2017高考英语写作训练(语法与写作+写作模板+评分标准)

写作训练（1）——语法与写作

名词

【常见问题】

对于名词，学生在实际写作应用中主要存在以下常见问题：

1．写作中对于复数名词易疏漏-s或-es，如

I'd love to make friend with you. (误)

All the picture displayed are of great value. (误)

2．部分名词的复数变化错误，如: familys, knifes, difficulttys, pinaoes, heros, woman doctors, tooths, childrens, medias。

3

Through your constant effort, you will success sooner or later. (

Taking regular exercise can benefit our healthy. (误)

4

It is high time we took actions to reduce the factors contributing to global warming. (误)

Without your help, I wouldn't have made progresses in English. (误)

【【写作词汇升级】】运用高级词汇或替换划线部分内容

1. Realizing her mom must be very tired after a day’ s work, the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder. In return/reply, the mom kneels down to show how happy and thankful she feels.

→Realizing her mom must be very tired after a day’s work, the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder. In response, the mom kneels down to show how happy and thankful she feels.

2. I often read your newspaper.

→I’m a regular reader of your newspaper.

3. I'm really interested in this job and hope I can work for you.

→I’m really interested in this position and hope I can work for you.

4. Thus I began to recognize the advantages of my classmates and have everyone do their part in class. →Thus I began to recognize the strengths of my classmates and have everyone do their part in class.

5. As is known to all, as people’s living standards improve, cars have become a popular means of transport, and is very convenient to our life.

→As is known to all, with the improvement of people’s living standards, cars have become a popular

means of transport, bringing great convenience to our life.

6. Most Chinese mothers are not in favor of what the writer did.

→The majority of Chinese mothers are not in favor of What the writer did.

7. But I have some difficulties with note-taking and I don’t know how to use the library.

→But I have some difficulties with note-taking and I have no idea of how to use the library.

8. I like these rare animals very much because they are faced with dying out.

→I like these rare animals very much because they are in danger of dying out.

冠词

【【常见问题聚焦】】

由于受到汉语的干扰，疏漏冠词是我们中国学生在写作中常见错误类型之一。存在的误区有以下几种：

1．对抽象名词具体化的应用判断失误。

The Christmas evening party was success. (误)

The Christmas evening party was a success. (正)

2. 冠词在一些固定结构中的误用。

Mrs. Taylor has an eight-year-old daughter who has the gift for painting--she has won two national prizes.（误）

Mrs. Taylor has an eight-year-old daughter who has a gift for painting--she has won two national prizes. (正)

Our teacher is kind to us and he often has words with us. (误)

Our teacher is kind to us and he often has a word with us. (正)

3. 冠词表示类别和不用冠词时的易错点。

In many places in China, a bicycle is still the popular means of transportation. (误)

In many places in China, the bicycle is still a popular means of transportation. (正)

【【写作词汇升级】】运用高级词汇或结构替换划线部分内容

1. He entered the house, with a gun in his hand.

→He entered the house, gun in hand.

2. Although she is a child, she has a great interest in the stars.

→Child as/though she is, she has a great interest in the stars.

3. The teacher will give us a talk this afternoon. He is al-so a writer.

→The teacher and writer will give us a talk this after-noon.

4. He walks to school every morning.

→He goes to school by walk/on foot every morning.

5. A dog is faithful to its master.

→The dog is faithful to its master.

→Dogs are faithful to their masters.

6. These sweaters have the same size.

→These sweaters are of a size.

7. After two trials, he tried once more.

→He tried a third time after two trials.

8. She disappointed us.

→She was a disappointment to us.

9. We should learn from him. He's a man like Lei Feng.

→He is a Lei Feng, so we should learn from him.

10. He likes writing with a pencil.

→He likes writing in pencil.

代词

【【常见问题聚焦】】

Ⅰ.学生在实际应用中有下列错误倾向：

1．主格、宾语混乱，如：

You and us should join hands to do it. (误)

You and we should join hands to do it. (正)

2. 语序错误，如：

I and my family all like playing golf. (误)

My family and I all like playing golf. (正)

3．称谓指代混乱，如：

(1) Everyone should take an umbrella with yourself. (误)

(2) Recently there is a heated discussion about whether it's necessary to cancel the division of

liberal art classes and science classes in Senior Middle Schools on the Internet.

Someone thinks it can help students improve all-round abilities …. (误)

在某一篇习作中，不少同学都写出了第二自然段这样的表达，it到底指代上文的什么，令人费解。Ⅱ.改正下列习作中代词的使用错误

1. I would appreciate you if you could come and help me with my work.

改正:I would appreciate it if you could come and help me with my work.

2. She kept looking behind her to see if she was being lowed.

改正：She kept looking behind herself to see if she was being followed.

3. In order to guarantee the students' health, the school offers them a bag of milk every.

改正:In order to guarantee the students' health, the school offers them a bag of milk each.

4. It is the power of TV that can make a person suddenly famous.

改正:Such is the power of TV that it can make a per-son suddenly famous.

