英汉互译讲义
Unit 1
Introduction: Translation and Translation Techniques
Learning Objectives
to know the important role of translation
to know the nature and scope of translation
to know the development of translation theories
to know the principles of translation
to grasp two concepts: literal translation & free translation
to know some basic translation techniques
I. Importance/Definition/Scope of Translation
Important Role of Translation
The Nature of Translation
What is Translation?
a science/ an art/ a craft/ a skill ?
fanyi--subject/ profession/ works/ activities/ translator
中国，蛮，夷，戎，狄……五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄，北方曰译。 --《礼记·王制》
“今通西言而云译者，盖汉世多事北方，而译官兼善西语，故摩腾始至，译《四十二章》，因称译也”。--《翻译名义集》卷一
译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。 --《义疏》
翻译就是把已说出的或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动。《中国大百科全书·语言文字》
Translation means “to give the meaning of something said or written in another language. ” (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation)
Translating consists in reproducing the closest natural equivalent of the source language message into the target language, firstly in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. --Eugene A. Nida
翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。译者不仅要了解外国的文化,还要深入了解自己民族的文化。不仅如此,还要不断地把两种文化加以比较……不了解语言当中的社会文化,谁也无法真正掌握语言(王佐良,1989)。
Definition of Translation
Translation means a conversion of one language to another, i.e. the
faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language. (Pg.4 )
Key words:
source language (SL)
receptor language / target language (TL);
reproduce/reproduction;
message / information;
equivalence / correspondence
Practice
1) I would be the last person to bother Miss Emily.
A: 我是世界上最后一个打扰艾米丽小姐的人。
B: 我实在不愿意去打扰艾米丽小姐。
2) Many can bear adversity, but few contempt.
A：许多人可以承受逆境，但很少人受得了鄙视。
B：许多人可以忍受厄运，却忍受很少轻视。
3) (There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer.) But this doesn?t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.
A：但这并不能使人们感到太不舒服，因为你是在一个好公司里。
B：但这并不能使人们感到太不舒服，因为和你一样抽烟的人很多。4) Mary worked hard to clean up John?s room, but all she got for her trouble was a kick in the teeth.
A：玛丽辛苦地打扫约翰的房间，结果是自讨没趣，不得好报。
B：玛丽辛苦地打扫约翰的房间，但她所得到的一切却是牙齿挨了一脚。
5) Einstein confessed, … To make a goal of comfort or happiness has never appealed to me.?
A：爱因斯坦承认：“以舒服或快乐作为人生目标，从未吸引我。”
B：爱因斯坦承认：“我素来不喜欢以舒服或快乐当作人生目标。”
6) Nothing, whether a weighty matter or small detail, was overlooked. A：不论是重大的事件，还是小的事件，没有一件被遗漏。
B：事无巨细，无一遗漏。
7) As already discussed, the disease, if present at all, is usually a rather steady and continuous process.
A：已如上述，一旦此病发生，其病程通常稳定而持久。
B：如上所述，此病一旦发生，就是顽症。
Scope of Translation
Language: native languages<----> foreign languages
Mode:oral interpretation, written translation, machine translation Materials:scientific materials, literary works, political essays, practical writing
Disposal:full-text translation, abridged translation, adapted translation II. Brief Introduction Of The Translation History
The Six Peaks of Translation In The West
?西方翻译史高潮时期、特点以及主要代表人物
?第一次：公元前3世纪中叶
罗马文学家用拉丁语翻译或改编荷马史诗和埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇德斯等人的希腊戏剧作品，把古希腊文学特别
是戏剧介绍到罗马，促进了罗马文学得诞生和发展。
?第二次：公元4～6世纪
哲罗姆翻译的《通俗拉丁文本圣经》标志着《圣经》翻译取得了与世俗文学分庭抗礼的重要地位。
?第三次：公元11～12世纪之间
西方翻译家们云集西班牙的托莱多，把大批作品从阿拉伯语译成拉丁语，是历史上少有的基督徒和穆斯林的友好接触。?第四次：公元14～16世纪
欧洲文艺复兴运动
德国，宗教改革家路德“民众的圣经”。
法国，文学家阿米欧用17年的时间翻译了《希腊罗马名人比较列传》。
英国的查普曼用18年时间翻译了《伊里亚特》和《奥德赛》。
1611年《钦定圣经译本》“英语中最伟大的译著”。
?第五次：17世纪下半叶至20世纪上半叶
塞万提斯、莎士比亚、巴尔扎克、歌德等大文豪的作品被译成各国文字，东方文学的译品也陆续问世。
?第六次：第二次世界大战以来
（1）翻译范围从传统的文学、宗教作品扩大至其他领域，尤其是科技、商业领域；
（2）翻译成为一项专门的职业，不仅文学家、哲学家、神学家从事翻译，而且还有一支力量雄厚、经过专门训练的专业队
伍承担各式各样的翻译任务；
