AS9100C Sandard 中英文版
Quality Management Systems – Requirements for
Aviation, Space and Defense Organizations
1. Scope
1.1 General
This standard includes ISO 9001:2008 quality management system requirements and specifies additional aviation, space and defense industry requirements, definitions and notes as shown in bold, italic text.
It is emphasized that the requirements specified in this standard are complementary (not alternative) to contractual and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Should there be a conflict between the requirements of this standard and applicable statutory or regulatory requirements, the latter shall take precedence.
This International Standard specifies requirements for a quality management system where an organization
a) needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide product
that meets customer and applicable statutory and regulatory
requirements, and
b) aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective
application of the system, including processes for continual
improvement of the system and the assurance of conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. NOTE 1
In this International Standard, the term “product” only applies to
a) product intended for, or required by, a customer,
b) any intended output resulting from the product realization
processes.
NOTE 2
Statutory and regulatory requirements may be expressed as legal requirements.
1.2 Application
All requirements of this International Standard are generic and are intended to be applicable to all organizations, regardless of type, size and product provided.
Where any requirement(s) of this International Standard cannot
be applied due to the nature of an organization and its product,
this can be considered for exclusion.
Where exclusions are made, claims of conformity to this International Standard are not acceptable unless these exclusions are limited to requirements within clause 7, and such exclusions do not affect the organizations ability, or responsibility, to provide product that meets customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
This standard is intended for use by organizations that design, develop and/or produce aviation, space and defense products;
质量管理体系－
航空,航天和国防组织的要求
1范围
1.1总则
本标准包括I S O9001：2008质量管理体系要求,规定了附加的航空,航天和国防的行业要求,定义和注释.附加要求以加粗斜体表示。
要强调的是本标准所规定的质量管理体系要求
是对合同和适用法律法规要求的补充（不是取代）。如果本标准的要求和适用法律法规之间有冲突,以后者优先.
本国际标准为有下列需求的组织规定了质量管理体系要求:
a)需要证实其有能力稳定地提供满足顾客和适
用的法律法规要求的产品;
b)通过对体系的有效应用,包括体系持续改进的
过程以及保证符合顾客与适用的法律法规要
求,旨在增强顾客满意。
注1：
在本国际标准中，术语“产品”仅适用于
a)预期提供给顾客或顾客所要求的产品。
b)产品实现过程所产生的任何预期输出。
注2：
法律法规要求可称作法定要求。
1.2应用
本国际标准规定的所有要求是通用的，旨在适用于各种类型、不同规模和提供不同产品的组织。
本国际标准的任何要求因组织及其产品的特点而不适用时，可以考虑对其进行删减。
除非删减仅限于本国际标准的第7章中那些不影响组织提供满足顾客及适用法律法规要求的产
品的能力或责任的要求，否则不可以声称符合本国际标准。
这个标准意图用于设计，开发，和/或生产航空，航天和国防产品，以及提供售后支持的组织，包
and by organizations providing post-delivery support, including the provision of maintenance, spare parts or materials for their own products.
Organizations whose primary business is providing maintenance, repair and overhaul services for aviation commercial and military products; and original equipment manufacturers with maintenance, repair and overhaul operations that operate autonomously, or that are substantially different from their manufacturing/production operations; should use the IAQG-developed 9110 standard (see Bibliography).
Organizations that procure parts, materials and assemblies and resell these products to a customer in the aviation, space and defense industries, including organizations that procure products and split them into smaller quantities for resale, should use the IAQG-developed 9120 standard (see Bibliography).
2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9000:2005, Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary.
3. Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 9000 apply.
Throughout the text of this International Standard, wherever the term “product”occurs, it can also mean “service”.
3.1 Risk
An undesirable situation or circumstance that has both a likelihood of occurring and a potentially negative consequence.
3.2 Special requirements
Those requirements identified by the customer, or determined by the organization, which have high risks to being achieved, thus requiring their inclusion in the risk management process. Factors used in the determination of special requirements include product or process complexity, past experience and product or process maturity. Examples of special requirements include performance requirements Imposed by the customer that are at the limit of the industry’s capability, or requirements determined by the organization to be at the limit of its technical or process capabilities.
3.3 Critical items
Those items (e.g., functions, parts, software, characteristics, processes) having significant effect on the product realization and use of the product; including safety, performance, form, fit, function, producibility, service life, etc.; that require 括给自己的产品提供维修，备件，或材料的组织使用。
主要业务是给民用和军用航空产品提供维护，修理和大修服务的组织;和独立地进行维护，修理和大修活动，或者明显不同于他们自己的制造/生产活动的原始设备厂家，应当采用I A Q G开发的9110标准(见参考目录)。
采购部件，材料和组件，并销售这些部件给航空，航天和国防工业的组织，包括采购产品并分组成小额的数量进行买卖的组织，应当采用
I A Q G开发的9120标准（见参考目录），
2引用标准
下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而成为本
标准的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件,只有这个版本适用。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本标准。
I S O9000:2005，质量管理体系–基础与词汇3．术语与定义
本国际标准采用I S O9000中的术语与定义。
本国际标准所出现的术语“产品”，也可指“服务”。
3.1风险：
一种不需要的情况或环境,可能是事故的初期和会有潜在负面结果.
3.2特殊要求
由顾客识别或组织自己确定的要求,这些要求的实现由高风险,因而要求它们包含在风险管理过程中.确定特殊要求的因素包括产品或过程的复杂性,过去的经验和产品或过程的成熟性.特殊
要求的例子包括顾客强加的业绩要求,而这是行业接受的最高能力或是组织确定的技术或过程
能力的最高能.
3.3关键项目
对产品的实现和使用有重要影响的项目(如功能，零件,软件,特性,过程),包括安全，性能，形成，安装，功能,可生产性，服务寿命等，这些特定要求要被足够地管理。举例如关键项目包
specific actions to ensure they are
adequately managed. Examples of critical items include safety critical items, fracture critical items, mission critical items, key characteristics, etc.
3.4 Key Characteristic
An attribute or feature whose variation has a significant
effect on product fit, form, function, performance, service
life or producibility, that requires specific actions for the purpose of controlling variation.
NOTE Special requirements and critical items are new terms and, along with key characteristics, are interrelated. Special requirements are identified when determining and reviewing requirements related to the product (see 7.2.1 and 7.2.2). Special requirements can require the identification of critical items. Design output (see 7.3.3) can include identification of critical items that require specific actions to ensure they are adequately managed. Some critical items will be further classified as key characteristics because their variation needs to be controlled.
4 Quality management system
4.1General requirements
The organization shall establish, document, implement and maintain a quality management system and continually improve its effectiveness in accordance with the requirements of this International Standard.
The organization’s quality management system shall also address customer and applicable statutory and regulatory quality management system requirements.
The organization shall
a) determine the processes needed for the quality management system and their application throughout the organization (see 1.2),
b) determine the sequence and interaction of these processes,
c) determine criteria and methods needed to ensure that both
the operation and control of these processes are effective,
d) ensure the availability of resources and information necessary
to support the operation and monitoring of these processes,
e) monitor, measure where applicable, and analyse these processes, and
f) implement actions necessary to achieve planned results and
continual improvement of these processes.
These processes shall be managed by the organization in accordance with the requirements of this International Standard. Where an organization chooses to outsource any process that affects product conformity to requirements, the organization shall ensure control over such processes. 括安全临界项目，破损关键项目，任务关键项目,关键特性,等。
3.4关键特性
是一种特性或性能，其变化将对产品装配,形式，功能，性能,服务寿命或制造性产生重大影响，因而要求采取特殊措施对其变化进行控制。
注：特殊要求和关键项目以及关键特性是相互关联的新术语，特殊要求是在确定和评审与产品有关的要求时识别的（见7.2.1和7.2.2）。特殊要求可能要求识别关键项目。设计输出（见
7.2.3)可能包括识别要求采取特殊措施保证其得到充分管理的关键项目。一些关键项目由于需要对其变化进行控制会被进行一步划分为关键特性。
4质量管理体系
4.1总要求
组织应按本国际标准的要求建立质量管理体系，形成文件，加以实施和保持，并持续改进其有效性。
组织的质量管理体系必须考虑顾客和适用法律法规的质量管理体系要求.
组织应：
a)确定质量管理体系所需的过程及其在组织中
的应用(见1.2)；
b)确定这些过程的顺序和相互作用；
c)确定为确保这些过程的有效运行和控制所需
的准则和方法；
d)确保可以获得必要的资源和信息，以支持这
些过程的运行和对这些过程的监视；
e)监视、适用时测量和分析这些过程；
f)实施必要的措施，以实现对这些过程策划的
结果和对这些过程的持续进。
组织应按本国际标准的要求管理这些过程。
针对组织所选择任何影响产品符合要求的外包过程，组织应确保对其实施控制。
The type and extent of control to be applied to these outsourced processes shall be defined within the quality management system.
NOTE 1 Processes needed for the quality management system referred to above include processes for management activities, provision of resources, product realization, measurement, analysis and improvement.
NOTE 2 An “outsourced process” is a process that the o rganization needs for its quality management system and which the organization chooses to have performed by an external party.
NOTE 3 Ensuring control over outsourced processes does not absolve the organization of the responsibility of conformity to all customer, statutory and regulatory requirements. The type and extent of control to be applied to the outsourced process can be influenced by factors such as
a) the potential impact of the outsourced process on the organization’s capability to provide product that conforms to requirements,
b) the degree to which the control for the process is shared,
c) the capability of achieving the necessary control through the application of 7.4.
4.2Documentation requirements
4.2.1 General
The quality management system documentation shall include
a) documented statements of a quality policy and quality objectives,
b) a quality manual,
c) documented procedures and records required by this International Standard, and
d) documents, including records, determined by the organization to be necessary to ensure the effective planning, operation and control of its processes.
The organization shall ensure that personnel have access to, and are aware of, relevant quality management system documentation and changes.
NOTE 1 Where the term “documented procedure” appears within this International Standard, this means that the procedure is established, documented, implemented and maintained. A single document may address the requirements for one or more procedures. A requirement for a documented procedure may be covered by more than one document.