5. One of the most important questions they had to consider was what of public health.

改正: One of the most important questions they had to consider was that of public health.

【【写作词汇升级】】运用高级词汇或结构替换划线部分内容

1. I suddenly remember that I forgot to turn off the gas.

→It occurs to me that I forgot to turn off the gas.

2. Talking of Beijing Opera, we think it's quite a matter of personal taste.

→When it comes to Beijing Opera, we think it quite a matter of personal taste.

3. You’11 take plenty of time to find him in the crowd.

→It' 11 take you plenty of time to find him in the crowd.

4. Everyone says this is the best film we've ever seen.

→It is said that this film is better than any other film we’ve ever seen.

5. We had a good time last night.

→We enjoyed ourselves last night.

6. I don't feel well today.

→I am not myself today.

7. They happened to be out.

→It happened that they were out.

8. The couple are said to have gotten divorced.

→It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.

9. In China, the weather in the south is quite different from the weather in the north. →In China, the weather in the south is quite different from that in the north. 10. Some people like football, some don’ t.

→Not everyone likes football.

→Everyone doesn't like football.

数词

【【常见问题聚焦】】

Ⅰ.下面是学生在写作中常犯的与数词和主谓一致致有关的错误：

1．个别基数词、序数词的拼写错误，如：

fourty(误)

forty(正)

ninty(误)

ninety(正)

nineth(误)

ninth(正)

twentieth(误)

twentieth(正)

January 23th,2012(误)

January 23rd,2012(正)

2. 含hundred, thousand, million, billion 的数前有较具体数时常见错误，如：数百万several millions people(误)

several million people(正)

several millions of people(正)

3. 某些包含序数词的固定搭配中常错用了冠词

获得冠军gain the first place(误)

gain first place(正)

gain the first prize(获得一等奖)（正）

4. 主谓在数上不能保持一致

Ⅱ.判断正误

1. 她刚过了12岁生日

(误)She has just spent her twelveth birthday,

(正)She has just spent her twelfth birthday.

2．我们将学第一课

(误)We are going to learn the Lesson One.

(正)We are going to learn Lesson One/the First Lesson.

3．虽然他已是80岁的人了，他每天还骑自行车。

(误) He rides his hike every day though he is in his eighty.

(正) He rides his bike every day though he is in his eighties.

4．老师要我们写一篇200个词的文章。

(误) The teacher asked us to write a two-hundred-words composition.

(正) The teacher asked us to write a two-hundred-word composition.

5．我们3人都是学英语的的学生。

(误)Three of us are the students of English.

(正)The three of us are the students of English,

【写作词汇升级】

1. When I was thirteen years old, I never dealt with the daily things, such as washing clothes, taking care of money, etc.

→At the age of 13 ,I never dealt with the daily things,

such as washing clothes, taking care of money, etc.

2. We get, the latest news that Amy's elder daughter, who is 17, has been admitted to both Harvard and Yale.

→We get the latest news that Amy’s 17-year-old elder daughter has been admitted to both Harvard and Yale.

3. Many ways have been tried to stop noise pollution.

→Many a way has been tried to stop noise pollution.

→More than one way has been tried to stop noise pollution.

4. Asia is four times as large as Europe.

→Asia is three times larger than Europe.

→Asia is four times the size of Europe in area.

介词

【常见问题聚焦】

Ⅰ.下面是学生在写作中常犯的与介词有关的错误：

1．句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少

He is the man I just spoke. (误)

He is the man I just spoke to. (正)

I don't know which school he studies. (误)

I don't know which school he studies in. (正)

I don't know in which school he studies. (正)

I don't know where he studies. (正)

2．因不熟悉介词及介词短语语法功能和不同搭配而造成语句混乱，搭配不当等错误。

I often come to school take bus, but sometimes I come by my father’ s car.（误）

I often come to school by bus, but sometimes I come in my father's car. (正)

Ⅱ.英汉差异造成的介词错用

1. marry表示“结婚”。在汉语中说“和……结婚”，用作不及物动词；而在英语中却用作及物动词，之后接宾语；在表达“get/be + married ( 与……结婚)”这个意义时介词要用to, 不用with。2．表示“受伤”时，汉语习惯说“……上伤了”，而英语则用介词in表示。如：He has a knife wound in the leg.

3. 表示“撞到……上“，英语用into,而不用onto。如：He drove into a tree yesterday.

昨天他开车撞到树上了。

4．表示“和……相同”时，英语不用with, 而且as;表示“……和……不同时”，用from。如：

A is different from B. A和

B 不同。

A is the same as B. A 和

B 相同。

5. 表示“在……帮助下”，英语用with，不用under。如：with the help of the teacher

在老师的帮助下

6. 表示“在收音机/电视/电话里”时，英语用on the radio/on TV/on the telephone。

7．表示“孔、洞、窗户）在墙上”时，英语用in表示，但表示“（图画）等在墙上”时，用表示。如：

He made holes in the wall. 他在墙上凿了些洞。

【写作词汇升级】

运用高级词汇或结构替换划线部分内容

1. The company needs an English interpreter badly.

→The company is in great need of an English interpreter.