（3）兴办高等翻译教育，成立翻译组织以聚集翻译力量，打破传统方式并发展机器翻译。
Brief Introduction of the Translation History in China
?中国翻译史主要阶段特点及主要代表人物
?两汉至唐宋的译经时期：
伊存、安世高、支娄迦谶、支亮、支谦、竺法护、释道安
伴随着佛经的翻译传入，印度的哲学、文学艺术对我国产生了深远的影响。翻译活动以宗教传播为主。鸠摩罗什、真谛和玄
奘被称为“译经三大家”。
?明末清初的科技翻译时期：
徐光启与利玛窦合作翻译了欧几里德的《几何原理》、《测量法义》等书，标志着中国译著的方向性转变。西方几何、测量、
算学、农业、水利、机械、哲学、天文、地理等方面的书籍被
翻译成汉语，使这些知识在民间得以传播。
林纾（琴南）和他的合作者以口述笔记的方式翻译了一百八十四种西方文学作品。对于中国读者了解西方文学作品起到了很
大的作用。
?鸦片战争至五四运动的西学翻译时期：
严复（又陵）是我国清末新兴资产阶级的启蒙思想家。严复的译作多为西方政治和经济学说，向国人介绍西方进步思想，因
此他又被称为资产阶级启蒙思想家，其主要译著有《天演论》、
《原富》等。严复提出的“信、达、雅”翻译标准，流传至今
仍为许多译者所推崇。
?五四运动至建国前时期：
“五四”以后，我国翻译事业开创了一个新的历史时期，开始介绍马列主义经典著作和无产阶级文学作品。譬如《共产党宣
言》。东西方各国优秀文学作品，特别是俄国和苏联的作品，
开始被翻译成中文。如世界文学名著《莎士比亚剧本》（梁
实秋译）和苏联文学作品《死魂灵》、《毁灭》等。该时期译
作的典型特征是以白话文代替了文言文。
鲁迅、瞿秋白、郭沫若
?建国初期到文革之前的东西方文学翻译：
重点是译介西方的文学作品，译文质量普遍较高，涌现出一大批名著名译。
傅雷、朱光潜、许渊冲
?20世纪70年代至今：
本次翻译高潮方兴未艾，在规模、范围、质量、水平和对中国社会发展的贡献上都大大超过了50年代。翻译队伍逐渐壮大，
翻译领域百花齐放，包括社科、科技、军事、外交、贸易、法
律、文教、卫生等领域。
王佐良、季羡林、张培基、罗新璋、刘重德、辜正坤、刘宓庆
III.Principles/Criteria of Translation
?“译事之难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。”—Yan Fu《译例言》
?信：faithfulness/ fidelity
?达：expressiveness/readability/fluency
?雅：elegance
?信、达、切（closeness)—刘重德
?信、达、贴（fitness)—思果
?“忠实、通顺、美”—林语堂
?形似神似(spiritual conformity)—傅雷
?the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original
?“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”?化境(sublimation /sublimed adaptation)—钱钟书
?“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是…化?。把作品从一国文字变成另一国文字,既不能因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入于‘化境’。”
?Translator, trator.
?“一国文字和另一国文字之间必然有距离,译者的理解和文风跟原作品的内容和形式之间也不会没有距离,而且译者的体会和他自己的表达能力之间还时常有距离。从一种文字出发,积寸累尺的度越那许多距离,安稳到达另一种文字里,这是很艰辛的历程。
?由此可见,文化的差异使得文学作品具有抗译性,所以原作要保持自我,但在进入另一种文化语境时不自觉地被异化,最终化为非我。
因此在异国语言文化里,原作的形象和意味必定发生变化。这就需要译者在最大限度的忠实于原文的基础上,结合自己的审美观点和标准,利用好译语的优势,进行对原作的创新。只有这样,原作才能在另一种语境下被广泛接受。
?但是这种艺术的再创造并不是随心所欲的,译者不能信马由缰的完全脱离原作,必须建立在一定的分寸的基础之上。这个度要在整体中把握原作,把原作的境界纳入到自己的译作中去。当然不同的译者由于艺术修养,思维观念,审美标准的不同,这个度也会有差别。
但是,不管“矩”是具体哪一种,只有有了它,才能“随心所欲”。? --钱钟书《文学翻译的最高标准》
?“意美、音美、形美”--许渊冲，诗歌翻译三原则
例：无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来
The boundless forest sh eds its leaves sh ower by sh ower ;
The endless r iver r olls its waves h our after h our .
?林语堂：音美、意美、神美、气美、形美
?鲁迅：宁信而不顺（直译）vs. 赵景深：宁错而务顺
?郭沫若：好的翻译等于创作
?朱光潜：译者“须设身处地在作者的地位，透入作者的心窍，和他同样感，同样想，同样地努力使所感所想凝定于语文”。
?奈达（美国）：动态对等：译文读者或译入语听众对于译文或译语的反应，要和原文读者或原文讲话听众对于原文或原讲话的反应进行比较，如果大体一致，就是质量上乘的译文。
?泰勒（英国）：翻译三原则：（1）要将原作的意思全部转移到译文上来；（2）译文应当具备原作的风格和文体；（3）译文和原作要同样的流畅。
?国际译联的《翻译工作者章程》指出：“译文应忠实于原文，准确表现原作的思想与形式。”
Principles/Criteria of Translation
?faithfulness/accuracy 忠实/准确、smoothness 流畅
?忠实准确：译文必须忠实于原文的内容，把原文内容完整准确地转达出来。译者不能随意歪曲、增删、遗漏、篡改原文的内容。?通顺流畅：译文要充分发挥译入语的语言优势，译文语言必须标准规范、通俗易懂、符合译入语的表达习惯，不存在死译、硬译、生搬硬套、文理不通的现象。
?风格得体：译文应尽量忠实转达原文的文体特征和写作风格。?Exercises
1) The face is the index of mind. 相由心生/观其面，知其人。
2) Far from eye, far from heart.眼不见，心不烦。
3) Half the prize money he spent, and the rest was laid aside for a
rainy day.他花了一半奖金，剩下的以备不时之需。
4) Let me catch those boys stealing my apples again and I will set the
dog on him.如果让我再抓住那些偷苹果的孩子，我就放狗咬他们。
5) I shall have to pay the bill sometime, so I as well pay it now. 我们迟
早是要付帐单的，不妨现在付了算了/我将来反正得付这笔钱,所以我还是现在付
了为好。
6) The price of vegetables has rocketed recently. 近来蔬菜价格暴涨/飞
涨。
7) “A down-to-earth man would have succeeded.” My father scolded
me.我父亲责备我说：“你如果脚踏实地，就不会失败了。”
The Process of Translation
Accurate Comprehension 正确理解
Adequate Representation 充分表达
Proofreading 校核
Comprehension
1) Vocabulary
2) Grammar
3) Context or Logic relation
4) Background & Professional Knowledge
5) Arbitrariness of language
6) Different way of thinking
Comprehension
理解语言现象
理解逻辑关系
理解原文所涉及的事物
Eg. John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.
