设计管理是工程项目管理的一个重要组成部分1

设计管理是工程项目管理的一个重要组成部分，它的职责范围根据各单位的性质和分工的差异有所不同。一般来说，设计管理的职责范围包括设计单位的选定、对设计进度进行跟踪管理、设计图纸的审查、严格控制设计变更，从而实现对工程项目三大目标（投资、进度和质量）的控制。

Design management engineering project management is an important part of its responsibilities according to each unit of the nature and the division of labor have different differences. In general, the design management duties range from design, selection of the unit to design progress management, design drawing up the review, strictly control the change of the design, so as to realize the three objectives of the project (investment, schedule and quality) control.

设计单位的选定可以采取直接指定、设计招标及设计方案竞赛等方式。对于一些特殊行业的项目设计，由于一些和项目有关的设计参数以及运行数据掌握在相关行业的设计院手中，其他设计院无法参与其中，故只能采取直接指定的方式。例如福建炼油化工有限公司一体化项目中配套的厂外供电和化工铁路等项目的设计就采取直接委托的方式。而对于通用的设计项目，为了优选，保证工程设计质量，降低设计费用，缩短设计周期，就采用设计招标来选定设计单位。例如福建炼油化工有限公司现有宾馆

改造项目的设计就采取设计招标的方式来选定设计单位。而设计方案竞赛的主要目的是用来获得理想的设计方案，同时也有助于选择理想的设计单位，从而为以后的工程设计打下良好的基础。例如福建炼油化工有限公司一体化项目中配套的青兰山原油库区护岸项目的设计原来直接委托给国内一家甲级设计单位（A设计院）进行设计，后来又邀请国内另一家甲级设计单位（B设计院）参与设计方案竞赛，为了慎重起见，业主邀请了五位专家对两家设计单位的设计方案进行比选，最后经专家评审，B设计院的设计方案被采用。项目管理者联盟文章，深入探讨。

The design of the selected unit can take designated directly, design bidding and design way of competition. For some special industries of project design, because some and the design parameters of the project and operating data controls in the relevant industry design institute hand, and other design institute can't participate, it can only take designated directly way. For example in fujian refining chemical Co., LTD. Integrated project matching factory outside power supply and chemical railway project design is taken directly by the way. And for the general design of the project, in order to optimization, ensure engineering design quality and reduce the design cost, shorten the design cycle, use design bidding to

selected design units. Such as fujian refining and chemical industry Co., LTD existing hotel transformation project of design will take the bidding for the design way to selected design units. And the design is the main purpose of the design competition is used to obtain ideal design, but also help to select the ideal design units, and the engineering design for the future lay a good foundation. For example in fujian refining chemical Co., LTD. Integrated project of form A complete set QingLan mountain of the design of the crude oil revetment project was entrusted to A domestic directly class A design unit (A design institute) design, then invite domestic another class A design units (B design institute) participate in design competition, in order to be cautious, owner invited five experts to two design unit of the design schemes are voted, and finally by the expert, B design scheme of the design institute was adopted. The project management league article, further discussed.

当设计单位选定以后，建设单位和设计单位就设计费用及委托设计合同中的一些细节进行谈判、磋商，双方取得一致意见后，就签订建设工程设计合同。在该合同中，需要明确设计进度及设计成果交付的时间和数量。建设工程中项目管理对设计进度控制

的主要任务是出图控制，也就是通过采取一些有效措施使工程设计者如期完成初步（基础）设计、施工图设计等各阶段的设计工作，并提交相应的设计图纸和说明。而目前国内大部分的设计合同在某种程度上来讲，不利于甲方，缺乏对设计方进度控制的约束。为了更好的解决这一问题，应该在设计合同中明确表示出以项目设计阶段的可交付成果（里程碑）作为支付设计费用的必要要求。设计管理人员应和合同管理人员一道按照合同要求对设计单位的工作进度进行严格的控制。这一点，我们在实际工作中深深感受到它的重要性。

When design unit after selected, the construction unit and the unit will design fees and design by some of the details of the design contract negotiations, negotiation, the two sides agreed on, after a construction project design contract. In the contract, the need to clear the design progress and design results of the delivery time and quantity. Construction engineering project management to design schedule control is the main task of the drawing control, also is through the take some effective measures to engineering designers finish preliminary (basic) design and construction drawing design and so on various stages of the design work, and submit the relevant design drawings and specifications. And at present domestic

most of the design contract in some extent, go against party a, lack of progress control design constraints. In order to solve this problem, should be in the design show clearly in the contract to design phase of the project deliverables (milestone) as payment for the necessary requirements design fees. Design management personnel should contract management personnel in accordance with the contract to design a unit of work for a strict control. This, in our actual work deeply impressed the importance of it.

