研究生英语精读教程(第三版-上)--参考答案及课文详解
Unit one
你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人
如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观
——你就可以改变自己的生活
卡勒普-撒弗兰
[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。
[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。”
[ 3 ]“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主
义者则多销了20％。
[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。
[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。
[ 7 ] 克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血¨。当他们的第、二个电话末能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。”乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另种方法。”[ 8 ] 无论是消极还是积极，都是一种自我实现的预言。安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。”[ 9 ] 据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观主义者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者刚感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法．他便不去寻求指点．
[10 ] 乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己——有时正是这点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时
间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。
[11] 乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疚病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人部是班上的好学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病一高血压、糖尿病、心脏病一的人数要比乐观者多。
[ 12 ] 许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，不会避开生活中的打击，无沦做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。
[ 13 ] 在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种所谓早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，积极的或消极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩了感到无能、恐惧，以及悲观。[ 14 ] 随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。[ 15 ] 悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的
解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——他们的学习成绩也随之提高了。
[16 ] 匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一作法有一定的效果。现在正计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。
[17] 因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法：
[18]一、当坏事发生时，仔细留意自己的想法，把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来，一字不改。
[19] 二、然后，来做一个试验。做一件同任何消极反应相反的事。比如说，你工作中山了问题。你是这么想的吗：我讨厌我的工作，可我再也不会找到比这更好的工作了?这时你应该采取行动，就像完全不是这么回事一样：向外发寄个人简历、去参加面试、看看有没有培训项目并寻找工作门路。
[20]三、继续关注事情的发展。你最初的想法是对还是错?霍朗说：“如果你的想法使你裹足不前，那就改变这些想法。这是一种试错法，不能确保成功，但应给你自己一个机会。”
[21]积极的思维导致积极的行动以及积极的反应。如证据所表明的，你对世界抱有什么样的希望，你就很可能得到什么样的结果。
4] They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers.
划线部分为主谓倒装句，是比较句型常见形式。
本句译文：他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推37％的保险额。参见课文第五段第二句。
[5] Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism.
Impressed在此为过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语为the company。
本句译文：公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。
[7] When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, "I can't do this."
从句中they指代主句主语pessimists，划线部分意为：“When the first few people they phoned refused to donate blood.”
本句译文：当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。”
[10] Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify—and sometimes that's what keeps them alive.
划线部分意为：“overestimate themselves; regard themselves as better than they really are”。
本句译文：乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己－－有时正是这一点使他们充满活力。
[13] It is a pattern of thinking learned "at your mother's knee"，says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions or encouragements, negative statements or positive ones.
at one’s mother’s knee 意为“在母亲膝下”，在此指孩提时代。grow out of 有“产生于”的意思。划线部分为cautions or encouragements 的同位语。
本句译文：塞利格曼说，这是一种早在所谓“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，积极或消极的话语。
[18] Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored.
动词censor本意为“检查并删减”，uncensored即“无删减的”；unedited 和uncensored在此均为过去分词，作the first thing的非限定性定语。本句译文：把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来，一字不改。
Ⅰ. Comprehension
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. A 10. D
Ⅱ. Vocabulary
A.
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. B
9. D 10. C
B.
11. D 12. D 13. C 14. A 15.B 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. C 20.C Ⅲ. Cloze
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. A
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. D 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. B
Ⅳ. Translation (English to Chinese)
有没有一种“成功性格”，即几乎必然使人取得成就的某些性格特征的结合？如果有的话，这一成功的秘诀究竟是什么？并且，这种性格是否能培养出来？
在盖洛普公司中，我们最近集中深入研究了成功现象，探查了1500名杰出人物的态度和性格特征。他们是从《美国名人录》中随机抽取的。被收入《名人录》的主要标准不是财富或社会地位，而是一个人当前在某个领域中的成就。我们的研究确认了一些在成就最显著的人身上总是出现的性格特征，其中最重要的五点是：由生活经验得出的判断力、专业知识、自力更生的精神、总的智力水平以及把事情完成的能力。如果你培养这些性格特征，你就很可能会成功。而且，你甚至可能会发现自己的名字有一天也被收进《名人录》。
Ⅴ. Translation (Chinese to English)
1.