2. He went abroad for further study.

→He went abroad for the purpose of further study.

3. A new school is being built now.

→A new school is under construction at present.

4. The sun set down and they went home hurriedly.

→They went home in a hurry with the sun setting down.

5. He arrived on time.

→He arrived on schedule.

6. He attended the meeting as our representitive.

→He was present at the meeting on behalf of us.

7. The book is very useful.

→The book is of great use.

8. He felt frightened when he thought of this.

→At the thought of this, he felt frightened.

9. He was surprised to find her there, too.

→To his surprise, he found her there, as well.

10. Eighty percent of the people support the plan.

→Eighty percent of the people are in favor of the plan.

形容词和副词

【常见问题聚焦】

Ⅰ.正误判断

1．我校比上海任何一所学校大。

(误)Our school is bigger than any school in Shanghai.

(正) Our school is bigger than any other school in Shanghai.

2．他同球队中的任何一个篮球队员一样是个好篮球手。

(误) He is as a good :basketball player as any one else in the team.

(正)He is as good a basketball player as any one else in the team.

3．我练习本里的错比他的多得多。

(误) There are much more mistakes in my exercise-book than in his.

(正) There are many more mistakes in my exercise-book than in his.

4．这卫生间太小了。我们连一个洗脸盆也不能装。

(误) The bathroom is fairly small. We can't even fix a wash-basin in it,

(正)The bathroom is rather small. We can't even fix a wash-basin in it. 5．近来他干得很好。

(误) He has been doing well later.

(正)He has been doing well lately.

6．这里的学生大多数是中国人。

(误)The students here are most Chinese.

(正)The students here are mostly Chinese.

Ⅱ.下面是学生在写作中常见的问题：

1. 搭配错误，如：

(1)Judging from his sadly face... (误)

Judging from his sad face... (正)

(2)Little Tom felt very sadly. (误)

Little Tom felt very sad. (正)

(3)You will get warm welcomed. (误)

You will get warmly welcomed. (正)

[提示]记住以下几句话：

形容词修饰名词；

副词修饰动词或形容词；

系动词与形容词构成系表结构。

2．汉语干扰，词性混乱

⑴形容词误作动词

He eager to know everything about China. (误)

He's eager to know everything about China. (正)

⑵形容词与名词混淆

The sport teaches us the important of obedience. (误)

The sport teaches us the importance of obedience. (正)

⑶形容词与副词混淆

Unfortunate, many people are ignorant of it. (误)

Unfortunately, many people are ignorant of it. (正)

3．比较级的错误表达，如：

海平面升得起来越高。

The sea level is rising more and more high. (误)

The sea level is rising more and more higher. (误)

The sea level is rising higher and higher. (正)

[提示]未掌握好比较级的变化规则是造成错误的主要原因。

【写作词汇升级】

运用高级词汇或结构替换划线部分内容

1. She doesn't look as young as you (do).

→She looks less younger than you (do).

2. He is the most lovely child that I’ve ever met.

→I have never met a more lovely child than him.

3. China is the largest country in Asia.

→China is the largest one of all the Asia countries.

→China is larger than any other country in Asia.

4. This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.

→This big stone is three times the weight of that one.

→This big stone is twice heavier than that one.

5. When you cross the street, you must be careful.

→When crossing the street, you can never be too careful.

→You can never be careful enough to cross the street.

6. If you are more careful, you' il make fewer mistakes.

→The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you' ll make.

7. He finally accepted the very difficult job.

→Eventually he took the extremely challenging job.

8. He is famous for his knowledge of science as a scientist.

→He is distinguished/outstanding for his knowledge of science as a scientist.

9. We were struck by the beautiful scenery.

→We were fascinated by the attractive scenery.

10. I hope he will realize that it is very important.

→Hopefully, he will realize it is very essential/significant.

→Hopefully, he will come to know it is of great essence/ significance.

动词和动词短语

【常见问题聚焦】

判断正误

1．美国内战于1860年爆发。

(误)The American Civil War was broken out in 1860.

(正)The American Civil War broke out in 1860.

2．过去人们曾认为地球是平的。

(误) People were used to believe that the earth was flat.

(正)People used to believe that the earth was flat.

3．无论你得出什么结论都必须以事实为基础。

(误)Whatever conclusion you have arrived at must be decided on facts.

(正)Whatever conclusion you have arrived at must be based on facts.

4. 别太靠近火，否则你的夹克容易着火。

(误)Keep away the fire, or your jacket will catch fire easily:

(正) Keep away from the fire, or your jacket will catch fire easily.

(正) Keep off the fire, or your jacket will catch fire easily.

5．如果漏掉一个单词，句子的意思可能会彻底改变。

(误)If you should miss a word, the meaning of a sentence might be wholly changed.

(正)If you should leave out a word, the meaning of a sentence might be wholly changed. 6．我们是好朋友，什么也不能打断我们的友谊。

(误) We are good friends, and nothing can break out our friendship.

(正)We are good friends, and nothing can break up our friendship.

