机电一体化外文翻译
正文：汽车的转向控制
全文：版权所有1995年美国机械工程师学会
控制系统稳定性是针对提高驾驶安全性提出的一系列措施中最新的一个。这个系统能够在40毫秒内实现从制动开始到制动恢复的过程，这个时间是人的反应时间得七倍。他们通过调整汽车扭矩或者通过应用汽车左侧或右侧制动，如果需要甚至两者兼用，来实现准确的行车路线。这个系统已被应用于奔驰S600汽车了。
稳定的机械自动系统能够在制动时发现肇端，并且在驾驶人员发现能够反应以前实现车辆的减速。
安全玻璃，安全带，撞击缓冲区，安全气囊，ABS系统，牵引力控制系统还有现在的稳定调节系统。汽车安全系统的连续升级，已经产生了一种为保护汽车所有者安全的设计模式。稳定调节系统帮助驾驶员从不可控制的曲线制动中解脱出来，从而避免了汽车的摆动滑行和交通事故。
利用计算机和一系列传感器，稳定调节系统能够检测到制动轮的打滑并且比人更快的恢复对汽车的方向控制。系统每百万分之一秒作出一次快速捕捉，以及断断汽车是否在按照驾驶员的路线行驶。如果检测到汽车行驶路线和驾驶员驾驶路线存在一个微小的偏差，系统会在瞬间纠正发动机扭矩或者应用汽车左右制动。过程的标准反应时间是40毫秒----人的平均反应时间的七分之一。
罗伯特博世工程系统负责人安东·范·桑特解释说：“一个稳定的控制系统能够‘感觉到”驾驶员想要运动的方向，通过控制转向角度，油门踏板的位置，制动板的状态来确定汽车实际运动路线的偏航比率（汽车偏离方向轴的角度）和横向加速度”。项目负责人阿明·马勒领导着范桑特的工作小组和奔驰汽车公司的工程师发明了第一个完全有效的稳定调节系统，该系统由发动机扭矩控制系统，制动系统，牵引控制系统组成以实现理想与现实运动之间的最小差距。
汽车安全专家相信稳定调节系统能够减少交通事故的发生，至少是在伤亡严重的事故方面。安全统计表明，多数的单车撞击事故伤亡（占伤亡事故发生的4%），事故能够通过应用这项新技术避免。这项新系统的额外费用主要用于一系列目前汽车日益普遍应用的制动/牵引控制锁组件。
稳定调节系统技术首次应用于欧洲的奔驰S600汽车，是由德国斯图加特市的罗伯特博世公司和奔驰公司在过去几年共同研制的。该系统在博世公司被称为汽车动力控制（VDC），而默西迪称它为稳定电控系统（ESP），作用就是在任何状况下维持车辆的稳定性。博世公司开发了这项系统，奔驰公司把它应用于车辆。工程师默西迪丝在柏林应用戴姆勒奔驰汽车虚拟驾驶模拟器在极限情况下对系统进行评估，例如极强的侧风。然后他们在瑞典的安杰普劳附近的后娜瓦安湖的冰面上进行性能测试。工作通常是在公路上进行以适用于公共汽车和大卡车，例如避免的折合问题。
稳定调节系统将在1995年中应用于欧洲S系列产品上，随后会在1996年进入美国市场（1995年11月产品）。用户可以选择750美元的系统，就像应用于默西迪丝的试验用的V8发动机上的，也可以选择价格为2400美元的应用于六缸发动机汽车的系统。后者的系统中差不多有1650美元是用于牵引控制系统，该系统是稳定性系统的先决条件。
并不是只有博世公司一家在开发这样的安全系统，美国密歇根州的ITT（美国国际电信公司）汽车公司的奥伯恩·希尔，在1995年1月底特律北美国际汽车展览会上展示了了?忣????峂?悇管理系统（ASMS），“车辆控制器应该像空对地导弹的控制器那样，比较而言，事实上那已经实现了，不同的是两者的费用不同”，美国国际电信公司驻欧洲空对地导弹控制工程负责人约翰尼斯·格雷得说。北美ITT公司“汽车制动和底盘工程”主管汤姆·麦兹指出，在未来十年美国国际电信公司的系统要首先出现在车辆上。很多工程师正在六辆特殊制造的精密车辆模型上调试这种系统。
一个比较简单和较低效率的博世的稳定调节系统也在1995年出现在慕尼黑宝马公司的AG系列750iL和850Ci V-12两款车上。宝马公司的稳定调节系统（DSC）运用的车轮速度传感器同牵引控制系统和标准ABS防抱死系统一样能够识别外部情况，使车辆更容易实现曲线行驶和转弯。为了检测出车辆转弯时潜在的危险，DSC系统检测的是两前轮在转弯时的速度差，DSC系统添加了一个更高级的角度传感器利用现有的一个车辆速度，并且引入了它自身带有的关于完全抱死系统，牵引控制系统，稳定调节系统软件控制原理。
新的博世和ITT自动稳定调节系统得益于航空工业高级技术的发展，就像超音速发动机，汽车的稳定调节单元运用一个基于计算机系统的传感器来调和人与系统之间的，还有轮胎与地面之间差异。另外，系统采用了用于导弹制导系统的回旋传感器。
优于ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统之处
根据范·桑特和博世公司的瑞娜·伊哈德，杰瑞·帕夫在《汽车工程师》杂志所提到的，稳定调节系统是ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统的合理扩展。但是ABS系统的作用发生在制动时车轮转向将被锁死时，牵引控制是预防加速时的车轮滑动，稳定系统是当汽车自由转向时能独立于驾驶员作出操作。依靠不同的驾驶状况系统可以使每个车轮制动或者迅速使四个轮转速适合于发动机的扭矩，从而使车辆稳定和减少由于制动失控带来的危险。新系统不仅仅控制完全制动还可以作用与部分制动，行车路线，加速度，车轮与发动机动作的滞后等，这些是ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统所远远不能达到的。
三种主动的安全系统的作用时刻是一致的，那就是一个车轮被锁死或者车轮渐渐失去方向稳定性或者车轮使得行驶更加困难。如果一辆车必须在较低摩擦系数的路面制动，必须避免车轮抱死以保持行驶稳定性和可驾驶性。
ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统能够预防侧滑，而稳定性系统采取减少侧面受力的稳定措施。如果行驶车辆的侧力不再适当的分配在一个或者更多轮上，车辆就会失稳，尤其是车辆沿曲线行驶时。驾驶员感觉到的“摇摆”起初是转弯或者与车的轴线形成一个纺锤形时。一个独立的传感器必须能够识别这个“纺锤”，而 ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统通过车轮的转速不能检测车辆的横向运动。
转向操作
新系统通过对微小的汽车不足转向（当车辆对于方向盘操作反应迟缓）和方向盘的“过敏”反应（后轮发生来回摆动）。当车辆在转向时如果发生不足转向和过度转向运动时，稳定调节系统能够通过后轮进行内部制动（针对曲线）纠正错误。这种情况是驾驶员不能感觉类似于ABS防抱死系统接近于抱死极限，而使车辆不失去控制。稳定调节系统能够通过发动机降速或者单轮制动来减小推动力。
博世公司的研究员解释说：“侧面偏离角度表明此时车辆的偏航灵敏性，并反映为转向角度，转向角度随着车辆偏离角度的增大而减小。一旦偏离角度超过某一限度，驾驶员就很难重新进行操作。在干燥的路面偏离角度不能够超过10度，而在积雪路面上极限偏离角度为4度。
多数司机没有从制动中恢复的经验。他们不知道轮胎和地面之间的摩擦系数，更不知道他们的车的侧缘稳定边界。当极限被冲破时，驾驶员通常会很紧张以至于做出错误的反应。ITT的格雷柏解释说：“过度转向引起车辆摆尾，使汽车更快的失控。ASMS传感器能够快速的检测到制动开始时各个车轮的活动，从而使车辆恢复到稳定行驶轨道。