约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又守规矩。
Adequate Representation
充分表达，即利用对目的语的驾驭能力，完全恰如其分地表达原文的思想内容、立场感情和风格笔调。
?充分表达要防止两种倾向：
过度翻译（over-representation）即，不顾原文本意如何，任意添枝加叶；
欠额翻译（under-representation）即：或任意删减，或不顾作者感情态度，或不计文体风格。
Example:
1 He was on his way to China again.
他又风尘仆仆地踏上了去中国的旅程。
他又踏上了去中国的旅程。
2 He sold hard-to-get items.
他兜售紧俏商品。
他销售/售卖紧俏商品。
3 When we were in port, my crew was responsible for moving,
installing and modifying the items to be tested the next week. To compound the problems, our good ship Wyoming was declared to be unsafe.
入港后，舰上的官兵们忙着搬运、安装、调试仪器和设备，迎接下星期的实验。就在此时：上级宣布我们的“怀俄号”为不安全船只。
就在此时麻烦事来了：上级宣布我们这艘好端端的“怀俄号”
为不安全船只。
Proofreading
校核译文在人名、地名、日期、方位、数字等方面有无错漏；
校核译文的段、句或重要的词有无错漏；
修改译文中译错的和不妥的句子、词组和词；
力求译文没有冷僻罕见的词汇或陈腔滥调，力求译文段落、标点符号正确无误；
通常须校核两遍。第一遍着重校核内容，第二遍着重润饰文字。Practice:
1 Reports of new successes keep pouring in.
捷报频传
2 We excel at making a living, but often fail in making a life.
我们善于谋生，却往往不会营造生活。
3 He was nothing if not a hypocrite.
他不是伪君子才怪呢。
IV. Direct/Literal translation & Meaningful/Free translation
Warm-up Exercise
cold war
hot line
dark horse
to shed crocodile tears
new wine in old bottles
ivory tower
to kill two birds with one stone
to show one?s card
street woman
a shot-gun wedding
black sheep
black tea
a cold fish
a couch potato
blue film
day student
in the dark
Literal translation and free translation
?Literal translation
not to alter the original words & sentences
to keep the sentiments and style of the original
it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible
the figures of speech.
Literal Translation
直译(literal translation) 是指在传达原文意思的时候，尽量做到译文的表达形式、句法结构等与原文保持一致，能完全对等的要完全对等，不能完全对等的也要大致对等。
对等的内容包括词性、词序、语序、表达方式、修辞手段、语体风格、地方色彩、个体风格、民族文化特色……。其理想目标是做到“形”、“神”兼备。
?直译：并非完全不考虑英汉词义的不同和句式的差别去机械地进行词对词翻译，而是在考虑这些差异并照顾原文表达形式的前提下，允许译者针对原文在短语层次上作必要的调整。也就是说，对原文的遣词造句、比喻形象一般不做大的变动，即使变动也是为了照顾到译入语的规范和流畅。
Examples of Literal Translation
fire engine a night owl
the naked truth mad cow disease
gene therapy bird flu
chain reaction cat walk
social dance VIP
sour grape second hand car
直译法的使用为汉语增添了许许多多新颖别致的表达方法，为
丰富汉语的表现力作出了巨大的贡献。例如：
to keep the room clean and tidy
to break the record
to tighten one?s belt
to knife sb. in the back
to fish in troubled water
to add fuel to the fire
to strike while the iron is hot
to spend money like water
armed to teeth
the olive branch
a gentleman?s agreement
to throw cold water on sb.
Blood is thicker than water.
People ridicule poverty but not prostitutes.
直译过程中，会遇到“假朋友”，即非常熟悉的词语往往可能包含深沉含义，如照其表面含义直译，常会出错。
Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.
昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。
They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them.
他们拼命奔逃，（连吃奶的力气都用上了。）
Literal translation and Free translation
?Free translation
?Free translation emphasizes transfer of the meaning and spirit of
the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.
Free Translation
意译(free translation)是指如果按照直译方式进行翻译既译不通，又不能有效地表达原文深层意蕴时，就将原文的表层结构和表面意思打破重组，译出其引申含义或言外之意的翻译手法。
在英语里的很多习惯用语在翻译成汉语时都要使用意译法处理。
Examples of Free Translation
dear John letter
dead shot/dead eye
blue-eyed boy
a fat chance
a busy-body
Adam?s apple
at sixes and sevens
We are here today and gone tomorrow.
You can say that again.
It rains cats and dogs.
Don?t cross the bridge till you get to it.
Do you see any green in my eye?
Literal translation and Free translation
?Literal Tr vs Rigid translation,
Free Tr. vs Over-free Tr.