1) What you said to him can hardly justify such conduct of yours.
2) You can't justify what you did with what you told him.
3) What you did cannot be justified by what you said to him.
2.
1) Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop?
2) Do you think they would not persecute him religiously on account of
his connection with the Bishop?
3) Do you think he could enjoy immunity from religious persecution because he is a friend of the Bishop?
3.
1) Your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist will affect whether or not your bad dream recurs.
2) Whether you will have the bad dream again depends on how you respond to the advice of the psychiatrist.
3) Whether your nightmare recurs depends on your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist.
4.
1) The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in a positive way.
2) The optimists' positive attitude towards disappointments and failures is the recipe for their success.
3) Optimists react to disappointments and failures positively, which is the secret to their success.
5.
1) The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person's opinion about himself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.
2) Pessimists are likely to fail partly because one's perception of oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.
3) How one looks at oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy, which is part of the reason why a pessimist usually fails.
6.
1) In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behavior is less consistent than it is in most adults. A child's changing behavior may show his changing concern with different features of his activity. His interest always focuses on the business at hand. The person with strong traits and interests is able to persist in what he is doing. Only a major situational change can disturb the direction or purpose of his behavior.
2) Before young children have a chance to develop their personality, they do not act consistently as most grown-ups. If a child changes his behavior, it may indicate that his interest has changed because of the changed features of his activity. He is always interested in what he is doing at the time. A person with a forceful personality and intense interest is able to pursue to the end what he is doing. Only dramatic changes in the environment can alter the direction and purpose of his behavior.
3) Unlike most adults, young children do not behave consistently before their personality traits are fully developed. A child's behavior change may show his changed interest brought about by a different kind of activity. He always concentrates on the activity in which he is engaged. A man of strong character and interest is able to carry to the end whatever
he is doing. The direction and purpose of his behavior will not alter unless some drastic situational change takes place.
Supplementary Reading
Ⅰ.
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. D 10. D
Ⅱ.
1. 如果这些想法意味着黑暗和毁灭，那你就会走进黑暗和被毁灭，因为贬低的话语会摧毁你的信心，而不会鼓励你、支持你。
2. 苏的理疗医生在初诊时告诉她，草草记录下她的思想活动，特别是夜里她不能入睡时的思想情况。
3. 温森特和他的父亲感情很好，但父亲很溺爱他，灌输他满脑子的烦心事。
4. 如果你害怕坐飞机，那么在飞机起飞或降落时，你就聚精会神地观看机场附近的灯光和道路吧。
5. 应该养成一个习惯：即记住自己最美好的时刻，也就是记住你想做的那种人。
Unit two
癌症和化学物质
——我们走得太远了吗?
玛拉·孔恩
[ 1 ] 去年，加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学
家开会，开始执行第65号提案，即州安全饮用水和毒品实施法案。这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质。有些人宣称，新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签。
[ 2 ] 原来预计，开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语，但加州大学伯克利分校生物化学系系主任布鲁斯·爱姆兹却打算使会议开得更有生气。
[ 3 ] 当爱姆兹走入会议室时，他看上去完全是一个典型的科学家形象：金丝边双光眼镜，皱褶的西服，蓬乱的头发，菜色的面庞，显示出他总是呆在实验室里而很少享受加州的阳光。当某人振振有词地大谈致痛机理时，爱姆兹开始打断他，插进来陈述自己的观点。
[ 4 ] “整个世界都充满了致癌物”，爱姆兹宣称。“啤酒中有十亿分之七百的甲醛和百分之五的乙醇，比水中的任何物质都要危险1 000倍。如果你呼出的气息中有啤酒味，那是否意味着你必须向你周围10英尺以内的所有人发出警告?”