对于稳定调节系统界面的可操作性是很重要的，这样可以预示带有稳定系统的驾驶和普通驾驶给人的感觉没有什么区别。
稳定系统最大的优点在于速度，它不仅可以对制动作出快速反应，还可以对车辆状况（例如车重变化，轮胎磨损），路面质量作出快速反应统就能够通过改变侧面受力平横处理，达到最好的驾驶稳定性。
稳定系统识别驾驶员想达到的（理想路线）和车辆实际行驶路线（实际路线）的不同，目前的汽车需要一套高效的传感器和一台高效处理信息的处理器。
博世公司的VDC/ESP电子控制单元是一个由两个48兆的ROM组成的传统实验电路板。范桑特说：“48KB的内存容量是大量用以完成设计任务的‘智能’的代表”。他在SAE中指出。ABS防抱死系统是独立的，只提供四分之一的这样的容量，而ABS和牵引控制系统组合在一起的容量只有这个软件容量的一半。
除了ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统所具有的关系传感器外，VDC/ESP运用了偏航比率传感器，横向加速度传感器，转向角传感器，制动压力传感器来获取汽车的加速，摇摆或者刹车的信息。系统通过管理员获得所需的通常的路面信息。方向盘上的传感器由一组安装在方向盘上的发光二极管和光敏二极管上组成。一只硅压力传感器通过控制前轮刹车内压力油的压力控制制动压力（因为制车压力来源于驾驶员）。
确定车辆实际的行驶路线是一项非常复杂的工作。通过必须的纵向滑动车轮速度传感器提供给反向制动或者牵引控制系统的车轮转速信号，以对可能发生的动作作出精确的分析，无论如何侧向难预料的运动分析是必须的，所以系统必须再拓展两个额外的传感器---偏航比率传感器和侧向加速度传感器。
横向加速度表检测沿曲线行驶时所带来的受力状况。这种类似的传感器通过一台直线霍尔发电机把弹簧的直线运动转变成电信号来实现对弹簧机构的控制。这种传感器必须很灵敏，它的控制角为±1.4g。
偏航比率回转仪
最新的稳定调节系统的核心在于类似于陀螺仪的偏航比率回转仪。传感器测量车辆对竖直轴的旋转。这个测量原理来源于航空工业，并且被博施公司大规模的应用于汽车工业。现有的回转仪市场提供两种选择，一种是应用与航空航天业的价值6000美元（由位于英国罗彻斯特的美国通用电器公司航空股份有限公司提供），另一种是用于照相机的价值160美元。由SAE报得知博施公司采取一种圆柱形设计方案以实现低成本下的高性能。这种传
感器需要一项更大的投资以应对汽车所处的极端环境状态。同时偏航比率回转仪的价格必须降低，这样才能充分应用与汽车。
偏航比率回转仪有一个复杂的内部结构，其内部是有一个很小的圆柱形钢管伺服测量元件。圆柱的薄壁上有压电元件能够在15千赫兹的频率下震动。四对这样的感应器安放在圆柱体的周围，一对元件的位置与另一对的位置相对。其中的一对通过应用正弦电压引起柱体在其固有频率下产生共振，并将振动传送给变频器。在每一对传感器之间，振颤节点绕着汽车的垂直轴作细微的运动。这时如果没有偏航输入，震动曲线就是一条稳定的曲线。如果有信号输入，节点的位置和曲线的波谷就会在相对的防线绕着圆筒壁做旋转运动（科里奥利加速度）。这个轻微的位移就会成为汽车偏航比率的度量标准。
许多司机都相互宣传他们的车辆在光滑转弯处，车尾部将要被甩出去的时候，新系统会把车辆“推”回到正确的轨迹上方面的经验。
许多观察员指出，稳定调节系统可能会使司机在较低摩擦力的路面上过分自信，尽管他们占少数。或许需要指导司机怎样来恰当的使用车辆稳定调节系统。就像当初让司机学习不能向防抱死制动系统里泵油一样。
虽然只介绍了很少的关于为未来汽车研制的新一代主动安全系统（远远超过了雷达扫描仪类似的系统），但避免交通事故仍然是汽车安全工程的主题。美国国际电信公司负责人指出“当稳定调节技术伴随着汽车结构全面性能稳步提高的时候，多数可避免的事故将不再发生了”。新一代的安全系统也会起到同样的效果。
附件：Spin control for cars
Stability control systems are the latest in a string of technologies focusing on improved diriving safety. Such systems detect the initial phases of a skid and restore directional control in 40 milliseconds, seven times faster than the reaction time of the average human. They correct vehicle paths by adjusting engine torque or applying the left- or-right-side brakes, or both, as needed. The technology has already been applied to the Mercedes-Benz S600 coupe.
Automatic stability systems can detect the onset of a skid and bring a fishtailing vehicle back on course even before its driver can react.
Safety glass, seat belts, crumple zones, air bags, antilock brakes, traction control, and now stability control. The continuing progression of safety systems for cars has yielded yet another device designed to keep occupants from injury. Stability control systems help drivers recover from uncontrolled skids in curves, thus avoiding spinouts and accidents.
Using computers and an array of sensors, a stability control system detects the onset of a skid and restores directional control more quickly than a human driver can. Every microsecond, the system takes a "snapshot," calculating whether a car is going exactly in the direction it is being steered. If there is the slightest difference between where the driver is steering and where the vehicle is going, the system corrects its path in a split-second by adjusting engine torque and/or applying the cat's left- or right-side brakes as needed. Typical reaction time is 40 milliseconds - seven times faster than that of the average human.