?直译：把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位，把忠实于原文的形式放在第二位，把通顺的译文放在第三位。
?意译：把把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位，把通顺的译文放在第二位，不拘泥于原文的形式。
?硬译：不忠实于原文的内容，只忠实于原文的形式。硬译是翻译中的形式主义。
?滥译：不忠实于原文的内容，只追求通顺的译文形式。滥译是翻译中的自由主义。
Literal translation and Free translation
?Literal tr & free tr----relative concepts
?not contradictory but complementary
?Examples:
?Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,
nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.
?直译：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。?意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。
?He felt a rush of fear churning his stomach.
?直译：他感到一阵恐惧涌上胃口。
?意译：他感到一阵恐惧涌上心头。
?Didn?t she swear she?d never again believe anything in trousers? ?译文1：她不是发誓从此以后再也不相信裤子吗？
?译文2：她不是发誓从此以后再也不相信穿裤子的家伙吗？
?译文3：她不是发誓从此以后再也不相信男人吗？
翻译过程中单一地使用直译或意译都是不可取的。完全的直译有时会使得译文生硬晦涩或辞不达意，而完全的意译又往往会改变原作的风特点，造成误读。科学的翻译态度是能直译时就直译，须意译时就意译，或直译与意译兼顾，不能生搬硬套某一方法。
?能直译的直译，不能直译的意译，或者二者结合。
E.g.
1. Borrowed garment never fits well.
借来的衣服不合体。
2. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
要想知道布丁的滋味就得亲自尝一尝。
3. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
一个和尚挑水喝，二个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。
4. The inspector was a round little man with a red face and a whole
box of tools with dials and wires.
这个检察员矮矮胖胖的，红脸膛，手里拎着个装满又是转盘又是电线的工具箱。
5. Water is king in Californian farmlands.
水是加利福尼亚的命脉。
?Foreignizing Translation and Domesticating Translation
?Foreignization: a translation strategy deliberately breaking target convention by retaining some foreignness or exotic flavor of the original.
?Domestication: a translation strategy for a transparent, fluent style in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for
readers of the translation.
?Examples: All roads lead to Rome.
?条条大路通罗马。
?殊途同归。/行行出状员。
直译和意译完全不同的英语句子
1.It' s a Smoke Free Area.
直译:这是个自由吸烟区。
意译:这是个无烟区。
2 .Shakespeare put his hometown on the map.
直译:莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。
意译:莎土比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。
3 .John would not come out of his shell and talk to others at the party. 直译:晚会上，约翰不愿从壳里钻出来与其他人说话。
意译:晚会上，约翰不愿敞开心菲与别人交谈。
4 He is a rough-and-ready character.
直译:他是个粗鲁并有准备的人。
意译:他是个粗鲁但尚能顶用的人。
5 He got into trouble when he paid his bills with rubber checks.
直译:他用橡皮支票付账，并给自己带来了麻烦。
意译:他用空头支票结账，并给自己带来了麻烦。
6 .Frank ran circles around the other boys on the basketball team.
直译:弗兰克绕着篮球队的其他男孩儿转圈。
意译:在篮球队里弗兰克的技术最好。
7 .On a rainy day the children sometimes ran their mother ragged.
直译:在雨天，孩子们有时候把他们的母亲跑得衣衫槛楼。
意译:在雨天，孩子们有时候把他们的母亲闹得筋疲力尽。
8 .The teacher sat on his student as soon as he began showing off. 直译:学生一开始炫耀，老师就坐在了他的身上。
意译:学生一开始炫耀就被老师打断了。
9 .Inexperienced people get stars in their eyes when they think of improving the world.
直译:没有经验的人一想到改善世界就会眼睛里面冒星星。
意译:没有经验的人一想到改善世界就迫不及待。
10. My father was a loyal member of his party and always voted the straight ticket.
直译:我爸爸忠于他的党派，而且总是直接投票。
意译:我爸爸忠于他的党派，他的票永远投给同党的候选人。
优劣判断
【例1】They broke the mould when they made you.
【译文1】他们造出你后便将模子打碎了。
【译文2】世上没有相同的人。/千人千面。
【例2】If I want you, I will ask for you.
【译文1】请别插嘴。
【译文2】如果有事，我会找你的。
【例3】Don?t play fast and loose with your high office,
otherwise, you will be caught into jail one day.
【译文1】不要用你的高级职务玩快慢游戏，否则你终究会被抓到牢里去的。
【译文2】不要利用你手中的职权玩弄女性，否则有一天你会坐牢的。
【例4】We are here today and gone tomorrow.
【译文1】人生如朝露，转瞬即逝。
【译文2】我们今天在这儿，明天就走。
【例5】Many more people filed for bankruptcy in the 90s. This is another of those man-bite-dog stories.
【译文1】90年代有更多的人提出破产申请。这又是一个“人咬狗”的故事。
【译文2】90年代有更多的人提出破产申请。这又是一条具有新闻价值的消息。
【例6】He is made to leave the country on pain of death.
【译文1】他被要求离开这个国家, 否则将被处死。
【译文2】他被要求离开这个国家, 否则将忍受死亡的痛苦。【例7】I never thrust my nose into other men?s porridge. It is no bread and butter of mine. Let every man for himself, and God for us all.
【译文1】我从来不会把自己的鼻子伸到别人的粥里。那不是我的面包和黄油。让每个人都为自己，上帝为我们大家吧。
【译文2】我从来不管别人的闲事，我又不靠它活着。让每个人都为自己活着，而让上帝照顾我们大家吧。
【例8】“I?m trying to get Mom to let me bring you home,” Jamie told the creature. “I know you are not really a pet. You
are a friend…sort of. But I can?t let you stay out here in
the cold. Winter?s coming soon. It gets really cold here
then. And sometimes Mom doesn?t let me go outside
when it snows.”
