钻井新技术重点

1. Horizontal drilling：Horizontal drilling is the process of drilling a well fromthe surface to a subsurface location just above the target oilor gas reservoir called the “kickoff point”(KOP) ,then deviating thewell bore from the vertical plane around a curve to intersectthe reservoir at the “entry point” with a near-horizontalinclination, and remaining within the reservoir until the desiredbottom hole location is reached.

2.Extended Reach Drilling：Extended Reach Drilling is drilling horizontally from a borehole that is began as a vertical hole.By the use of angle-building assemblies,the drill gradually assumes a horizontal attitude and drills laterally the productive formation.It’s lateral departure is more than twice of ture vertical depth(TVD).

3. Multilateral well Drilling：A multi-lateral well is one in whichthere is more than one horizontal or nearhorizontal lateral well drilled from a singlemain bore and connected back to thatmain bore.

4.Managed pressure drilling (MPD)：“an adaptive drilling process to preciselycontrol the annular pressure profile throughout the well”.The main idea is to create a pressure profile in the well to stay within closetolerances and close to the boundary of the operation envelope defined by thepore pressure, hole stability envelope and fracture pressure.

5.Sliding Steeringsystem:Sliding steering system adjust or change the drilling bit’s orientation by using down-hole Bent housing (down-hole motor) while the drilling strings are in non-rotation status.

6. Rotary Steeringsystem:Rotary steering system adjust or change the drilling bit’s orientation by using down-hole steering tool while the drilling strings are in rotation status. Due to the limitation of tool placement, it lacks near-bit geologic parameter measurement, this forms significant difference between Rotary steering and Geology steering system.

7.Logging while drilling (LWD): A system which provides real-time logging data from measurementsmade near the drill bit during the drilling process

8. Slim hole drilling:A meas of reducing the cost of a well by drilling a smaller diameter hole than is customary for the depth and the types of formations to be drilled through. A slim hole permits the scaling down of all phases of the drilling and completion operations.

9.Geological Steering: Using geological principles to design the well trajectory, responsible for accurate penetrate into oil and gas target zone.

10.Geometry oriented steering：The Geometry oriented steering takes responsibility to designed wellbore trajectory, makes the actual trajectory as close as possible to the designed one to ensure well trajectory penetrate to designed target area accurately.Due to geological uncertainty caused the error, and the original designed target area my not be the reservoir layer) . The conventional well trajectory control technology should belongs to the Geometry oriented steering .

1. EST（Expandable Slotter Tube）Procedure（膨胀管是如何施工的）

Runningnormalcasing---Continuedrilling asection

oflargewellbore---RunningEST-ABL---CementedEST---Expandedtubebeforecementce mented---Wait forcementcemented---Drillcementplug---Continuedrillingwith thesame bitsize

2.Equipments(platforms) in ocean（海洋钻井的装备）

Fixed platform固定式平台Compliant tower随动塔式平台

Sea star海上导航星Floating production systems浮力生产系统

Tension leg platform张力腿平台SPAR platform立柱浮筒式平台

Drilling ship（钻井船

3.Horizontal well types(水平井的分类，根据造斜率)

Classification Build Rate (°/100 ft)Radius (ft)

Long Radius 2 to 6 3000 to 1000

Medium Radius 6 to 40 140 to 1000

Intermediate Radius 40 to 70 82 to 140

Short Radius70 to 150 40 to 82

4.Relation between horizontal well direction and situ stress（井眼方向和地应力之间的关系）

Answer：It is known that the direction of hydraulic fracture propagation is always perpendicularto the direction of minimum stress. When considering the vertical stress as the maximum stress in formation,the most suitable drilling direction should be parallel with the minimum level stress.

5.Hole Cleaning efficiency is mainly affected by: Flow rate、Rotary speed（RPM）、Mud rheology、wellbore Angle

6.Horizontal well completions:

Open Hole Completion; Horizontal Well Casing Perforated Completion

Horizontal Well Sand Filter Screen Completion;

Horizontal Well Gravel Packing Completion

7.Why need a clean hole?

Drilling: “Dirtier” hole can betolerated as the drillpipemoving through thecuttings bed.

Tripping: Hole needs to be cleaneras drill collars, stabilizersand bits have to bepulled through thecuttings bed.

Running Tubulars: Hole needs to be as cleanas possible in order toensure “plowed” cuttingsdo not prevent casing /liner from reaching TD.

8.Why does the heel of liner tend to suffer from water coning水平井根端出水原因

Wellbore pipe flow pressure declines because the production pressuredifferential at the heel is greater even is more greater to the toe. Thiseasily leads to the quickly water cone and causes early water breakthroughat the heel.