A stability control system senses the driver's desired motion from the steering angle, the accelerator pedal position, and the brake pressure while determining the vehicle's actual motion from the yaw rate (vehicle rotation about its vertical axis) and lateral acceleration, explained Anton van Zanten, project leader of the Robert Bosch engineering team. Van Zanten's group and a team of engineers from Mercedes-Benz, led by project manager Armin Muller, developed the first fully effective stability control system, which regulates engine torque and wheel brake pressures using
traction control components to minimize the difference between the desired and actual motion.
Automotive safety experts believe that stability control systems will reduce the number of accidents, or at least the severity of damage. Safety statistics say that most of the deadly accidents in which a single car spins out (accounting for four percent of all deadly collisions) could be avoided using the new technology. The additional cost of the new systems are on the order of the increasingly popular antilock brake/traction control units now available for cars.
The debut of stability control technology took place in Europe on the Mercedes-Benz S600 coupe this spring. Developed jointly during the past few years by Robert Bosch GmbH and Mercedes-Benz AG, both of Stuttgart, Germany, Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC). in Bosch terminology, or the Electronic Stability Program (ESP), as Mercedes calls it, maintains vehicle stability in most driving situations. Bosch developed the system, and Mercedes-Benz integrated it into the vehicle. Mercedes engineers used the state-of-the-art Daimler-Benz virtual-reality driving simulator in Berlin to evaluate the system under extreme conditions, such as strong crosswinds. They then put the system through its paces on the slick ice of Lake Hornavan near Arjeplog, Sweden. Work is currently under way to adapt the technology to buses and large trucks, to avoid jack-knifing, for example.
Stability control systems will first appear in mid-1995 on some European S-Class models and will reach the U.S. market during the 1996 model year (November 1995 introduction). It will be available as a $750 option on Mercedes models with V8 engines, and the following year it will be a $2400 option on six-cylinder 鉣 俕 嶏 ?? ? $1650 of the latter price is for the traction control system, a prerequisite for stability control.
Bosch is not alone in developing such a safety system. ITT Automotive of Auburn Hills, Mich., introduced its Automotive Stability Management System (ASMS) in January at the 1995 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. "ASMS is a quantum leap in the evolution of antilock brake systems, combining the best attributes of ABS and traction control into a total vehicle dynamics management
system," said Timothy D. Leuliette, ITT Automotive's president and chief executive officer.