【译文1】杰米对小狗说：“我会想个办法，让妈妈同意把你领回
家。你不是宠物，其实呀----你是我朋友，可不能让你呆
在这里，这里好冷好冷。冬天就要到了，这里会很冷很冷
的。还有啊，一下雪，妈妈就不会让我随便出来啦！”【译文2】“我会设法说服妈妈让我把你带回家的，”杰米对这只动
物说，“我知道其实你不是一只宠物。从某些方面看……
你是一位朋友。而我是不会让你呆在这冰冷的地方的。
冬天马上就要降临了。到那时，这里将会很寒冷。而且，
下雪的时候，妈妈总不让我出来。”
Unit 2 Diction
Basic Translation Techniques
Diction 选词用字Conversion 转换法
Amplification 增词法Negation 正反交替
Omission 省略法Restructuring 结构调整
Repetition 重复法Division 长句拆译
Diction
What does ‘diction’ mean?
Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in the process of translation to fit their context.
Polysemy
It means that one word has various parts of speech and various meanings.
Context 语境/上下文
语境，即产生语言活动的环境。
including time context, place context, cultural background etc.
Each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.
No context, no translation.
Collocation, register
exercises
情况：
1. 在这种情况下
2. 这种情况必须改变。
3. 现在的情况不同了。
4. 他们的情况怎么样？
5. 前线有什么情况？
6. 那得看情况而定。
circumstance, situation, condition, case, status
1.under such circumstances
2.This state of affairs must change.
3.Now things are different.
4.How do matters stand with them?
5.How is the situation at the front?
6.It depends.
Equivalence at Word Level
1）Full correspondence
Minibus 微型汽车（面包车）
the United Nations 联合国
the Pacific Ocean 太平洋
helicopter 直升飞机
Tuberculosis 肺结核病
digital cameral 数码相机
ecosystem 生态系统
food chain 食物链
e-commerce 电子商务
2) One word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning
一个词语有若干词义基本相似、但词义色彩或语域不同的对应词。
Eg. wife: 妻子，爱人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳妇，堂客，内人，贱内
potato: 马铃薯，洋芋，土豆、山药蛋
人：human being, man, people, person
犬：dog, hound, pointer (猎犬) , puppy (幼犬)
3) One word with multiple equivalents of different meanings
一个词语有若干词义不同的对应词，词类多为名词、动词、形容词等实词类。Eg.
cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、远亲……
milk: 奶、牛奶、人奶、羊奶、乳液
marry (嫁、娶)／sister (姐、妹、修女) / morning (早晨、上午) / pot (锅、罐、壶) / ambition (雄心、野心)
笑smile, laugh, giggle(傻笑), ridicule, deride（讥笑）, guffaw (laugh very loudly)狂笑，哄笑
借borrow；lend
拿fetch；bring；take；carry
开to open；to drive；to…
鼠rat；mouse（mice）
叫shout；cry；call；scream
4) equivalents interwoven with one another
5）No equivalents
语义空白（semantic gap），在一种语言中有的词语，在另一种语言中没有。Transliteration音译/transliteration + meaning explanation
Eg: shampoo, T-shirt, milkshake, disco, cool, clone, Beatles, Hippies, Yuppies, hot dog, punker, clock-watcher（老是看钟等待下班的人）, boomerang baby Baozi, jiao zi, wonton, tofu, mantou, tangyuan, qipao, kowtow, wushu, gongfu, suona, menshen, mahjong, confucious, laocius
四合院（traditional single-story houses with rows of rooms around the four side of a countryard）
炕、油条、春卷、姻缘、年画、糖葫芦、四人帮、红卫兵、米粉、庙会、春节联欢晚会、绿帽子、阴、阳、太极
Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of a Given Word
1. according to word formation
根据构词法辨别词义
2. according to the references
根据指代关系辨别词义
Eg. It is a fox. He is a fox. She is a fox.
这是一只狐狸。/他是一个狡猾的家伙。/她是一个妩媚的女人(a hottie) 。
3. according to the context and collocation
根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义
He is the last man to come.
He is the last person for such a job.
He is greedy for knowledge.
He is greedy for money.
渴望知识/贪敛钱财
4. according to different branches of learning and specialties
根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义
5. according to the style of expression (文体）
words colloquial written
live住居住
fear 怕惧怕
choose 挑选择
build 盖修建
cold 冷寒冷
like 爱喜爱
write写书写
问ask/question interrogate
上升rise ascend
普通文体文学文体
wind 风风云
white snow 白雪皑皑白雪
red flower 红花红艳艳的花儿
green willow 绿柳柳色青青
red flowers and green willow 红花绿柳红的花，绿的柳/花红柳绿Techniques of translating a given English word
Deduction 推演
win-win
boomer(二战后生育高峰期出生的人)
Transplant 移植
blue tooth; white-collar; bandwidth
Substitution 替代
Eg. to kill sb. as an example
Explanation 释义
mindlessness：思想上的混乱状态;
swan song: 天鹅临死时发出的忧伤动听的声音；艺术家的最后作品Combination 合并
subtle and careful 精细的
Transliteration 音译
bungee; domino; euro; calorie; Pizza
Pictographic translation 图形
O-ring 环形圈; U-steel 槽钢
Extension 引申
concrete ? abstract specific ? general
liquor: 液体----烈性酒(from general to specific)
orientation: 东方----方向(from specific to general)
countdown: 倒计时----十分危险的情况(from concrete to abstract) everydayness: 日常、平常----柴米油盐(from abstract to concrete)
(一) To be abstract
将表示具体形象的词译成抽象意义的词。
1. 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词
Eg.