[ 5 ] 在大肆宣传最新癌症恐怖的时代里，爱姆兹带来了不同的信息：大多数人造致癌物的含量一般来说都很低。与天然致癌物含量相比其危险微乎其微。
[ 6 ] 爱姆兹不是个冒充内行的人。他59岁，是全国最受人尊敬的研究致癌问题的权威之一。他的简历中尽是各种荣誉，包括通用汽车癌症研究基金会颁发的查尔斯·莫特奖(这是痛症研究中最富声誉的嘉奖之一)。他还是国家科学院的院士。甚至他的批评者们也承认，爱姆
兹试验是一项突出的成就。这种试验是在实验室里进行的一种简单廉价的操作方法，它有助于检测一种物质是否能引起癌症。
[ 7 ] 但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东曲。他对环境保护运动的观点提出不同看法，有些人把这一运动称为20世纪最重要的运动。例如，1987年4月，他和两位同事雷纳·玛格和露易·斯沃斯基·戈尔德，在《科学》杂志上发表了一篇报告，列举了各种各样可能引起癌症的危险。以将近1 000种化学物质作的动物试验所得到的数据表明，每日所消耗的普通花生酱三明治中含有的微量黄曲霉素(花生中天然存在的一种霉菌致癌物)比我们每同从食物中摄取DDT的危险大100倍。一杯硅谷污染最严重的井水比一杯葡萄酒或啤酒致癌的危险要小1 000倍。他并不是建议人们停止消费花生酱、葡萄酒和啤酒。他所说的是，大多数人造致癌物的危险比起日常天然物的致癌危险是微不足道的。现在不清楚它们中有多少有真正的危险。这曲种危险都转移了人们对于诸如烟草之类的巨人危险的注意力。
[ 8 ] 爱姆兹的癌症研究是25年前以一袋炸薯条开始的。当时他在马里兰全国健康研究所从事研究工作。在看到袋上列出的成分时，他突然想到还没有人知道每种化学物质对人的基因有什么影响，而要了解这些还没有简易的方法。
[ 9 ] 那时，科学家为了测试致癌性，不得不在老鼠身上做耗时费钱的实验室试验。细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感，而致痛物很可能就是引起突变的物质。爱姆兹凭借这些知识，研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验。爱姆兹试验被公认是一项主要的科学成果。现在在世界
上已被广泛应用。
[ 10 ] 1974年的一天，当时在伯克利任教的爱姆兹建议一些学生对各种各样家用产品进行检测。使他惊异的是，像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样，许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性。当爱姆兹的测试结果导致对某些化学品实行新的规定和禁令时几乎一夜之间，他就成了环保界的英雄。
[ 11 ] 随后10年间，公众对致癌物越来越关注。爱姆兹说“于是我开始意识到有些不对头。”同样也被检测为致癌物或致突变物而呈阳性的天然物数量太多了：水果汁，芥菜，芹菜，欧芹等。实际上，爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物，当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时，无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用。
[ 12 ] 起初，爱姆兹断定他的试验有问题。他的试验并没有错。他的错误在于他象很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的。他现在要问：“为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?”
[ 13 ] 支持加州65号提案的运动使爱姆兹确信他有义务向公众解释这一点。“当人们说某些先天缺陷是由水中十亿分之一的某物质引起时，我认为那是不负责任的。”他说，“那是拿人们的害怕心理开玩笑。你总能在水中找到十亿分之一的某种物质。”
[ 14 ] 在加州参议院委员会作证时，爱姆兹举出丁一个例子：由于用氯消毒，自来水含有致癌物氯仿大约十亿分之八十三．。咖啡含有两种天然致癌物，每一种都是大约[ 15 ] 有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人。情况却并非如此。他不为化学公司、药品公司、
食品公司或法律事务所提供咨询。他没有接受来自商界的任何好处。十亿分之四千，而由于正常的新陈代谢，人血平均含有甲醛十亿分之三干。
[ 16 ] 环境保护论者反对爱姆兹的观点。他们说，我们有义务在总量上使人们尽可能少地接触致癌物。“不知为什么他认为要进行选择。”峰峦俱乐部的卡尔·波普这样说：“如果我们不得不在饮用水中的TCE(一种可疑的致癌溶剂)和有关吸烟的公共教育之间进行选择的话，可能他是对的。但是我们不是非去选择不可。”
[ 17 ] 爱姆兹的回答是，“你不想让每家化学公司从后门倒掉自己的垃圾，但是你生活在现代工业社会的代价就是水里会有十亿分之几的化学物质。你能除去它，但花费巨大。如果你把你所有的时间都花在追查微不足道的东西上，你就会看不到重要的危险。”
[ 1 ] This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer (carcinogens) or birth defects into water supplies.
