替foreman fisher代替fisherman firefighter代替fireman

mail carrier代替mailman chair(person)代替chairman spokesperson代替spokesman homemaker代替housewife Member of Congress 代替Congressman

5.2 人称双重性别(personal dual gender)

这类与代词who-he或she有互指关系的名词包括:

artist, cook, doctor, enemy, foreigner, friend, guest, inhabitant, librarian, novelist, parent, person, professor, servant, singer, speaker, student, teacher, typist, writer

如果认为有必要说明某人的性别,可在名词之前加性别标记,如male student/ female student。尽管双重性别名词日益增多,但由于人们认为某种活动主要是由男性从事或主要是由女性从事的这种心理支配着人们频繁使用性别标记,如:a nurse—a male nurse; an engineer—a woman engineer.

5.3 通性(common gender)

通性名词介于人称和非人称之间。名词选择相应代词的范围是很广的,但这不理解为这些代词对所有的名词在所有的语境中都适用。一位母亲就不太可能用it来指她的婴儿或未成年的孩子;可是对某一个在感情上与那个孩子没有瓜葛的人或在科技文献中希望不作性别区分的人,却很可能选用这种非人称的形式:

A child learns to speak the language of its environment.

5.4 集体名词

集体名词与其他名词的区别在于集体名词用代词代替时,既可用单数的it和关系词which,也可用复数的they和关系词who,而这个名词的数不变。因此,在单数集合名词之后,也可用动词的复数形式。当然,这种形式在英国英语中更加普遍。

The committee has met and it has/ have met and they have rejected the proposal.

这种差别反映了着眼点的不同:用单数是强调这个集体是非人称的组合,而用复数则强调这个集体中个体的人。以下是集体名词的例子:

army, association, audience, board, cast(演员表),clan, commission, community, company, corporation, council, couple, crew, crowd, department, enemy, faculty, family, federation, firm, flock, gang, generation, government, jury, herd, institute, majority, minority, opposition, party, population, staff, team, university

下列集体名词通常仅以单数形式出现并与定冠词连用:

the aristocracy, the bourgeoisie, the church, the clergy, the elite, the gentry, the intelligentsia, the laity,(俗人;外行) the press, the public, the rank and file (普通成员;士兵) the youth (of today)

集体专有名词(collective proper nouns)

the Commons (UK) Parliament the Vatican (the) Congress( US) the United States

the United Nations

5.5高等动物(higher animal)

动物名称有阳性和阴性的区分是由于人对这类动物特别关心造成的:如cock和rooster 用作阳性(用which—it 或who—he来代替),hen用作阴性(用which—it或who—she来代替)。其他的例子还有

buck—doe bull—cow dog—bitch gander—goose lion—lioness ram—ewe

5.6 低等动物和非生物名词(lower animals and inanimate nouns)

低等动物名词和非生物名词都用代词which和it来代替。然而,低等动物也可当作高等动物对待。所以我们可说“gold fish who swim around” “ bees who are busy”

5.7 国家名称

根据不同的用法,国家名称有不同的性别。

5.7.1 作为地理单位时国家的名称作非生物处理

Here is a map of France. It’s one of the largest countries of Europe.

5.7.2 作为政治经济单位时,国家名称常常作阴性

France has been able to increase her exports by 10 percent over the last six months.

England is proud of her poets.

5.7.3 在体育运动中,代表国家的运动队可用其国名来称呼,国名用作人称集体名词

France has/have improved its/their chances of winning the cup.

5.8 其他

飞机,汽车,轮船,火车,小车的名称,其单数形式可用she,her,hers代表;机器,枪炮,发动机的名称,其单数形式可用she,her,hers代表;有些抽象名词可以人格化,开头字母大写。如果表示伟大,力量,暴力等,通常作为男性看待,可用he,his代表其单数形式。如果指美丽,温柔或低下,常看作女性,其单数形式可用she,her,hers代表。如:作男性看:June, Summer, Sun, Day, Mountain, Thunder, Hurricane, Ocean, Death, War, Revenge, Anger, Despair, Murder

作女性看:Spring, Moon, Nature, Night; Peace, Hope, Liberty, Truth, Mercy, Victory, Art, Science, Soul

六,名词属格

Case refers to (in some languages) a grammatical category that show the function of the noun or noun phrase in a sentence. The form of the noun or noun phrase changes to show the different functions or cases.