There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of Hitler.
They have their smiles and tears.
I was not one to let my heart rule my head.
2. 将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的概念的词
Eg.
The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent.
利率一直在10%至15%之间不断波动。（跷跷板--上下的交替摆动--波动）
She likes to rub shoulders with the students, letting students share her happiness and herself share students' grief .
（二）To be concrete
把原义抽象笼统的词语，根据目标语的表达习惯，引申为意义明确具体的词语。1.英语中有时用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可
作具体化引申。
e.g.
The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.
对大多数游览北京的外国游客来说，长城是必去之地。
The Vietnam War was his entrée to the new administration.
越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。
Perhaps the only trouble with copper is that it is not hard enough for some uses. 就某些用途来说，也许铜的唯一缺点是硬度不够。
2. 英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须作具体
化的引申，否则就不够清楚。
Eg. The car in front of me stopped and I missed the green.
我前面的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。
A wide variety of tools are available commercially.
市场上可以买到种类繁多的工具。
At twenty-two, he had first learned that what it was to be a Negro.
他22岁时，生平第一次知道了身为黑人的滋味。
Based on the Commendatory Term or Derogatory Term
翻译注意五要素：
节奏的缓急
态度的褒贬
感情的浓淡
语气的轻重
用语的雅俗
词语的轻重
shine 照耀；指光的稳定发射
glitter 闪光，闪耀；指光的不稳定发射
glare 耀眼；表示光的高强度
sparkle 发火光，冒火星；指发射微细的光度
twinkle 闪烁；指轻快有节奏地闪烁
词义的范围和侧重不同
agriculture
farming
cultivation
agronomy
模拟动作情状不同
walk 走，走路，强调散步
saunter 悠然自得地走,闲逛,漫步
amble 从容不迫地走,缓行,溜达
stride 大踏步地走
trudge 步履艰难地走,跋涉
新视野大学英语翻译答案
汉译英 Unit1 1.无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充足的准备，你都很难在这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。（no matter how） No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech ，you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2.就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关系吉米一样，吉米也关系他们（just as） Just as all his sister ’ s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them 3.汽车生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗的车辆。（track down）Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4.老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了。（tell on） If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5.有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。（on one’s own） Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6.现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。（reckon with） Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. Unit2 1.被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚持称自己无罪 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2.总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。 All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron . 3正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。 No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 4.考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订旅馆是明智的。 Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5.服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并立刻咨询医生。 If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible. 6.总结这次讨论时，他说双方都要好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。 Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem. Unit3 1.在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的。 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2..教师一旦同意接受新的教学计划，他们就得面对新计划所带给他们的压力。 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3.从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的。 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one ’ s study after graduatin g from university instead of going to work directly. 4.由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally. 5.据说，原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开。
2015年成人学位英语考试英汉互译精选练习
2015年成人学位英语考试英汉互译精选练习 汉译英部分： 1.每个人都知道，学习对一个人的成长是至关重要的。 2.我们的新产品非常受欢迎，对此我们感到十分自豪。 3.您能说话大声点好让每个人都听得见吗？ 4.除了英语，你最好再学一门外语。 5.在教育孩子方面，表扬要比批评有效得多。 6.今年他们建造的房子跟去年一样多。 7.对不起，我忘了把你要的书带来了。 8.这项工作太难了，你干不了。 9.无论多么困难，我也不会失去信心。 10.物体离我们越远，看起来就越小。 11.他们试图想出一个解决这个问题的办法。 12.你离开教室时，别忘了关灯。 13.他喜欢一边做作业，一边听音乐。 14.我已了解清楚，他的结论是以事实为依据的。 15.对于年轻人来说，独立思考问题的能力很重要。 1.【答案】Everyone knows that learning is vital(very important)to one's development(growth). 2.【答案】Our new products are so popular that we are all proud of it. 或our new products are very popular, of which we are very proud. 3.【答案】Could you speak a little louder so that everyone can hear you? 4.【答案】Besides English, you'd better learn another foreign language. 5.【答案】In educating children, praise is much(far)more effective than criticism.. 6.【答案】They have built as many houses this year as they did last year. 7.【答案】I am sorry.I forget to bring the book you want. 8.【答案】The work is too difficult for you to do.
翻译资料英语
FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1
英汉互译模拟题
21. It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are. 只有当我们看东西不清楚时，我们才意识到我们的眼晴是多么地重要。 22. They can see things that are far away, but they have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at arm’s length. 这些远视的人们能看清远处的东西，但是他们读书却很困难，除非他们把书举到一臂远的距离处去看。 23. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. 同样的理论代代相传，而且总是正确。 24. Events that the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. 老一代记忆犹新的重大历史事件对年轻人来说不过是过眼烟云而已。 25. What they reject more than anything is conformity. 他们所厌恶的莫过于循规蹈矩。 26. These are not questions the old generations can shrug off lightly. 对于这些问题，老一代人确实不予附合。 27. Most customers who go to a supermarket buy from a shopping list. 大多数去超市的顾客都要按程序购物。 28. The comfort and convenience of shopping centers is another factor which makes them popular with customers. 购物中心舒适而且方便，这是超市受人的另外一个原因。 29. Most of the ill health we suffer could be prevented if people made more effort to change their life styles. 如果人们努力去改变生活方式，就能远离大多数的疾病。 30. Similarly all advertising of alcohol should be banned and compensation paid to families of alcoholics who die of the liver disease. 同样所有的酒类广告都应当被禁止，对于那些因喝酒导致生病，最终死亡的人应当赔偿。
新视野大学英语第三版第一册课后翻译答案.doc
新视野大学第三版book1英语课后翻译答案 Unit1 苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物，人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述，尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论和逻辑领域作出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。 Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”. His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analectshas had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years’traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius’thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. Unit2 圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日，全世界有许许多多的人在12月25日庆祝这一节日。它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰。该节日最早可追溯到公元336年。渐渐地，这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日，越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如今，圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。不同国家的圣诞节风俗也各不相同。现代流行的圣诞接风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。对小孩子们来说，这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。据传说，圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家，给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动，圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。 According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival-the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn. One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon. On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes. The festival is also a time for family reunion. People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival, all expressing people’s love and hope for a happy life. Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.