NOTE 2 The extent of the quality management system documentation can differ from one organization to another due
to
a) the size of organization and type of activities,
b) the complexity of processes and their interactions, and 对这些外包过程的控制类型和程度应在质量管理体系中加以识别。
注1：上述质量管理体系所需的过程应当包括管理活动、资源提供、产品实现,测量,分析和改进的过程。
注2：外包过程是经组织识别为质量管理体系所需的，但选择由组织的外部方实施的过程。
注3：确保对外包过程的控制并不免除组织满足顾客和法律法规要求的责任。对外包过程控制的类型和程度可受下列因素影响：
a)外包过程对组织提供满足要求的产品的能力的潜在影响；
b)对外包过程控制的分担程度；
c)通过应用7.4条款实现所需控制的能力。
4.2文件要求
4.2.1总则
质量管理体系文件应包括：
a)形成文件的质量方针与质量目标；
b)质量手册；
c)本国际标准要求的形成文件的程序和记录；
d)组织确定的为确保其过程的有效策划、运行和
控制所需的文件,包括记录；
组织应确保人员可以接触到并知道相关质量管理体系文件和更改。
注1：本国际标准中出现“形成文件的程序”之处，即要求该程序必须被建立、形成文件、并加以实施及维持。。一个文件可包括一个或多个程序的要求。一个形成文件的程序的要求可以被包含在多个文件中。
注2：不同组织的质量管理体系文件的多少和详略程度取决于：
a)组织的规模及活动的类型，
b)过程及其相互作用的复杂程度，
c) the competence of personnel.
NOTE 3 The documentation can be in any form or type of medium.
4.2.2 Quality manual
The organization shall establish and maintain a quality manual that includes
a) the scope of the quality management system, including
details of and justification for any exclusions (see 1.2),
b) the documented procedures established for the quality management system, or reference to them, and
c) a description of the interaction between the processes of the quality management system.
4.2.3 Control of documents
Documents required by the quality management system shall
be controlled. Records are a special type of document and shall
be controlled according to the requirements given in 4.2.4.
A documented procedure shall be established to define the controls needed
a) to approve documents for adequacy prior to issue,
b) to review and update as necessary and re-approve documents,
c) to ensure that changes and the current revision status of documents are identified,
d) to ensure that relevant versions of applicable documents are available at points of use,
e) to ensure that documents remain legible and readily identifiable,
f) to ensure that documents of external origin determined by
the organization to be necessary for the planning and operation
of the quality management system are identified and their distribution controlled, and
g) to prevent the unintended use of obsolete documents, and
to apply suitable identification to them if they are retained for
any purpose.
4.2.4 Control of records
Records established to provide evidence of conformity to requirements and of the effective operation of the quality management system shall be controlled.
The organization shall establish a documented procedure to define the controls needed for the identification, storage, protection, retrieval, retention and disposition of records.
The documented procedure shall define the method for controlling records that are created by and/or retained by suppliers.
Records shall remain legible, readily identifiable and retrievable. c)人员能力。
注3：文件可采用任何形式或类型的媒体。
4.2.2质量手册
组织应建立并保持质量手册，其包括：
a)质量管理体系的范围，包括任何删减的细节
与合理性(见1.2);
b)为质量管理体系编制的形成文件的程序，或
对其引用;以及
c)质量管理体系过程之间的相互作用的表述。
4.2.3文件控制
质量管理体系所要求的文件应加以控制。记录是一种特殊形式的文件，应依据4.2.4的要求加以控制。
应建立形成文件的程序，以规定以下方面必需的控制：
a)文件发布前得到批准，以确保文件是充分和
适宜的；
b)必要时对文件进行评审和更新，并再次批准；
c)确保文件的更改和现行修订状态得到识别；
d)确保在使用处可获得适用文件的有关版本；
e)确保文件保持清晰、易于识别；
f)确保组织所确定的策划和运行质量管理体系所需的外来文件得到识别，并控制其分发；
g)防止作废文件的非预期使用，若因任何原因而要保留作废文件时，对这些文件进行适当的标识。
4.2.4记录控制
为符合要求和质量管理体系有效运行提供证据
而建立的记录，应予以控制。
组织应编制形成文件的程序，以规定记录的标识、贮存、保护、检索、保存和处置所需的控制。
形成文件的程序应规定由供方生成的记录和/或保存的控制方法。
记录应保持清晰，易于识别和检索。
5 Management responsibility
5.1Management commitment
Top management shall provide evidence of its commitment to the development and implementation of the quality management system and continually improving its effectiveness by
a) communicating to the organization the importance of
meeting customer as well as statutory and regulatory
requirements,
b) establishing the quality policy,
c) ensuring that quality objectives are established,
d) conducting management reviews, and
e) ensuring the availability of resources.
5.2Customer focus
Top management shall ensure that customer requirements
are determined and are met with the aim of enhancing customer satisfaction (see 7.2.1 and 8.2.1).
Top management shall ensure that product conformity and on-time delivery performance are measured and that appropriate action is taken if planned results are not, or will not be, achieved.
5.3Quality policy
Top management shall ensure that the quality policy
a) is appropriate to the purpose of the organization,
b) includes a commitment to comply with requirements and
continually improve the effectiveness of the quality
management system,
c) provides a framework for establishing and reviewing quality objectives,
d) is communicated and understood within the organization, and
e) is reviewed for continuing suitability.
5.4Planning
5.4.1 Quality objectives
Top management shall ensure that quality objectives, including those needed to meet requirements for product [see 7.1 a)], are established at relevant functions and levels within the organization. The quality objectives shall be measurable and consistent with the quality policy.
5.4.2 Quality management system planning
Top management shall ensure that 5管理职责
5.1管理承诺
最高管理者应通过以下活动，对其建立、实施质量管理体系并持续改进其有效性的承诺提供证据：
a)向组织传达满足顾客和法律法规要求的重
要性；
b)制定质量方针；
c)确保质量目标的制定；
d)进行管理评审；
e)确保资源的获得。
5.2以顾客为关注焦点
最高管理者应以增强顾客满意为目的，确保顾客的要求得到确定并予以满足。(见7.2.1和8.2.1)。
最高管理者必须确保产品符合性和及时交付业绩被测量，如果策划的结果不能取得时，应当采取适当的措施
5.3质量方针
最高管理者应确保质量方针
a)与组织的宗旨相适应，
b)包括对满足要求和持续改进质量管理体系有
效性的承诺；
c)提供制定和评审质量目标的框架，
d)在组织内部得到沟通和理解，以及
e)在持续适宜性方面得到评审。
5.4策划
5.4.1质量目标
最高管理者应确保在组织内部的相关职能和层次上建立质量目标，质量目标包括满足产品要求(见7.1.a)所需的内容。质量目标应是可测量的，并与质量方针保持一致。
5.4.2质量管理体系策划
最高管理者应确保：
a) the planning of the quality management system is carried out in
order to meet the requirements given in 4.1, as well as the
quality objectives, and
b) the integrity of the quality management system is maintained
when changes to the quality management system are planned and implemented.
5.5Responsibility,authority and communication
5.5.1 Responsibility and authority
Top management shall ensure that the responsibilities and authorities are defined and communicated within the organization.
5.5.2 Management representative
Top management shall appoint a member of the organization’s management who, irrespective of other responsibilities, shall have responsibility and authority that includes
a) ensuring that processes needed for the quality management system are established, implemented and maintained,
b) reporting to top management on the performance of the quality management system and any need for improvement,
c) ensuring the promotion of awareness of customer requirements throughout the organization, and
d) the organizational freedom and unrestricted access to top management to resolve quality management issues.
NOTE The responsibility of a management representative can include liaison with external parties on matters relating to the quality management system.
5.5.3 Internal communication
Top management shall ensure that appropriate communication processes are established within the organization and that communication takes place regarding the effectiveness of the quality management system.
5.6Management review
5.6.1 General
Top management shall review the organization's quality management system, at planned intervals, to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. This review shall include assessing opportunities for improvement and the need for changes to the quality management system, including the quality policy and quality objectives.
Records from management reviews shall be maintained (see 4.2.4).
5.6.2 Review input
The input to management review shall include information on a)对质量管理体系进行策划，以满足质量目标
以及4.1的要求，和
b)在对质量管理体系的变更进行策划和实施
时，保持质量管理体系的完整性。
5.5职责、权限与沟通
5.5.1职责与权限
最高管理者应确保组织内的职责、权限得到规定和沟通。
5.5.2管理者代表
最高管理者应指定一名组织的管理者，无论该成员在其他方面的职责如何，应具有以下方面的职责和权限：
a)确保质量管理体系所需的过程的得到建立、
实施和保持；
b)向最高管理者报告质量管理体系的业绩和
任何改进的需求；
c)确保在整个组织内提高满足顾客要求的意
识。
d)不受组织干预和直径面对最高管理层地解
决有关质量问题。
注：管理者代表的职责可包括与质量管理体系有关事宜的外部联络。
5.5.3内部沟通
最高管理者应确保在组织内建立适当的沟通过程，并确保对质量管理体系的有效性进行沟通。
5.6管理评审
5.6.1总则
最高管理者应按策划的时间间隔评审质量管理体系，以确保其持续的适宜性、充分性和有效性。管理评审应包括评价质量管理体系改进的机会
和变更的需要，包括质量方针和质量目标。
应保持管理评审的记录(见4.2.4)。
5.6.2管理评审的输入
管理评审的输入应包括以下方面的信息：
a) results of audits,
b) customer feedback,
c) process performance and product conformity, d) status of preventive and corrective actions,
e) follow-up actions from previous management reviews,
f) changes that could affect the quality management system,
and
g) recommendations for improvement.
5.6.3 Review output
The output from the management review shall include any decisions and actions related to
a) improvement of the effectiveness of the quality management
system and its processes,
b) improvement of product related to customer requirements, and
c) resource needs.
6 Resource management
6.1Provision of resources
The organization shall determine and provide the resources needed
a) to implement and maintain the quality management system
and continually improve its effectiveness, and
b) to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer requirements.
6.2Human resources
6.2.1 General
Personnel performing work affecting conformity to product requirements shall be competent on the basis of appropriate education, training, skills and experience.