6.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法

6.1.1 名词属格的构成the formation of genitive nouns (pp76-77)

6.1.2 名词属格的意义meanings of genitive nouns

a.possessive genitive

my wife’s father ( my wife has a father)

the earth’s gravity

b.subjective genitive

the boy’s a pplication (the boy applied for…)

her parent’s c onsent

c.objective genitive

the family’s support (…) supports the family

the boy’s release

d.genitive of origin

the girl’s s tory The girl told a story.

The general’s letter

e.descriptive genitive

a woman’s college a college for woman

a doctor’s degree

f.genitive of measure, time, distance, value, etc.

an hour’s work a pound’s weight an hour’s ride

6.1.3 名词属格的用法

作限定词和前置修饰语

△用-of词组还是用名词属格?

如果修饰语有下面情况,用介词词组比用名词属格好:

1.表示无生命东西:

the window of the house the color of the car

2.表示较低级动物

the head of the ant the wings of the fly

3.在科学论著或客观描述中,表示家畜或家养的动物

The ears of the dog can hear what we can’t hear.

4.表示时间

the sunshine of autumn the breakfast of that morning

5.集体名词

the capital of the firm a member of this society

6.the + 形容词

the misfortune of the blind the future of the young the mystery of the unknown

7.复数名词

the car of my brothers the books of his teachers

8.一系列名字

a friend of John, Richard and William the policy of England or the U.S.

9.指示代词

the inside of this the opinion of all the house of each

10.代词并表示鄙视

the air of him the gait of her the faces of them the pride of you

11.带冠词a的名词

the eye of a child the love of a girl children of a poor mother

12.有名词所有格修饰的名词

a friend of Mary’s uncle the picture of John’s dog

13.跟有定语的名词

the daughter of a millionaire coming from Paris the death of John who has been a banker 14.受到强调的名词

the works of Dickens the rise and fall of the Roman Empire

15.为主体词意义上的宾语

I don’t like the sight of (=to see) John.

The thought of (= To consider ) this matter makes me shudder.

I don’t like the look of him.

如果主体词有下面情况,用of词组比用所有格好

16.表示画像之类的东西

the portrait of Hitler Hitler’s portrait = the portrait belonging to or drawn by Hitler

17.表示承受对象是动作

John’s denial of his crime Mary’s love of dogs

18.用来表示…的一部分

followers of Mr. Kim’s Mr. Kim’s followers = all his followers

19.前面有一限定词

a good friend of John some interesting books of Mary

如果主体词有以下情况,用名词所有格比用of词组好

1.跟有一个同位语

the boy’s teacher, Miss Shaw my teacher’s book, Romeo and Juliet

2.跟有自己的修饰语

Johnson’s statement about his firm Tolstoy’s novels that are still read today

3.为一系列名词

John’s wife and children Mary’s praise or rebuke

4.受到强调

that gentleman’s manners his son’s great success

如果修饰语有下面情况,用名词所有格也比用of词组好

5.为一表动作名词之意义上主语,该名词后又跟有of短语

John’s treatment of the servant the student’s summary of the story

6.为一表动作名词之意义上主语或宾语,而该名词后又不跟of短语

Mary’s praise David’s support

6.2 独立属格和双重属格

6.2.1 独立属格:名词属格通常用于名词中心词前,作限定词或修饰语,但有些名词中心词可以省略,而以名词属格独立充当一定的句子成分或词组成分,这种独立使用的名词属格叫做独立属格(independent genitive)。独立属格通常用于:

a.when the missing noun has occurred somewhere in the context and can be easily

retrieved:

b.when the missing noun refers to somebody’s house or residence

c.when the missing noun refers to church, school, or other public buildings

d.when the missing noun refers to commercial firms

6.2.2 双重属格:带有独立属格的of-词组叫做双重属格(double genitive) (pp83-4)