"ASMS monitors what the vehicle controls indicate should be happening, compares that to what is actually happening, then works to compensate for the difference," said Johannes Graber, ASMS program manager at ITT Automotive Europe. ITT's system should begin appearing on vehicles worldwide near the end of the decade, according to Tom Mathues, director of engineering of Brake & Chassis Systems at ITT Automotive North America. Company engineers are now adapting the system to specific car models from six original equipment manufacturers.
A less-sophisticated and less-effective Bosch stability control system already appears on the 1995 750iL and 850Ci V-12 models from Munich-based BMW AG. The BMW Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) system uses the same wheel-speed sensors as traction control and standard anti-lock brake (ABS) systems to recognize conditions that can destabilize a vehicle in curves and corners. To detect such potentially dangerous cornering situations, DSC measures differences in rotational speed between the two front wheels. The DSC system also adds a sensor for steering angle, Utilizes an existing one for vehicle velocity, and introduces its own software control elements in the over allantilock-brake/traction-control/stability-control system.
The new Bosch and ITT Automotive stability control systems benefit from advanced technology developed for the aerospace industry. Just as in a supersonic fighter, the automotive stability control units use a sensor-based computer system to mediate between the human controller and the environment - in this case, the interface between tire and road. In addition, the system is built around a gyroscopelike sensor design used for missile guidance.
BEYOND ABS AND TRACTION CONTROL
Stability control is the logical extension of ABS and traction control, according to a Society of Automotive Engineers paper written by van Zanten and Bosch colleagues Rainer Erhardt and Georg Pfaff. Whereas ABS intervenes when wheel
lock is imminent during braking, and traction control prevents wheel slippage when accelerating, stability control operates independently of the driver's actions even when the car is free-rolling. Depending on the particular driving situation, the system may activate an individual wheel brake or any combination of the four and adjust engine torque, stabilizing the car and severely reducing the danger of an uncontrolled skid. The new systems control the motion not only during full braking but also during partial braking, coasting, acceleration, and engine drag on the driven wheels, circumstances well beyond what ABS and traction control can handle.
The idea behind the three active safety systems is the same: One wheel locking or slipping significantly decreases directional stability or makes steering a vehicle more difficult. If a car must brake on a low-friction surface, locking its wheels should be avoided to maintain stability and steerability.
Whereas ABS and traction control prevent undesired longitudinal slip, stability control reduces loss of lateral stability. If the lateral forces of a moving vehicle are no longer adequate at one or more wheels, the vehicle may lose stability, particularly in curves. What the drive?逾 半 ??? ?? "fishtailing" is primarily a turning or spinning around the vehicle's axis. A separate sensor must recognize this spinning, because unlike ABS and traction control, a car's lateral movement cannot be calculated from its wheel speeds.
SPIN HANDLERS
The new systems measure any tendency toward understeer (when a car responds slowly to steering changes), or over-steer (when the rear wheels try to swing around). If a car understeers and swerves off course when driven in a curve, the stability control system will correct the error by braking the inner (with respect to the curve) rear wheel. This enables the driver, as in the case of ABS, to approach the locking limit of the road-tire interface without losing control of the vehicle. The stability control system may reduce the vehicle's drive momentum by throttling back the engine and/or by braking on individual wheels. Conversely, if the hteral stabilizing force on the rear axle is insufficient, the danger of oversteering may result in rear-end
breakaway or spin-out. Here, the system acts as a stabilizer by applying the outer-front wheel brake.
The influence of side slip angle on maneuverability, the Bosch researchers explained, shows that the sensitivity of the yaw moment on the vehicle, with respect to changes in the steering angle, decreases rapidly as the slip angle of the vehicle increases. Once the slip angle grows beyond a certain limit, the driver has a much harder time recovering by steering. On dry surfaces, maneuverability is lost at slip-angle values larger than approximately 10 degrees, and on packed snow at approximately 4 degrees.
Most drivers have little experience recovering from skids. They aren't aware of the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road and have no idea of their vehicle's lateral stability margin. When the limit of adhesion is reached, the driver is usually caught by surprise and very often reacts in the wrong way, steering too much. Oversteering, ITT's Graber explained, causes the car to fishtail, throwing the vehicle even further out of control. ASMS sensors, he said, can quickly detect the beginning of a skid and momentarily activate the brakes at individual wheels to help return the vehicle to a stable line.
It is important that stability control systems be user-friendly at the limit of adhesion - that is, to act predictably in a way similar to normal driving.
The biggest advantage of stability control is its speed - it can respond immediately not only to skids but also to shifting vehicle conditions (such as changes in weight or tire wear) and road quality. Thus, the systems achieve optimum driving stability by changing the lateral stabilizing forces.
For a stability control system to recognize the difference between what the driver wants (desired course) and the actual movement of the vehicle (actual course), current cars require an efficient set of sensors and a greater computer capacity for processing information.
The Bosch VDC/ESP electronic control unit contains a conventional circuit board with two partly redundant microcontrollers using 48 kilobytes of ROM each. The 48-kB memory capacity is representative of the large amount of "intelligence"
required to perform the design task, van Zanten said. ABS alone, he wrote in the SAE paper, would require one-quarter of this capacity, while ABS and traction control together require only one half of this software capacity.
In addition to ABS and traction control systems and related sensors, VDC/ESP uses sensors for yaw rate, lateral acceleration, steering angle, and braking pressure as well as information on whether the car is accelerating, freely rolling, or braking. It obtains the necessary information on the current load condition of the engine from the engine controller. The steering-wheel angle sensor is based on a set of LED and photodiodes mounted in the steering wheel. A silicon-micromachine pressure sensor indicates the master cylinder's braking pressure by measuring the brake fluid pressure in the brake circuit of the front wheels (and, therefore, the brake pressure induced by the driver).