NOTE Conformity to product requirements can be affected
directly or indirectly by personnel performing any task within the quality management system.
6.2.2 Competence, training and awareness
The organization shall
a) determine the necessary competence for personnel performing a)审核结果；
b)顾客反馈；
c)过程的业绩和产品的符合性；
d)预防和纠正措施状况；
e)以往管理评审的跟踪措施；
f)可能影响质量管理体系的变更；
g)改进的建议。
5.6.3管理评审输出
管理评审的输出应包括与以下方面有关的任何决定和措施：
a)质量管理体系及其过程有效性的改进；
b)与顾客要求有关的产品的改进；
c)资源需求。
6.资源管理
6.1资源提供
组织应确定并提供以下方面所需的资源:
a)实施、保持质量管理体系并持续改进其有效
性；
b)通过满足顾客要求，增强顾客满意。
6.2人力资源
6.2.1总则
基于适当的教育、培训、技能和经验，从事影响产品与要求符合性工作的人员应是能够胜任的。
注：在质量管理体系中承担任何任务的人员都可能直接或间接地影响产品与要求的符合性。
6.2.2能力、意识和培训
组织应：
a)确定从事影响产品与要求的符合性工作的人
员所必要的能力；
work affecting conformity to product requirements,
b) where applicable, provide training or take other actions to achieve the necessary competence,
c) evaluate the effectiveness of the actions taken,
d) ensure that its personnel are aware of the relevance and
importance of their activities and how they contribute to the
achievement of the quality objectives, and
e) maintain appropriate records of education, training, skills
and experience (see 4.2.4).
6.3Infrastructure
The organization shall determine, provide and maintain the infrastructure needed to achieve conformity to product requirements. Infrastructure includes, as applicable
a) buildings, workspace and associated utilities,
b) process equipment (both hardware and software), and
c) supporting services (such as transport, communication or information systems).
6.4Work environment
The organization shall determine and manage the work environment needed to achieve conformity to product requirements.
NOTE The term "work environment" relates to those conditions under which work is performed including physical, environmental and other factors (such as noise, temperature, humidity, lighting, or weather).
7 Product realization
7.1 Planning of product realization
The organization shall plan and develop the processes needed for product realization. Planning of product realization shall be consistent with the requirements of the other processes of the quality management system (see 4.1).
In planning product realization, the organization shall determine the following, as appropriate:
a) quality objectives and requirements for the product;
NOTE Quality objectives and requirements for the product include consideration of aspects such as
- product and personal safety, b)适用时，提供培训或采取其他措施以获得所
需的能力；
c)评价所采取措施的有效性；
d)确保员工认识到所从事活动的相互性和重要
性，以及如何为实现质量目标作出贡献；
e)保持教育、培训、技能和经验的适当记录(见
4.2.4)。
6.3基础设施
组织应确定、提供并维护为达到产品符合要求所需的基础设施。适用时，基础设施包括：
a)建筑物、工作场所和相干的设施；
b)过程设备(硬件和软件)；
c)支持性服务(例如运输,通讯或信息系统)。
6.4工作环境
组织应确定并管理为达到产品符合要求所需的工作环境。
注：术语“工作环境”是指工作时所处的条件，包括物理的、环境的和其他因素（如噪音、温度、湿度、照明或天气）。
7产品实现
7.1产品实现的策划
组织应策划和开发产品实现所需的过程。产品实现的策划应与质量管理体系其他过程的要求相
一致（见4.1）。
在对产品实现进行策划时，组织应确定以下方面的适当内容：
a)产品的质量目标和要求；
注:产品的质量目标和要求包括考虑下述方面,如：
-产品和人员安全；
- reliability, availability and maintainability,
- producibility and inspectability,
- suitability of part and materials used in the product,
- selection and development of embedded software, and
- recycling or final disposal of the product at the end of its life.
b) the need to establish processes and documents, and to provide
resources specific to the product;
c) required verification, validation, monitoring, measurement,
inspection and test activities specific to the product and the criteria for product acceptance;
d) records needed to provide evidence that the realization
processes and resulting product meet requirements (see 4.2.4);
e) configuration management appropriate to the product;
f) resources to support the use and maintenance of the
product.
The output of this planning shall be in a form suitable for the organization’s method of operations.
NOTE 1 A document specifying the processes of the quality management system (including the product realization processes) and the resources to be applied to a specific product, project or contract, can be referred to as a quality plan.
NOTE 2 The organization may also apply the requirements given in 7.3 to the development of product realization processes.
7.1.1 Project Management
As appropriate to the organization and the product, the organization shall plan and manage product realization in a structured and controlled manner to meet requirements at acceptable risk, within resource and schedule constraints.
7.1.2 Risk Management
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a process for managing risk to the achievement of applicable requirements, that includes as appropriate to the organization and the product.
a) assignment of responsibilities for risk management,
b) definition of risk criteria (e.g., likelihood, consequences, risk acceptance),
c) identification, assessment and communication of risks throughout product realization,
d) identification, implementation and management of actions -可靠性、可用性和可维护性；
-可生产性和可检验性；
-使用在产品中的零件和材料的适宜性；
-嵌入式软件的选择和开发；
-产品在寿命结束时的回收和最终处理。
b)针对产品确定过程、文件和资源的需求；
c)产品所要求的验证、确认、监视、测量、检
验和试验活动，以及产品接收准则；
d)为实现过程及其产品满足要求提供证据所
需的记录(见 4.2.4)。
e)适合于产品的技术状态管理；
f)支持产品使用及维护的资源。
策划的输出形式应适合于组织的运作方式。
注1：对应用于特定产品、项目或合同的质量管理体系的过程(包括产品实现过程)和资源
作出规定的文件可称之为质量计划。
注2：组织也可将7.3的要求应用于产品实现过程的开发。
7.1.1项目管理
当适合于组织和产品时，组织应以一种结构化的和受控的方式去策划和管理产品实现，并在限定资源和时间周期内,用一种可接受的风险来满足要求。
7.1.2风险管理
组织应建立、实施和保持风险管理过程，以实现适用的要求，适当时包括对组织和产品的要求：
a)风险管理的职责分配；
b)风险准则的确定（如：可能性、后果,风险
接受程度）；
c)在产品实现全过程中风险的识别、评估和交
流；
d)对于超过确定的风险接受准则时，减轻风险
to mitigate risks that exceed the defined risk acceptance criteria, and
g) acceptance of risks remaining after implementation of
mitigating actions.
7.1.3 Configuration Management
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a configuration management process that includes, as appropriate to the product
a) configuration management planning,
b) configuration identification,
c) change control
d) configuration status accounting, and
e) configuration audit.
NOTE See ISO 10007 for guidance
7.1.4 Control of Work Transfers
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a process to plan and control the temporary or permanent transfer of work (e.g., from one organization facility to another, from the organization to a supplier, from one supplier to another) and to verify the conformity of the work to requirements.
7.2 Customer-Related processes
7.2.1 Determination of Requirements Related to the Product
The organization shall determine
a) requirements specified by the customer, including the
requirements for delivery and post-delivery activities,
b) requirements not stated by the customer but necessary for
specified or intended use, where known,
c) statutory and regulatory requirements applicable to the product,
and
d) any additional requirements considered necessary by the
organization.
NOTE Requirement related to the product can include special requirement,
NOTE Post-delivery activities include, for example, actions
措施的识别、实施和管理；
e)减轻风险措施实施后,风险保持在可接受水
平上。
7.1.3技术状态管理
组织应建立、实施和保持适用于产品的技术状态管理过程，包括：
a)技术状态管理策划
b)技术状态标识；
c)更改控制；
d)技术状态纪实；
e)技术状态审核。
注：见I S O10007作为指南。
7.1.4工作转移的控制
组织应建立、实施和保持一个策划和控制临时性或永久性转移工作的过程,（如：从组织的一处设施转移到组织的另一处，从组织转移到供应商，从一个供应商转移到另一个供应商）,并验证工作对要求的符合性。
7.2与顾客有关的过程
7.2.1与产品有关的要求的确定
组织应确定：
a)顾客规定的要求，包括对交付及交付后活动
的要求；
b)顾客虽然没有明示，但规定的用途或已知的
预期用途所必需的要求；
c)适用于产品的法律法规要求；
d)组织认为必要的任何附加要求。
注：与产品有关的要求包括特殊要求。
注：交付后活动包括，例如：担保规定下的活动、
under warranty provisions, contractual obligations such as maintenance services, and supplementary services such as recycling or final disposal.
7.2.2 Review of Requirements Related to the Product
The organization shall review the requirements related to the product. This review shall be conducted prior t o the organization’s commitment to supply a product to the customer (e.g. submission of tenders, acceptance of contracts or orders, acceptance of changes to contracts or orders) and shall ensure that
a) product requirements are defined,
b) contract or order requirements differing from those previously
expressed are resolved,
c) the organization has the ability to meet the defined requirements
d) special requirement of the product are determined, and
e) risks (e.g., new technology, short delivery time frame ) have
been identified (see7.1.2)
Records of the results of the review and actions arising from the review shall be maintained (see 4.2.4).
Where the customer provides no documented statement of requirement, the customer requirements shall be confirmed by the organization before acceptance.
Where product requirements are changed, the organization shall ensure that relevant documents are amended and that relevant personnel are made aware of the changed requirements.
NOTE: In some situations, such as internet sales, a formal review is impractical for each order. Instead the review can cover relevant product information such as catalogues or advertising material.
7.2.3 Customer communication
The organization shall determine and implement effective arrangements for communicating with customers in relation to:
a) product information,
b) enquiries, contracts or order handling, including amendments,
and
c) customer feedback, including customer complaints.
