英国社会与文化演讲稿
●The University of Glasgow is the fourth-oldest university in the English-speaking
world and one of Scotland's four ancient universities. Located in Glasgow, United Kingdom, the university was founded in 1451 and is currently one of nineteen British higher education institutions ranked amongst the top 100 of the world.[4][5]
A major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century, in the
19th century (while continuing to educate the upper classes), Glasgow became a pioneer in British higher education by providing for the needs of students from the growing urban and commercial middle classes.
●Glasgow Cathedral, also called the High Kirk of Glasgow or St Kentigern's or St
Mungo's Cathedral, is today a gathering of the Church of Scotland in Glasgow.
The title cathedral is honorific and historic, dating from the period before the Scottish Reformation and its status as the Roman Catholic mother church of the Archdiocese of Glasgow and the Cathedra of the Archbishop of Glasgow. The current congregation is part of the Church of Scotland's Presbytery of Glasgow.
Glasgow Cathedral is located north of High Street and east of Cathedral Street, beside the Glasgow Royal Infirmary.
●George Square is the principal civic square in the city of Glasgow, Scotland. It is
named after King George III. Laid out in 1781, George Square is today home to the headquarters of Glasgow City Council, and boasts an important collection of statues and monuments, including those dedicated to Robert Burns, James Watt, Sir Robert Peel and Sir Walter Scott.
In 2012 Glasgow City Council voted to spend ￡15m on a "makeover", of the square, in preparation for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, to make it "a place fit for the 21st Century". The plans include removing all of the monuments and statues in the square, ostensibly for restoration. However, the council say that "it is possible" that the monuments "may not return to the square", but will rather be relocated to "an area of regeneration". Only one monument is to remain; the Cenotaph by Sir John Burnet.
●Glasgow Science Centre is a visitor attraction located on the south bank of
the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland. It is a purpose-built science centre composed of three principal buildings which are the Science Mall, an IMAX cinema and theGlasgow Tower. The Scottish tourist board, VisitScotland, awarded Glasgow Science Centre, located in the Clyde Waterfront Regeneration area, a five star rating in the visitor attraction category.As well as its main location, Glasgow Science Centre also manages the visitor centre at Whitelee Wind Farm, which opened to the public in 2009.
英语国家社会与文化__翻译_第三单元
Text 英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家，可以在1000年追查根源。其他国家也有长期的政治历史，但这些历史是由突发期显着，而经常是暴力，改变。虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比，说，法国，美国，还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化，而不是革命。这种长期，不间断的历史仍然十分明显，在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。 The Monarchy 政府机构，是最古老的君主（由国王规则）。这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的，直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。本女王伊丽莎白二世，是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特，谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。 君主的权力，主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。有人认为，主权来自他从上帝的权威，不能从他的臣民。由于这种神圣的权利，尽管有不同的家庭之间，有时谁坚持战斗，他们以合法的王位继承人，君主制的实际存在，很少受到质疑。对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首，但有一个短暂的例外。在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”（即所谓的，因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短）由奥利弗克伦威尔，谁想要废除君主制，并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年，成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。
虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中，即使在中世纪，人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。相反，主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大，拥有土地的封建贵族，其他强大的集团的许多战役。 这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王（1199年至1216年的一些帮派）的政策。这种反对如此强烈，国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章，但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。大宪章放在国王的能力，他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。 The Parliament 这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”，即，讨论或交谈。这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会，如果他想筹集资金。传统上，中世纪国王本应继续以自己的财富，他们自己的王室开支。如果需要额外的资源-例如，如果一个国王要发动一场战争，他经常做-他将试图说服大议会，是一种收集领先，富有贵族几次开会一年，让他提供了一些额外的钱。到了13世纪，国王发现，他们不能入不敷出的要钱此相当小，所以他们大议会扩大到包括县，市，镇的代表，让他们协助他的项目。正是在
英美文化概况之英国篇
英美文化概况之英国篇 英国早期人文历史常识 （一） 英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。 地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。 大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。 政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。 联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。 大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附 属国组成的联合体。英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。 （二） 英国地势西北高、东南低。其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。 英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。 苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。 北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。 不列颠是个岛屿国家，四面环海，它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡（Straits of Dover），仅有33公里宽度。1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。 总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车，使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体，被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业。 英国河流分布细密。塞文河（the Severn）是英国第一大河流，长338公里，它同西
英国首相卡梅伦2020年新年英语演讲稿
英国首相卡梅伦2020年新年英语演讲稿 本文是关于英国首相卡梅伦2020年新年英语演讲稿，仅供参考，希望对您有所帮助，感谢阅读。 It’s a New Year –and for Britain there can only be one New Year’s resolution—to stick tothelong-term plan that is turning our country around. When we came tooffice, our economy was on its knees. Three and a halfyears later, we are turning a corner. We see it in thebusinesses that are opening up, the people who are getting decent jobs,thefactories that are making British goods and selling them to the world again. The plan isworking. That’s why thisyear, 2019, we are not just going to stick to the plan – we are goingtoredouble our efforts to deliver every part of it, to benefit the whole countryand secure abetter future for everyone. We’ll continuewith the vital work on the deficit. We’ve reduced itby a third already, and this year we will continue that difficult work,tosafeguard our economy for the long-term, to keep mortgage rates low and to helpfamiliesacross Britain. We’re going tokeep on doing everything possible to help hardworking people feelfinanciallysecure, cutting income taxes and freezing fuel duty. We’ll keep onworking even harder to create more jobs, whether that’s through investmentinour roads and railways, lower jobs taxes, or more help for Britain’s amazingsmall businesses. Those who run oursmall businesses are heroes and heroines, they are the backbone of oureconomyand we are supporting them every step of the way. We are going tokeep on with our vital work on welfare and immigration
英语国家社会与文化入门_上册_翻译
A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。这是一个什么在许多方面 是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天过自己的生活。 一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的 重要性。英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的 维持（自愿）组织的联系称为英联邦国家。但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国1973年以来的成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家，而 不是其英联邦成员资格。它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家，是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。从这些英联邦国家，这在20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。 这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能 总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。但是，这仅仅是一个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。英国是一个国家，一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同的元素组成。它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。因此，在讨论英国和英国的一些考虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰的女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她的英国绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她的身份从不同的男人和不同的英语。 但是，这4个组成部分之间的区别的国家只有一个，也许是最简单的，不同的是分裂联 合王国。有人已经指出，英国现在是一个多种族社会，这些移民是最近才集团带来了自己的文化，这与他们并肩坐在一起，与生活更加传统的英国方式方方面，例如，许多穆斯林，而大多数（名英国人至少）是基督教徒。并明确在我的苏格兰妇女的例子涉及的是事实，男人和女人没有生活在英国同样的经历。此外，英国经济分为：它是一个阶级结构的社会。很可能夸大了这个阶级的重要性，因为结构的过程中，大多数国家有一些一流的一种制度，但它确实可以说，对英国社会的阶级结构是比较明显的。一名工厂工人，他的父亲是工厂的工人很可能会从股票经纪，父亲是一名股票经纪人，不同的文化：他们将倾向于读不同的报纸，看不同的电视节目，用不同的说话口音，在做不同的事情他们的自由时间，对自己的孩子有不同的期望。 另一个不同之处，这标志着英国社会就是区域。即使在四个国家，每个地区的不同：高 地之间的差异和低地苏格兰有着悠久的历史意义，例如：北部和南部英格兰队也被认为是文化不同，但它们之间的边界上没有标记任何地图，只存在一个比较笼统的精神风貌。然而，有一些是在经济方面的区别的基础，南部平均较富裕的北方。 部分之间的北部和南部的另一个区别，这标志着英国社会，一个可以看到在许多社会中， 但有可能尤其明显，在英国，也就是资本之间的区别和不同的经济差别的原因找到了省份。伦敦是在该国南部，并在英国占主导地位的各种方式。这是迄今为止该国最大的城市，约占全国人口的七分之一，它是政府的所在地，它是文化中心，这里是所有的主要报纸，电视台，与遥遥领先的最广泛选择画廊，剧院和博物馆。此外它是商业中心，在英国大公司总部的绝大多数，是国家的金融中心，三个主要的国际金融中心之一。因此，它结合了北京，上海，广州，还是纽约，华盛顿和洛杉矶的职能，在一个城市。并鉴于其长期在英国的历史作用，也许西安呢！伦敦是英国的经济和文化生活的巨大影响力，并在一定程度上在其阴影的国家
英国社会与文化
Comparison Between British Education And Chinese Education Britain has a long tradition of education with hundreds of history. It is quite perfect and complex, and it has a great deal of flexibility. This kind of education system is considered one of the best in the world. Many other countries model their schools after British schools, and with good reason. More than 99% percent of all British citizens know how to read and write. All British public schools follow England’s National Curriculum set by the government’s Department of Education and Science. Every student studies English, science, mathematics, computer science, history, geography, art, music, physical education, and a foreign language. We should know that there are some similarities in the education of Britain and China. The similarities include the below factors: Both in China and Britain, school education includes primary education, secondary education and higher education. Furthermore, both in China and Britain, school education emphasize teach ers’ professional development and continuing education in teachers’ training. They attach importance to the professionalism of teachers, focus on training their own quality. Meanwhile, with the development of China and globalization, the education system in China is becoming more and more diversified and liberal. However, in general, it is still bound to past form, the exam-oriented education. A vast of Chinese student cannot study by themselves in a suitable way, even do not know the meaning of learning. Therefor, increasingly number of common people and experts begin to compare Chinese education system with British education system. Britain has more compulsory years of education than China: 11years in Britain and 9 years in China, while the higher education has less years, British education spend only three years in university and one year to get a master degree. And term arrangements are also different. There are two semesters in China and Britain has three terms. The distribution system of teachers between China and Britain is also quite different. In Chinese classrooms, all the desks are facing the podium. The teacher speaks in the above, and the following students can only be under the requirements to interact with the teacher, such as handing to answer questions. Apparently, Chinese teachers
英国首相卡梅伦2019年新年英语演讲稿
英国首相卡梅伦2019年新年英语演讲稿It’s a New Year –and for Britain there can only be one New Year’s resolution—to stick tothelong-term plan that is turning our country around. When we came tooffice, our economy was on its knees. Three and a halfyears later, we are turning a corner. We see it in thebusinesses that are opening up, the people who are getting decent jobs,thefactories that are making British goods and selling them to the world again. The plan isworking. That’s why thisyear, 2019, we are not just going to stick to the plan – we are goingtoredouble our efforts to deliver every part of it, to benefit the whole countryand secure abetter future for everyone. We’ll continuewith the vital work on the deficit. We’ve reduced itby a third already, and this year we will continue that difficult work,tosafeguard our economy for the long-term, to keep mortgage rates low and to helpfamiliesacross Britain. We’re going tokeep on doing everything possible to help hardworking people feelfinanciallysecure, cutting income
朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》笔记和课后习题详解(谁是英国人)【圣才出品】
第1章谁是英国人 1.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Who Are the British? 1. The Scots 2. The Irish 3. The English Ⅰ. Who Are the British? (谁是英国人？) 1. The Scots(苏格兰人) (1) Origin: Celts. (2) Scots are proud that the English never conquered them. (3) Language ①Gaelic, old Celtic language of the Scots: it is still heard in the Highlands and the Western Isles and their names beginning with M’, Mac, Mc, which means “son of” in Gaelic; ②English; Character: a. said to be serious, cautious, thrifty; b. in fact they are hospitable, generous, friendly. (1) 起源：凯尔特人。
(2) 苏格兰人自豪的是，英国从来没有征服过他们。 (3) 语言 ①盖尔语，苏格兰的古老的凯尔特语言：在高地和西部群岛地区扔能听到人们讲这些语言，这些地区的人们的名字以M，MAC，MC开头，盖尔语的意思是“儿子”。 ②英语； 特点：a．据说他们严肃认真、谨慎、节俭；b．事实上他们很热情、慷慨、友善。2. The Irish(爱尔兰人) (1) Origin: Scots and English Protestants. (2) Problem: there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. (3) Language ①Irish or Erse, a form of Gaelic: official first language of the Republic of Ireland; ②English: second. (4) Character: charm, vivacity, beauty girls. (1) 起源：苏格兰和英国新教徒。 (2) 问题：占主导地位的新教徒与正在寻求更多的社会，政治和经济机会的罗马天主教之间有着激烈的战斗。 (3) 语言 ①爱尔兰语，一种盖尔特语：爱尔兰共和国的官方语言； ②英文：居第二重要性。 (4) 特性：女孩有魅力、活泼、美丽。
英语国家社会与文化 课程标准
《英美概况》教学大纲 一、课程说明. 1. 课程代码：107013841 2. 课程中文名称：英美概况 3. 课程英文名称：The Society and Culture of Major English Speaking Countries — an Introduction 4. 课程总学时数：32 5. 课程学分数：2 6. 授课对象: 英语专业二年级学生 7.本课程的性质、地位和作用 《英美概况》是英语专业本科的一门专业任选课。本课程以英语为媒介，比较系统地向学生阐述世界主要英语国家的社会与文化背景，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。它是英语专业学生学习英语专业其它语言基础课和在高年级阶段学习英语文学和翻译等课程的基础。本课程的教学可以提高学生在跨文化语言运用过程中对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，从而改善学生的跨文化语言运用能力。 二、教学基本要求 1.本课程的目的、任务 本课程的教学目的在于让英语专业学生了解和熟悉主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，掌握其地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活与文化传统等方面的基本知识，扩大知识面，丰富文化修修养，加深对英语国家语言、文化和文学的理解，提高分析判断能力。 2.本课程的教学要求 本课程的基本要求是让学生掌握英美两个典型英语语言国家的历史与社会文化背景、民族特点、当前现状及发展前景。通过本课程的学习，学生除掌握有关英美两国的社会基本构成、文化传统、经济科技发展等基本知识外，同时也提高自身对英文社科类书籍的阅读能力，从而进一步提高自己的英语水平。 在课程的教学过程中，教师也可适当向学生推荐一些反映英美国家文化的优
英国社会与文化修订大纲
信息理论与编码 Information Theory and Coding 课程编号:08.1123 学时: 16 学分:1 适用学科:外国语言学与应用语言学 先修课程：英美概况考试类型: 考试 教学目的和要求: 本课程为英语专业研究生选修课程，通过介绍英国的政治、经济、法律、宗教、教育、以及社会民俗等方面的概况，使学生对英国的政治、经济、历史、文化、社会等概况有较全面的了解和认识。激发学生对欧洲文化的兴趣。了解中、西方文化的差异，提高学生跨文化交际的敏感性和能力。进而提高学生的文化素质和对世界文化知识的了解。加深学生对英语语言的理解，为今后研究英国社会和文化或进入英国大学深造奠定良好的文化基础。 本课程以社会、文化为纲，多方面系统地概括和介绍英国的社会与文化方面的种种特点。通过该课程的学习，学生应对英国的历史和现状有一定的了解；对英国的社会与文化有一个总体的把握，从而能从广义的文化哲学层面去审视西方文明的精髓，提高学生对中西文化差异的敏感性、海纳百川的文化兼容性以及处理文化差异的灵活性，培养和提高学生的跨文化交际能力。 本课程属于考试课程，考核是平时成绩与期末小论文相结合。平时成绩包括出勤、课堂讨论，以及阅读报告、作业等形式进行评定，占总评成绩40％；期末小论文为给定相关话题，撰写不少于3000字学期论文，占总评成绩60％。 授课内容: 1. 英国概况 2. 英国政体、政党及司法制度 2.1 英国政体 2.2 英国议会及政府机构 2.3 英国政党与选举 2.4 英国的司法制度 3. 英国的教育 3.1 英国的教育制度 3.2 特点 4. 英国的经济 5. 英国人的言语交际特性 6. 英国的宗教 7．中英差异比较漫谈
英国首相卡梅伦辞职演讲(英文稿)
Good morning everyone. The country has just taken part in a giant democratic exercise , perhaps the biggest in our history. Over 33 million people from England, Scotland,Wales, Northern Ireland and Gibraltar have all had their say. We should be proud the fact that in these islands we trust the people with these big decisions, we not only have a parliamentary democracy but on questions about the arrangements for how we’ve governed, there are times when it is right to ask the people themselves, and that is w hat we have done. The British people have voted to leave the European Union, and their will must be respected. I want to thank every one who took part in campaign on my side of the argument, including all those who put aside party differences, to speak i n what they believed was the national interest. And let me congratulate all those who took part in the “Leave Campaign”for the spirited and passionate case they made. The will of the British people is an instruction that must be delivered . It was not a d ecision that was taken lightly, not least because so many thing were said by many different organizations about the significance of this decision. So there can be no doubt about the result. Across the world people have been watching the choice that Brito n has made. I would reassure those markets and investors that Britain’s economy is fundamentally strong. And I would also reassure the Brits in the European countries and European citizens living here that there would be no immediate changes in your circum stances,there will be no initial change in the way our people can travel, in the way our goods can move or the way our services can be sold. We must now prepare for a negotiation with the European Union. This will need to involve full engagement of the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Ireland governments to ensure that the interests of all parts of our United Kingdom are protected and advanced. But above all, this will require strong, determined and committed leadership. I am very proud and very honored to be Prime Minister of this country for six years. I believe we’ve made great steps with more people in work than ever before in our history,with reforms to welfare and education, increasing people’s life chances, building a bigger and stronger society, keepin g our promises to the poorest people in the world, and enabling those who love each other to get married whatever their sexuality. But above all restoring Britain’s economic strength. And I am grateful to everyone who’s helped to make that happen. I have also always believed that we have to confront big decisions, not doubt them. That is why we deliveredthe firstcoalition government in seventy years to bring our economy back from the brink. It is why we delivered a fair, legal and decisive referendum in S cotland. And it’s why I made the pledge to renegotiate Britain’s position in the European Union and to hold the referendum on our membership and have carried those things out. I fought this campaign in the only way I know how which is to say directly and p assionately what I think and feel head, heart and soul. I held nothing back. I was absolutely clear about my belief that the British is stronger safer and better off in side the European Union. And I made clear the referendum was about this and this alone not the future of any single politician including myself.