Determining the actual course of the vehicle is a more complicated task. Wheel speed signals, which are provided for antilock brakes/traction control by inductive wheel speed sensors, are required to derive longitudinal slip. For an exact analysis of possible movement, however, variables describing lateral motion are needed, so the system must be expanded with two additional sensors - yaw rate sensors and lateral acceleration sensors.
A lateral accelerometer monitors the forces occurring in curves. This analog sensor operates according to a damped spring-mass mechanism, by which a linear Hall generator transforms the spring displacement into an electrical signal. The sensor must be very sensitive, with an operating range of plus or minus 1.4 g.
YAW RATE GYRO
At the heart of the latest stability control system type is the yaw rate sensor, which is similar in function to a gyroscope. The sensor measures the speed at which the car rotates about its vertical axis. This measuring principle originated in the aviation industry and was further developed by Bosch for large-scale vehicle production. The existing gyro market offers two widely different categories of devices: $6000 units for aerospace and navigation systems (supplied by firms such as GEC
Marconi Avionics Ltd., of Rochester, Kent, U.K.) and $160 units for videocameras. Bosch chose a vibrating cylinder design that provides the highest performance at the lowest cost, according to the SAE paper. A large investment was necessary to develop this sensor so that it could withstand the extreme environmental conditions of automotive use. At the same time, the cost for the yaw rate sensor had to be reduced so that it would be sufficiently affordable for vehicle use.
The yaw rate sensor has a complex internal structure centered around a small hollow steel cylinder that serves as the measuring element. The thin wall of the cylinder is excited with piezoelectric elements that vibrate at a frequency of 15 kilohertz. Four pairs of these piezo elements are arranged on the circumference of the cylinder, with paired elements positioned opposite each other. One of these pairs brings the open cylinder into resonance vibration by applying a sinusoidal voltage at its natural frequency to the transducers; another pair, which is displaced by 90 degrees, stabilizes the vibration. At both element pairs in between, so-called vibration nodes shift slightly depending on the rotation of the car about its vertical axis. If there is no yaw input, the vibration forms a standing wave. With a rate input, the positions of the nodes and antinodes move around the cylinder wall in the opposite direction to the direction of rotation (Coriolis acceleration). This slight shift serves as a measure for the yaw rate (angular velocity) of the car.
Several drivers who have had hands-on experience with the new systems in slippery cornering conditions speak of their cars being suddenly nudged back onto the right track just before it seems that their back ends might break away.
Some observers warn that stability controls might lure some drivers into overconfidence in low-friction driving situations, though they are in the minority. It may, however, be necessary to instruct drivers as to how to use the new capability properly. Recall that drivers had to learn not to "pump" antilock brake systems.
Although little detail has been reported regarding next-generation active safety systems for future cars (beyond various types of costly radar proximity scanners and other similar systems), it is clear that accident-avoidance is the theme for automotive safety engineers. "The most survivable accident is the one that never happens," said
ITT's Graber. "Stability control technology dovetails nicely with the tremendous strides that have been made to the physical structure and overall capabilities of the automobile." The next such safety system is expected to do the same.
【机械类文献翻译】机电一体化全自动横切机