7.3 Design and Development
7.3.1 Design and Development Planning 合同义务如维修服务,以及附加的服务如回收或最终处置。
7.2.2与产品有关的要求的评审
织应评审与产品有关的要求。评审应在组织向顾客作出提供产品的承诺之前进行(如：提交标书、接受合同或订单及接受合同或订单的更改)，并应确保：
a)产品要求得到规定；
b)与以前表述不一致的合同或订单的要求已予
解决;
c)组织有能力满足规定的要求，以及
d)产品的特殊要求已得到确定，
e)风险已被识别（如：新技术，短的交付期）
(见7.1.2)
评审结果及评审所引起的措施的的记录应予保持(见4.2.4)。
若顾客提供的要求没有形成文件，组织在接受顾客要求前应对顾客要求进行确认。
若产品要求发生变更，组织应确保相关文件等到修改，并确保相关人员知道已变更的要求。
注：在某些情况下，例如网上销售，对每一个订单进行正式的评审可能是不实际的。而代之
对有关的产品信息，如产品目录、产品广告
内容等进行评审。
7.2.3顾客沟通
组织应对以下有关方面确定并实施与顾客沟通的有效的安排：
a)产品信息；
b)问询、合同或订单的处理，包括对其修改；
c)顾客反馈，包括顾客抱怨。
7.3设计和开发
7.3.1设计和开发策划
The organization shall plan and control design and development of product.
During the design and development planning, the organization shall determine
a) the design and development stages,
b) the review, verification and validation that are appropriate to each
design and development stage, and
c) the responsibilities and authorities for design and development.
Where appropriate, the organization shall divide the design and development effort into distinct activities and, for each activity, define the tasks, necessary resource, responsibilities, design content, input and output data and planning constraints.
The different design and development tasks to be carried out shall be based on the safety and functional objectives of the product in accordance with customer, statutory and regulatory requirements.
Design and development planning shall consider the ability to produce, inspect, test and maintain the product.
The organization shall manage the interfaces between different groups involved in design and development to ensure effective communication and clear assignment of responsibility.
Planning output shall be updated, as appropriate, as the design and development progresses.
NOTE Design and development review, verification and validation have distinct purposes. They can be conducted and recorded separately or in any combination as suitable or the product and the organization.
7.3.2 Design and Development Inputs
Inputs relating to product requirements shall be determined and records maintained (see 4.2.4). These input shall include
a) functional and performance requirements,
b) applicable statutory and regulatory requirements,
c) where applicable, information derived from previous similar
designs, and
d) other requirements essential for design and development.
The inputs shall be reviewed for adequacy. Requirements shall be complete, unambiguous and not in conflict with each other. 组织应对产品的设计和开发进行策划和控制。
在进行设计和开发策划时，组织应确定：
a)设计和开发阶段；
b)适合于每个设计和开发阶段的评审、验证和确
认活动；
c)设计和开发的职责和权限。
在适用的场合，组织应将设计和开发工作分解为明显的活动，对每项活动，确定任务、必需的资源、职责、设计内容、输入和输出数据以及策划限制条件。
应基于符合顾客和法律法规要求的产品安全和
功能目标之上，完成不同的设计和开发任务。
设计和开发策划应考虑生产、检验、试验和维护产品的能力。
组织应对参与设计和开发的不同小组之间的接口进行管理，以确保有效的沟通，并明确职责分工。
随设计和开发的进展，在适当时，策划的输出应予更新。
注：设计和开发评审、验证和确认具有不同的目的。根据产品和组织的具体情况，可以单独或任意组合的形式进行并记录。
7.3.2设计和开发输入
应确定与产品要求有关的输入，并保持记录(见4.2.4)。这些输入应包括：
a)功能和性能要求；
b)适用的法律、法规要求；
c)适用时，以前类似设计提供的信息；
d)设计和开发所必需的其他要求。
应对这些输入进行评审，以确保输入是充分的。要求应完整、清楚，并且不能自相矛盾。
7.3.3 Design and Development Outputs
The outputs of design and development shall be in a form suitable for verification against the design and development input and shall be approved prior to release.
Design and development outputs shall
a) meet the input requirements for design and development,
b) provide appropriate information for purchasing , production and
service provision,
c) contain or reference product acceptance criteria,
d) specify the characteristics of the product that are essential
for its safe and proper use, and
e) specify, as applicable, any critical items, including any key characteristics, and specific actions to be taken for these items.
The organization shall define the data required to allow the product to be identified, manufactured, inspected, used and maintained including for example:
-the drawings, part lists and specifications necessary to define the configuration and the design features of the product, and
-the material, processes, manufacturing and assembly data needed to ensure conformity of the product.
NOTE information for production and service provision can include details for the preservation of product.
7.3.4 Design and Development Review
At suitable stages, systematic reviews of design and development shall be performed in accordance with planned arrangements (see 7.3.1)
a) to evaluate the ability of the results of design and development to
meet requirements,
b) to identify any problems and propose necessary actions,
and
c) to authorize progression to the next stage.
Participants in such reviews shall include representatives of functions concerned with the design and development stage(s) being reviewed. Records of the result of the reviews and any necessary actions shall be maintained (see 4.2.4)
7.3.5 Design and Development Verification 7.3.3设计和开发输出
设计和开发输出的方式应适合于针对设计和开发的输入进行验证,并应在放行前得到批准。
设计和开发输出应：
a)满足设计和开发输入的要求；
b)给出采购、生产和服务提供的适当信息；
c)包含或引用产品接收准则；
d)规定对产品的安全和正常使用所必需的产品
特性,和
e)适用时，规定任何关键项目，包括任何关键
特性，以及对这些项目要采取的特殊措施
组织应确定对产品进行标识、制造、检验、使用和维护所要求的数据，包括例如：
-定义产品技术状态和设计特性所必需的图纸，零件清单和规范；
-保证产品符合性所需的材料、过程、制造和装配数据。
注：生产和服务提供的信息可能包括产品防护的细节。
7.3.4设计和开发评审
在适宜的阶段，应依据所策划的安排(见7.3.1)对设计和开发进行有系统的评审，以便：
a)评价设计和开发的结果满足要求的能力；
b)识别任何问题并提出必要的措施，和
c)授权进入下一阶段。
评审的参加者应包括与所评审的设计和开发阶段有关的职能的代表。评审结果及任何必要措施的记录应予保持。(见4.2.4)
7.3.5设计和开发验证
Verification shall be performed in accordance with planned arrangements (see 7.3.1) to ensure that the design and development outputs have met the design and development input requirements. Records of the results of the verification and any necessary actions shall be maintained (see 4.2.4)
7.3.6 Design and Development Validation
Design and development validation shall be performed in accordance with planned arrangements (see 7.3.1) to ensure that the resulting product is capable of meeting the requirements for the specified application or intended use, where known. Wherever practicable, validation shall be completed prior to the delivery or implementation of the product. Records of the results of validation and any necessary actions shall be maintained (see 4.2.4).
7.3.6.1 Design and Development Verification and
Validation Testing
Where tests are necessary for verification and validation, these tests shall be planned, controlled, reviewed, and documented to ensure and prove the following:
a. test plans or specifications identify the product being
tested and the resources being used, define test objectives and conditions, parameters to be recorded, and relevant acceptance criteria;
b. test procedures describe the method of operation, the
performance of the test, and the recording of the results;
c. the correct configuration of the product is submitted for
the test;
d. the requirements of the test plan and the test procedures
are observed, and
e. the acceptance criteria are met.
7.3.6.2 Design and Development verification and
Validation Documentation
At the completion of design and/or development, the organization shall ensure that reports, calculations, test results, etc., demonstrate that the product definition meets the specification requirements for all identified operational conditions.
7.3.7 Control of Design and Development Changes
Design and development changes shall be identified and records maintained. The changes shall be reviewed, verified and validated, as appropriate, and approved before implementation. The review of design and development changes shall include evaluation of the effect of the changes on constituent parts and product already 为确保设计和开发输出满足输入的要求，应依据所策划(见7.3.1)的安排对设计和开发进行验证。验证结果及任何必要措施的记录应予保持(见4.2.4)。
7.3.6设计和开发确认
为确保产品能够满足规定的使用要求或已知的预期用途的要求，应依据所策划(见7.3.1)的安排对设计和开发进行确认。只要可行，确认应在产品交付或实施之前完成。确认结果及任何必要措施的记录应予保持。(见4.2.4)。
7.3.6.1设计和开发文件的验证和确认试验
当验证和确认必须进行试验时，应对这些试验进行策划、控制、评审并形成文件，以确保和证实：
a.试验计划或规范确定了要进行试验的产品和
使用的资源；规定了试验目的和条件、要记录的参数以及相关接收准则；
b.试验程序描述了操作方法、试验的性能和记录
的结果；
c.提交试验的产品的样品技术状态正确；
d.遵守了试验计划和试验程序的要求；
e.满足了接收准则。
7.3.6.2设计和开发验证和确认试验的文件
在设计和/或开发完成时，组织必须确保报告、计算、试验结果等能够证实在所规定的运行条件下，产品的定义符合规范的要求。
7.3.7设计和开发更改的控制
应识别设计和开发的更改，并保持记录。适当时，应对设计和开发的更改进行评审、验证和确认，并在实施前得到批准。设计和开发更改的评审应包括评价更改对产品组成部分和已交付产品的
影响。
delivered. Records of the results of the review of changes and any necessary actions shall be maintained (see 4.2.4)
Design and development changes shall be controlled in accordance with the configuration management process (see 7.1.3)
Records of the results of the review of changes and any necessary actions shall be maintained (see 4.2.4).
7.4 Purchasing
7.4.1 Purchasing process
The organization shall ensure that purchased product conforms to specified purchase requirements. The type and extent of control applied to the supplier and the purchased product shall be dependent upon the effect of the purchased product on subsequent product realization or the final product.
The organization shall be responsible for the conformity of all products purchased from suppliers, including product from sources defined by the customer.
The organization shall evaluate and select suppliers based on their ability to supply product in accordance with the organization’s requirements. Criteria for selection, evaluation and re-evaluation shall be established. Records of the results of evaluations and any necessary actions arising from the evaluation shall be maintained (see 4.2.4)
NOTE One factor that can be used during supplier selection and evaluation is supplier quality data from objective and reliable external sources, as evaluated by the organization (e.g., information from accredited quality management system or process certification bodies, organization approvals from government authorities). Use of such data would be only one component of an organization’s supplier control process and the organization remains responsible for verifying that purchased product meets specified purchase requirements.