7．司机的粗心导致了一场严重事故。

(误)The carelessness of the driver resulted from a serious accident.

(正)The carelessness of the driver resulted in a serious accident.

8．爸爸工作了一天，累坏了。

(误)Father was tired of after a day's work.

(正)Father was tired out after a day's work.

9．我们期待再一次在上海见到你

(误) We are looking forward to see you again in Shanghai.

(正) We are looking forward to seeing you again in Shanghai.

10．现在我们找不到他在书中提到的那个地方。

(误)Now, we can't find the place he referred in the book.

(正)Now, we can't find the place he referred to in the book.

【写作词汇升级】

运用高级词汇或结构替换划线部分内容

1. Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house.

→An idea occurred to me that someone had broken in-to my house.

→It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.

2. Thank you very much for your help.

→We appreciate your help very much./Your help is much appreciated.

3. Plenty of memory work is helpful to English study.

→Plenty of memory work will contribute to English study.

4. Would you please help me to turn down the radio?

→Would you please do me a favor to turndown the radio?

5. He is very interested in collecting stamps.

→He is crazy about/absorbed in/addicted to collecting stamps.

6. I met him by chance the other day.

→I happened to meet him the other day.

→It happened that I met him the other day.

7. As a result, we won the match.

→As it turned out, we won the match,

8. The kids are eager for knowledge.

→The kids have a strong appetite for knowledge.

9. You should use your spare time well.

→You are expected to make good use of your spare time.

→You are supposed to take good advantage of your spare time.

10. Our school lies to the west of the station with an area of 200 mu.

→Our school is located/situated to the west of the station and covers an area of 200 mu.

非谓语动词

【常见问题聚焦】

判断正误

1．我们认为惩罚她是错误的。

(误)We thought it wrong for her to punish.

(正) We thought it wrong for her to be punished.

2．在交测验卷之前，你应该检查一遍试卷。

(误) Before handing in your test paper, it is necessary to go over the whole paper.

(正) Before handing in your test paper, you should go over the whole paper.

(正) Before you hand in your test paper, you Should go over the whole paper.

3. 你可停止看电视吗？你看了太久了。

(误) Would you please stop to watch TV? You have watched it for too long.

(正) Would you please stop watching TV? You have watched it for too long.

4. 我父亲告诉我，他常带我去那个公园，但我不记得曾被带到那公园去过。

(误) My father told me that he often took me to the park before, but I don't remember to be taken to the park.

(正) My father told me that he often took me to the park before, but I don't remember being taken to the park.

5．你的西装需要烫一下。

(误)Your suit needs to iron.

(正) Your suit needs ironing.

(正)Your suit needs to be ironed.

6．看，树都倒下来了。昨晚肯定刮大风。

(误)Look, the trees are failing. There must have been a strong wind last night.

(正) Look, the trees are fallen. There must have been a strong wind last night.

7．那人仰面躺着，整个身体埋在沙里。

(误) The man lay on his back, with his whole body burying in the sand.

(正)The man lay on his back, with his whole body buried in the sand.

8．由于从一座4层楼的建筑物上摔下来，我们想那孩子活不了了。

（误）Falling from a four-storey building, we thought the boy would never survive.

(正) As he fell from a four-storey building, we thought the boy would never survive.

9．如果时间允许的话，我将再讲一个小时。

(误)Time permits, I'll talk for another hour.

(正)Time permitting, I' ll talk for another hour.

10.由于在那城市没住多久，我仍然对那里很陌生。

(误)Having not been in the city long, I was still a stranger there.

(正)Not having been in the city long, I was still a stranger there.

【写作句式升级】

Ⅰ.用非谓语动词结构改写下列句子

1. She hurried to the station, but found that the bus had left．

She hurried to the station, only to find that the left.

2. He stood there, and wondered what to do.

He stood there, wondering what to do.

3. I had not received his reply. I emailed him again.

Not having received his reply, I emailed him again.

4. The show will be held next month. It will last a fort-night.

The show to be held next month will last a fortnight.

5. The center was opened in 2002. It gained great popularity.

Opened in 2002, the center gained great popularity.

Ⅱ．一句多译

1. 雨下得很大，造成了这个地区的严重水灾。

(l)It had rained heavily, which resulted is severe flood in this area.

(2) It had rained heavily, resulting in severe flood in this area.

2. 杰克生于1984年，是一名工人。

(1)Jack was born in 1984, and he is a worker.

(2)Jack, born in 1984,is a worker.

3．她坐在窗户旁边，陷入了沉思。

(l) She sat by the window and she was lost in thought.

(2) She sat by the window, lost in thought.

4．老师在讲课，他的一个学生站在外面。

(1)The teacher is giving a lesson while his student is standing outside.

(2) The teacher is giving a lesson with his student standing outside.

5．这个孩子还没有做完作业就出去玩了。

(1)The child went out for a play; he didn't finish his homework.

(2)The child went out for a play with his homework unfinished.