必修3思考题答案
二、追寻生命的起源问题解答 【想一想】古代没有形成真正科学而系统的生物学的原因有哪些？其中主要的原因是什么？ ?原因有：人们对自然的认识有限；生产力发展水平底；神学、宗教、传说对人们思想的束缚；近代科学认识和方法还未出现。其中主要原因是生产力水平低下，人们受宗教神学的影响。 ?【想一想】达尔文写作《物种起源》，给我们的启发有哪些？达尔文在考察中得出的结论和林耐的结论有什么不同？ 启发：要具有敏锐的洞察力和持之以恒的精神。不同：林耐认为生物是神创的，因此物种是不变的。达尔文则认为自然界生物的物种是不断进化的，不断从低级向高级发展。自然界进化的规则是生存竞争，通过自然选择，最适者生存下来。 ?【议一议】有人说，17世纪的牛顿把“造物主（神）”从无生命现象的研究领域驱逐出去了，19世纪的达尔文又把“造物主”从有生命现象的研究领域驱逐出去了。这种说法对吗？结合所学知识谈谈你的理由。 ?提示：对。说明理由时要联系牛顿和达尔文的成就给神学的打击。如进化论给上帝创造万物说以致命一击。它证明了今天的整个有机界——植物、动物，包括人在内，都是延续亿万年的发展过程的产物。 ?【自我测评】达尔文进化论的核心观点是什么？进化论是怎样传入我国的？产生了什么影响？ ?核心观点是：自然界生物的物种是不断进化的，不断从低级向高级发展。自然界进化的规则是生存竞争，通过自然选择，最适者生存下来。 ?1894年，严复翻译《天演论》在《国闻报》的增刊上发表，系统地介绍了进化论。进化论传入中国，震动了中国的思想界，对维新变法运动和新文化运动起了巨大的推动作用。 ?【阅读与思考】上面两段文字反映了什么历史现象？你是怎样看待的？ 反映的是达尔文进化论从出版后到20世纪以来遭到巨大的抵制。 ?从中可以看出：当时宗教习惯的影响很大；科学的发展是艰难而曲折的；要学会分辨真理，相信科学。 ?从时代背景分析，你认为上面两段文字反映的历史现象是否存在差别？为什么？ ?有差别。材料二中所表现的反对和抵制较之材料一要小一些。随着时代发展，科学在进步。 三、人类文明的引擎问题解答 ?【议一议】大机器工厂与手工工场有哪些区别？ 提示：用机器进行生产；实行工厂制管理；使用蒸汽机作动力。 【议一议】蒸汽机的发明给人类社会带来了哪些影响？ 提示：从生产力进步、生产关系变革、国际格局变化和科学文化事业进步等方面分析影响。如经济上：提供了更加便利的动力，迅速推广后，大大推动了机器的普及和发展；人类社会由此进入蒸汽时代。 ?【读一读】天才，不过是百分之一的灵感加上百分之九十九的汗水。你对这句话是怎么看的？ 爱迪生发明电灯的艰辛历程正是这句话得到真实写照。它告诉我们，要想取得成就必须依靠勤奋的努力。 ?【想一想】我们生活中的哪些东西是第二次工业革命时发明的？ 发电机、电灯、电话、电车、电影、内燃机、柴油机、电报、塑料、人造纤维、人造染料等等。
英国社会与文化
The Geography of Britain and China When it comes to Britain, what do you think first? For me, the first thing is that Britain is an European country. Most people will choose the geography as their first topic to introduce a country because it is an important symbol. Britain, whose full name is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lies in Europe but is separated from the European Continents, in another words, it is an island country. It is crossed by the Atlantic Ocean, Irish Sea, Celtic Sea and the English Channel. Lying to the north of France and the west of the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway, the south of the Republic of Ireland, the Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and a lot of coastal islands. The total area of the country is 244,820 square kilometers and the total coastline is 11,450 kilometers. And for the longitude and latitude, it is approximately from 50°N to 58°N and 2°E to 7°W. Though Great Britain isn’t big, the terrain is varied from the flatland in the south and east to mountains of Scotland and Wales. The chief mountain ranges are the Pennines in the middle, the Cambrians in the west and the Grampians in the north. Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the UK and is about 1343meters. Many rivers also flow past this country. The main river is the River Severn, the longest river in the UK which is westward flowing streams reach the Atlantic. Its about 354 kilometers long and drainage are is about 11,266 square kilometers. The Clyde in Scotland, the Eden and the Mersey in northwest England, and the Welsh Dee and Teifi are the only significant rivers. And the most famous river is the Thames in London which is a popular scenery in the UK. It flows through Eton, the Oxford, Windsor and so on in the upriver, and finally joins the North Sea. Through the English Channel, Britain is linked with France by the tunnel. Though, Britain is an island country, it is fertile and rich in resources. It has coal mine and iron mine, and because of this, British had so much power sources during the first industrial revolution. Thanks to its position which is around by the sea, the fishery and shipbuilding are also developed. And temperate marine climate is dominant the whole country because it is around by the sea and some ocean currents