An Automatic MechanotronicsHorizontal Cutter 机电一体化全自动横切机 1.Say after70's in20centuries the our country sun float the method glass technique invention,our country of float method glass,the industry develops quickly.Currently,the our country is the world is the biggest to float the method glass production country,2006our country of float method glass,the production line has more than160s totally,adopting among them our country the sun float method glass to float method glass technically,the production line has more than130s totally, floating the method glass total yield already more than454,000,000,and yield annually all significant increment.But our country the洛sun float the method glass technique material and other nations to compare automation degree still very low,has been being placed in the half auto half artificial appearance,raise completely our country the洛sun float method glass a technique a material level,developing whole lineses allied lock follow produce the technique have already forced in the eyebrow.Currently,our country the sun float method glass a technique a material to mainly be placed in a single machine dispersion control stage(or part of llied lock control),rush through super nations float method glass a technique a material level, have to raise first our country the automation function of the single machine equipments.Horizontal slice machine conduct and actions to float method glass cold carry to produce one of the on-line important equipmentses,its automation degree and incise accuracy will influence the finished product rate that the glass produces,we introduce a kind of machine electricity integral whole to turn here full-automatic horizontal slice machine 1、述自20世纪70年代我国洛阳浮法玻璃技术发明之后,我国的浮法玻璃工业迅速发展。目 前,我国是世界最大浮法玻璃生产国,2006年我国的浮法玻璃生产线共有160多条,其中采用我国洛阳浮法玻璃技术的浮法玻璃生产线共有130多条,浮法玻璃总产量已超过4.54亿重量箱,而且产量每年都大幅度增加。但我国洛阳浮法玻璃技术装备与其它国家相比自动化程度还很低,一直处在半自动半人工状态,全面提高我国洛阳浮法玻璃技术装备水平,开发全线联锁跟踪生产技术已迫在眉捷。目前,我国洛阳浮法玻璃技术装备主要处于单机分散控制阶段(或部分联锁控制),要赶超国际浮法玻璃技术装备水平,首先必须提高我国单机设备的自动化功能。横切机作为浮法玻璃冷端生产线上的重要设备之一,其自动化程度及切割精度将影响玻璃生产的成品率,在此我们介绍一种机电一体化全自动横切机(见图1)。
农业产业化外文翻译文献
农业产业化外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
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1 绪论 农业产业化在1955年开始作为一个独特的研究领域，当时约翰.戴维斯将它定义为：农业产业化是以农场生产为中心，然后商品化。这个定义当时是最适当的，那是农业行动的重点是最大限度地生产食物和纤维。戴维斯和高德博格用新鲜的见解，将农业产业化定义为:制造和分销农场用品：在该农场生产经营、储存、加工、分销所有的农产品的商品和物品所涉及的所有业务的总和。类似的定义也有其他的人提出，如唐尼和埃里克森：农业产业化，包括所有这些业务和管理活动由公司提供投入到农业部门，生产农产品，运输，金融，处理农产品的全部过程。 这些传统的定义，随着时间的推移，对农场或生产的单位所反映农业产业化的焦点，如农业交易中心已数十年之久。今天，一个就业散点图显示，虽然超过百分之三十的就业机会农业产业化提供的，少于百分之一的人直接参与农场生产。农业产业化已不再是以农场为中心。二十一世纪农业产业化包含了更广泛的一系列行动，主要是外围行动，包括以市场为导向的可持续利用食物，纤维，和可再生资源。
自动售货机控制系统的设计(最终版)
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【摘要】 本文介绍了自动售货机的基本原理以及工作流程，然后以一次交易过程为例，把交易过程分为几个程序块，然后分别对程序块进行编程。具体说明了可编程序控制器在自动售货机中的作用。程序涉及到了自动售货机工作的绝大部分过程。利用PLC控制的自动售货机提高了系统的稳定性，保证自动售货机能够长期稳定运行。 关键词：自动售货机；可编程序控制器；梯形图 Abstract:This paper introduces the basic principles of vending machines, as well as workflow, and then to a transaction process as an example, the transaction process is divided into several blo ck, and then the block were programmed. Specify the PLC in the r ole of vending machines. Procedures related to the work of the va st majority of vending machine process. PLC control of the use of vending machines enhance the stability of the system to ensure t hat vending machines capable of long-term stable operation. Key words:Vending machines; PLC; Ladder Diagram 一．PLC的概述 1.1 PLC的产生
2017年自动售货机行业友宝在线分析报告
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自动售货机作为无人业态的鼻祖，上世纪70年代就已出现，近年来伴随中国消费升级，国内自动售货机行业保持年均25%的复合增长。本文从自动售货机行业由来引入，继而介绍中日美售货机的行业规模，揭示日美自动售货机行业发展迅速的两大因素：租金与人工成本。最后通过友宝在线理清我国自动售卖机行业发展的脉络、盈利模式以及新业态的创新等，希望对零售业投资者有所启示。 自动售货机作为无人业态的鼻祖，上世纪70年代就已出现，近年来伴随中国消费升级，国内自动售货机行业保持年均25%的复合增长。以日本为例，日本自动售货机兴起的黄金时期是在上世纪60年代至90年代，核心因素可分为供给层面和需求层面：1）供给层面主要是租金和人工上涨：商铺租金从60年代初的263 日元每平米涨至90年代初的1635 日元每平米，同时人口老龄化也导致人工成本显著上涨；2）需求层面消费升级对便利性需求增加：1970年代初至1980年代末的日本，经济高速发展，人均GDP 逐年上升，在1981年人均GDP 超过10000美元。目前我国正处在和日本当时相似的阶段，中国自动售货机还不到20万台，和发达国家相比无人自动售货机市场空间十分巨大（日本自助贩卖机580万台，对应每24 人拥有一台；美国691 万台，对应44 人拥有一台）。 友宝在线是国内自动售卖机行业的龙头企业，成立于2010年，但仅3 年时间便超越了对手莱乐科技成为市场份额占有率第一的公司。友宝的盈利模式可分为商品销售收入、自动售货机机器销售及租赁收入、广告收入，2016 年收入占比分别为72.6%、6.4%、18.2%。1）
机器人外文翻译
英文原文出自《Advanced Technology Libraries》2008年第5期 Robot Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration,