动词的时态和语态

【常见问题聚焦】

Ⅰ．在时态和语态方面常出现的错误

1．时态的误用，如：

Nowadays some students thought it was a good idea to keep pets because many old people who lived alone at home could get some comfort from pets.（误）

Nowadays some students think it is a good idea to keep pets because many old people who live alone at home can get some comfort from pets.（正）

2．动词时态与时间状语不一致，如：

Recently, the CCTV and some TVs began to take some measures.（误）

Recently, the CCTV and some TVs have begun to take some measures.（正）

3．前后时态不一致，如：

She liked it very much and reads it to the class. （误）

She liked it very much and read it to the class. （正）

4．一般过去时与现在完成时混淆

如：His cousin has been in the army for five years.

Then he worked as a mechanic in a garage.

此处has been应为was。

5．画蛇添足式的被动，如：

(1) Some students were failed in the exam and they had low scores.（误）

Some students failed in the exam and they had low scores.（正）

(2) Sandstorms are broken out every year.（误）

Sandstorms break out every year.（正）

(3)The team is consisted of 20 players.（误）

The team consists of 20 players.（正）

The team is made up of 20 players.（正）

6．被动意识的缺失，如：

It can protect Chinese from damaging by English abbreviations.（误）

It can protect Chinese from being damaged by English abbreviations．（正）

注意：写作过程中通篇只使用主动语态，其实，偶尔使用被动语态可使句式灵活多变，表达更加活泼。

Ⅱ．判断正误

1．他参加共青团已有两年了。

（误）He has joined the Youth League for two years.

in the Youth League for two years.

(正)He has been a member of the Youth League

for two years.

(正)It's two years since he joined the Youth League.

2．他到后，请告诉我。

（误）Please tell me when he arrive.

（正）Please tell me when he arrives.

（正）Please tell me when he has arrived.

（正）Please tell me when he will arrive.

3．如果你不做这个练习，你就不可以看电视。

（误）If you will not do this exercise, you can' t watch TV.

（正）If you don ' t do this exercise. you can' t watch TV.

4．汤姆不做完作业是不会玩的。

（误）Tom won’t play unless he finished his home work.

(正）Tom won't play unless he has finished his home work.

5．这是我第二次参观那个博物馆。

(误) It's the second time that I visited that museum.

(正) It's the second time that I have visited that museum.

情态动词和虚拟语气

【常见问题聚焦】

I．写作中情态动词与虚拟语气的使用常存在以下3方面的问题

1．表达的单调性

例如在写一封回信向好友表达建议时，重复使用You should_既显得单调，同时强硬的语气影响了交际效果。

我们可以灵活多样地表达建议，如You'd better…／You might as well./Why not…？等。2．情态动词搭配错误

You'd not better quarrel with your neighbors whatever happens.（误）

You'd better not quarrel with your neighbors whatever happens.（正）

→Need I tell him everything that has happened to his father?

→Yes，you need.（误）

→Yes，you must. (正)

The King was so hot-tempered that no one dares tell him the bad news.（误）

The King was so hot-tempered that no one dare (dares to) tell him the bad news.（正）

3．时间错综句的虚拟语气的表达错误

从句与主句或上下文所表达的时间不一致，部分考生仍照搬某种形式，因未按照句中所表述的时间关系，而用错虚拟形式。如：

If his television set had not been stolen yesterday, he would have watched TV now.(×)

If l were you, I would choose to take the job then.( ×)

Ⅱ．判断正误

1．如果她明天来的话，我将告诉她这一消息。

（误）If she came tomorrow, I would tell her the news.

（正）If she should come tomorrow, I would tell her the news.

（正）If she were to come tomorrow, I would tell her the news.

2．要是她那天没误火车就好了。

（误）If only she didn't miss the train the other day.

（正）If only she hadn't missed the train the other day.

3．他们该回家了。

（误）It's time that they go home.

（正）It's time that they went home.

4．没有你的帮助，我们不会取得这么大的进步。

（误）Without your help, we didn't make so much progress.

（正）Without your help, we wouldn't have made so much progress.

5．如果她没误火车的话，她现在就在这里了。

(误) If she didn't miss the train, she is here now.

(正) If she hadn't missed the train, she would be here now.

名词性从句

【常见问题聚焦】

对于名词性从句，学生在实际运用中主要存在以下问题：

I．语序问题

1．These pictures show you what does our village look like.（误）

These pictures show you what our village looks like. (正)

此处宾语从句的语序应用陈述语序，而不是特殊疑问句的语序。

2. Do you think which of these is the most useful invention?（误）

Which of these do you think is the most useful invention?（正）

在疑问语气中，宾语从句的连接词应担当特殊疑问词的角色位于句首。

Ⅱ．what和that的运用

America was that was first called “India”by Columbus.（误）

America was what was first called“India”by Columbus.（正）

在名词性从句中，连接词that既不作任何句子成分，也没有意义。而连接代词what则相反，它充当从句的主干成分且有其自身的意义。

另外，我们可以把what解释为：the+名词+that/which。

Ⅲ．whether和if的运用

If we’ll hold the party has not been decided yet.（误）

Whether we’ll hold the party has not been decided yet.（正）

whether适用于任何情况；if(作“是否”讲)仅限于动词宾语从句中，但discuss，decide等动词后的宾语从句除外。

Ⅳ．连接词的使用易受汉语干扰

The reason why I was late is because l was trapped in the traffic jam. (误）

The reason why l was late is that l was trapped in the traffic jam.（正）

通过提取简化可得出：The reason is because…在英语中这显然造成了重复现象。

写作句式升级

一句多译

1．据报纸上报道，两国之间的会谈正取得进展。

(l) As is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.

