2001年8月托福阅读解析第二篇

2001年8月第二篇

Questions 10-19

(15) the plover "escapes" is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further

away from the true nest.

The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum

题目解析：

10. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The nest-building techniques of plovers

(B) How predators search for plovers

(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to predators

解析：文中第一句话“The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds involve plovers”意思是说关于在地面筑巢的鸟究竟是如何使用欺骗的策略引开猎食动物的这个问题，研究得最多的是珩科鸟。据此可以推测出珩科鸟的欺骗技巧就是本文的核心。因此正确选项为C。

11. The word "merely" in fine 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) often

(B) only

(D) at first

解析：often，经常；only，仅仅；usually，通常；at first，最初。merely的本意为“仅仅”，与only同义，故选B。

12. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage about plovers?

(A) Their eggs and chicks are difficult to find.

(B) They are generally defenseless when away From their nests.

(D) Their nests are on the surface of the ground.

解析：本题属于细节题。文中第2行到第3行提到“small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth”意思是说这种体形较小的鸟在海滩的沙地上或旷野的土地里浅浅地挖出巢窝产卵抚育后代。因此选项D是正确的描述。

13. The word "emitting" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) bringing

(B) attracting

(D) minimizing

解析：bringing，带来；attracting，吸引；producing，产生；minimizing，最小化。emitting 本意为“发出、放出”，与producing（制造、产生）有相近的意思。故选C。

14. In the deception technique described in paragraph 2，the plover tries to

(A) stay close to her nest

(B) attract the predator's attention

(D) frighten the approaching predator

解析：文中第10行至第11行提到“The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.”意思是说这种模仿耗子或野鼠的活动和行为是为了引起那些对鸟蛋和小鸟都相当感兴趣的掠食动物。因此正确选项为B。

15. The word "spanning" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) covering

(B) selecting

(D) explaining

解析：covering，覆盖；selecting，选择；developing，发展；explaining，解释。spanning 本意为“跨度”，可以用来表示范围，而A项的covering也具有相同性质，可用来表示范围。故选A。

16. According to paragraph 4, which of the following aspects of the plover's behavior gives the appearance that it is frightened?

(A) Abnormal body position

(B) Irregular escape route

(D) Unusual amount of time away from the nest

解析：文中第19行至第20行提到“The bird appears to be attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic.”意思是说他们会装成慌不择路的样子逃跑。因此正确选项为B。

17. The word "pursue" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) catch

(B) notice

(D) chase

解析：catch，抓捕；notice，注意；defend，防卫；chase，追逐。purse的本意是“追求”，语义与D项最为接近。

18. According to the passage, a female plover utilizes all of the following deception techniques EXCEPT

(A) appearing to be injured

(B) sounding like another animal

(D) pretending to sit on her eggs

解析：本题为否定事实信息题。原文中可以找到珩科鸟利用翅膀受伤的样子迷惑食肉动物、模仿其他动物叫声吸引某种食肉动物以及假装正在孵卵。只有C项的内容没有提及，故正确选项为C。

19. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A description of the sequence of steps involved in plovers nest building

(B) A generalization about plover behavior followed by specific examples

(D) A cause-and-efleet analysis of the relationship between a prey and a predator

解析：从文章的一开始到结束，都可以明显看出作者用各种事例来说明珩科鸟欺骗食肉动物的技巧，而没有提到鸟巢等信息。故选B。

文章翻译：

关于在地面筑巢的鸟究竟是如何使用欺骗的策略引开猎食动物的这个问题，研究得最多的是珩科鸟。这种体形较小的鸟在海滩的沙地上或旷野的土地里浅浅地挖出巢窝产卵抚育后代。他们有一整套可以将有可能侵犯他们裸露无防的巢穴或小鸟的掠食者引开的骗人把戏。

高度警觉的珩科鸟能从很远的距离就发现有威胁的敌人。一旦发现敌人，孵卵的成鸟就会不动声色地转移到一个离鸟巢或小鸟相当远的地方，然后它就会使用许多花招来引开敌人。其中一招就是先轻轻接近敌人，在草丛或灌木从中发出声音，然后朝着远离自己巢的方向蹲低了