注意下列一组例子中的不同含义

a painting of my sister’s = done by my sister or belonging to my sister

a painting of my sister= representing my sister

a painting by my sister= done by my sister

a painting of my sister by my brother= representing my sister and done by my brother

He is a student of Jespersen. = one who studies Jespersen’s writing

He was a student of Jespersen’s. = one who studied under Jespersen

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我对日语仅略知一二。 The guide has some acquaintance with Italian. 导游懂得一点意大利语。 5. action on sth 对……的作用如: evidences of glacial action on the rocks 岩石上的冰河留下的痕迹 6. addition to sth 增加如: She is a beautiful addition to the family. 她是我们家漂亮的新成员。 Can we finance the addition to our home? 我们可以为你提供经费。 7. admission to /into 进入;入(场,学,会等)如: How does one gain admission to the Buckingham Palace? 怎样才能获准进入白金汉宫? Admission to British universities depends on examination results. 英国大学入学以考试成绩为凭。 8. admission of sth 承认如: His admission of guilt surprised everyone.

英语名词和名词词组

英语名词和名词词组集团文件发布号:(9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-

名词和名词词组 一、名词的语法分类和名词词组的句法功能 1.名词的分类 1)按构词法可氛围简单名词、复合名词和派生名词 例如:简单名词:man,girl,water 复合名词:armchair,farmland,seaside 派生名词:arrangement,ability 2)按词汇意义可分为:普通名词和专有名词 普通名词表示一类的人或物(包括抽象概念)的名称,又可分为个体名词(boy,tiger…);集体名词(family,team…);和物质名词(air,snow,bread…);抽象名词(education,friendship…)。专有名词表示个人、国家、地方、组织等的专有名称。 3)按语法特征分为:可数名词和不可数名词 个体名词(car,peach,teacher…)都是可数名词都有单复数形式;集体名词有的可数,有的不可数;物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词通常为不可数名词。(关系如图) 2.名词的句法功能(不重要,列出来只是为了保持知识的完整性) 名词的结构模式: (限定词)+(前置修饰语)+名词+(后置修饰语)

名词词组用途广泛,它可以在句中充当除谓语动词以为的各种成分: ①作主语②作补语③作宾语④作同位语⑤作介词补足 成分⑥作状语和连词 二、名词的数 1.不可数名词: 1)不可数名词没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。 例如:health,advice,glass,wood,English 注意:不可数名词表示个体时,须用单位名词(量词) 常用的单位名词有:a piece of,an article of,a bar of,a loaf of, a bottle of, a head of… 2)以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用作单数。 例如:mathematics,physics… 但表示学科以外的其他意义,可用作复数 例如:mathematics有时候也表示运算能力的意义 3)某些以-s结尾指单一事物的专有名词常作单数。 例如:the Unite States,the United Nation… 2.可数名词 可数名词包括个体名词、集体名词,有单复数形式。 1)一般情况在名词后加-s。 例如:map—maps

名词词组固定搭配

1、介词+名词 by accident 偶然 on account of 因为,由于 in addition 另外 in addition to 除……之外 in the air 在流行中,在传播中 on (the/an)average 平均,一般来说 on the basis of 根据,在……的基础上 at (the)best 充其量,至多 for the better 好转,改善 on board 在船(车、飞机)上 out of breath 喘不过气来 on business 因公,因事 in any case 无论如何,总之 in case of 假使,万一 in case 假使,以防(万一)免得 in no case 决不 by chance 偶然,碰巧 in charge (of)负责,主管 (a)round the clock 昼夜不集地 in common 共用,共有,共同 in conclusion 最后,总之 on cond0ition that 在……条件下 in confidence 信任 in connection with/to 关于 in consequence 因此,结果 in consequence of 由于……的缘故 on the contrary 反之,正相反 in contrast with/to 与……成对照 out of control 失去控制 under control 被控制住 at all costs 不惜任何代价 at the cost of 以……为代价 in the course of 在……过程中,在……期间of course 当然,自然 in danger 在危险中,垂危 out of danger 脱离危险