The organization shall:
a. maintain a register of its suppliers that includes approval
status (e.g., approved, conditional, disapproved) and the scope of the approval (e.g., product type, process family),
b. periodically review supplier performance; the result of
these reviews shall be used as a basis for establishing the level of controls to be implemented;
c. define the necessary actions to take when dealing with
suppliers that do not meet requirements;
d. ensure where required that both the organization and all
suppliers use customer-approved special process 设计和开发的更改应按技术状态管理过程（见7.1.3）进行控制。
更改的评审结果及任何必要措施的记录应予保持。(见4.2.4)。
7.4采购
7.4.1采购过程
组织应确保采购的产品符合规定的采购要求。对供方及采购的产品控制的类型和程度应取决于采购的产品对随后的产品实现或最终产品的影响。
组织必须对所有从供应商采购的产品的符合性负责，包括从顾客指定的来源采购的产品。
组织应根据供方按组织的要求提供产品的能力评价和选择供方。应制定选择、评价和重新评价的准则。评价结果及评价所引起的任何必要措施的记录应予保持(见4.2.4)。
注：在选择和评价供应商过程中，可使用来自客观和可靠的外部来源的供应商质量数据作为组织自己的评估,（例如：来自授信的质量管理体系或过程认证机构,来自政府机构对组织的批准）。使用这种数据只能是组织对供应商控制过程的一个组成部分，组织仍然负责验证采购的产品满足规定采购要求的责任。
组织应：
a)保持一份批准的供方名录，包括批准状态
（如：批准，有条件批准，不批准）和批准范围（如：产品类型、过程类别）；
b)周期性地评估供方的业绩；应使用这些评审
结果作为确定实施控制程度的依据；
c)当供应商不能满足要求时，规定采取必要的
措施；
d)当要求时，确保组织和所有供应商都使用顾
客批准的特殊过程资源；
sources,
e. Define the process, responsibilities and authority for the
approval status decision, changes of the approval status and conditions for a controlled use of suppliers depending on the supplier’s approval status, and
f. determine and manage the risk when selecting and using suppliers (see 7.1.2).
7.4.2 Purchasing information
Purchasing information shall describe the product to be purchased, including where appropriate
a) requirements for approval of product, procedures, processes and
equipment,
b) requirements for qualification of personnel,
c) quality management system requirements,
d) the identification and revision status of specifications,
drawings, process requirements, inspection/verification instructions and other relevant technical data,
e) requirements for design, test, inspection, verification
(including production process verification), use of statistical techniques for product acceptance, and related instructions for acceptance by the organization, and as applicable critical items including key characteristics,
f) requirements for test specimens (e.g., production method,
number, storage conditions) for design approval, inspection/verification, investigation or auditing,
g) requirements regarding the need for the supplier to
-notify the organization of nonconforming product,
-obtain organization approval for nonconforming product disposition,
-notify the organization of changes in product and/or process, change of suppliers, changes of manufacturing facility location and, where required, obtain organization approval, and
-flow down to the supply chain the applicable requirements including customer requirements,
h) records retention requirements, and
i) right of access by the organization, their customer and
regulatory authorities to the applicable areas of all facilities, at any level of the supply chain, involved in the order and to all applicable records,
The organization shall ensure the adequacy of specified purchase requirements prior to their communication to the supplier. e)对于批准状态决定、批准状态更改以及根据
供应商批准状态对供应商进行控制使用的条件确定过程、职责和权力。
f)选择和使用供应商时，确定和管理风险(见
7.1.2)。
7.4.2采购信息
采购信息应表述拟采购的产品，适当时包括：
a)产品、程序、过程和设备的批准要求；
b)人员资格的要求；
c)质量管理体系的要求；
d)规范、图样、过程要求、检验/验证说明书和其他有关的技术资料的标识和修订状态；
e）组织的设计、试验、检验、验证的要求（包括生产过程的验证），用于产品接收的统计技术的使用，和有关组织接收的指导书，以及适用的关键项目包括关键特性；
f）用于设计批准、检验/验证、调查或审核的试验样件的要求（例如，生产方法，数量。
储存条件）。
g)需要考虑对供应商的下述要求：
-向组织通报不合格产品，
-不合格品处理得到组织批准；
-将产品和/或过程的更改，供应商更改，生产设施地点更改应报告组织，并且在要求时获得组织的批准；
-向供应链传达适用要求，包括顾客要求；
h)记录保存要求；
i)组织及其顾客,和法规性机构可接触涉及订
单的任何层次的供应链所有设施的适用区
域,和所有适用记录的权利。
在与供方沟通前，组织应确保所规定的采购要求是充分与适宜的。
7.4.3 Verification of Purchased Product
The organization shall establish and implement the inspection or other activities necessary for ensuring that purchased product meets specified purchase requirements.
NOTE 1 Customer verification activities performed at any level of the supply chain should not be used by the organization or the supplier as evidence of effective control of quality and does not absolve the organization of its responsibility to provide acceptable product and comply with all requirements.
NOTE 2 Verification activities can include
a. obtaining objective evidence of the conformity of the
product from suppliers (e.g., accompanying documentation, certificate of conformity, test reports, statistical records, process control records),
b. inspection and audit at the su pplier’s premises,
c. review of the required documentation,
d. inspection of products upon receipt, and
e. delegation of verification to the supplier or supplier
certification.
Where purchased product is released for production use pending completion of all required verification activities, it shall be identified and recorded to allow recall and replacement if it is subsequently found that the product does not meet requirements.
Where the organization delegates verification activities to the supplier, the requirements for delegation shall be defined and a register of delegations maintained.
Where the organization or its customer intends to perform verification at the supplier’s premises, the organization shall state the intended verification arrangements and method of product release in the purchasing information.
7.5 Production and Service Provision
7.5.1 Control of Production and Service Provision
The organization shall plan and carry out production and service provision under controlled conditions. Controlled conditions shall include, as applicable
a) the availability of information that describes the characteristics of
the product,
NOTE This information can include drawings, parts lists, 7.4.3采购产品的验证
组织应确定并实施检验或其他必要的活动，以确保采购的产品满足规定的采购要求。
注1组织或供方不应该把顾客对任何层次的供应链所做的验证活动用作质量有效控制的证据，也不能免除组织提供可接受产品和符合所有要求的责任。
注2验证活动可以包括
a)从供应商处获得产品符合性的客观证据（如
随产品文件，合格证明，试验报告，统计记
录，过程控制记录）；
b)在供应商处的检验和审核；
c)对要求的文件的评审；
d)按收货单检验产品，
e)对供方委托验证代表，或要求供方认证。
在等待所有要求的验证活动完成前，如果采购的产品被发放用于生产，应对其进行标识和记录，做到如果验证结果发现产品不符合要求，能够对其进行召回和更换。
在组织派人员去供应商处进行验证时，应规定委派的要求并保持委派人员的记录。
当组织或其顾客拟在供方的现场实施验证时，组织应在采购信息中对拟验证的安排和产品放行
的方法作出规定。
7.5生产和服务提供
7.5.1生产和服务提供的控制
组织应策划并在受控条件下进行生产和服务提供。适用时，受控条件应包括：
a)获得表述产品特性的信息；
注：信息可包括图纸、零件清单、材料和工艺规
materials and process specifications.
b) the availability of work instructions, as necessary,
NOTE Work instructions can include process flow charts, production documents (e.g., manufacturing plans, travelers, routers, work orders, process cards) and inspection documents.
c) the use of suitable equipment,
NOTE Suitable equipment can include product specific tools (e.g., jigs, fixtures, molds) and software programs.
d) the availability and use of monitoring and measuring equipment,
e) the implementation of monitoring and measurement,
f) the implementation of product release, delivery and post-delivery
activities,
g) accountability for all product during production(e.g., parts
quantities, split orders, nonconforming product),
h) evidence that all production and inspection/verification
operations have been completed as planned, or as otherwise documented and authorized,
i) provision for the prevention, detection, and removal of
foreign objects,
j) monitoring and control of utilities and supplies (e.g., water, compressed air, electricity chemical products) to the extent they affect conformity to product requirements, and
k) criteria for workmanship, specified in the clearest practical way (e.g., written standards, representative samples or illustrations).
Planning shall consider, as appropriate,
- establishing, implementing and maintaining appropriate processes to manage critical items, including process controls where key characteristics have been identified.
- designing, manufacturing and using tooling to measure variable data,
-identifying in-process inspection/verification points when adequate verification of conformance cannot be performed at a later stage of realization, and
-special processes (see 7.5.2).
7.5.1.1 Production Process Verification 范。
b)必要时，获得作业指导书；
注：作业指导书可包括过程流程图、生产文件（如：制造计划、路线图、流程卡、生产指令和过程卡）和检验文件。
c)使用适宜的设备；
注：适宜的设备可包括产品专用工装（型架、夹具、模具）和软件程序。
d)获得和使用监视和测量设备；
e)实施监视和测量；
f)产品放行、交付和交付后活动的实施；
g）在生产过程中对所有的产品负有责任（例如：零件数量、分作业指令、不合格品等）；
h）所有生产和检验/验证操作已经按计划或其他文件完成的证据并被认可；
i）预防、检测和去除外来物的措施；
j）对会影响产品要求符合性的用品和供给物（如水、压缩空气、电及化学产品）进行监视和控制，k）以最清楚实用的方式（例如，文字标准、样件或图示）规定工艺准则。
适用时，策划应考虑：
-建立、实施和保持适当的过程来管理关键项目，包括对识别出关键特性的过程控制；
-设计、制造和使用工具以测量变量数据；
-当适宜的符合性验证不能在产品实现的后面阶段进行时，识别过程中的检验/验证点。
-特殊过程(见7.5.2）。
7.5.1.1生产过程的验证
The organization shall use a representative item from the first production run of a new part or assembly to verify that the production processes, production documentation and tooling are capable of producing parts and assemblies that meet requirements. This process shall be repeated when changes occur that invalidate the original result (e.g., engineering changes, manufacturing process changes, tooling changes).
NOTE This activity is often referred to as first article inspection.
7.5.1.2 Control of Production Process Changes
Personnel authorized to approve changes to production processes shall be identified.
The organization shall control and document changes affecting processes, production equipment, tools or software programs.
The results of changes to production processes shall be assessed to confirm that the desired effect has been achieved without adverse effects to product conformity.