身子逃开去，同时还发出类似于鼠类的尖叫声。这种模仿耗子或野鼠的活动和行为是为了引起那些对鸟蛋和小鸟都相当感兴趣的掠食动物。

另一个骗术是先悄悄地移动到一个远离鸟窝的很显眼的地点，然后装成是正在孵卵的样子。等到掠食者靠近时，它就会逃走，让敌人在这个假巢穴的周围去找。当然，如果掠食者追来，成鸟逃离的方向总是朝着远离真正巢穴的方向。

珩科鸟最负盛名的骗人策略当属“断翅”表演。那是一连串模仿自己翅膀受伤的行为，骗招从装作受轻伤到几乎完全瘫患。珩科鸟会以不正常的样子收着翅膀，表明自己受伤。他们会装成慌不择路的样子逃跑。最精彩的表演是，他们会扇动一只翅膀，装成想起飞的样子，然后无力的翻坠下来，在挣扎着站起来，跑上一小段距离，再装着要起飞的样子，可是“受伤的”翅膀却无法提供升力，于是又坠下来，如此反复。看到如此好捉的猎物，没有哪个掠食者会不上前去追。当然，成鸟逃跑的方向自然是朝着远离鸟巢的方向。

文章生词：

Paragraph 1

thoroughly adv. 十分地, 彻底地

deception n. 欺骗; 诡计

plover n. 珩, 珩科鸟

n. 巢, 休息所, 窝

nest

v. 筑巢, 使套入

v. 刮, 擦; 刮落, 削掉, 擦去

scrape

n. 刮, 擦痕, 擦

repertoire n. 全部剧目, 全部技能, 保留剧目

n. 诡计, 谋略, 欺诈

trick

v. 戏弄, 装饰, 欺骗; 哄骗, 戏弄

distract v. 转移, 使发狂, 分心

n. 潜在性, 可能性

potential

adj. 有潜力的, 潜在的, 可能的

predator n. 掠夺者, 食肉动物

defenseless adj. 无防御的; 不能自卫的; 无保护的inconspicuously adv. 不显著地; 不引人注目地

ploy n. 工作; 职业

noisily adv. 吵闹地

n. 蹲伏, 蜷缩

crouch

v. 蹲伏; 蜷伏; 弯腰; 卑躬屈膝, 谄媚奉承; 低, 屈rodent n. 啮齿动物

n. 吱吱声; 侥幸通过; 嘎吱嘎吱声; 助手squeak

v. 吱吱叫, 侥幸成功, 告密; 以短促尖声发出

n. 急赶, 急转, 急跑

scurrying

v. 急赶, 急转, 急跑

rivet n. 铆钉

v. 用铆钉固定, 注目, 敲进去deception n. 欺骗; 诡计

pretend

v. 佯装; 自命, 自称; 假装; 假扮

adj. 假装的; 假想的incubate v. 孵卵, 孵化; 培养; 温育; 酝酿

brood n. 一窝; 一伙

v. 孵; 沉思; 考虑; 抱窝似地静坐; 忧伤, 担忧adj. 为繁殖而饲养的

flee v. 逃, 消失; 逃避

Paragraph 2 stratagem n. 战略, 计谋

continuum n. 连续

disability n. 无力, 残疾, 无能

irregular

n. 不合规格之物

adj. 不规则的, 不合法的, 不整齐的

route n. 路径, 轨道; 旅程上习惯的站台; 由资料包裹选取的从因特网上一点发送到另一点的路径(计算机用语)

v. 确定路线, 按规定路线发送

n. 恐慌, 惊惶

panic

v. 使恐慌; 使喝彩; 使大笑; 惊慌

n. 拍打; 副翼; 拍打声

flap

v. 拍打; 使拍动, 飘动; 扑动; 拍翅飞行

n. 砰然落下; 失败; 拍击声

flop

v. 笨重的摔, 猛落; 笨拙地抛下

vulnerable adj. 易受伤害的, 易受攻击的, 有弱点的

n. 被掠食者, 牺牲者

prey

v. 捕食, 折磨, 掠夺

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