(2)It is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress.

⑶What is reported in the newspapers is that talks between the two countries are making progress;

⑷That talks between the two countries are making progress is reported in the newspapers.

2. 她的宠物狗死了使她很难过。

(1) Her pet dog was dead, and this made her very sad.

(2) Her pet dog was dead, making her very sad.

(3) Her pet dog was dead, which made her very sad.

(4)What made her very sad is that her pet dog was dead.

(5)That her pet dog was dead made her very sad.

3．他旷课是因为他生病住院了。

(1)He was absent from class because he was ill in hospital.

(2) He was ill in hospital. That's why he was absent from class.

(3) He was absent from class. That's because he was ill in hospital.

(4)The reason why he was absent from class is that he was ill in hospital.

4．不管谁违反了法律都该受到惩罚。

(1)No matter who breaks the law, he or she will be punished.

(2) Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.

(3)Whoever breaks the law will be punished.

(4) He who breaks the law will be punished.

5. 李明是一个胸怀大志的人，他为我们树立了好的榜样。

(1) Li Ming is a great person full of determination, and he sets a good example to us.

(2) Such is Li Ming, a great person with determination, who sets a good example to us.

6．他应该做的是呆在家里，等他的母亲下班回家。

(l)What he should do is that he stays at home and waits for his mother from work.

(2)What he is supposed to do is to stay at-home, waiting for his mother from work.

定语从句

【常见问题聚焦】

I．对于定语从句，学生在实际运用中主要存在以下问题：

定语从句意识缺失

1．关系代词被菩通代词取代

(1)I have many collections of stamps, some of them are my favorite.（误）

(2)I have many collections of stamps, some of which are my favorite. （正）

2．关系代词遗漏

(1)The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows．（误）

(2)The last one who leaves the classroom please close the windows.（正）

句(l)从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。

Ⅱ. 假冒伪劣的定语从句

1．有从无主式

(1) My friend Jane, who is very friendly to us classmates.（误）

(2) My friend Jane, who is very friendly to us classmates, has a variety of hobbies.（正）

句(1)虎头蛇尾，属有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。句(2)则是一个完整的句子。2．从句成分残缺式

(l) Those who against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.（误）

(2)Those who are against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.（正）

句(l)定语从句的谓语不完整。介词against不能单独作谓语。

3．画蛇添足式

(1) As can be seen from the picture, that a sad boy stands between his angry parents.（误）

(2) As can be seen from the picture, a man who is talking happily.（误）

(3)I have many collections of stamps, and some of which are my favorite.（误）

句(l)中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句是不需要连接词来引导的。所以，应去掉that。

句(2)中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。

句(3)中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。

Ⅲ．判断正误

1．我从未听说过你刚才讲的那些人和事。

（误）I’ ve never heard of the people and things which you talked about just now.

（误）I' ve never heard of the people and things who(m) you talked about just now.

（正）I've never heard of the people and things that you talked about Just now.

2．这是得到回答的唯一的一个问题。

（误）This is the only question which has been answered.

（正）This is the only question that has been answered.

3．这就是我们上个星期天参观过的那个博物馆。

（误）This is the museum where we visited last Sunday.

（正）This is the museum which/that we visited last Sunday.

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4．我们犯了和你上次一样的错误。

（误）We have made the same mistake which you made last time.

（正）We have made the same mistake as you made last time.

5．这是他曾经住过的房子。

（误）This is the house which he once lived.

(正) This is the house in which/where he once lived.

6．这就是我想说的。

（误）This is all what/which l want to say.

(正) This is what/all (that)1 want to say.

7．我们一起度过的那些夜晚我也过得很开心。

（误）I also enjoyed the evenings when we spent together.

（正）I also enjoyed the evenings (which/that) we spent together.

8．众所周知，台湾是中国的一部分。

（误）Which is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.

（正）As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.

【写作句式升级】

用定语从句合并下列句子

1．I have two books. Neither of them are interesting.

I have two books, neither of which are interesting.

2. The factory is being built in my hometown. It will open next year.

The factory that/which is being built in my hometown will open next year.

3. The students will not pass the exam. They don't study hard.

The students who don't study hard will not pass the exam.

4. The letter is from my sister. I received it yesterday.

The letter (that/which) I received yesterday is from my sister.

5. The woman is our geography teacher. You saw her in the park.

The woman (that/whom) you saw in the park is our geography teacher.

6. The play was wonderful. We watched it last night.

The play ( that/which) we watched last night was wonderful.