划线部分为本句基本结构。过去分词短语suspected…defects作chemical的定语，cancer or birth defects是causing的宾语。
本句译文：这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质。
[ 2 ] A day of esoteric science and incomprehensible jargon was predicted.
本句可理解为：Some people predicted that on that day, the discussions would be full of esoteric scientific theories and incomprehensible
jargons.
本句译文：原来预计，开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语。[ 7 ] But Ames slaughters sacred cows. He's taking on the environmental movement, which some have called the single most important social movement of the 20th century.
划线部分为非限定性定语从句，修饰the environmental movement。single常与形容词或副词的最高级连用，表示强调。
本句译文：但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东西。他正向环境保护运动的观点进行挑战，有些人把环保运动称为20世纪最重要的运动。
[ 9 ]Armed with the knowledge that bacteria are sensitive to substances that cause mutation, and that carcinogens were likely to be mutagens, Ames developed a carcinogen test using bacteria.
Armed with the knowledge为过去分词短语，在此作伴随状语。划线部分是两个由连词that引导的从句，作knowledge的同位语。
木句译文：细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感，而致癌物很可能就是引起突变的物质。爱姆兹凭借这些知识，研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验。
[ 10 ]To his surprise, many common hair dyes tested positive, as did a flame retardant used in children's pajamas.
划线部分为倒装句，其主语为 a flame retardant, used in children’s pajamas为过去分词例组，在此作定语修饰a flame retardant。did替
代谓语动词及其表语tested positive。
本句译义：使他惊异的是，像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样，许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性。
[11] In fact, about half of all chemicals tested by Ames—both natural and man-made—turned out to be potentially carcinogenic when given in enormous doses to rats and mice.
划线部分可看作省略的状语从句，完整从句"when they are given…to rats and mice”。
本句译文：实际上，爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物，当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时，无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用。[12] His error had been making the common, but naive, assumption that only man-made chemicals could be dangerous.
划线部分为had been的表语，形容词common和naive均修饰assumption。
本句译文：他的错误在于他像很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的。
[12] "Why assume nature is benign?" he now says.
划线部分为省略句，完整句为“Why do we assume nature is benign?”。本句译文：他现在要问：“为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?”
[15] Some people assume Ames is a stooge for the chemical industry, which he is not.
划线部分为非限定性定语从句，which的先行词为a stooge for the
chemical industry。
本句译文：有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人。情况却并非如此。
Ⅰ. Comprehension
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. A
8. C
9. B 10. A 11. C Ⅱ. Vocabulary
A.
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. B 10. C
B.
11. C 12.A 13. A 14. B 15. B
16. B 17.B 18. A 19. C 20. A
Ⅲ. Cloze
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. A
8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. D
Ⅳ. Translation (English to Chinese)
不论是在青年时夭折还是在老年时死去，都没有是否虚度了年华来得重要。一个人可能在18年中比另一个在80年中活得更有意义。对于生活，我们认为并不是要去不顾一切地积累大量的他人想像为有价值的经验，而是应该过好每天的时光，就好像它是唯一的一天。我们的意思是要寻找平和感和力量感去对付生活中的失意和痛苦，同时坚持不懈地努力去发现能更加增添并维持生活乐趣和喜悦的方法。Ⅴ. Translation (Chinese to English)
The politician was armed with many facts and figures.
The politician cited numerous facts and figures as his weapon. Innumerable facts and figures are used by the politician as ammunition.
2.
