期末：英文选总复习材料

A General Review

Of Selected Readings from English Literature

[Note: These handouts are applicable exclusively to students of Groups 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 16 of Class 2013, for their preparation for the upcoming End-of-Term Exam in Selected Readings from English Literature. They are to serve only as additional aids to whatever there is in the Textbook, which remains the primary source of information towards a successful Term Final in the course.]

Unit One: Geoffrey Chaucer (1340/1343? – 1400)

1. Modern Text, in Prose, of The General Prologue to the Tales:

People want to go on religious pilgrimages to spiritual places in the springtime, when the April rains have soaked deep into the dry ground to water the flowers‘ roots; and when Zephyrus, the god of the west wind, has helped new flowers to grow everywhere; and when you can see the constellation Aries in the sky; and when the birds sing all the time. Some people go to other countries, but many people in England choose to go to the city of Canterbury in southeastern England to visit the remains of Thomas Becket, the Christian martyr who had the power of healing people.

One spring, when I was making my own humble pilgrimage to Canterbury, I stayed at the Tabard Inn in the city of Southwark. While I was there, a group of twenty-nine people who were also making the same pilgrimage arrived at the hotel. None of them had really known each other before, but they had met along the way. It was a pretty diverse group of people from different walks of life. The hotel was spacious and had plenty of room for all of us. I started talking with these people and pretty soon fit right into their group. We made plans to get up early and continue on the journey to Canterbury together.

But before I begin my story, I should probably tell you all about the twenty-nine people in this group—who they were, what they did for a living, and what they were all wearing. I‘ll start by telling you about the knight.

There was an honorable KNIGHT, who had devoted his life to chivalry, truth, and justice. He had fought for his king in many wars throughout Europe and the Middle East and had won many awards for his bravery.

This knight had been there and done it all. He had helped conquer the city of Alexandria in Egypt in 1365 and had dined with royalty in Prussia on many occasions. He‘d fought in Lithuania and Russia more times than any other Christian knight. He‘d been at the siege of Algeciras in Grenada, Spain, and

had conquered enemies in North Africa and Eastern Europe. He‘d been all over the Mediterranean Sea. He‘d been in fifteen battles—three of them against the heathens of Algeria—and he‘d never lost once. This knight had even fought with the pagan king of Istanbul in Turkey against another non-Christian. Despite his huge success and his noble lineage, he was practical, self-disciplined, and humble. Never had he said anything bad about another person. He truly was the most perfect knight in every way possible. Now, to tell you about his clothes. He rode fine quality horses, but he didn‘t wear flashy clothes. He wore a simple cotton shirt that had stains all over it from the chain mail he‘d worn in the war he‘d won just before starting out on the pilgrimage to Canterbury.

2. Things to Remember:

1)Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton are regarded by many as the most

accomplished authors after Shakespeare;

2) The reasons for Chaucer’s popularity are two-fold:

a. Firstly, he is a truly magnificent poet;

b. Secondly, he is the first truly great English author to write in his own

language, rather than French or Latin.

3) The original plan for The Canterbury Tales was huge and ambitious.

Twenty-nine pilgrims meet in London to embark on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. Organized by the Host or landlord of the inn where they meet, each pilgrim is to tell four tales on the pilgrimage to help pass the time, with a dinner paid for by the others at the Host‘s inn (the Host is no fool!) for the best storyteller and story. Chaucer never completed the whole plan, and only twenty-four tales have come down to us, with four of these incomplete one way or another.

4) Chaucer is difficult to read because his Middle English is very different

from modern English: vocabulary, syntax, construction, and pronunciation have all changed since the fourteenth century.

5) Old English: the English language up to c.1150.

Middle English: the English language from c.1150 to 1500.

Modern English: the English language from about 1500 onwards.

3. About Geoffrey Chaucer:

Chaucer was the son of a prosperous businessman who became a member of the King‘s Court. Chaucer‘s life was typical of his class (non-landowning, living static lives of poverty and degradation). He was a courtier, well-versed in the tremendously complex etiquette and manners of court life. He was a soldier, being captured at one time by the French and ransomed by the King for ￡16.00, and a diplomat. He was a Civil Servant, holding a post such as Controller of Customs in London. He

was familiar with European languages, literature, and culture, and had an excellent knowledge of literature, the law, the ?science‘of the day, and medicine. His poetry was written for his own personal pleasure and for that of a group of friends and courtiers, with no thoughts of publication, which in any event was hardly technically possible. Writing and literature were merely an accepted hobby and accomplishment for someone operating at Chaucer‘s level in society.