农业产业化组织的营销策略分析-外文翻译
外文翻译 原文 Title:Agricultural Industrialization Organization of Marketing Strategy Analysis Material source:2010 International Conference on Industry Engineering and Management Author:Zhao Yanhong, Ren Aihua Abstraet:Agricultural industrialization is the development direction of world agriculture, it is also the main form of the agricultural operation in developed countries. Vigorously develop the industrialization of agriculture is to enhance the competitiveness of China’s agricultu re is an effective means of marketing innovation in agriculture. It is related to the industrialization of agriculture an important factor in business success. In this paper, product, place, promotion, three organizations, the face of the industrialization of agriculture marketing innovation of the corresponding development proposals. Keywords:Product;Channel Innovation;Promotion 1 Introduction Although China has already established a number of agricultural industrialization organization, but very few successful cases, reason, the product can not sell that influence their development, an important factor. At present the industrialization of agriculture organizations in product development, sales channels and marketing methods. There are many ways to solve urgent problems, we can say, marketing has become a bottleneck restricting development of the organization. In this Paper, the development of marketing concept, mainly based on the content of the theory of 4P, from development to meet consumer demand for products. Innovation in the channel, flexible use of marketing mix and so the organization seeking to promote the industrialization of agriculture marketing of innovative measures. 2 Development of Products to Meet Consumer Demand 4C theory holds that companies should give top priority to the pursuit of customer satisfaction, then theagricultural industry of the organization must first develop a customer satisfaction products. Marketing believes that demand for the
自动售货机行业的五大发展趋势
互联网和数字化正在加速创新和转变多个行业，其中一个是智能机市场。自动贩卖机长期以来一直是一种方便且低成本的工具，用于将整个商店缩小为冰箱大小的。然而，直到今天，大多数售货机一直专注于收钱，提供变更和配送产品。尽管如此，自动售货机行业在过去几年中经历了重大变革，使用智能和先进的技术来部署各种创新，如触摸式高清屏幕和远程设备管理软件技术，远远超出简单的食品和饮料配送。以下是我们行业专家对该市场的一些重要见解。 以下是新型智能机的顶级技术趋势，这些趋势正在震撼行业并改变自动售货体验。 1.无现金支付
现在无现金和移动支付技术正变得越来越普遍。如今，许多自动售货机都配备了无现金支付的标准选项，微信支付和支付宝支付都是现在的人们最喜欢用的支付方式。 2.智能手机与人工智能的互动 虽然许多智能贩卖机提供无现金支付选项，但一些供应商正在更进一步。一些智能自动售货机现在可以实时与智能手机进行交互。一位顾客走向一台智能自动售货机，这款基于人工智能的移动应用程序确定它是哪台机器，然后继续提取实时库存，在智能手机上向客户展示选项。最近，饮料行业巨头可口可乐宣布计划在美国，新西兰和澳大利亚推出新应用，这将允许用户提前从自动售货机订购饮料。这些应用程序将包括人工智能（AI），以收集有关客户口味和未来营销促销偏好的更多信息。 3.节能自动售货机 最近设备管理应用程序的创新使供应商能够远程检测，诊断和修复机器。可口可乐公司在日本推出了一款超节能自动售货机，采用气密门和真空绝缘材料，确保饮料在白天保持冷却，无需冷藏，消耗更多能源，减少能源费用并帮助拯救地球。这些平台售货行业提供了无限的机会，使利润率和生产力最大化。 4.面部识别 面部识别技术于2014年首次在自动贩卖机中推出，而许多公司已经开展了多年的研究。售货机有一个运动传感器，可以知道用户
模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)
Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving
机电一体化中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) By integration of machinery development The modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation, in mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery” by “the machinery electrification” for the characteristic development phase. First, the integration of machinery outline Integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing functio n and the control function introduces the electronic technology, u nifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call.
美国农业合作社与农业产业化外文文献翻译中英文
美国农业合作社与农业产业化外文文献翻译中英文最新 （节选重点翻译） 英文 Managing uncertainty and expectations: The strategic response of U.S. agricultural cooperatives to agricultural industrialization Julie Hogeland Abstract The 20th century industrialization of agriculture confronted U.S. agricultural cooperatives with responding to an event they neither initiated nor drove. Agrarian-influenced cooperatives used two metaphors, “serfdom” and “cooperatives are like a family” to manage uncertainty and influence producer expectations by predicting industrialization's eventual outcome and cooperatives’ producer driven compensation. The serfdom metaphor alluded to industrialization's potential to either bypass family farmers, the cornerstone of the economy according to agrarian ideology, or to transform them into the equivalent of piece-wage labor as contract growers. The “family” metaphor reflects how cooperatives personalized the connection between cooperative and farmer-member to position themselves as the exact opposite of serfdom. Hypotheses advanced by Roessl (2005) and Goel (2013) suggest that intrinsic characteristics of family businesses such as a resistance to change and operating according to a myth of unlimited choice and