It struck me that we had really learnt a great deal there.
I think we did learn much there.
I feel we have indeed learned quite a lot there.
3.
The conditions of workers now, as compared with what they were ten years ago, have been greatly improved.
Compared with 10 years ago, the conditions of the workers have improved much in every aspect.
The workers are enjoying much better conditions nowadays than they did 10 years ago.
4.
According to the law of the People's Republic, parents are obligated to send their children to school.
Parents have a legal obligation to send their children to school under the law of the People's Republic.
The laws of the People's Republic stipulate that parents send their children to school.
He erred in making his decision before he confirmed the facts.
He erred in that he did not check the facts before he made the decision. His mistake lies in his making the decision without confirming the facts.
6.
①Scientific research continues to open up previously undreamed
of possibilities. Fifty years ago, few people could even imagine things like computers, lasers and holography. Today, a host of newly-emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and genetic engineering are opening up all kinds of new paths for technologists. Like it or not, our advancing technology has made us masters of the earth.
6.
②Scientific research continues to bring about new possibilities
which were unimaginable before. Few could have dreamed of such things as computers, lasers, and holography 50 years ago.
Nowadays, with the emergence of new technologies including artificial intelligence and genetic engineering, new paths are opened up for technologists. No matter one likes it or not, the advancing technology has enabled us to be the masters on Planet Earth.
Supplementary Reading
1. T
2. F
3. Because in the report the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date.
4. F
5. T
6. Because the findings of the study were so unlikely that they expected the results to be negative.
7. F 8. T 9. T
Unit3
鼠与人
——“不能解决”的问题
S. I. 早川
[ 1 ] 密执安大学的N·R·F·麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以以诱导鼠产生“神经官能症”的实验。首先训练鼠由平台边缘跳向两个门中的一个。如果鼠向右跳，右门是碰不开的，那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进了网里；如果鼠向左跳，左门就会打开，鼠就会找到一碟食物。等鼠已很熟悉这一反应时，就改变情况：把食物放在另外一扇门后，这样鼠要想得到犒赏就不能向左跳，而要向右跳了。(实验者也可采用其他变化形式，比如用不同的方式标记两个门。) 如果鼠弄不懂新规则，它每次跳时都不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻了。最终它就会放弃，拒绝再跳。到这步，麦耶博士说，“许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再作选择。”[ 2 ] 第二步，对鼠施以强大气流或电击，赶它，强迫它做出选择。“处于不能解决的难题之中而被迫做出反应的动物”，麦耶博士说，“最后
研究生英语综合教程(课后习题答案)
Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)
(完整版)Unit研究生英语综合教程上单词
Unit1 academia 学术界acumen 敏锐due 应给的，欠下的ambiguous 不明确的ambiguity 不明确brink 始发点；边缘collaborative 协作的，合作的collaborator 合作者，协作者contributor 投稿人，撰稿人conviction 坚定的信仰或主张expertise 专门知识，专门技能foster 培养，促进，助长headhunter 猎头lone wolf 自行其是的人，好独处的人mindset 思维定式mitigate 缓和，减轻mobilize 争取支持，动用资源newbie 新手，网络新用户outshine 优于…,使…黯然失perception 看法，认识prioritize 使…优先prospective 预期的，未来的，可能的scary 可怕的studied 经过深思熟虑的teamwork 合作，协作，配合transition 过渡，转变act on 按…行事count on 指望in pursuit of 追求，寻求make up 编造（说法、解释）pep talk 鼓舞士气的讲话place a bet 下赌注put one’s neck on the line 冒险stick one’s neck out 说冒险的话stand out 突出；显眼adherence 坚守，信守affirm 肯定，强化autonomy 自主能力blockhead 笨蛋，蠢人brief 案情摘要，案情简介civility 礼貌，客气cost effective 低成本高利润的cut-rate 减价销售cynical 愤世嫉俗的dealing 商业活动，商业往来discource 谈话，交谈eminent 著名的，有名望的unit2 aftertaste 余味apportion 分配，分摊apprentice 学徒broth 肉汤，米汤，菜汤ceramic 陶瓷的chili pepper 辣椒粉chrysanthemum 菊（花）collective 集体的，共同的commemorate 纪念，庆祝culinary 烹饪的drainage 排水，排污dynasty 朝，代eccentric 怪异的，古怪的exquisite 精致的facet 一个方面fare 食物ferment 使…发酵filling 馅fragrance 香味garnish 装饰菜ginger 姜glutinous 很黏的greasy 多脂的，沾油脂的harmonious 和睦的，融洽的humility 谦逊，谦恭improvise 即兴表演，即席而作light 味清淡的;浓度低的；易消化的lingering 经久不消的literally 逐字地；照着原文longevity 长寿maw 动物的嘴precept 戒律，准则reed 芦苇reign 统治时期renowned 著名的scallop 扇贝seniority 年长，职位高specialty 特色菜stew 炖，焖
研究生英语精读教程第三版上unit one原文
