外文翻译
Questions related to the design,study,and development of aspiration shelters at a localizing site where a conveyor belt is loaded with granular material in enterprises in different branches of industry (ore-mining,construction,metallurgical,coal,etc.) are considered. An improved design of a shelter with lesser overall dimensions by comparison with existing shelters is proposed as a result of an analysis of different designs of shelters. A computational experiment is conducted to obtain a qualitative estimate of the most efficient relationships between the structural elements of a shelter,the results of which serve as prerequisites for a subsequent industrial experiment.
Loading of granular materials at enterprises in the ore-
mining,construction,metallurgical,coal,and other branches of industry is accompanied by intensive formation of dust. The basic method of protection against dust formation is the use of complex dust control ventilation systems that incorporate aspiration,pneumatic removal of spillage (or hydraulic rinsing),and general exchange ventilation. Aspiration systems eliminate the basic cause of dust
formation,i.e.,excess pressure in the cavities of the production equipment and shelters that arise in the interaction between the granular material and the working components with the air.
The operating efficiency of aspiration systems (concentration of dust and volume of aspirated air) depends to a sig-nificant extent on the design of the aspiration shelter. The fundamentals of aspiration are considered in [1–4]; around 60 dif-ferent useful models and patents of different designs of shelters are presented in [5].
One of the basic requirements imposed on shelters is that of maximal capacity. The process of removing dust from an aspiration shelter is similar to that of gravitational deposition of dust particles in a dust chamber; that is,the greater the dimension of the shelter and the lesser the volume of expelled air,the lesser is the maximal dimension of the particles removed from the exhaust air and,as a consequence,the lower is the concentration of dust at the exit from the shelter. In a number of cases,use of large-capacity shelters is not
possible as a consequence of combined architectural and construction features as well as technological aspects of the production
shops,hence inefficient shelter designs are used; the power con-sumption of the aspiration system thereby increases significantly [6–8].
The objective of the present study is to develop a more perfected design of a shelter with lower overall dimensions by comparison with existing labyrinth-type shelters [9]. The advantages of the new shelter comprise stable evacuation assured
by double walls,and inertial dust collecting (separation of dust particles from the air stream as its direction of motion varies); a shortcoming is seen in the build-up of dust on the horizontal ledge of the inner compartment.
We have previously proposed an improved design of a shelter [10],the distinctive features of which include the fact that the inner compartment is designed in the form of an inverted-V cover in order to prevent build-up of dust on its hori-zontal surface and also that the aspiration funnel can approach as close as possible to the conveyor belt and the trough.
Shukhov Belgorod State Technological University,Belgorod,Russia; e-mail:ingener_tgv@mail.ru. Translated from Khimicheskoe i Neftegazovoe Mashinostroenie,No. 4,pp. 35–37,April,2013.
0009-2355/13/0304-0260 ?2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Fig. 1. Boundary conditions of numerical experiment: 1) entry surface of expelled flow; 2) suction opening of aspiration funnel; 3) atmospheric pressure surface; 4) surface of solids. Fig. 2. Factors of numerical experiment.
Fig. 2. Factors of numerical experiment.
Since the relationship between the structural dimensions of the new shelter may vary over a broad range,studies of the design of the shelter are needed,where one stage of such a study involves carrying out a complete four-factor numerical experiment for the purpose of finding the basic extrema of the maximal diameter dmax of the dust particles carried away from the shelter.
A computational experiment is an efficient tool for studying dust
and gas flows in an aspiration shelter [11–15].Inthe present article,a numerical experiment was performed in the COSMOSFloWorks instructional complex.
An internal steady-state problem of the motion of air in the cavity of an aspiration shelter from the trough to the aspiration air duct is solved in the course of the experiment (Fig. 1). The initial conditions of the test model (the physical parameters of a medium typical for normal conditions) and the boundary conditions of the medium of the model were adopt-ed in order to solve the problem. The boundary conditions are as follows:planes:permeable (1 – entry surface of expelled flow; 2 – suction opening of aspiration funnel; 3 –atmospheric pressure surface) and impermeable (4 – surfaces of solids),and these in fact determine the relationship of the physical processes in the computational region with the physical process-es that occur outside this region.
The factors of the numerical experiment are as follows:height of shelter H,length of shelter L,length of internal compartment Lcom,and distance from trough to aspiration funnel Lasp (Fig. 2). The output quantity (response),i.e.,maximal diameter dmax of particles entrained into the aspiration funnel,is fixed in the course of the experiment. The selection of response is governed by the direct dependence of the concentration of dust on dmax.