投资控制贯穿于项目建设的全过程，影响项目投资最大的阶段，是约占工程项目建设周期1／4的技术设计结束前的工作阶段。在初步设计阶段，影响项目投资的可能性为75％～95％；在技术设计阶段，影响项目投资的可能性为35％～75％；在施工图设计阶段，影响项目投资的可能性为5％～35％。很显然，项目投资控制的重点在于施工以前的投资决策和设计阶段，而在项目作出投资决策后，控制项目的投资关键就在于设计。据西方一些国家分析，设计费一般只相当于建设工程全寿命费用的1％以下，但正是这少于1％的费用却基本决定了几乎全部随后的费用。由此可见，设计对整个建设工程的效益是何等重要。目前中国国内工程建设项目有关投资控制存在的问题在于：设计、采购与施工分家，这就导致了工程项目管理的过程中工作的衔接方面

出现了比较大的问题，使工程造价普遍较高，怎么解决这一问题，关键就在于很好的应用设计管理到工程项目管理中来，这样做的目的不仅有利于工作很好的衔接，而且能够在功能方面，更能够满足合理化、人性化的要求，更好的体现客户的要求，真正做到客户利益最大化。要解决这一问题，可采用价值工程（价值分析）的方法，即运用集体智慧和有组织的活动，着重对产品进行功能分析，使之以最低的成本，可靠地实现产品必要的功能，从而提高产品价值的一套科学的技术经济分析方法。价值工程目前在我国还刚刚处于起步阶段，但大量事实证明，它在工程设计中对于控制项目投资，提高工程价值是大有可为的。对于一些特定或投资较大的项目，可以采用目前国际上流行的EPC或其他工程承包方式，价值工程会越来越显示它对控制项目投资所能发挥的巨大作用。

The investment control in the whole process of construction projects throughout, influence the biggest stage project investment, is about of the project construction period a quarter of technical design of the stage before the end of the work. In the preliminary design stage, and influence the possibility of project investment is 75% ~ 95%; In the technology design phase, influence the possibility of project investment is 35% ~ 75%; In the design of construction stage, influence the possibility of

project investment is 5% ~ 35%. Obviously, the project investment control in the construction of the key is that before the decision and design stage, and in the project to make investment decisions, control project of investment is key design. According to some western countries analysis, design general, only the equivalent of construction project cost the life of below 1%, but it is less than 1% of the cost was almost all the basic decided then costs. This shows, the design to the construction of the benefit is so important. At present Chinese home construction project about the investment control are the problem is: design, procurement and construction break up, leading to the project management in the process of working communication appeared in one of the big issues, the engineering generally high cost, how to solve this problem, the key lies in the very good application design management to engineering project management, the aim is not only beneficial to work very good cohesion, and can in function, the more can meet the requirements of rationalization, the human nature, better reflect the requirements of customers, is really the customer benefit maximization. To solve this problem, can use value

engineering (value analysis) method, using the collective wisdom and organized activities, mainly on the product function analysis, make with the minimum cost, reliable product to achieve the necessary function, so as to improve the product value of a set of scientific technology economic analysis method. Value engineering in our country at present is still just at the beginning stage, but the fact that a large, it in the engineering design for control project investment, improve engineering value is well worth doing. For some specific or greater investment project, can use at the international fashion EPC or other engineering contracting way, the value engineering will be more and more shows it to control project investment can play a huge role.

设计单位完成各阶段的可交付成果（设计成果）后，设计管理单位应组织相关单位对可交付成果进行审查。如果业主没有相应的专业技术人员，应聘请相关有专业资质的单位或专家参与审查。在审查过程中，首先应审查设计单位是否严格遵守有关工程建设及质量管理方面的法律、法规；是否严格遵守有关工程建设的技术标准；审查设计项目是否满足业主所需要的功能和使用价值。在项目的实施过程中，不可预见的因素很多，不可避免的会发生一些设计变更。设计变更是指设计部门对原施工图纸和设计