7.5.1.3 Control of Production Equipment, Tools and Software Programs
Production equipment, tools and software programs used to automate and control/monitor product realization processes, shall be validated prior to release for production and shall be maintained.
Storage requirements, including periodic preservation/ condition checks, shall be defined for production equipment or tooling in storage.
7.5.1.4 Post-Delivery Support
Post-delivery support shall provide as applicable for the
a. collection and analysis of in-service data,
b. actions to be taken including investigation and reporting
when problems are detected after delivery.
c. control and updating of technical documentation,
d. approval, control, and use of repair schemes, and
e. controls required for off-site work (e.g., organization’s
work undertaken at the customer’s facilities).
7.5.2 Validation of Processes for Production and Service Provision
The organization shall validate any processes for production and service provision where the resulting output cannot be verified by subsequent monitoring or measurement and, as a consequence, deficiencies become apparent only after the product is in use or the service has been delivered. 组织应使用从首批生产的新零件或组件中确定的有代表性的项目来验证生产过程、生产文件和工装能够生产满足要求的零件和部件。当发生使原来验证结果无效的更改时，应进行重新验证过程(如工程更改,制造过程更改,工装更改)。
注：此项活动通常被称为首件检验。
7.5.1.2生产过程更改的控制
必须确定授权批准生产过程更改的人员。
组织应当对影响过程、生产设备、工装或软件程序的更改进行控制和文件化。
对生产过程更改的结果应进行评定，以便证实已达到了预期的效果并对产品符合性没有不利的影响。
7.5.1.3生产设备、工装和软件程序的控制
生产设备、工装和用于使生产实现过程自动化和控制/监视的软件程序在使用前应进行确认，并应进行维护。
对储存的生产设备或工装必须确定储存要求，包括定期进行防护和状况检查。
7.5.1.4交付后支持
适用时，交付后应为下述活动提供支持：
a)使用中数据的收集和分析；
b)当交付后发现问题时，要采取的措施，包括
调查和报告；
c)技术文件的控制和更新；
d)修理大纲的批准、控制和使用；
e)对基地外工作要求的控制（例如，组织在顾
客设施上进行的工作）。
7.5.2生产和服务提供过程的确认
当生产和服务提供的过程输出不能由后续的监视或测量加以验证，致使问题在产品投入使用后或服务已交付后才显现时，组织应对任何这样的过程实施确认。
采购合同(中英文版)
PURCHASE ORDER 采购合同 合同编号( Contract No.)：日期(Date)： 卖方(Seller)： 地址(Address): 电话(Tel)：传真(Fax)：电子邮箱(E-mail)： 买方(Buyer)： 地址(Address): 电话(Tel)：传真(Fax)： 邮箱(E-mail)： The undersigned seller and buyer have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions set forth as below: 买卖双方经协商同意按下列条款成交： https://www.360docs.net/doc/523304699.html,modity, Quantity and Price: 1.1. The contract price will be calculated based on the actual shipping quantity. 结算总金额以实际发货数量计算。 1.2. The packing list should indicate the weight of a balk and the quantity of bales. 装箱单应表明规格，每包重量，数量和装箱的总重量。 1.3 As seller's parking list indicated. 以卖方的装箱单为准. 2. Shipment 装运: 2.1 The seller is responsible to load products into the container. 卖方负责装入集装箱内。 2.2 Package: opp bag
英文合同-货物进口合同(中英文)
英文合同:货物进口合同(中英文) 这篇《英文合同范文:货物进口合同(中英文)》是为大家整理的，希望对大家有所帮助。以下信息仅供参考！！！ 签约日期：买方：卖方： 本合同由买卖双方缔结，用中、英文字写成，两种文体具有同等效力，按照下述条款，卖方同意售出买方同意购进以下商品： 【章名】第一部分 １．商品名称及规格 ２．生产国别及制造厂商 ３．单价 ４．数量 ５．总值 ６．包装 ７．保险 ８．装船时间 ９．装运口岸 １０．目的口岸 １１．装运唛头，卖方负责在每件货物上用牢固的不褪色的颜料明显地刷印或标明下述唛头，以及目的口岸、件号、毛重和净重、尺码和其它买方要求的标记。如系危险及／或
有毒货物，卖方负责保证在每件货物上明显地标明货物的性质说明及习惯上被接受的标记。 １２．付款条件：买方于货物装船时间前一个月通过＿＿＿＿＿＿银行开出以卖方为抬头的不可撤销信用证，卖方在货物装船启运后凭本合同交货条款第１８条ａ款所列单据在开证银行议付贷款。上述信用证有效期将在装船后１５天截止。 １３．其它条件：除非经买方同意和接受，本合同其它一切有关事项均按第二部分交货条款之规定办理，该交货条款为本合同不可分的部分，本合同如有任何附加条款将自动地优先执行附加条款，如附加条款与本合同条款有抵触，则以附加条款为准。 【章名】第二部分 【章名】１４．ｆｏｂ／ｆａｓ条件 １４．１．本合同项下货物的装运舱位由买方或买方的运输代理人＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿租订。 １４．２．在ｆｏｂ条件下，卖方应负责将所订货物在本合同第８条所规定的装船期内按买方所通知的任何日期装上买方所指定的船只。 １４．３．在ｆａｓ条件下，卖方应负责将所订货物在本合同第８条所规定的装船期内按买方所通知的任何日期
购销合同范本简洁版
购销合同范本简洁版 销货方：____________(以下简称甲方) 购货方：____________(以下简称乙方) 签约时间：__________ 签约地点：__________ 第一条经购销双方协商交易活动，必须履行本合同条款。具体品类(种)，需签订要货成交单，并作为本购销合同的附件;本合同中的未尽事宜经双方协商需补充的条款可另附协议书，亦视为合同附件。合同附件与本合同具有同等效力。经双方确认的往来信函、传真、电子邮件等，将作为本合同的组成部分，具有合同的效力。 签订成交单，除上级规定按计划分配成交外，其余商品一律采取自由选购，看样成交的方式。 第二条合同签订后，不得擅自变更和解除。如甲方遇不可抗拒的原因，确实无法履行合同;乙方因市场发生骤变或不能防止的原因，经双方协商同意后，可予变更或解除合同。但提出方应提前通知对方，并将“合同变更通知单”寄给对方，办理变更或解除合同的手续。 按乙方指定花色、品种、规格生产的商品，在安排生产后，双方都需严格执行合同。如需变更，由此而产生的损失，乙方负担;如甲方不能按期、按质、按量按指定要求履行合同，其损失，甲方负担。第三条成交单中的商品价格，由双方当事人商议决定，或以国家定价决定。
在签订合同时，确定价格有困难，可以暂定价格成交，上下幅度双方商定。 国家定价的商品，在合同规定的交(提)货期限内，如遇国家或地方行政部门调整价格，按交货(指运出)时的价格执行。 逾期交货的，如遇价格上调时，按原价执行;遇价格下调时，按新价执行。逾期提货的，遇价格上调时，按新价执行，遇价格下调时，按原价执行。由于调整价格而发生的差价，购销双方另行结算。 第四条运输方式及运输费用等费用，由双方当事人协商决定。 第五条各类商品质量标准，甲方严格执行合同规定的质量标准，保证商品质量。 第六条商品包装，必须牢固，甲方应保障商品在运输途中的安全。乙方对商品包装有特殊要求，双方应具体合同中注明，增加的包装费用，由乙方负担。 第七条商品调拨，应做到均衡、及时。对合同期内的商品可考虑按____∶____∶____的比例分批发货;季节性商品按承运部门所规定的最迟、最早日期一次发货;当令商品，零配件和数量较少的品种，可一次发货。 第八条对有有效期限的商品，其有效期在2/3以上的，甲方可以发货;有效期在2/3以下的，甲方应征得乙方同意后才能发货。 第九条甲方应按乙方确定的合理运输路线、工具、到达站(港)委托承运单位发运，力求装足容量或吨位，以节约费用。 如一方需要变更运输路线、工具、到达站时，应及时通知对方，并
常用专业术语英文
组装、冲压、喷漆等专业词汇 Assembly line组装线 Layout布置图 OOBA开箱检查 fit together组装在一起 fasten锁紧(螺丝) fixture 夹具(治具) pallet栈板 barcode条码 barcode scanner条码扫描器 fuse together熔合 repair修理 operator作业员 QC quality品管 supervisor 课长 section supervisor课长 deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长 ME制造工程师 MT制造生技 cosmetic inspect外观检查 inner parts inspect内部检查 thumb screw大头螺丝 lbs. inch镑、英寸 front plate前板 rear plate后板 chassis基座 bezel panel面板 power button电源按键 reset button重置键Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试 V oltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键 sheet metal parts 冲件 plastic parts塑胶件 SOP制造作业程序 material check list物料检查表 trolley台车 carton纸箱 sub-line支线 left fork叉车 personnel resource department 人力资源部 production department生产部门 planning department企划部 QC Section品管科 stamping factory冲压厂 painting factory烤漆厂 molding factory成型厂 punching machine 冲床 robot机械手 lathe车床 planer |'plein|刨床 miller铣床 grinder磨床 driller??床 linear cutting线切割 electrical sparkle电火花 welder电焊机 staker=reviting machine铆合机 position职务 president董事长 general manager总经理 special assistant manager特助 factory director厂长 department director部长 deputy manager | =vice manager副理 group leader/supervisor组长 line supervisor线长 thickness gauge厚薄规 gauge(or jig)治具 power wire电源线 buzzle蜂鸣器 defective product label不良标签 identifying sheet list标示单 iudustrial alcohol工业酒精 Tiana天那水 packaging打包 missing part漏件 wrong part错件 excessive defects过多的缺陷 critical defect极严重缺陷 major defect主要缺陷 minor defect次要缺陷 not up to standard不合规格 dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏 大(小) cosmetic defect外观不良 slipped screwhead/slippery screw head 螺丝滑头 speckle斑点 rust生锈 deformation变形 burr(金属)flash(塑件)毛边 poor staking铆合不良 excesssive gap间隙过大 grease/oil stains油污 inclusion杂质 painting peel off脏污 shrinking/shrinkage缩水 mixed color杂色 scratch划伤 poor processing 制程不良 poor incoming part事件不良 painting make-up补漆 discoloration羿色 water spots水渍 polishing/surface processing表面处理 exposed metal/bare metal金属裸露 lack of painting烤漆不到位 safety安全 quality品质 delivery deadline交货期 cost成本 engineering工程 die repair模修 enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects企划 qualified products, up-to-grade products良品 defective products, not up-to-grade products不良品 to return material/stock to退料 scraped |'skræpid|报废 (be)qualfied, up to grade合格 not up to grade, not qualified不合格