Graphs (Figs. 3 and 4) were constructed from the results of the experiments and a correlation analysis of the depen-dence of dmax on the factors of the experiment performed. The obtained coefficients of the correlation analysis r are present-ed below. If the correlation coefficient is negative,that means that as the values of one of the variables increases,the values
Fig. 3. Graphs illustrating dependence of dmax on the dimensions of the shelter: a) length L; b) height H;c) distance from trough to aspiration funnel Lasp; d) length of inner compartment Lcom.
Fig. 4.
Response surface of functional dependences of dmax, μm,on
dimensions of shelter,m:length L;height H; distance from trough to aspiration funnel Lasp; length of inner compartment Lcom.
of the other variable decrease. If the correlation coefficient is not equal to 0 (the variables are then said to be uncorrelated),there exists
a dependence between the variables. The closer the value is to 1,the stronger is the dependence.
The results of the correlation analysis for each pair of variables are as follows:
for L and dmax, r = –0.36;
for H and dmax, r = 0.27;
for Lasp and dmax, r = 0.63;
for Lcom and dmax, r = –0.17.
Analysis of results:
1) suction of air directly at the site where air exits the inner compartment exerts a special influence on the increase in the value of dmax (this zone is characterized by the evolution of a confluence of flows and the possible formation of a vortex);
2) a minimal value of dmax is characteristic in the case of suction of air directly above the inner compartment with maximal length of the shelter.
These results make it possible to arrive at a qualitative estimate of the influence of the design of a shelter on the con-centration of dust in the aspiration funnel and to create a central compound rotatable design of an industrial experiment in the course of which it may be expected that an efficient relationship between the structural dimensions of the new shelter will be discovered.
This study was supported by a grant from the President of the Russian Federation (NSh-558.2012.8).
REFERENCES
1.V. A. Minko, Dust Control in Manufacturing Processes in the Production of Construction Materials [in Russian],Izd. Voronezh State University,Voronezh (1981).
2.I. N. Logachev and K. I. Logachev, Aerodynamic Foundations of Aspiration [in Russian],Khimizdat,St. Petersburg(2005).
3.O. D. Neykov and I. N. Logachev, Aspiration and Dust Control of Air in the Production of Powders [in Russian],2nd
ed.,Metallurgiya,Moscow (1981).
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Russian],Nedra,Moscow (1989).
5. Album of Unitized Nonstandard Equipment of Aspiration Systems for Silicate Brick Enterprises [in Russian],Belgorod(1989).
6.V. M. Kireev,A. B. Gol’tsov,and V. A. Minko,“Calculation and development of aspiration shelters of loading sites,”Vestnik BGTU im. V. G. Shukhova,No. 2010-3,143–146 (2010).
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8.A. B. Gol’tsov,V. M. Kireev,Ye. N. Popov,et al.,“Problems of complex dust control in processing ore-based sub-stances,” Coll. Works,Izd. VGASU,Voronezh,(2007),No. 4,pp. 123–129.
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10.A. B. Gol’tsov,V. A. Minko,I. N. Logachev,et al.,Patent for useful model No. 97168,“Aspiration shelter of sites used for loading of granulator material.”
11.K. I. Logachev,A. I. Puzanok,and V. Yu. Zorya,“Computer simulation of dust and gas flows in pulsating aerodynamic fields,”Vychisl. Metody Programmir.:Novye Vychisl. Tekhnol., 7,No. 1,195–201 (2006).
12.K. I. Logachev,I. N. Logachev,and A. I. Puzanok,“Numerical study of the behavior of dust aerosol in an aspiration shelter,” Izv. Vys. Ucheb. Zaved. Stroitelstvo,No. 5,65–71 (2006).
13.I. N. Logachev and K. I. Logachev,“On the prediction of the dispersed composition and concentration of coarsely dispersed aerosols at suction sites of aspiration systems,” Izv. Vys. Ucheb. Zaved. Stroitelstvo,No. 9,85 (2002).
14.O. A. Averkova,V. Yu. Zorya,and K. I. Logachev,“Features of the behavior of dust aerosols in an aspiration shelter of standard design,”Khim. Neftegaz. Mashinostr.,No. 11,34–36 (2007).
15.K. I. Logachev,O. A. Averkova,and V. Yu. Zorya,“Laws governing the variation of the dispersed composition of dust aerosols in an aspiration shelter,” Izv. Vys. Ucheb. Zaved. Stroitelstvo,No. 9,46–52 (2007).
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
世界贸易和国际贸易【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.360docs.net/doc/f916609155.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
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市场营销策略论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
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国际贸易英文文献
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营销-外文翻译
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