7. That's the child. We were looking at his drawing just now.

That' s the child whose drawing we were looking at just now.

8. He was very rude to the customers. It, of course, made things even worse.

He was very rude to the customers, which, of course, made things even worse.

9. A poor kid is begging his father to spare some water for him. The picture shows it.

As the picture shows, a poor kid is begging his father to spare some water for him.

10. Luckily, we managed to find the missing tickets. We would have missed the match without them.

Luckily, we managed to find the missing tickets, without which we would have missed the match.

状语从句

【常见问题聚焦】

I．在表达应用中往往缺乏并列句意识，主要存在以下两个方面的倾向：

1．机械排列简单句

I believe I am fit for it. I’m writing to apply for the po sition．

如果我们把意义相关的这两个句子用适当的连接词连接起来，可得到下面的句子：

I believe I am fit for it, so I’m writing to apply for the position.

比较一下，同学们是不是感觉后者要优于前者呢？是的，并列连词的应用可增强句子之间的逻辑性和美感，使句子之间显得更加紧凑。

2．逗号连接两个简单句

I'm enthusiastic and easy-going, I’m easy to get along with and can cooperate well with others.

在该句中含有两个简单句，中间用逗号起了连接作用，显然这是不符合英语语法规则的。我们不妨做如下改动：

I’m enthusiastic and easy-going, so I'm easy to get along with and can cooperate well with others. Ⅱ．对于状语从旬，学生在实际运用中主要存在以下问题：

1．从句意识缺乏

(1)The Expo is very attractive. We are all eager to pay a visit to it．

(2)The Expo is so attractive that we are all eager to pay a visit to it．

通过比较不难发现，句(2)比句(1)更加紧凑且逻辑性强，增强了交际效果。

2．状语从句成分残缺

(1) Please close the doors and windows before leave the classroom.（误）

(2) Please close the doors and windows before you leave the classroom.（正）

由于受汉语的干扰，句(l)中状语从句漏掉了主语。

3．连接词误用

(1)Teachers and parents should respect us no matter we are in or outside school.（误）

(2)Teachers and parents should respect us whether we are in or outside school.（正）

句(1)和句(2)尽管从汉语角度来看意思相同，但是从语法角度no matter -般盾跟特殊疑问词，

而whether可直接引导状语从句。

(3) Though he is considered a great writer, but his works are' not widely read.（误）

(4)Though he is considered a great writer, his works are not widely read.（正）

句(3)中连接词though引导状语从句，而but连接并列句，意思重复且不合乎语法。

Ⅲ. 判断正误

1．他还是个小孩的时候，就经常帮妈妈干活。

（误）During he was a boy, he often helped his mother with her work.

（正）When he was a boy, he often helped his mother with her work.

2．你可以在他住的地方找到那些书。

（误）You may find those books where he lives in.

（正）You may find those books where he lives.

3．如果明天下雨的话，我们就果在家里。

（误）If it will rain tomorrow, we will stay at home.

（正）If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.

4，当我赶到车站时，发现火车已经开走了。

（误）While I got to the station, I found the train had left.

（正）When I got to the station, I found the train had left.

5．他7岁才上学。

（误）He began to go to school until he was seven.

（正）He didn't go to school until he was seven

6．他虽然是个孩子，却很有礼貌。

（误）A child as he was, he had good manners.

（正）Child as he was, he had good manners.

7．我很匆忙，为的是上课不迟到。

（误）I hurried so as l wouldn't be late for class.

（正）I hurried so that l wouldn't be late for class.

8．彼得的车比比赛中其他任何车都快。

（误）Peter's car is faster than any cars in the race.

（正）Peter's car is faster than any other car in the race.

【写作句式升级】

1. As to English, I am particularly fond of it. I do well in speaking and writing.

As to English, I am particularly fond of it, and I do well in speaking and writing.

2. 60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. 40% of the students are in favor of it. 60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees,however,40% of the students are in favor of it.

3. It has no mouth. It can talk.

It has no mouth, but it can talk.

4. You must tell the truth. You will be punished.

You must tell the truth, or you’ll be punished.

5. He has many good friends. He is an honest man.

He has many good friends, for he is an honest man.

6. Mr. Li went to his hometown. Mr. Wang was taking his class instead.

Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead.

7. Last year I met Kate. We became friends.

Last year I met Kate, and we became friends.

8. He wants to be a writer. I want to be a scientist.

He wants to be a writer while I want to be a scientist.

Ⅱ.为下面习作物色合适的并列连词

All this reminds me of my mother who has been doing whatever she could to let me have the best. 1. But, totally engaged in my own study, I seldom pay attention to what mother needs and feels, 2. and always think studying is the only thing I could do in return. Now I know I can do my bit to help with the everyday washing, bed-room cleaning,3. or at least prepare breakfast myself, so as to share mother's daily burden. The picture convinces me it is even more important to be a good daughter than a " good" student.

