初中英语名词冠词精讲

初中英语名词冠词精讲
初中英语名词冠词精讲

初中英语名词精讲

一、名词的分类

名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。

1. 普通名词又可分为:

(1) 个体名词。如:cup, desk, student等。一般可数,有单复数形式。

(2) 集体名词。如:class, team, family等。一般可数,有单复数形式

(3) 物质名词。如:rice, water, cotton等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。

(4) 抽象名词。如:love, work, life等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。

2. 专有名词:如:China, Newton, London等。

二、名词的数

(一) 可数名词的复数形式的构成规则

1. 一般情况下在名词的词尾加s,如:book books, pencil, pencils.

2. 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词加-es,其读音为[iz]。如:bus buses, box boxes, watch watches,

dish dishes等。

3. 以-y结尾的名词:

(1) 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,把y改为i再加es,读音为[iz],如:factory factories,

company companies等。

2) 以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾,直接在词尾加-s,读音为[z]。

如:key keys, Henry Henrys等。

4. 以-f和-fe结尾的名词:

(1) 变-f或-fe为v再加-es,读音为[vz]。如:thief thieves, wife wives, half halves等。

(2) 直接在词尾加-s,如:roof roofs,gulf gulfs,chief chiefs,proof proofs等。

(3) 两者均可。如:handkerchief handkerchiefs或handkerchieves.

5. 以-o结尾的名词:

(1) 以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后直接加-es,读音为[z]。如:hero heroes, potato potatoes,

tomato tomatoes等。

(二) 不规则名词的复数形式

1. 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如:man men, woman women, tooth teeth, foot

feet, mouse mice, child children等。

2. 单复数形式相同。如:sheep, deer, fish等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的

名词。如:yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如:Chinese, Japanese, Swiss等。

以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如:Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等。

注意:Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen.

3. 复合名词的复数形式:

(1) 在词末加-(e)s,如:afternoons, housewives等。

(2) 把主体名词变成复数形式。如:lookers-on (旁观者),passers-by (过路人)等。

(3) 由man或woman作为第一部分的复数名词,两个组成部分皆变为复数形式。如:

man driver men drivers, woman doctor women doctors等。

(三) 几种特殊的复数形式的名词

1. 有些表示由两部分构成的东西和部分学科的名词总以复数的形式出现。如:glasses

(眼镜),shorts (短裤),mathematics (数学),physics (物理学),politics (政治学)等。

2 . 有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义。如:papers (文件),manners (礼貌),goods (货

物),times (时代),conditions (环境;情况)等。

3. 有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式。如:make friends with (与……交朋友),

shake hands with (与……握手)等。

四) 不可数名词

1. 物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。如:luggage, milk, rice, soup, water, money, meat

等。

注意:不可数名词在表示量的时候需要用上适当的量词,当数词大于1时,量词须变为复数。如:a piece of advice(一条建议) five pieces of advice (五条建议),a bag of rice (一袋大米) three bags of rice (三袋大米)。

可数名词的量也可以用适当的量词来表达。

2. 不可数名词的转化

(1) 物质名词表示种类或具体事物时则成为可数名词。如:glass (玻璃) a glass (一个玻

璃杯),tea (茶) two teas (两杯茶),ice (冰) three ices (三个冰淇淋)。

(2) 抽象名词具体化时也可成为可数名词。如:beauty (美丽) a beauty (一个美人),

youth (青春) a youth (一个青年)。

(3) 表示具体事物的可数名词,用于表示抽象或物质意义是,便转化为不可数名词。

如:a room (一个房间) room (空间),a chicken (一只小鸡) chicken(鸡肉)。

三、名词的所有格

(一) s所有格的构成

1. 表示有生命的东西的名词,所有格一般在名词后加's,其构成形式如下:

(1) 一般单数名词后加's.如:my brother's book,Jack's cat,the girl's pen等。

(2) 以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格,只需在名词右上方加“'”。如:girl's,teachers'

等。

注意:在不规则复数名词后,要加's.如:women's clothes.

(3) 以-s结尾的专有名词所有格,以读音[z]结尾的,一般在名词右上方加“'”,也可

加's,其读音分别为[z]和[iz]。如:Dickens' / Dickens's book.

注意:若不以读音[z]结尾则仍用's.如:Ross's book.

(4) 复合名词或词群的所有格的词尾's加在后面的名词之后。如:the President of the

United States's car美国总统的汽车。

注意:当出现同位语时,'s一般加在同位语后。如:This is my sister Mary's bag.

这是我妹妹玛丽的包。

(5) 如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只在后一个名词词尾加's,如果不是共有的,两个

名词都要加's.如:Tom and Peter's room汤姆和彼得的房间(共有) Tom's and Peter's rooms汤姆的房间和彼得的房间(不共有)

(6) 表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上's代表全称。如:at the

doctor's = at the doctor's office在诊所

(7) 在one及one / body和some,any,no,every结合起来的复合词后。如:someone's

book.这些代词和else连用,'s应加在else后。如:somebody else's pencil.

2. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可以在词尾后加's或“'”以构成所有格。

如:today's news,ten minutes' drive,China's industry等。

(二)“of +名词”所有格

无生命的名词的所有格,通常用“of+名词”的结构来表示。如:the windows of the room (房间的窗户),the cover of the dictionary(词典的封面)。

(三) 双重所有格

1. 双重所有格的概念及用法

(1) 表示部分概念,of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词,如:a,an,one,two,

some,several,a few,many,any,no等。

This is a picture of mine. 这是我的一张照片。

(2) 双重所有格与of所有格的不同。如:He is a friend of your father's. 他是你父亲的一

个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个)

He is a friend of your father. 他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他是你父亲的好友)

冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。

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