自动售货机控制系统设计
综合课程设计报告书 自动售货机控制系统设计 题目： 学院：机械与电气工程学院 专业：电气工程及其自动化 班级：13级2班 姓名：付少官 学号： 指导教师：崔茂齐 教师职称：讲师 2016年6月29日
机械与电气工程学院综合课程设计任务书 专业：电气工程及其自动化班级：2013-2 姓名：付少官 自动售货机控制系统设计 (1) 摘要 (1)
Abstrct (1) 1、绪论 (1) 2、自动售货控制系统设计总体方案 (2) 元器件选择 (2) 开发工具 (2) 3、自动售货控制系统硬件设计 (3) 硬件总体框图 (3) AT89C51单片机模块（介绍本次设计所到的功能） (3) (3) (4) 本次所应用的管脚说明 (4) 单片机驱动模块 (5) 选择按键模块 (5) (6) (6) 系统显示模块 (6) 数码管显示器 (6) 显示器的驱动电路 (7) 出货以及退币模块 (8) 4、自动售货控制系统软件设计 (8) 系统流程图 (8) 元器件计算 (9) 5、系统总电路图及调试仿真 (10) 总电路图 (10) 系统调试 (11) 系统仿真 (11) 总结及致谢 (14) 参考文献 (15) 附录 (16) 附录1、元件清单 (16) 附录2、源程序 (16) 附录3、自动售货机控制系统protel99se原理图 (23)
自动售货机控制系统设计 付少官 摘要本文详细介绍了自动售货机系统的方案设计、硬件选择、软件规划和编写，并重点描述了自动售货机系统的工作原理、系统设计、软件编程的原则和技巧。该系统以单片机AT89C51芯片为核心，采用集中控制方式实现了对自动售货机全过程的自动控制。本系统选择独立式键盘按键作为货物选择端，实现了投币总数的显示功能。此外，系统程序采用keil软件进行程序的编写和编译，该软件具有编程简单、查错方便、阅读容易等特点。汇编语言是程序的基本语言，具有容易理解，便于记忆和使用等特点。 关键词：自动售货机,AT89C51,LCD显示 Abstrct T his paper describes a vending machine system design, hardware selection, software planning and preparation, and describes the focus of the work vending machine system theory, system design, software programming principles and techniques. AT89C51in the system as the core chip, the realization of a centralized control of the vending machine's automatic control the entire process. Choice of the system as a stand-alone keyboard keys to choose the goods side, the realization of the coin shows the total number of features. In addition, the system program using keil software to prepare and compile procedures, the software programming is simple, convenient error checking, easy to read and so on. Assembly language is the basic language program with easy to understand, easy to remember and use and so on. Key words:Vending Machines,AT89C51,LED Display 1、绪论 自动售货机是一种全新的商业零售形式，从自动售货机的发展趋势来看，它的出现是由于劳动密集型的产业构造向技术密集型社会转变的产物。大量生产、大量消费以及消费模式和销售环境的变化，要求出现新的流通渠道；而相对的超市、百货购物中心等新的流通渠道的产生，人工费用也不断上升；再加上场地的局限性以及购物的便利性等这些因素的制约，无人自动售货机作为一种必须的机器便应运而生了。 随着科技的发展及人们生活水平的提高，自动售货机市场越来越呈现出多元化及个性化的需求。人们通过自动售货机自助购物，这种简单、快捷的方式正逐渐成为市民的一种新的消费时尚，并且满足了人们在当今科技高速发展的现代社会追求高品质生活的需要。自动售货机在城市商业区、写字楼大厅、风景区、车站、码头、繁华街道等公共场所的布设能够美化城市环境，方便群众生活，它已经成为城市各角落的一道亮丽风景线。 自动售货机必将在国内普及，并成为城市现代文明程度的一种象征性标志。本文详细介绍了如何控制、要求进行自动售货机系统的方案设计、硬件选择、软件规划和编写，并重点描述了自动售货机系统的工作原理、系统设计、软件编程的原则和技巧。
自动售货机运营手册
运营手册 自动售货机运营事业：一个新兴的朝阳行业! 一个绝佳的投资项目! 为你开启成功的大门！
目录： 一、自动售货机行业介绍 二、自动售货机运营的优势及成功运营的关键点 三、自动售货机运营模式及盈利方法 四、自动售货机运营成本分析 五、自动售货机运营公司的设立、运营管理（一）组织机构的设置 （二）部门职责 （三）人员配备 （四）人员培训 （五）费用收支 （六）运营管理 （七）点位选择 （八）销售饮料的测试 六、自动售货机的点位设置 七、成功案例 八、附：自动售货机可售卖饮料品种 附：运营工作相关管理制度.管理表格
一、 自动售货机行业介绍 1.世界自动售货机市场概况 目前，全世界自动售货机普及台数 约1600万台，通过自动售货机运营获得利润约400亿元人民币（约US$50亿）。 自动售货机二十世纪六、七十年代自动售货机在美欧、日本等发达国家开始发展，目前在这些国家得以全面普及。 日本拥有约560万台，平均每23人一台。 日本有39%的饮料是通过自动售货机销售的。 美国拥有680万台，平均每40人一台。 欧洲也达到平均每60人一台。 ● 欧洲—欧元的统—使自动售货机市场更加活跃 ●中东—石油市场的活跃刺激自动售货机市场 ● 北美—以可口可乐、百事可乐购入为主 ●东南亚—正成为自动售货机新兴市场 欧洲：303万台 中东：2万台 韩国：60万台 中国：2万台 日本：560万台 台湾：6万台 东南亚：5万台 澳洲：12万台 北美：680万台 中南美：15万台
2．国内自动售货机概况 中国从2000年开始发展自动售货机事业。 目前，全国自动售货机拥有量不足2万台。 运营商还没有形成足够的规模，饮料商刚刚介入，市场空白区域很多，正是介入自动售货机运营行业的最佳时机！ 国内自动售货机主要分布城市： 北京、西安、上海、杭州、广州、深圳、东莞、中山、大连 国内自动售货机运营可布放城市： 北京、天津、石家庄、太原、洛阳、郑州、西安、秦皇岛、保定、 上海、杭州、苏州、无锡、镇江、宁波、南京、武汉、长沙、南昌、 广州、深圳、东莞、中山、成都、重庆、昆明、南宁、 沈阳、长春、哈尔滨…… 二、自动售货机运营的优势及成功运营的关键点 目前国内投资项目所面临问题 投资初期，没有相关的管理经验； 很多项目的资金流控制难度较大，造成庞大的应收帐款，使投资的风险加大。 投资汇报率高项目大都具有很高的风险性； 大多项目介入时需要投入的资源较多，手段不够灵活； 低风险、高回报率的项目竞争都非常激烈；
模具设计与制造外文翻译
The mold designing and manufacturing The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also rapid quietly. Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year . The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops . The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase;