SAT语法讲义(完整版)

SAT语法讲义

Identifying Sentence Errors

一、主谓一致

1. 就前原则

(1) N1 of N2 verb（SAT考试中动词的单复数与N1有关，与N2无关）

如：a group of students are

the details of the problems are

例：The bright (A) fiberglass sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B) critical acclaim not only (C) in his home state, New Mexico, but also in (D) New York.

No error (E). (P161.1)

(2) 名词1+介词+名词2 如：students in the classroom

名词，插入语，verb

名词+doing/done 如：students studying hard

例：Flints found in (A) the region extending from the Nile Valley to (B) the highlands of eastern Iraq attests to (C) the presence of people there as long ago as (D) one hundred thousand years. No error (E). (P166.3)

2.“欲擒故纵”法

动词单复数做题基本原则是就前原则，如果句子太长、太难、太复杂时，用“欲擒故纵”法。

3.动词单复数的特殊固定用法

(1) a number of 一些；一般情况下其后动词用复数，（不受任何规律限制）；

the number of …的数量；其后的动词在任何情况下都用单数。

量词考点：a group/list/line of 使用“就前原则”

(2) 倒装结构：就后原则。

如：here comes the bus

a. 地点状语+动词+主语

b. Only置于句首的倒装

例：In the foothills of that large mountain range is (A) the sources of a river whose course (B) was not fully mapped (C) until (D) this century. No error (E). (P 776.19) 例：Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied (A) for years, but (B) only recently has (C) the harmful effects of noise pollution become (D) known. No error (E). (P167.6)

4.名词

集合名词：family, group, stuff, team, community，只要这些词以单数结尾，后面的谓语动词都用单数。

people, cattle, police ：其后的谓语动词用复数

以s结尾的词：means, species, news

以cs结尾的词：physics, mathematics，不表示复数，是单数。

以us结尾的词：octopus（章鱼）, platypus（鸭嘴兽）, -saurus（恐龙）

考点：名词的单复数

作业：P410.23、24，P472.22，P602.27，P721.24、26、29，P839.20、27，P894.16，P956.12，P776.12，P839.25，P957.19、28，P471.17，P534.18。

二、平行结构

（1）名词，名词，and 名词

例：Each time Caroline turns on her computer , she has (A) to enter a company code, then her initials, and then enters a password (B) before (C) she can begin working (D). No error (E). (P166.2)

例：Of the hundreds of warm-water coral species, only a few (A) are highly prized (B) for use in jewelry because of their (C) beauty, luster, and they are hard (D). No error (E). (P533.12)

（2）两者之间的平行

如：not only…,but also…

neither…,nor…

either…,or…

…and/but….

例：The labor union is negotiating (A) a contract with the hospital that (B) will satisfy (C) the demands of the workers and be acceptable to (D) all levels of management.

No error (E). (P601.13)

（3）句子的平行

考点：同类比较

特点：-er, more, than, as, like, unlike, compare to/with.

如：The population of China is larger than that of America.

所有格和所有格之间比较时，第二个所有格是不能省略的，需要补充that of/those of/’s。

作业：P601.13，P777.28，P599.3，P410.21、29，P602.20、22，P659.25，P660.27，P720.14、18。

三、形容词和副词

adj. + n. / pron.

adv. + v. / adj. / adv.

如：I find the book easy.

I find the book easily.

例：Although canoeing through (A) the rapids was exciting, it was (B) also exhausting, and we were happy for a time to have the canoe float serene (C) down (D) a smooth stretch of the river. No error (E). (P838.12)

笔记：serene 平静的；serenely 平静地

如：快速的发展中的国家rapidly developing country

例：The research study reveals (A) startling proof of a constant (B) changing seafloor that comprises (C) the major part of (D) the underwater landscape. No error (E).

(P602.29)

例：Just how (A) critical an improved balance of trade is to (B) a healthy economy has never been (C) more clearer (D) than it is now. No error (E).（P659.18）

作业：P167.7，P192.14，P409.17，P660.29，P721.22，P894.13，P896.27，P957.23。

四、逻辑主语

（1）Doing/done …, SVO.

如：Beaten black and blue, Kitty is crying.

Beating black and blue, Kitty is crying.

例：Contrasting with (A) most other (B) fifteenth- century rulers, Portuguese Kings could count on (C) the support of the aristocracy in any (D) overseas ventures. No error (E)

例：Raised in a large and noisy city, it was only when I went away to college that I realized how delightful life in a small town could be.（P955.11）

(A) it was only when I went away to college that I realized how delightful life in

a small town could be

(B) when I went away to college I then realized how delightful life in a small

town could be

could be

(D) I did not realize how delightful life in a small town could be until I went

away to college

(E) delightful life in a small town was unrealized by me until I went away to

college

例：While working as a nurse in the streets of Calcutta, that was when Mother Teresa developed a profound love for the poor.（P892.1）

(A) that was when Mother Teresa developed a profound love for the poor

(B) Mother Teresa developed a profound love for the poor

place

(D) Mother Teresa’s profound love for the poor developed

(E) a profound love for the poor developed in Mother Teresa

例：Having thought the problem through with some care, that the committee did not understand her solution frustrated the chairperson extremely.（P599.5）

(A) that the committee did not understand her solution frustrated the chairperson

extremely

(B) the chairperson’s extremely frustration resulted from the committee not

understanding her solution

solution was extreme

(D) the chairperson was extremely frustrated by the committee’s failure to

understand her solution

(E) the committee’s failing to understand her solution was an extreme frustration

to the chairperson

while/when/by/on/through Doing/done …, SVO.

例：By simply entering an Internet website or calling a toll-free number, a catalog order can be placed for almost anything from cheesecakes to fully equipped desktop computers.（P616.12）

(A) a catalog order can be placed

(B) by placing a catalog order

(D) you can place a catalog order

(E) your catalog order can be placed

例：Indicating their desire to extend free enterprise, Canadians elected a member of the Progressive Conservative Party, Kim Campbell, as Prime Minister in 1993.

（P493.13）

(A) Canadians elected a member of the Progressive Conservative Party, Kim

Campbell, as Prime Minister

(B) Canadians’ election of a member of the Progressive Conservative Party as

Prime Minister was Kim Campbell

Minister of Canada

(D) the Progressive Conservative Party’s Kim Campbell was elected Prime

Minister of Canadians

(E) a member of the Progressive Conservative Party, Kim Campbell, was elected

by Canadians as Prime Minister

例：Though now one of the most famous abstract artists, critics once ridiculed Jackson Pollock for his technique of splattering paint on canvases.（P532.8）

(A) critics once ridiculed Jackson Pollock

(B) critics once were ridiculing Jackson Pollock

(D) Jackson Pollock was once ridiculed by critics

(E) Jackson Pollock, having once been ridiculed by critics

（2）SVO, doing/done …. S与分词

SVO doing/done …. O与分词

如：The boys are watching a galaxy of beauties passing by, slobbering.

例：During (A) my most recent (B) trip, I came across (C) a wonderful antique store wandering (D) in the old quarter of the city. No error (E). (P533.16)

作业：P955.5，P190.2，P534.21，P846.2。

五、代词

代词一定要确切地指明具体对象。

（1）单复数

例：The starling is such a (A) pest in rural areas that it has become (B) necessary to find ways (C) of controlling the growth of their (D) population. No error (E)（P167.8）例：Contrasting with (A) most other (B) fifteenth- century rulers, Portuguese Kings could count on (C) the support of the aristocracy in any (D) overseas ventures. No error (E)

（2）主格，宾格

主格：I，we，they

宾格：me，us，him，her

区别：做主格的一般出现在句首，做宾格的一般出现在动词、介词后。

宾语：动词宾语、介词宾语。

例：The report Alexander is discussing (A), a report prepared jointly by he (B) and the committee, does not take into account (C) the socioeconomic status of those interviewed (D). No error (E)（P602.21）

例：Apparently impressed with (A) our plans, the foundation awarded Carlos and I (B)

a grant to establish (C) a network of community centers throughout (D) the city.

No error (E) （P602.26）

例：For we (A) students, concern about impending (B) tuition hikes was even more acute than (C) apprehension about (D) final exams. No error (E) （P721.27）（3）one，you不能相互指代

one与he/she对应；ones与they对应

例：For people in (A) many ancient societies, work was only a means of (B) survival rather than (C) a way to improve your (D) standard of living. No error (E) （P838.19）

（4）this划线

（5）which, who, whom, that

考点：which不能指代人，who, whom不能指代物。

例：Candy manufacturers applauded the discovery by (A) researchers that students which (B) smell chocolate while studying and again while taking (C) a test are able to (D) recall more material than students not exposed to the odor of chocolate. No error (E) （P894.15）

例：In a world that (A) the rate of technological and social change accelerates frighteningly (B) , change itself (C) often seems to be the only constant (D). No error (E) （P957.21）

Where, in which的区别：介词+which的用法>where

作业：P410.26，P472.28，P534.20，P601.15，P602.28，P659.20，P660.28，P720.15，P721.20，P776.14，P777.23、25，P839.24、26，P957.26。

六、时态

（1）现在类

一般现在时，现在完成时，现在进行时，现在将来时。

（2）过去类

一般过去时，过去完成时，过去进行时，过去将来时。

例：Jerome often referred to (A) art history textbook while he (B) was sculpting; whenever he learned a new method in art class , he seeks out (C) the work of

sculptors who had used it (D) in the past. No error (E)（P409.15）

例：Some of the workers who resent (A) the supervisor’s authority would probably (B) feel uncomfortable if (C) they were to acquire the independence that they demand (D) . No error (E)（P839.22）

（3）不规则动词的过去分词

例：Although born in the Midwest, Langston Hughes lived most of his adult life in Harlem, in New York City, where (A), like (B) other writers in the 1930’s, he had wrote (C) some of his finest (D) works. No error (E)（P894.12）

作业：P409.15，P471.16，P534.24，P658.12，P720.13，P777.21，P838.16，P839.22，P894.20。

七、介词

（1）基础介词的搭配

（2）把介词的固定用法出得很长

（3）常考的点：

有能力去做—be able to

have ability to

be capable of doing

preoccupation with

总结归纳：

（1）动词划线：时态、单复数；

（2）代词；

（3）平行结构；

（4）形容词和副词；

（5）名词；

（6）逻辑主语；

（7）介词。

易错点：时态、固定用法、5E选项。

作业：OG上所有的挑错题，并且分类总结。

Improving Sentences

1.简洁原则

because比because of，aware of，considering；主动>被动；直接>间接；动词〉名词。

例：Anita liked to watch television, of which she found the science programs especially fascinating.

(A) television, of which she found the science programs especially fascinating

(B) television; she found the science programs especially fascinating

(D) television; the fascination of the science programs especially

(E) television, especially fascinating to her were the programs

2. run on 句型

SVO，SVO

两个句子相连：SVO，conj SVO或者SVO；SVO

副词和介词不能连接两个句子：SVO，adv SVO或者SVO，prep SVO

adv：①以ly结尾的词；②词根判断法；③however, thus, hence, then, also, even 练习：SVO, thus SVO.

SVO, however SVO.

SVO, but SVO.

SVO, although SVO.

SVO; therefore SVO.

SVO; but SVO.

SVO; although SVO.

例：Since some (A) people are convinced that (B) dowsing, a method of finding underground water with a Y-shaped stick, is effective, but others condemn the procedure as (C) mere superstition (D) . No error(E)（P602.24）

1, Many students work after school and on weekends, consequently they do not have much time for doing their homework.

A, weekends, consequently they do not have

B, weekends, they do not have

C, weekends, as a consequence they do not have

D, weekends, therefore they do not have

E, weekends; consequently, they do not have

2.Even the play’s most minor characters work together with extraordinary skill, their interplay creates a moving theatrical experience.

A, their interplay creates a moving theatrical experience.

B, a moving theatrical experience is created by their interplay

C, and their interplay creates a moving theatrical experience.

D, and a moving theatrical experience being the creation of their interplay

E, with their interplay they create a moving theatrical experience.

3. 逻辑主语Logic subject

doing/done ···，SVO.

adj./adv. ，SVO

4. having，being

自杀词：在句子中充当时态的组成部分。

正确：放在句首大写。

例：Having been a victim of malicious rumors, Helen purposely avoided gossips.（P954. 3）

(A) Having been a victim of malicious rumors

(B) Her being a victim of malicious rumors

(D) Because being a victim of malicious rumors

(E) Because having been a victim of malicious rumors

5. 时态tense

6. 单复数singular & plural

5、6常常合在一起考，从动词开始划线

7. 平行结构parallel structure

①doing, doing, and doing / 名词，名词，and名词

②两者之间的平行

例：Most drivers know not only that excessive speeding on highways wastes gasoline, but also that it is dangerous. （P678.13）

(A) know not only that excessive speeding on highways wastes

(B) know that excessive speeding on highways could be wasteful of

(D) have known that excessive speeding on highways wastes not only

(E) know that excessive speeding on highways not only by itself can waste

③同类相比较

8. 固定用法

so that，just as… so，had hardly…when，no sooner…than，…not… any more…例：The new regulations have so complicated the process of formulating a school budget to where no one on the Board of Education is eager to undertake the task.（P430.6）

(A) budget to where

(B) budget, therefore

(D) budget as

(E) budget that

例：Just as Ireland has produced many famous writers and the Netherlands on abundance of famous painters, so Finland has provided a large number of famous architects. （P775.10）

(A) so Finland has provided a large number of famous architects

(B) Finland provides famous architects, and by large numbers

(D) and so then, for Finland, a large number of famous architects is provided

(E) and like them Finland has provided a large number of famous architects

例：No sooner had Andrea del Sarto traveled to France to work for the French king but his wife persuaded him to return to Italy.（P676.4）

(A) but his wife persuaded him to return

(B) but his wife had him persuaded into returning

(D) but he was persuaded by his wife into returning

(E) than his wife persuaded him to return

例：Chaplin will not be remembered for espousing radical causes any more than they will remember Wayne for endorsing conservative political candidates.（P677.6）

(A) any more than they will remember Wayne

(B) as will Wayne not be remembered

(D) just as they will not remember Wayne

(E) no more than Wayne will be remembered

9. 双主语

N SVO / N, SVO / N, S, VO。

例：The Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, whose origins are hotly debated.（P863.10）

(A) The Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, whose origins are hotly debated.

(B) The Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, its origins are hotly debated.

(D) The origins of the Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, are hotly debated.

(E) Basque is hotly debated as a language whose origins are possibly Europe’s oldest.

10. 同位语优先

主语，…，VO

1. The comet has recently changed direction toward Jupiter, which is leading scientists to wonder about the composition of the object.

(A) which is leading scientists to wonder about

(B) this development leading scientists to wonder about

(D) a development leading scientists to wonder about

(E) this leading scientists to wonder on

2. The rare-earth metal dysprosium, being a member of the lanthanide series, and is in group IIIb of the periodic table.

(A) dysprosium, being a member of the lanthanide series, and is in group IIIb of the periodic table

(B) dysprosium is a member of the lanthanide series, it is in group IIIb of the periodic table

(D) dysprosium is in group IIIb of the periodic table being a member of the lanthanide series

(E) dysprosium, to be a member of the lanthanide series, is in group IIIb of the periodic table

3. By the time she was twenty-one, Jane Austen had begun writing a novel which she initially titled First Impressions and which she later called Pride and Prejudice, this is a book that many fans consider her best work.

(A) this is a book that many fans consider her best work

(B) since many fans consider this her best work

(D) a book that many fans consider her best work

(E) it is considered by many fans as her best work

4. At only four-feet-eight inches and ninety-four pounds, a small frame being necessary for a gymnast, Mary Lou Retton captured the hearts of the American people and won a gold medal in the 1984 Olympic Games.

(A)a small frame being necessary for a gymnast

(B) having a small frame necessary for a gymnast

(D) a small frame necessary for a gymnast

(E) because her small frame is necessarily for gymnasts

11．代词pronoun

（it, they, their, which, that）

①singular & plural；

②不能pro-verb, per-sentence；

例：During the labor dispute, barrels of potatoes were emptied across the highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic.（P599.4）

(A) highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic

(B) highway and thereby blocking it to all traffic

(D) highway, and therefore this had all traffic blocked

(E) highway, thereby blocking all traffic

③不能pro-none;

④ambiguous usage;

⑤一个句子有两个同样的指代，成立前提是必须指代同一内容

―― plague原则

例：The lawyers representing the parking-lot operators asserted as to the defensibility of their practices as legal and ethical.（P615.6）

(A) as to the defensibility of their practices as legal and ethical

(B) as to their practices and their defensibility on legal and ethical grounds

(D) that in regards to defensibility their practices are legally and ethically defensible

(E) that the practices of the operators are legally and ethically defensible

12. S，…，V＋O

错误用法：

S, ... , doing+O

S, ... , which / that +O

S, ... , and +v. +O

S, ... , he / she +v.+O

例：The problem of water pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas because the treatment and release of industrial wastes are not adequately regulated.（P954.2）

(A) pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas because

(B) pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas and

(D) pollution is frequently compounded in certain areas where

(E) pollution is frequently compounded in certain areas and

13. S+V+O；S+V+O→S+V+O；it+V+O it只能指代上一句话的主语。

S+V+O，which…

S+V+O，ving/ved…

例：Conners, a publishing and media services company, is acquiring Dispatch Education, it manufactures school uniforms.（P599.2）

(A) Dispatch Education, it manufactures

(B) Dispatch Education, which manufactures

(D) Dispatch Education, it is manufacturing

(E) Dispatch Education, for the manufacturing of

例：Many communities in my state are forming neighborhood watch programs, for it will deter criminals.（P739.10）

(A) programs, for it will deter

(B) programs, in which it will deter

(D) programs for the deterrence of

(E) programs being able to deter