名词词组2.动词+名词

名词词组和固定搭配 2.动词+名词have/gain access to可以获得 take...in account考虑到... 欺骗;占...的便宜 He has always been taking advantage of me. 他老是占我的便宜。 关心;注意 You should pay attention to your spelling. 你要注意拼写。 do/try one's best尽力,努力 击败 After a long struggle, we got the best of them. 经过一番苦斗,我们打败了他们。 充分利用 He made the best of himself. 他充分发挥自己的力量。 打败 They got the better of their opponents. 他们击败了对手。 屏息 The song was so beautiful that it made me catch my breath.这首歌太好了,我禁不住屏息而听。 喘气 Let me catch my breath after running so fast. 快跑过后让我喘一口气。 take care注意,当心 照顾 Please take care of the baby for me for a while, will you? 请替我照顾一下这孩子,好吗? 冒险 We will take a chance with the weather and go for a picnic. 我们将怀着天气可能会好的侥幸心情去野餐。

keep company陪伴 take a delight in以...为乐 make a difference有影响 carry/bring into effect使生效,使起作用 生效;被实施 The new tax regulations came into effect last month. 新税法是上个月生效的。 见效;生效 The medicine will soon take effect. 这种药很快就会见效。 被某人看到;吸引某人 She bought a new dress which had caught her eye in the shop.她在那家商店买了一件吸引她的衣服。 照看;注意 Would you keep an eye on my baby for a while? 请你照看一下我的婴儿好吗? 做鬼脸 He made a face at the taste of the soup. 尝了尝汤的味道,他做了一个鬼脸。 着火 Paper catches fire easily. 纸易燃。 make friends with同…交朋友 be friends with对…… 友好 取笑 They made fun of his funny voice. 他们拿他的怪嗓音取笑。 lose sb.’s head慌乱,仓皇失措 丧失信心 Don't lose heart. 别泄气。 get hold of一把抓住 throw/cast light on使明白,阐明 记住

固定短语与固定搭配

初中级 (一)由Be组成的固定短语 1)beback/in/out回来/在家/外出 2)beathome/work在家/上班 3)begoodat善于,擅长于 4)becarefulof当心,注意,仔细 5)becoveredwith被……复盖 6)bereadyfor为……作好准备 7)besurprised(at)对……感到惊讶 8)beinterestedin对……感到兴趣 9)beborn出生 10)beon在进行,在上演,(灯)亮着 11)beabletodosth.能够做…… 12)be afraidof…)害怕……(不敢做……,恐怕……) 13)beangrywithsb.生(某人)的气 14)bepleased(with)对……感到高兴(满意) 15)befamousfor以……而着名 16)bestrictin(with)(对工作、对人)严格要求 17)befrom来自……,什么地方人 18)behungry/thirsty/tired饿了/渴了/累了 19)beworried担忧 20)be(well)worthdoing(非常)值得做…… 21)becoveredwith被……所覆盖…… 22)bein(great)needof(很)需要 23)beintrouble处于困境中 24)begladtodosth.很高兴做…… 25)belatefor……迟到 26)bemadeof(from)由……制成 27)besatisfiedwith对……感到满意 28)befree空闲的,有空 29)be(ill)inbed卧病在床 30)bebusydoing(with)忙于做……(忙于……) 31)beaboutto即将刚要正打算 (二)由come、do、get、give、go、have、help、keep、make、look、put、set、send、take、turn、play等动词构成的词组 1)comeback回来2)comedown下来3)comein进入,进来 4)comeon快,走吧,跟我来5)comeout出来出版