4. Items you do:

1) Paraphrase each of the following in your own words:

a. ―Whan that April with his showres soot

The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,‖

b. ―And specially from every shires ende

Of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende,‖

c. ―… fro the tyme that he first bigan

To ridden out, he loved chivalrie,

Trouthe and honour, freedom and curteisie.‖

2) Answer the questions below, briefly:

a. Where, when and how did the narrator get to know the twenty-nine

people of the group?

b. What do you know of the Knight from the Excerpt?

5. Some basic literary terms:

Alliteration: the repetition of the same consonant sound, and very common in Old English and medieval poetry.

Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds, where ALLITERATION is the repetition of consonantal sounds.

Iamb: the most common metrical foot in English poetry, consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.

Trochee: a trochee is a FOOT consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable.

Anapaest/Anapest: a metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable.

Dactyl: a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.

Blank verse: poetry which does not rhyme, but which is metrical.

Free verse: poetry which does not have a regular metrical structure.

Classical: originally this term described Greek or Roman literature, or works written in the Roman or Greek style. It is increasingly used nowadays to describe writers who value tradition in their work, or who are very concerned with form in their work.

Couplet/the Heroic Couplet: a two line section of a poem which rhymes, and which has a meaning complete within itself.

Epic: a long narrative poem, written in an elevated style and with heroic subject matter. Classical epics include the Iliad by Homer, and the Aeneid by Virgil. More modern attempts at epics include The Divine Comedy by Dante and Paradise Lost by John Milton.

Foot: a group of syllables forming a unit of verse.

Metre: the regular and repetitive use of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry.

Lyric: originally a song accompanied on the lyre, an early form of stringed instrument. It can now mean a song-like poem, or a short poem dealing with the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker, usually but not always the poet. Novel: an extended and fictional work in prose.

Octave/Octet: the first eight lines of a Sonnet.

Ode: a serious and lengthy Lyric poem.

Prose: any language that is not Verse; language which is not made to obey a metrical pattern of regular and repetitive stressed and unstressed syllables. Prosody: not to be confused with Prose, prosody is the science and study of versification.

Realism: one of the most misused words in criticism. Realistic works attempt to show life as it really is, idealistic works to show it as it should be. The term is almost impossible to define, and as a result should be left alone as far as is possible!

Rhetoric: the art of speaking and writing so as to win an audience round, and the subject of several books by Greek and Roman scholars. Nowadays the term is just as likely to be used to imply something empty and false, or ornate but meaningless statements.

Rhyme: the use of similar sounding words in poetry.

Romantic Poetry: Romanticism is one of the most complex terms in literature, so much so that no exact definition exists. Romantic poetry in English literature is easier to define, but even here the term covers some very dissimilar poets. The Romantic poet believes in the emotions and the imagination, rather than reason or the intellect. He believes in man as an individual, rather than as a member of society, and in the cultivation and revelation of the individual soul. Man is seen as essentially or instinctively good, but corrupted by civilization. The Romantic poet can be a political revolutionary, but more often has a high regard for nature and the natural environment, seeing in it unspoilt beauty, basic truths, and even the hand of the creator or guiding spirit of the universe. He is often searching for a transcendental moment of insight, the sublime and wonderful experience that makes life worthwhile, and frequently writes in a highly subjective manner. Romantic poets include Percy Bysshe Shelley, Robert Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Lord Byron, as well as Keats, Wordsworth, and Coleridge.

Scansion: the analysis of metrical patterns in poetry.

Sonnet: a fourteen-line poem with a complex rhyme scheme and structure.

Stanza: a group of lines in a poem divided off from the others. A stanza is the correct term for what is often referred to as a ?verse‘ of poetry.

Symbol: a symbol is similar to an image in that it stands for something else, but unlike an Image it is not merely descriptive.

Verse: the correct term for poetry.