文件中所表达的设计标准状态的改变和修改。设计变更是工程变更的一部分内容，因而它也关系到进度、质量和投资控制，所以加强设计变更的管理，对规范各参与单位的行为，确保工程质量和工期，控制工程造价等有十分重要的意义。作为设计管理部门，它的职责是对设计变更进行技术经济比较，严格控制设计变更。对非发生不可的变更，则设计变更发生越早越好。变更发生得越早，则损失越小，反之就越大。如果在设计阶段变更，只须修改图纸，其他费用尚未发生，损失有限；如果在采购阶段变更，不仅需要修改图纸，设备材料还必须重新采购；若在施工阶段变更，除上述费用外，已施工的工程还须拆除，势必造成重大变更损失。为此，要建立相应的设计管理制度，尽可能把设计变更控制在设计阶段，对影响工程造价的重大设计变更，需进行由多方人员参加的技术经济论证，获得有关管理部门批准后方可进行，使工程造价得到有效控制。设计变更费用一般应控制在建安工程总造价的5%以内，由设计变更产生的新增投资额不得超过基本预备费的1/3.目前的国内工程项目中变更数多达20%，做的较好的也要10%左右，这说明了工程项目管理工作的不到位，即设计管理工作的不深入。

Design units every stage of the complete deliverables (the design results), design management unit should organize the related units to examine the deliverables. If the owner no corresponding specialized technical personnel,

professional qualifications shall invite related units or experts in review. In the course of examination, first shall examine whether unit strictly abide by relevant design engineering construction and quality management law, laws and regulations; Whether strictly abide by the relevant engineering construction technical standard; Review design program is not satisfy the need of the function and the use value. In the project implementation process, the unforeseen many factors, inevitably happen some design change. The change of the design is to point to design department of the construction drawing and design documents expressed in design standard change in state and modification. The change of the design is part of the engineering change content, so it is also related to the schedule, quality and investment control, so to strengthen the management of the change of the design, specification in the behavior of the unit, ensure the engineering quality and the construction period, to control the engineering cost, have very important sense. As a design management department, it is the responsibility of the change of the design to compare technical economy, strictly control the change of the design. Do not change to

the happen, the design change happen the sooner, the better. Change happened earlier, the smaller the loss, the greater the vice. If in the design phase change, just modify drawings, the other costs are not taken, the loss is limited; If in purchasing phase change, not only need to modify drawings, equipment, material must also to purchase; If in the construction phase change, in addition to the above fees, already in the construction of still must dismantle, would cause major change to the loss. Therefore, to establish the corresponding design management system, the design as far as possible in the design phase change control, the impact of the project cost of major design change, need to undertake DuoFang by personnel to the technical argumentation, obtains the related management department for approval, and make the project cost control effectively. The change of the design fee generally should be controlled in fabrication of total project cost 5% less than, by the change of the design of the new investment may not have more than a third of the basic general. The current domestic projects in number as many as 20% change, do good also to about 10%, this shows that the project management work does not reach the

designated position, the design of the management work not deeply.

下面列举两个设计管理的例子：

Following are two design management example:

1. 厂区雨水排海工程（土洞段）的设计项目此项目是福建炼油化工有限公司一体化项目的一个配套工程，由国内一家甲级设计单位进行设计。该项目由土（石）洞和暗涵组成，其中土（石）洞长度为1058米，暗涵全长为167米，累计总长度为1225米。在设计阶段，设计人员对该土洞段的地质、水文资料的复杂程度未引起足够的重视，业主在前期设计阶段就已经参与了管理，但在组织施工图审查时，由于业主没有相关的专业人员参与审查，对设计单位所提供的施工图未能发现施工中可能存在的施工隐患。在投标阶段，施工单位对招标文件中提供的地质和水文资料未能作进一步的核实，对地质和水文变化造成的困难严重估计不足，导致低估了施工措施费用。为了安全起见，业主直接委托厦门一家具有相应资质的监理单位进行施工监理。该项目中标价为950万元，于2004年5月25日开工，合同工期为120天。由于工期较紧，施工单位急于开工，施工前期降水时间不足，再加上施工季节为福建沿海台风雨季，水文条件十分复杂，在实际施工过程中，降水井由投标书计划的69个增至实际施工的110个；同时为了赶工期，施工竖井由投标书计划的3个增至实际施工的