2019年成人英语三级考试口语英汉互译指导4
2019年成人英语三级考试口语英汉互译指导4 31. Given the nature of government and private employers， it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. 32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi. 33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven‘t. 34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner. 35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10，000 kilos. 36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time， we could make a long list of hobbies， taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish， to learning about the stars and making model ships. 37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath， so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.
材料英语翻译
①化学这门科学在当今世界非常有用。 ②y对于x的依赖关系用y=f(x)来表示。 ③各种物质的导热能力差异很大③各种物质的导热能力差异很大。 ④这个参数可以准确地加以测量。 ⑤半导体的导电率随温度的变化而变化。 ⑥原子能的恰当名称是核能。 ⑦工程材料的性质依赖于（取决于）它们的成分、结构、合成、加工。 ⑧材料科学与工程这个术语将材料科学与材料工程结合在一起，材料科学在材料知识谱的基础知识端，材料工程在应用知识端，两者之间并没有分界线。 ⑨材料的许多性质强烈依赖于其结构，即使材料的成分保持不变。这就是为什么材料中结构-性质关系或者显微结构-性质关系至关重要。 ⑩上面的两个等式极为重要。 The two equations above are of great importance. 十一.金属棒热端的分子随着那里的温度的增加而振动得越来越快。 Molecules at the hot end of a metallic rod vibrate faster as the temperature there increases. 十二.通常这些参数中有一些是已知的。 Usually some of these parameters are known. 十三.当温度低于临界温度时，电子能自由地通过晶格运动。 As temperatures below the critical temperature, the electrons move freely throughout the lattice. 十四. A随温度的这种变化主要是由B的变化引起的。 This variation of A with temperature is due primarily to variations in B. 十五.这种复杂的关系必须用图解来表示。 This complicated relationship must be representedgraphically. 十六.原子间的键合作用部分取决于原子的价电子如何结合在一起。键的类型包括金属键、共价键、离子键、范德华键。 十七.键能与键的强度有关，特别是离子键和共价键结合的材料键能很高。高键能的材料常常具有高的熔点、高的弹性模量和低的热膨胀系数。 ③许多陶瓷材料中发现的离子键是当正电性的原子失去电子给负电性的原子，产生带正电的阳离子和带负电的阴离子而形成的。
成人英语三级英汉互译模拟试题
成人英语三级英汉互译模拟试题 成人英语三级英汉互译模拟试题： 1. 我认为年轻人应该能够有自己作决定的自由和空间。 I think young people should have the freedom and the space to make their own decisions. 2. 由于奥运会规模越来越大，为了大多数的城市将没有能力举办。 The Olympic Games are growing so big that most cities may not be able to host them in future. 3. 当奥运会结束后，所有累积的专业经验就消失，使下一届主办城市必须一切从零开始。 Currently，once the Games are finished，all the gathered expertise vanishes and the next city has to begin from scratch. 4. 除了一般大学程度的课程之外，卢浮学院也提供大众免费的夜间艺术史课程。 The Ecole du Louvre，in addition to its regular university-level curricula，offers free public evening classes in art history. 5. 你会相信咖啡有助于保护你的脑部免收一种危险的退化性疾病的侵袭吗? Would you believe coffee and help protect your brain from a dangerous degenerative disease? 6. The two of us sit on chairs and stare upward and around until
大学英语翻译答案
Unit1 1. 背离传统需要极大的勇气。(departure, enormous) {It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.} 2. 汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。(performance, bold) {Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.} 3. 很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 (creative, desirable) {Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.} 4. 假设（assume）那幅画确实是名作（masterpiece），你觉得值得购买吗？(worthwhile) {Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it's worthwhile to buy / purchase it?} 5. 如果这些数据统计上是站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。(throw light on , investigate, valid) {If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.} Unit2 1) 该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。(deny, commercial) {The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.} 2) 每当他生气的时候，他说话就有一点结巴。(stammer) {Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.} 3) 教育是我们家庭最看重的传统，这就是为什么我父母从不带我到昂贵的饭店吃饭，却送我到最好的私立学校上学。(cherish) {Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.} 4) 手术康复后不久，他失业了，因此经历了人生的又一个困难阶段。(shortly after, go through) {Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life.} 5) 与我们的富裕邻居相比，我们的父母就相当穷了，但是他们总是努力满足我们最起码的需求。(affluent, minimal) {In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.} Unit3 1) 科学家们找到火星上有水的证据了吗？(proof) {Have scientists found proof of water on Mars?} 2) 计划委员会已经将建核电厂的可能地点缩小到了两个沿海城镇。(location, narrow down) {The planning committee has narrowed down the possible locations for the nuclear power plant to two coastal towns.} 3) 任何一个有尊严的人都不会一辈子依靠社会救济过活。(welfare)
题库——英汉互译