社会学专业词汇中英文对照
（按中文拼音首字母排序） B 暴民：mob 比拟法：analogical method 比例抽样：proportionate sample 不可知论：agnosticism 变态心理学：abnormal psychology 不完全归纳：incomplete induction 边际效用递减：law of diminishing marginal utility 柏拉图式爱情：Platonic love C 丛众：conformity 残疾人：the handicapped 参考书目：bibliography 参考群体：reference group 成人教育：adult education 初婚年龄：age at first marriage 垂直流动：vertical mobility 出身群体：descent group 抽样误差：sampling error 抽样范围：sampling frame 参与式观察：participant observation D 代沟：generation gap 对照分析：contrastive analysis 定性分析：qualititive analysis 定量分析：quantitative analysis 定额抽样：quota sample 多重人格：multiple personality 地位流动：status mobility 第一手资料：primary data 第二手资料：raw data 单因素实验：single-factor experiment 地域性流动：geographical mobility F 法人：fictitions person 反隔离：desegregation 犯罪学：criminology 父居家庭：patrilocal family 父系亲属：agnate 父子关系：filiation 分析性研究：analytical research 封闭式监管：close custody 封闭型问题：closed question 分层随机抽样：stratified random sample G 规范：norms 更年期：menopause 过激主义：ultraism 个案研究：case study 个人主义：individualism 归属需求：need to belong 个人崇拜：personality cult 功能主义：functionalism H 行话，黑话：argot 横坐标：abscissa 合理趋势：rational trend 霍桑效应：Hawthorne effect 婚姻调适：marriage adjustment 宏观分析：macroscopic analysis 黄金分割：golden section 互补角色：complementary role J 家谱：family religrees 截点：cut-off point 拒答率：refusal rate 绝对值：absolute value 监护人：chaperonage 角色冲突：role conflict 角色距离：role distance 角色紧张：role strain 金钱崇拜：mammon worship 间接暗示：indirect suggestion 价值中立：value free 价值判断：value judgement
中英文购销合同
产品购销合同 (PURCHASE CONTRACT) 甲方（买方）： Buyer : 乙方（卖方） : Supplier : 买卖双方同意成交下列产品，订立条款如下：The undersigned Seller and Buyer agree following transaction, terms and conditions are specified as below: 第一条定购产品： Art.1 Ordered products: 第二条质量要求及技术标准： Art. 2 Quality requirements and technical specifications: 2.1按照本合同第一条约定的规格生产产品，质量标准按照生产厂商技术标准。 2.1 In accordance with prescribed products description of Art.1, the quality standard is based on manufacturer’s technical standard. 第三条发货时间和发货方式： Art. 3 Delivery time and terms of shipment: 3.1 发货时间： 3.1 Lead Time: 3.2 发货方式: 3.2 Terms of shipment: 第四条付款方式： Art. 4 Terms of payment: 第五条收货和验收条款： Art. 5 Goods reception and acceptance: 5.1 验收标准：按照本合同第二条约定的质量要求及技术标准。 5.1 Acceptance criteria: according to the Art. 2 Quality requirements and technical specifications of the present contract 第六条违约责任： Art. 6 Liability for breach of contract: 6.1 甲方延期付款的，乙方交付产品的时间可相应顺延，甲方按照延期支付金额的0.5% /日向乙方支付滞纳金，直至款项付清之日。甲方延期支付超过三十日的，乙方有权选择解除合同，甲方按照合同滞纳金标准向乙方支付违约金（支付至乙方提出解除日），向乙方返还产品，甲方已经支付的款项作为赔偿，如不足以弥补乙方的损失的，由甲方另行赔偿。 6.1 Should Party A postpone payment, Party B has right to delay shipment date; Party A should co nsequently pay late fees of 0.5% per day of the contract amount to party B till date of full paymen
国内购货合同中英文版
购货合同 PURCHASE CONTRACT 合同编号： Con tract No.: 签订日期： Date : 签订地点： Signed at: 买方: The Buyers: 地址： Address: 联系人： Con tact: 电话(Tel): 传真(Fax): 邮箱/E-mail: 卖方： The Sellers: 地址： Address: 联系人： Con tact: 电话(Tel): 传真(Fax): 邮箱/E-mail: 经买卖双方确认根据下列条款订立本合同： The un dersig ned Sellers and Buyers have con firmed this con tract in accorda nee with the terms and conditions stipulated below: 1.商品名称及规格 Name of Commodity & Specification 2.数量 Quan tity 3.单价 Unit Price 4?总金额 Amount 5.包装
Pack ing 6.交货时间 Delivery Time 7.交货地点 Delivery Place 8.运输方式 Means of Transport 9.保险 In sura nee 由 ______ 方按发票金额的_______ %投保____________ ，加保_______ 从______ 到_______ 。 To be covered by ________________ for __________ % of the invoice value covering additional from to ________ . 10?付款条件 Terms of Payment 卖方收到50%定金后开始生产，发货前买方付清余款。 After the receipt of 50% of the total value payme nt, the seller shall beg in the product ion and the buyer pay the balanee of the total value before delivery. 11.装运通知 Shipping Advice 一旦装运完毕，卖方应立即电告买方合同号、品名、已装载数量、发票总金额、毛重、运输工具名称及启运日期等。 The sellers shall immediately, upon the completion of the loading of the goods advise the buyers of the Con tract No. n ames of commodity, loaded qua ntity, inv oice value, gross weight, names of vessel and shipment date by TLX/FAX. 12.交货原则 Delivery Policy 卖方在规定时间内所送货物必须符合订单要求，送错或送少，应及时更换或补货，否则，所带来的损失由卖方全部承担。 The sellers with in the prescribed time delivery of goods must comply with the order request, sent to the wrong or the less, should be replaced or replenishment, otherwise, the losses borne entirely by the sellers. 13.推迟交货和罚款 Late Delivery and Penalty 如卖方没有按照合同规定准时交货，买方同意卖方付给罚款。加入卖方交货期超过7天，买方有权取消合同。取消合同的情况，卖方仍不能延误付给买方上述罚款。 Should the Sellers fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Con tract, the Buyers shall agree to postp
产品购销合同范本简单版
产品购销合同范本简单版 产品购销合同范本 销货方：________(以下简称甲方) 购货方：________(以下简称乙方) 签约时间：______________ 签约地点：______________ 第一条经购销双方协商交易活动，必须履行本合同条款。具体品类(种)，需签订要货成交单，并作为本购销合同的附件;本合同中的未尽事宜经双方协商需补充的条款可另附协议书，亦视为合同附件。合同附件与本合同具有同等效力。经双方确认的往来信函、传真、电子邮件等，将作为本合同的组成部分，具有合同的效力。 签订成交单，除上级规定按计划分配成交外，其余商品一律采取自由选购，看样成交的方式。 第二条合同签订后，不得擅自变更和解除。如甲方遇不可抗拒的原因，确实无法履行合同;乙方因市场发生骤变或不能防止的原因，经双方协商同意后，可予变更或解除合同。但提出方应提前通知对方，并将“合同变更通知单”寄给对方，办理变更或解除合同的手续。 按乙方指定花色、品种、规格生产的商品，在安排生产后，双方都需严格执行合同。如需变更，由此而产生的损失，乙方负
担;如甲方不能按期、按质、按量按指定要求履行合同，其损失，甲方负担。 第三条成交单中的商品价格，由双方当事人商议决定，或以国家定价决定。 在签订合同时，确定价格有困难，可以暂定价格成交，上下幅度双方商定。 国家定价的商品，在合同规定的交(提)货期限内，如遇国家或地方行政部门调整价格，按交货(指运出)时的价格执行。 逾期交货的，如遇价格上调时，按原价执行;遇价格下调时，按新价执行。逾期提货的，遇价格上调时，按新价执行，遇价格下调时，按原价执行。由于调整价格而发生的差价，购销双方另行结算。 第四条运输方式及运输费用等费用，由双方当事人协商决定产品购销合同范本简单版产品购销合同范本简单版。 第五条各类商品质量标准，甲方严格执行合同规定的质量标准，保证商品质量。 第六条商品包装，必须牢固，甲方应保障商品在运输途中的安全。乙方对商品包装有特殊要求，双方应具体合同中注明，增加的包装费用，由乙方负担。 第七条商品调拨，应做到均衡、及时。对合同期内的商品可考虑按3∶3∶4的比例分批发货;季节性商品按承运部门所规定的
铁矿砂购销合同中英文对照
The Seller / 卖方( hereinafter known as “Seller”/以下称为“卖方”)： The Buyer/ 买方( hereinafter known as “Buyer”/以下称为“买方”)： This Contract ( hereinafter known as “Contract”/以下称为“合同”) is made by and between the Seller and the Buyer whereby the Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the under mentioned Product， on the terms and conditions stated below: 买卖双方同意按照本合同下列规定条款和条件交易： Clause-1 Commodity / 条款-1 商品名称 iron ore ( hereinafter known as “Product”/以下称为“货物”) according to the specifications in clause three(3): Iron ore of Fe 63.5% on dry basis. 铁矿砂按条款(3)所定之品质规格：铁矿砂含铁量为63.5%干基。 Clause- 2 Order Quantity and Shipment / 条款-2 合同数量和装船 Total quantity: 50，000 DMT ( Fifty Thousand Dry Metric Tons +/-5%). 合同总数量:干公吨±5%。 Shipment size: DMT per vessel +/- 5%. 每船装运:干吨± 5%。 Delivery schedule: DMT. The shipment within 30 days after Seller in
专业术语中英文对照表