特殊句型

【常见问题聚焦】

在交际表达中适当引入特殊句式，可提高表达的层次，增强交际效果。但是学生在实际运用中主要存在以下问题：

Ⅰ．缺乏运用意识

语言输出时，多用正常语序的简单句、并列句等。而缺乏运用特殊句式的意识。

Ⅱ. 运用中出现语法错误

1. Only work hard can you achieve your goal. (误)

Only by working hard can you achieve your goal.（正）

2. It is at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.（误）

It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.（正）

3. There have some problems exist in our school.（误）

There exist some problems in our school.（正）

4. Not only did you give up but also did he give up.（误）

Not' only did you give up but also he gave up.（正）

5. Only after the war learned he the sad news.（误）

Only after the war did he learn the sad news.（正）

6. Only when did he return could we find out the truth.（误）

Only when he returned could we find out the truth. (正)

7. It was at midnight when I got back home yesterday.（误）

It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.（正）

It was midnight when I got back home yesterday.（正）

【写作句式升级】

一句多译

1．直到我在高中当选为我班的班长时，我才意识到团队协作的重要性。

(1)I didn’t realize its importance . until I was chosen monitor of my class in my senior middle

school.

(2) Not until I was chosen monitor of my class in my senior middle school did I realize its

importance.

(3)It was not until I was chosen monitor of my class in my senior middle school that I realized its

importance.

2．是团队协作而不是靠我自己摆脱困境并使我的工作效率更高。

(1)Working in teams instead of on my own has freed me of trouble and made my work more

efficient.

(2)It is working in teams instead of on my own that has freed me of trouble and made my work

more efficient.

3. 我是晨光中学学生会主席李华。

(1)I am Li Hua. I am chairman of the Student Union.

I am from Chenguang High School.

(2)1 am Li Hua, chairman of the Student Union, from Chenguang High School.

4．我相信在老师们和同学们的共同努力下，我们的学校在不久的将来会变成一个更美好的地方。

(1)I believe that if both teachers and students make efforts our school will become a more enjoyable

place in the near future.

(2)I believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become a more

enjoyable place in the near future.

5．是爱与关心带来了这么大的变化。

(l) Love and concern have brought about the great changes.

(2)1t is love and concern that have brought about the great changes.

6．他们在学习上是那么的活跃和放松，很显然，他们享受他们的功课。

(1)They are very active and relaxed in learning, obviously, they are enjoying their lessons.

(2) So active and relaxed are they in learning that obviously they are enjoying their lessons.

主谓一致

【常见错误聚焦】

Ⅰ．下面是学生在写作中的常见错误

1. The singer and dancer are to attend our evening party. are应改为is

2. They each has an apple. has应改为have

3. Simple and plain living are a fine quality. are应改为is

4.A needle and thread are what he needs now. are应改为is

5. He joins the football team who is all famous footballers．is应改为are

6.A football team who keeps on training hard are more likely to win.

keeps应改为keep; are应改为is

7. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, are going to visit Beijing this summer.

are应该为is

8.A survey of the opinions of experts show that three hours of outdoor exercise a week are good for one's health. show虚改为shows；are应改为is 9. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area needs repairing.

needs应改为need

10. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where haven’ t been decided yet. haven’t应改为hasn’t

Ⅱ．判断正误

1．你的朋友兼顾问已经同意借给我一笔钱。

（误）Your friend and adviser have agreed to lend me some money.

（正）Your friend and adviser has agreed to lend me some money.

2．许多科学家为科学献出了生命。

（误）Many a scientist have sacrificed their lives for science.

（正）Many a scientist has sacrificed his life for science.

3．王先生偕同妻子去了澳大利亚，

（误）Mr. Wang, together with his wife, have gone to Australia. （正）Mr. Wang, together with his wife, has gone to Australia. 4．每个男孩子都有自己的书。

（误）Each of the boys have their own books.

（正）Each of the boys has his own books.

5．盲人没有拐杖就不能行走。

(误)The blind is not able to walk without sticks.

(正)The blind are not able to walk without sticks.

6．自那以后，五年过去了。

（误）Five years have passed since then.

（正）Five years has passed since then.

7．那些喜欢唱歌的人可以加入我们。

(误）Those who likes to sing can join US.

（正）Those who like to sing can join us.

8．汤姆和我都不会离开。

（误）Neither Tom nor I are leaving.

（正）Neither Tom nor I am leaving.

句子和句子成分

【常见问题聚焦】

判断正误

1．她身体健康。

（误）His body is healthy.

（正）He is healthy.

2．她头发开始灰白，这使她有些担心。

（误）It worried her a bit for her hair was getting grey.

（正）It worried her a bit that her hair was getting grey.

3．现在5点钟。

（误）Now is five o'clock.

(正)It is five o'clock now.

4．这道数学题很难解出。

（误）This maths problem very difficult to work out.

（正）This maths problem is very difficult to work out.

5．学习英语对你来说很重要。

（误）English is important for you to learn.

（正）It's important for you to learn English.

6．它用英语怎么讲？

（误）How do you call it in English?

（正）What do you call it in English?

7．他不知该怎么办。

(误)He didn't know how to do.