介词与形容词及名词短语

介词与形容词及名词短语name_________ 2012-4-12 一、“系动词+过去分词/形容词+介词” 1 be pleased/content/ satisfied/dissatisfied with. .. 对…(不)满意 be disappointed at/in/with:对…失望 be pleased/surprised/amused/disappointed /delighted/terrified/shocked/amazed at sth 因/对… 高兴/惊奇/逗乐… Be experienced at/in:在…有经验be/grow/become interested in:对…感/产生兴趣 be known/recognized /referred to as:被为/公认为 be regarded/treated/looked as… on/thought of/considered as 被看作 be known for:因…而闻名 be known to sb 为某人所知 be famous as:作为…而闻名 be famous for:因…而闻名 be made of:由…制成(未经过大变化看得出原料) be made from 由…制成(经过变化看不出原料)be made in:在某处制造 be made into 被制成 be made up of 由…组成 be tired of=be sick of = be fed up with =be bored with 厌烦/倦 be tired with/from:因…而疲倦 be absorbed in 全神贯注于/专心于 be lost in 全神贯注于/ 沉湎于 be bent on=be buried in专注于/专心于 2 be burdened with 负担 be loaded with 装载有 be filled with 充满 be equipped with 安装有 be furnished with 安装有, 陈设有 be covered with盖满 be crowded with挤满 be dotted with 占缀着/布满 be lined with 排满 be connected with与…有联系 be associated with 与…相关 be related to与…有关 be dressed in 穿 be /get caught in 受困于,遭遇 3 be/get stuck in 被困于 be trapped in被困于 be engaged to 与某人定婚 be engaged in 从事于,忙于 be/get married to 与某人结婚 be prepared for=be ready for be devoted to致力于/奉献于;深爱着 be faced with 面临 be lacking in 缺乏 be/fall short of:短缺/缺乏 be named after 根据…命名 be based on 以…为基础be aimed at 针对,以…为目标 be intended/meant for 是以…为意图的,针对…的be attached to附属于;爱惜/依恋,执着于 be admitted into/to sp 被…录取/允许进入 be accustomed to习惯于 be used to 习惯于 be determined to do 坚决地要做某事 be ashamed of;对…羞愧 be proud of:为…自豪(=take pride in) 4 be angry with sb / be angry at sth be strict with sb /be strict in sth be patient with sb be good/kind/friendly/cruel to sb be good for:对…有好处 be fit/suitable for:适合 be suited to:适合 be free from:免于/没有 be far from远离;远远不 be active in在…方面活跃/ 积极参加 be good at擅长 be weak in 差/不擅长于 be rich in富含/盛产 5 be high/low in含…高/低 be worthy of sth/being done 值/值得 be worth sth/ doing be dying/thirsty/eager/anxious for sth渴望 be worried/anxious/concerned about 对…担心 be curious about对…好奇 be particular about/over讲究/挑剔 be careful of:对…小心 be capable of 能够 be certain/sure of /about:对…有把握/确信 be aware of 知道 be afraid of害怕/担心(be afraid to do:不敢) be fond of:喜爱 be full of:充满(=be filled with) 6 be busy with:忙于(be busy doing sth) be popular with/among:受…喜爱 be successful in:在…成功 be/get close to:靠近 be similar to:与…相似 be different from:与…不同 be similar/different in:在某一方面相似/不同 be opposite to:与…相反 be second to 仅次于 be sorry for:对…难过/对不起 be absent from:缺席 be present at:出席 be late for…迟到 be provided/supplied with:提供有

(完整版)★专升本名词词组和固定搭配

专升本英语名词词组和固定搭配 1、介词名词 by accident 偶然 on account of 因为,由于 in addition 另外 in addition to 除......之外 in the air 在流行中,在传播中 on (the/an) average 平均,一般来说on the basis of 根据,在......的基础上at (the) best 充其量,至多 for the better 好转,改善 on board 在船(车、飞机)上 out of breath 喘不过气来 on business 因公,因事 in any case 无论如何,总之 in case of 假使,万一 in case 假使,以防(万一)免得 in no case 决不 by chance 偶然,碰巧 in charge (of) 负责,主管 (a) round the clock 昼夜不集地 in common 共用,共有,共同 in conclusion 最后,总之 on cond0ition that 在......条件下 in confidence 信任 in connection with/to关于 in consequence 因此,结果 in consequence of由于......的缘故 on the contrary 反之,正相反 in contrast with/to与......成对照 out of control 失去控制 under control 被控制住 at all costs 不惜任何代价 at the cost of 以......为代价 in the course of 在...过程中,在...期间of course 当然,自然 in danger 在危险中,垂危 out of danger 脱离危险 out of date 过期(时)的 up to date 时新的 in debt 欠债 in detail 详细地 in difficulties 处境困难 in the distance 在远处

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