语文课程与教学论 名词术语中英文对照表 the Chinese Course and Teaching and Learning Theory in Chinese and English Teaching materials editing teaching materials /Chinese Teaching Materials /edit teaching materials /Uniformed Chinese Teaching Materials /Experimental Teaching Materials /Mother Tongue Teaching Materials /Teaching Materials of the New Course *textbook *reading book *teaching reference book *exercises book *studying plan Technology /Educational Technology /Modern Educational Technology /Educational Technology in Chinese Teaching /multi-media technology /net technology /cloud serving technology *white board *net meeting *chat room *blog Teaching Basic Theory of the Teaching teaching aim teaching task teaching objective teaching model teaching tactics teaching principle teaching program teaching reform teaching case Courseware teaching resources teaching experiment /mother tongue teaching A Term List of 1. 教材（ JC ） 教材编写 /语文教材 /编写教材 / 统编教材 /实验教材 /母语教材 /新课程教材 * 课本 * 读本 * 教学参考书（教参） * 练习册 *学案 2. 技术（ JS ） / 教育技术 /现代 教育技术 /语文 教育技术 /多媒 体技术 / 网络 技术 /云服务技 术 * 白板 *网 络会议 *聊天室 * 博克 3. 教学 （JX ） 教学基本理论 教学目的 教学 任务 教学目标 教学模式 教学 策略 教学原则 教学大纲 教学 改革 教学案例 教学课件 教学 资源 教学实验 /母语教学
CISG_联合国国际货物销售合同公约(中英文对照)
联合国国际货物销售合同公约 United Nations Convention On Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods，1980 （CISG） 1980年4月11日订于维也纳 本公约各缔约国，铭记联合国大会第六届特别会议通过的关于建立新的国际经济秩序的各项决议的广泛目标，考虑到在平等互利基础上发展国际贸易是促进各国间友好关系的一个重要因素，认为采用照顾到不同的社会、经济和法律制度的国际货物销售合同统一规则，将有助于减少国际贸易的法律障碍，促进国际贸易的发展，兹协议如下：THE STATES PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTION, BEARING IN MIND the broad objectives in the resolutions adopted by the sixth special session of the General Assembly of the United Nations on the establishment of a New International Economic Order, CONSIDERING that the development of international trade on the basis of equality and mutual benefit is an important element in promoting friendly relations among States, BEING OF THE OPINION that the adoption of uniform rules which govern contracts for the international sale of goods and take into account the different social, economic and legal systems would contribute to the removal of legal barriers in international trade and promote the development of international trade, HA VE DECREED as follows: 第一部分适用范围和总则 PART I-Sphere of Application and General Provisions 第一章适用范围 Chapter I-Sphere of Application 第一条 （1）本公约适用于营业地在不同国家的当事人之间所订立的货物销售合同： （a）如果这些国家是缔约国；或 （b）如果国际私法规则导致适用某一缔约国的法律。 （2）当事人营业地在不同国家的事实，如果从合同或从订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时，当事人之间的任何交易或当事人透露的情报均看不出，应不予考虑。 （3）在确定本公约的适用时，当事人的国籍和当事人或合同的民事或商业性质，应不予考虑。 Article 1 (1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States: (a) when the States are Contracting States; or (b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State. (2) The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract. (3) Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of this Convention. 第二条 本公约不适用于以下的销售： （a）购供私人、家人或家庭使用的货物的销售，除非卖方在订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时不知道而且没有理由知道这些货物是购供任何这种使用； （b）经由拍卖的销售； （c）根据法律执行令状或其它令状的销售；
工程专业术语中英文对照
工程专业术语中英文对照
CDB工程专业术语中英文对照(二） 添加时间：2013-4-24 节流截止放空阀 2011-08-10 16:50:46| 分类：English | 标签：|字号大中小订阅 六、仪表及自动控制 通用描述 COMMON DESCRIPTION 设备名称Equipment Name 缩写 ABB. 分散控制系统Distributed Control System DCS 安全仪表系统Safety Instrumentation System SIS 紧急切断系统Emergency Shutdown system ESD 火气系统Fire and Gas system F&G 监视控制和数据采集系统 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA 可编程逻辑控制器Programmed Logic Controller PLC 远程终端单元Remote Terminal Unit RTU 站控系统Station Control System SCS 中央控制室Central Control Room CCR 操作间Operation room 机柜间Equipment room/ Cabinet room 大屏显示系统Large Screen Display system LSD 流量类仪表 FLOW INSTRUMENT 设备名称Equipment Name 孔板Orifice Plate 文丘里流量计Venturi Flowmeter 均速管流量计Averaging Pitot Tube 阀式孔板节流装置 Orifice Plate in quick change fitting 涡轮流量计Turbine Flowmeter
出口合同中英文对照contract
CONTRACT 合同号Contract 日期 Date: 地点：Place: 卖方： The Seller: 地址：Address: TEL: FAX: 买方：The Buyer: 地址：Address: TEL: FAX: 本合同由买卖双方缔结，按照下述条款，卖方同意售出，买方同意购进以下商品： The Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the under mentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows: 1.商品名称及规格 NAME OF COMMODITY AND SPECIFICATION: 2.数量 QUANTITY: 3.单价（包装费包括在内）UNIT PRICE (PACKING CHARGES INCLUDE):
4.总值: TOTAL VALUE: USD 5.包装（适于海洋运输） PACKING (SEAWORTHY): 6.生产国别及制造商 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN & MANUFACTURE: 7.装运时间： TIME OF SHIPMENT: 8.装运口岸： PORT OF LOADING: 9.目的口岸： PORT OF DESTINATION: 10.装运唛头： SHIPPING MARKS 11．保险：根据_____保险公司保险条款按发票金额___%INSURANCE：投保____险。 Covering All Risks for ___% of the invoice value as per Insurance: Policy of People’s Insurance Company China 由买方自理。 To be affected by the Buyer. 12．付款条件：_____________________ TERMS OF PAYMENT：________________ 合同货款应由买方通过卖方可接受的银行，按合同总价开出以卖方为受益人的、无追索权、保兑、不可撤销、可转让、可分批装运、可转船的信用证支付。凭________即其期汇票在提示第10条所列装运单据时付款。该信用证最迟应于装运期开始前________天开到卖方，而且在装运期结束后15天内仍能在中国有效议付。 若买方未能履行上述义务，根据卖方的选择，可终止本合同，或接受本合同的部分或全部，或就由此而发生的任何损失提出索赔。 Payment hereunder shall be made by confirmed ; irrevocable and transferable
房务部专业术语中英文对照
房务部：Rooms Division 前厅部：Front Office 客房部：Housekeeping 大堂副理：Assistant Manager 宾客关系主任：Guest Relation Officer 前台：Front Desk 接待处：Reception/Check-in 收银处：Cashier/Check-out 领班：Captain 主管：Supervisor 班次负责人：Shift Leader 商务中心：Business Center 客房服务代表：Guest service agent(接待和收银合并之后的前台人员的称呼)简称GSA 电话总机：Switch Board 接线员：Operator 预订处：Room Reservation 礼宾服务处：Concierge 大厅服务处：Bell Service 金钥匙：Golden Key 行政楼层：Executive Floor 行政酒廊：Executive Lounge 行李生：Bellman 迎宾员：Doorman 夜审：End of Day /Night auditor 2．前厅服务项目专业术语介绍 入住：Check-in 退房：Check-out 外币兑换：Foreign Currency Exchange 问询：Information 接送机服务：Pick up service 叫醒服务：Wake up call 请勿打扰服务：DND Do not disturbed 失物招领：Lost and Found 国内直拨和国际直拨电话：DDD and IDD Domestic Direct Dial and International Direct Dial对方付费电话：Collect Call 3．前厅常用物品术语介绍： 住宿登记单：Registration card 欢迎卡：Welcome card 订房凭证：Voucher 交接本：log book 信封：Envelope 房卡钥匙：Room key 安全保管箱：Safe Deposit Box 客房统计和出售率统计的术语 预离房：Expected Departure 预抵房：Expected Arrival
货物进口合同(中英文)通用版
合同编号：YTO-FS-PD435 货物进口合同(中英文)通用版 In Order T o Protect Their Own Legal Rights, The Cooperative Parties Negotiate And Reach An Agreement, And Sign Into Documents, So As To Solve Disputes And Achieve The Effect Of Common Interests. 标准/ 权威/ 规范/ 实用 Authoritative And Practical Standards
货物进口合同(中英文)通用版 使用提示：本合同文件可用于合作多方为了保障各自的合法权利，经共同商议并达成协议，签署成为文件资料，实现纠纷解决和达到共同利益效果。文件下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用。 签约日期： 买方： 卖方： 本合同由买卖双方缔结，用中、英文字写成，两种文体具有同等效力，按照下述条款，卖方同意售出买方同意购进以下商品： 【章名】第一部分 １．商品名称及规格 ２．生产国别及制造厂商 ３．单价（包装费用包括在内） ４．数量 ５．总值 ６．包装（适合海洋运输） ７．保险（除非另有协议，保险均由买方负责） ８．装船时间 ９．装运口岸 １０．目的口岸
１１．装运唛头，卖方负责在每件货物上用牢固的不褪色的颜料明显地刷印或标明下述唛头，以及目的口岸、件号、毛重和净重、尺码和其它买方要求的标记。如系危险及／或有毒货物，卖方负责保证在每件货物上明显地标明货物的性质说明及习惯上被接受的标记。 １２．付款条件：买方于货物装船时间前一个月通过______银行开出以卖方为抬头的不可撤销信用证，卖方在货物装船启运后凭本合同交货条款第１８条ａ款所列单据在开证银行议付贷款。上述信用证有效期将在装船后１５天截止。 １３．其它条件：除非经买方同意和接受，本合同其它一切有关事项均按第二部分交货条款之规定办理，该交货条款为本合同不可分的部分，本合同如有任何附加条款将自动地优先执行附加条款，如附加条款与本合同条款有抵触，则以附加条款为准。 【章名】第二部分 【章名】１４．ｆｏｂ／ｆａｓ条件 １４．１．本合同项下货物的装运舱位由买方或买方的运输代理人___________租订。 １４．２．在ｆｏｂ条件下，卖方应负责将所订货物在本合同第８条所规定的装船期内按买方所通知的任何