题型四英汉互译 学生学习与生活类 Passage 1 1. 现如今许多学生对上网十分感兴趣。 But it has the good sides and the Bad ones. Generally, we can see the following good sides. First it’s quick for kids to get lots of information they need. 2. They can also open their eyes by making use of the Internet. Besides, they can make a lot of friends on the Internet. But the bad sides are also clear. 3. It is easy for kids to fall in love with computer games and it’s hard for them to stop. That is a waste of time and money, 4. 并且这对他们的学习也有害。To make matters worse, a lot of kids get cheated on the Internet. However , I believe that the good sides are over the bad ones, so I would not give up the Internet. But I will never spend more than one hour on the Internet. 5. In this way， it will not have a bad influence on my life and study. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 【主旨大意】本文是一篇议论文。讲述了学生上网的两面性：有利的是可以更快地获取知识、提高学习成绩与结交很多朋友；不利的是很容易沉迷于网络游戏、影响学习及上当受骗。 many students are very interested in surfing the Internet.【解析】对……感兴趣be interested in...；上网surf the Internet。 2.他们也可以通过使用网络来开拓他们的视野。【解析】open eyes开拓视野；
翻译资料
False friend 绿豆green bean mung bean 方便面convenience noodles instant noodles 隐形眼镜invisible glasses contact lens 早恋early love puppy love 机械对应 干货dry goods dried goods 油性皮肤oil skin oily skin 没有考虑具体搭配 假花false flower artificial flower 假唱false singing lip-synch 番茄酱tomato sauce ketchup 食言eat one's word break a promise 农民peasant 个人主义individualism 五行 金、木、水、火、土 The Five Elements (metal,wood,water,fire and earth, held by the ancients to compose the physical universe and later used in traditional Chinese medicine to explain various physiological and pathological phenomena) 气功qigong 功夫Kong fu 太极Tai chi 风水Feng shui 阴阳Yin-yang 饺子jiaozi 荔枝litchi乌龙茶oolong 皮蛋Preserved egg 元宵Sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour 粽子A pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves. 盲流Jobless migrants 拔火罐Cupping 拜堂perform the marriage ceremony 易经Book of change号脉Feel the pulse京剧Beijing Opera龙舟Dragon boat 春节Spring Festival 春卷Spring roll 八宝莲子粥Eight-treasure Lotus Seed Porridge 文化大革命Cultural Revolution 毛泽东思想Mao Tse-tung thought 围棋Weiqi—a game played with black and white pieces on a board of 361 crosses 兔死狐悲 Literal trans: Foxes will grieve at the death of the hare Liberal trans: All things are sorry for their own kind 调虎离山 To lure the tiger out of the hills To lure the enemy from his base “我中了他的调虎离山计啦” I’ve fallen for his luring the tiger out of the hills scheme. 引狼入室 Literal: To bring the wolves into the house Liberal: to invite disasters 走马观花 To ride out on horseback to enjoy flowers To gain a superficial understanding through cursory obvservation 调查有两种方法，一种是走马观花，一种是下马看花。
(完整版)大学英语翻译答案-1
大学英语（B）1翻译练习参考译文 1、元宵节是春节后的第一个重要节日。元宵节的习俗在全国各地不尽相同，其 中赏花灯（lanterns exhibits）、猜灯谜、吃元宵等是几项最常见的民间习俗。据说， 吃元宵的习俗起源于汉代，唐宋时期开始盛行。如今，元宵已成为人们的日常饮 食之一，在超市一年四季都可以买到。 The Yuanxiao Festival is the first important festival after the Spring Festival. Although customs of the festival vary from region to region, the most common ones include appreciating lantern exhibits, trying to solve riddles written on lanterns, and eating yuanxiao. It is said that the custom of eating yuanxiao originated from the Han Dynasty and became popular during the Tang and Song periods. Nowadays, yuanxiao has become a food in people’s daily life, which is available in supermarkets a ll the year round. 8、如今，越来越多的大学生抱怨很难找到好的工作。造成这一现象的原因如下： 首先，大学生把在校的大多数时间都用在了专业学科的学习上，只有当他们开始 找工作的时候，才意识到自己缺乏必要的专业培训。其次，大学生之间的竞争也 越来越激烈，这导致任何一名大学生找到工作的机会都变小了。 Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job. The reasons f or this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training. Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce. And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job. 7、杭州是中国著名的六大古都之一，已有两千多年的历史。这个城市不仅以自 然美闻名于世，而且有着传统的文化魅力。不仅有历代文人墨客（men of letters） 的题咏，而且有美味佳肴和漂亮的工艺品。一般来说，游览杭州西湖及其周边景 点花上两天较为合适。到杭州旅游，既令人愉快，又能得到文化享受。 Hangzhou, one of China’s six ancient capital cities, has a history of more than 2,000 years. It is famous not only for its natural beauty but also for its charm of cultural traditions. Besides many poems and inscriptions by men of letters through the dynasties, it also boasts local delicacies and pretty handicrafts. Generally speaking, a two-day tour of West Lake and scenic spots around it is advisable for a tourist. As a tourist, you will find it a pleasant and culturally rewarding trip to Hangzhou. 6、说到中国古代的科技文明（civilization），人们自然就会想到“四大发明”，即 指南针、火药、造纸术和印刷术。这四种发明是古代先进科技的象征，具有重大 的历史意义。它们对中国古代政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用， 也对世界的文明进程产生了巨大影响。 Speaking of ancient Chinese civilization in science and technology, people will naturally think of the Four Great Inventions, namely the compass, gunpowder, paper-making and printing. These four inventions are symbols of ancient China’s