Unit One Text: You Are What You Think And if you change your mind-from pessimism to optimism -you can change your life Claipe Safran [1] Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichés are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking. [2] A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15,000 people—is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. "If we could teach people to think more positively," says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University①in Houston②，"it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills." [3] "Your abilities count," explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier of Carnegie Mellon University③in Pittsburgh④, "but
研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版下)中国人民大学出版社
Language Points 1.Subtitle:Toxin sniffers，missile jammers,dirty-bomb detectors： The post-9/11security blitz is affecting more than public safety—it’s changing the course of science. Toxin sniffers:毒素嗅探器missile jammers:导弹人为干发射机 dirty-bomb detectors:放射性核弹探测器 全句可译为：毒素嗅探器、导弹人为干发射机、放射性核弹探测器：“9·11” 事件后闪电式的保卫行动不仅影响着公共安全——还在改变着科学的进程。 2.Par.[1]:In the race to prevent future9/11-style attacks—or worse—Washington has marshaled the U.S.science establishment on a scale not seen since Sputnik. 全句可译为：华盛顿以前苏联发射人造地球卫星以来所未有的规模对美国的科 学机构做了安排。 3.Par.[2]:“A lot of it is security theater technology designed to make you feel better,”says Bruce Schneier，author of Beyond Fear：Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World. 全句可译为：《超脱恐惧：明智地考虑变幻莫测世界的安全问题》的作者布鲁 斯·施奈尔说：“这当中有许多都是做表面文章的保安技术，目的是让你感到 更安全。 4.Par.[6]:As the archive of visa applicants balloons，scans of all10 fingers will provide more fail-safe identifications. 全句可译为：随着护照签证申请人的档案急剧增加，对十指全部进行扫描将 使身份验证更加万无一失。 5.Par.[9]:Resembling a sleek outhouse，the$150,000walk-through machine sends a quick blast of air over your clothing to dislodge trace explosive particles. walk-through:（建筑物）从两端都可进入的 全句可译为：这种价值15万美元的从两端都可进入的机器像个造型优美的 户外小屋，它在你的衣服上面迅速地吹过一股气流，从衣服上吹下微量炸药 粒子， 6.Par.[10]:Still,building technology today already seems light-years beyond pre-9/11days． 全句可译为：然而，今天的建筑技术看来已经远远超过“9·11”事件以前的 日子了。 7.Par.[11]:GPS:Global Positioning System全球卫星定位系统 8.Par.[12]:A cyber-attack on the country’s financial networks or power and telecommunications grids could make other means of protecting our physical assets moot. 全句可译为：对国家的金融网或电力和电信网进行的网络攻击，可使我们保 护有形资产的其他手段变得无实际意义。 9.Par.[12]:Developers describe it as a“Google-esque”tool and predict
研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课后部分翻译答案 (1)1
第一单元 “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。 “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting …there? faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move q uickly, but you have to know how t o decide where …there? is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation. 第四单元 很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons thatpeople's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems. 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。 What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that "there's one person out there that one is meant for" and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are "filtered out" by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearanc e. 第五单元 做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20 分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。 Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours, with one hour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation. Some yoga routines, depending on the teacher and school, can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout, and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady. Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person?s strength, flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many. 第七单元 人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝
研究生英语精读教程翻译 上 课后习题及其答案。。