9.Horizontal well stimulations

Horizontal Well Limited Entry Frac(限流压裂)

Hydraulic Stages Sand Jetting Frac（水力喷砂压裂）

Hydraulic stages sand jetting frac ,no pulling pipe string

Hydraulic stages sand jetting frac with multi-cluster

Open-Hole Mechanical Packer Multi-Stage Fracturing

Horizontal Well Multi-Stage Fracturing With Preinstall Sliding Sleeve

10.Benefits Of Multilateral Well：Reduce Cost；Reduce Surface Footprint；Improve Reserves；Improve Productivity

Advantages：Optimal(最佳的) Production；Cost Reduction ；Maximum Reserve Recovery；Providing More Drainage Area；Reentry Drilling Applications In Existing Wells

Disadvantages：Drilling fluid will long-timely soak the bore hole；

Lateral well branches may be lost and thus the drilling risk will beincreased

11.The applications of multilateral well（多分支井的应用）

①Oil & Gas resources

Heavy oil reservoir—multilateral well + Steam injection;Layered reservoir

Fault and Marginalreservoir;Depleted reservoir or reservoir in later production stage;Fractured reservoir;Isolated reservoir compartments

②Geothermal③Underground water

12.TAML Multilateral Classification（分支井完井的6，级6s）

Level 1----Open hole sidetrack or unsupported junction

Level 2----acased and cemented main wellbore ，ortrunk，with open hole lateral Level 3----a cased and cemented main wellbore with lateral cased, but no cemented.

Level 4---- has both main bore and lateral cased and cementend at the junction, provided with mechanically support.

Level 5---- pressureintegrity is achieved at the junction with completion equipment.

Level 6---- junction pressure integrity is achieved with casing and without the assistance of a dependence on completion equipment.

Level 6S---- In the subcategory Level 6S, a downhole splitter, basically a subsurfacedual-casing wellhead, divides a large main bore into two equal-size laterals

13.Underbalanced drilling(UBD)’s benefits（欠平衡钻井的好处）

①Drill Faster②More Oil & Gas③Avoid Differential Sticking (lower Mud pressure)

④Real Time Reservoir Investigation

14.UBD Classification by circled fluid types:Air or gas ;Mist;Aerated liquid;Foam

15. UBD Equipments:Air compressor、Phase separator、Rotating Control Heads

Wireline retrievable float valve、Downhole deployment valve

16.UBD Candidate Reservoirs（欠平衡钻井的适用范围）

Hard Rock Formations、Pressure Depleted Zones、

High Skin Factor Incurred with Conventional DrillingOperations、

Water Sensitive Zones

×Highly Unconsolidated Formations、Plastic Flowing Salts

Tectonically / Unstable Shales、High Pressure Sour Wells

17.How To Produce Nitrogen?（制氮过程）In the Membrane Fiber, Oxygen and water vapor are “fast” gases which quickly permeate the membrane, allowingNitrogen to flow through the fiber bores as theproduct stream.

18.Geological Steering（地质导向）

Procedure:（工作程序）①Measure near-bit geological parameters and engineering parameters, and transmit them across steering motor to the MWD (LWD) by using wireless telemetry technology for further transmission.②Using MWD or LWD to transmit down-hole information to the surface as decision-making basis.

③Using down-hole steering motor as steering actuator tool.

④Surface information processing and steering decision softwares process, explain down-hole data, provide decision command, and guide the steering tool accurately penetrate into oil and gas target layer.

19.Advantage Of Rotary Steerable System（旋转导向的优点）

①High-quality well trajectory

②Avoid slide drilling, reduce friction, cleaning borehole.

③Special drilling requirement,such as highly challenged extend reached well and complex construction well

④No time waste during tool face adjustment, drilling ROP is twice of slide drilling.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/f014709277.html,ponents Of MWD System随钻测量系统组成

①A downhole system:which consists of a power source,sensors, transmitter and

control system.

②A telemetry channel (mud column): through which pulses aresent to surface.

③A surface system: which detects pulses, decodes the signaland presents results.

21.What is special about LWD different from wire logging（LWD和有线测井的区别）

①Measurements are made soon after drilling :Before formation alteration、Before hole washes out、Before fluid invasion(Time becomes a factor in interpretation)

②LWD sensors are usually rotating：Resistivity & Density Images、Azimuthal formation evaluation

③LWD tools are often run in high angle boreholes：Horizontal evaluation - special interpretation issues、May require 3D interpretation、Measurements often crossing bed、Anisotropy issues

22.LWD Operating Modes（两种工作方式，实时和地下存储）

Real-time data with MWD (conveyed by mud siren pulses)

Data stored in downhole memory

23.LWD Tools（随钻测井的种类）

Resistivity ToolsNeutron ToolsSonic While Drilling

24.RRS’s classification by working style

Push-the-bit ：Pads extend dynamically from a rotating housing to create a side force directed against the formation, which in turn, causes a change in the drilling direction.

Point-the-bit：A bit shaft is oriented at an offset angle to the axis of the tool. This offset is held geostationary by a counter-rotating servomotor.

25. The Main 3 MWD Systems

Positive Mud Pulse、Negative Mud Pulse Telemetry、Continuous carrier wave