10个；再加上地质变化造成土洞塌方、冒顶及特殊地段处理、当地群众干扰迫使施工时断时续、间歇停电降低排水效果，造成施工困难重重，不仅大幅度增加了施工成本，而且施工进度大大滞后。至2004年9月27日为止，该项目暗涵部分全部完成，土（石）洞部分实际完成277.5米，累计完成26﹪，设计变更费用已经增加了130多万元。

1. The rain in sea engineering (earth hole section) design project of the project is in fujian refining chemical Co., LTD. Integrated project of a complete project, class a design by a domestic unit design. The project by soil (stone) hole and culvert composition, including soil (stone) hole length of 1058 meters, culvert length is 167 m, 1225 m for aggregate length. In the design phase, design of the soil hole section personnel of geology, hydrology material the complex degree did not cause enough attention, the owner in the design stage has been involved in management, but in the organization construction

drawing review, as the owners don't have relevant professional personnel in the review, to provide the working drawing design unit failed to find construction could exist in construction hidden trouble. In the bidding phase, the construction unit to provide in the tender

documents of the geological and hydrological data failed to make further verification of the geological and hydrological caused by changes in serious difficulty estimate shortage, lead to underestimate the construction measure cost. To be on the safe side, the owner direct commission has a corresponding qualifications xiamen supervision of construction supervision unit. In this project bid for 9.5 million yuan, on May 25, 2004 in construction, the contract period for 120 days. Because time is tight, construction units are anxious to start work, the insufficient time construction precipitation, plus construction season for fujian coastal typhoon rainy season, the hydrological conditions are very complex, in actual construction process, dewatering well tender plan by 69 to actual construction of 110; At the same time in order to catch the construction period, vertical shaft construction by the tender plan three to actual construction of 10; Plus geological caused by changes soil hole landslide, roof caving and special area in processing, local people interference, intermittent power construction was forced lower drainage effect, causing construction difficulties, not only greatly increased the

cost of construction and construction schedule greatly lag. To on September 27, 2004 so far, this project culvert complete all parts, soil (stone) hole part actual finish 277.5 meters, the total 26), the change of the design cost has been increased to more than 130 yuan.

2. 海底原油管线项目此项目是福建炼油化工有限公司一体化项目的一个重要工程，本工程是将30万吨级原油码头卸至青兰山中转油库的原油通过一条海底管线穿越湄洲湾西南部海域，在福建炼油化工有限公司油库区码头的南侧登陆进入福建炼油化工有限公司油库区，管线全长为14.2公里，其中海底管线全长12.7公里。该项目委托国内一家具有相应资质的甲级设计单位进行设计，不久前已完成项目的初步设计工作。由于该管线是福建炼油化工有限公司一体化项目的神经枢纽，一旦出现管道泄漏，不但影响企业的生产经营，而且将污染海洋环境。为了慎重起见，业主聘请了国内海底管线方面的专家对管线的初步设计进行了评审，同时邀请了国外两家知名的海底管线公司的技术人员就海底管线施工安全和将来运营安全问题和业主交流意见。

2. The crude oil pipeline project that the project is in fujian refining chemical Co., LTD. Integrated project is one of important engineering, the engineering is 30 wharf discharge to QingLan mountain crude oil crude oil transfer through a seabed pipeline across southwest

stretch of the sea, in fujian province oil refining industry Co., LTD. Oil reservoir area of land into the south pier in fujian refining chemical Co., LTD. Oil reservoir area, pipeline, 14.2 kilometers, among which, the 12.7 km seabed pipeline. The project has a domestic corresponding qualifications entrusted the class a design units for design, not long ago the preliminary design of the project has been finished. Because the pipeline is fujian refining and chemical industry Co., LTD. Integrated project nerve hub, once appear pipeline leak, not only influence the production and operation of enterprises, and will Marine environmental pollution. In order to be cautious, owner hire domestic seabed pipeline expert to pipeline on the preliminary design review, and invited the foreign two famous seabed pipeline company's technical staff construction safety and future seabed pipeline operation safety problems and the owner to exchange ideas.

从上述的例子不难看出项目管理中的设计管理是多么的重要，从国际和国内有关项目管理的书籍中还未真正把设计管理纳入工程项目管理的范围中，但是设计管理的重要性在实际工程项

目管理工作的重要性体现的越来越明显，所以对设计管理的重视势在必行。

From the above example it is easy to see in the management of project design management how important it is, from the international and domestic relevant project management books haven't really put the design management into the scope of the project management, but the importance of the management design in practical engineering project management of the importance of work reflect is more and more obvious, so for design management attention is imperative.