一、你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人 如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活 [1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。 [2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。” [3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。 [4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。 [5]公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。 [6]他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另一种方法。” [8]无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。” [9]据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。 [10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。 [11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。 [12]许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，无法避开生活中的打击，无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。 [13]在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，消极的或积极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。 [14]随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。 [15]悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。 [16]匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。 [17]因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法： [18]一、当坏事发生时，仔细留意自己的想法，把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来，一字不改。
当代研究生英语下册课后题(Units 1-10)
选词填空汇总 Unit 1 1.In order to strengthen his arguments,Toffler_____respectable social scientists who agree with him. a.quotes(摘引) b. confirms c. recites d. convinces 2.He could scarcely resist taking another drink of the delicious wine, but remembering the doctor’s advice, he_____. a.refrained(克制) b. withdrew c. avoided d.retreated 3.When people have their basic needs satisfied, they begin to think of other things to fulfill their life_____. a.necessities b. requirements c. appreciations d.expectations(期许) 4.Within seconds，the experienced instructor_____the situation and decided to attempt rescue. a.assumed b. assured c. assessed(评估) d. affirmed 5.Most good writers use every means at their_____to make the reader’s way smooth and easy. a.will b. disposal(处理) c. request d. convenience 6.The new apartment house built a few months ago is large enough to_____over two hundred people. a.accommodate(容纳) b. locate c. settle d. reside 7.A river_____through the narrow wooded valley below. a.pours b. twists(迂回曲折) c. expends d. expands
研究生英语精读教程答案(下)分章节
研究生英语精读教程（下）答案 Unit 2 Exercise A I．Comprehension 1．The distinction between active and passive euthanasia is clear．In the former case，some direct action is taken(for example，lethal injection is given．) to help finishing the patient’s unbearable pain for good，while in the latter，no direct action is taken，merely letting the patient die． 2．The attitude of AMA is somewhat contradictory．First，it states that mercy killing is contrary to what the medical profession stands and also to its own policy．But then it goes on to say that the advice and judgment of the doctor should be available to the patient and／or his family． 3．A lethal injection is one which can“kill”the patient immediately．The author thinks that once the decision not to prolong the patient's agony is made，to give him a lethal injection is the best choice．Otherwise the patient will suffer more rather than less． 4．The most painful thing to do for a surgeon is to stand by and watch a savable baby die because his very duty is to use the scalpel to fight off death． 5．Some people are opposed to all kinds of euthanasia because they believe that all people have the right to live． 6．The author believes that the reason to let the baby die is only an excuse．And the real reason is that the child has Down's syndrome because the operation is very simple． 7．No，killing someone is not morally worse than letting someone die．(An example is omitted．) 8．What the doctor does in active euthanasia is only for humane reasons．In a civil case of killing，however，the person acts from the motive of personal gain．That's the main difference．9．Mercy killing and conventional euthanasia are the same thing，because in both cases the passive part the doctor plays is emphasized． 10．The attitude of AMA in its statement is contradictory．First，it forbids mercy killing, but then it goes on to deny that the cessation of treatment is the intentional termination of life．This is where the mistake is made, for the former is none other than the 1atter． Ⅱ．V ocabulary 1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．A 6．C 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．B 13：D 14．D 15．B 16．C 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．D Ⅲ．Cloze 1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．A 13．B 14．B 15．C Ⅳ．Translation A．没有一个年轻人相信他是要死的。青春时期有一种永恒的感觉，使我们能自我纠正，适应一切事物。年轻人酷似神仙。虽半生一晃就过去了，还有下半生带着无限的宝藏给我们储备着，因为前程远大，希望无穷。这个新的时代是属于我们年轻人的。“一个远大无边的前景展开在我们面前。”我们环顾周围这个新的世界，充满着生命，活跃和不断的进步；我们自身感到朝气蓬勃，精神焕发，紧跟时代步伐。没有任何征兆会使我们预感到有朝一日，自
dayin当代研究生英语下课后close完型中英对照翻译答案
UNIT 1 There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is brought up. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. John, however, was educated in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. John's I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. 有两个因素决定一个人的智力。首先是他出生时带的大脑排序。人类的大脑彼此之间有很大不同，有的有比别人多的能力。但不管他出生时有多好的大脑，个人将有低下的智力，除非他有学习的机会。因此第二个因素是在他长大的环境中发生了什么。如果一个人在环境方面有障碍，很可能他的大脑将无法发展，他将永远不会他能够达到的智力水平。同卵双胞胎彼得和约翰的经历可以说明环境对于一个人智力发展的重要性。当这对双胞胎三个月大，他们的父母去世了，他们分别被安置在不同的寄养家庭。彼得被寄养在一个孤立的社区并且教育机会少，低智商的父母家中。然而约翰，在生活富裕、上过大学的父母家中接受教育。这种环境差异继续到这对双胞胎十几岁时，当测试他们的智力时。约翰的I.Q.是125，高于普通人二十五点，比他的兄弟高出整整四十分。 UNIT 2 Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible. Scientists have discovered that the brain can make its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substance which can act directly on the brain to change aspects of mental activity. Some may change or improve, for example, creativity,intelligence, imagination, and good memory. Chemicals found in the brain carry messages. In recent years scientists have found chemicals that affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mind. About 25 have been found so far. Today the role of chemicals and protein substance in human behaviour is creating much interest. Research seems to show that they may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illness. They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to conquer deficiencies. They also improve the qualities of memory and learning already in the brain. They hold the secret to mood and emotion. Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better and more efficient brain. 最近对人类大脑的研究报告中有一些有趣的发现：科学家认为一种改善大脑功能的方法可能很快成为可能。 科学家们发现大脑可以产生自己的药物。大脑中含有一种蛋白物质，它可以直接作用于大脑以改变心理活动的各个方面。有些可能会改变或改善，例如，创造力，智力，想象力和良好的记忆力。 在大脑中发现的化学物质携带着消息。近年来科学家们已发现影响情绪，记忆和大脑活动的其它化学物质。目前约25种已被发现。 今天，化学物质和蛋白质物质在人类行为的作用引起了人们很大的兴趣。研究似乎表明，它们可能有助于控制失眠，疼痛，和精神病。它们有一个巨大的能力来刺激大脑克服不足。它们还提高记忆和大脑中应经存在的学习质量。他们保持情绪和情感的秘密。将来有一天，有可能会有一种化学方法来创造一个更好、更有效率的大脑。 Unit 3 By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material i n various representative tissue samples from infected peop le, and extrapolating form these samples to the entire bod y, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500 cells, maybe fe wer, is infected with HIV. This is nowhere near enough for direct cell killing to account for the depletion in their numbers th at leads to AIDS. 通过测试被感染者具有代表性的组织样本中HIV 的遗传材料，从这些样本推算整个身体，哈泽估计，最多1 ／2500，或许更少，感染了HIV。这对于直接杀死细胞引起细胞大量消亡而导致艾滋病是远远不够的。 Haase says that his own work now shows that large n umbers of CD4 cell are becoming trapped in lymph tissue , and he believes that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells. In common with a number of other researchers, he also believes that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected CD4 c ells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell suicide,or apoptosis-a separate process that has been a subject of res earch throughout the 1990s . 哈泽说自己现在的工作表明，大量的CD4细胞被困在淋巴组织，而且他认为，艾滋病病毒会破坏新细胞的产生。研究人员普遍认为，艾滋病毒可以通过触发细胞自毁或消亡，导致未受感染的CD4细胞减少。在20世纪90年代这一过程曾是一个研究课题。 Taken together, these findings clearly suggest that H IV keeps the immune system in a state of constant activati on, and unbalances it in four ways :by trapping mature cells ,b