英美文学作者作品
英国部分
古英语Old English 450-1066
中世纪英语(文学) Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century
乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry Tales> first time to use 'heroic couplet' 英雄体双行诗 文艺复兴(含义)The Renaissance - rebirth or revival 人文主义Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life 1.斯宾塞Edmund Spenser - the poets' poet 2.马洛Christopher Marlowe - University Wits, the pioneer of English drama Blank verse无韵诗体, hyperbole夸张 浮士德博士的悲剧 happiness 对知识、权利、幸福的追求 3.莎士比亚William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present time 四大悲剧Four tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth 十四行诗第18首 《威尼斯商人》 Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality 《哈姆雷特》 action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger (复仇者) To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action 独白Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters 4.培根Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness(简洁) & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose Inductive method 归纳法in place of deductive method 演绎法 《论学习》 delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary 互补to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. 5.邓恩John Donne 玄学诗派metaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods Conceits, syllogism 三段论 《日出》 with(干扰) other things and everywhere 《致死神》 Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul. 6.弥尔顿John Milton 《失乐园》 spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will. 《复乐园》 《力士参孙》 新古典主义Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracy 怯懦 启蒙思想(运动) Enlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science 哥特式小说Gothic novel - mystery, horror & castles 神秘、恐怖 7.班扬John Bunyan (“浮华集市”) 8..蒲伯Alexander Pope 《论批评》 turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance(指导), 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style. 9. 笛福Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people《罗宾汉》 10.斯威夫待Jonathan Swift - a master satirist讽刺作家. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently永存的flawed有瑕疵的Proper words in proper places 《格列佛游记》 Flying Island & Houyhnhnm 11.菲尔丁Henry Fielding –英语小说之父Father of English novel, Prose Homer Comic epic in prose 《汤姆·琼斯》 12.约翰逊Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener 致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信 13. 谢里丹Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century 《?情敌》 important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. 14.格雷Thomas Gray The Graveyard(墓地) School《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》 ?浪漫传奇Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of 人文主义精神the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's 浪漫主义时期The Romantic Period 15.布莱克William Blake -engraver雕刻家 《扫烟囱的人》 happy and innocence world from children's eye; Sweeper> from 《经验之歌》 poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites; 《泰戈》< The Tyger > 16.华兹华斯William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous自发的, worshipper of nature' Lake Poets' - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert Southey骚赛 He defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow洋溢of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected沉思默想的in tranquillity安静'. “我孤独地游荡，就象一朵云” the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. 《威斯敏斯特桥上,1802年9月3日》 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature. 《?绿竹》 《孤独的割麦女》 mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature. 17.柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remote Poet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversational(对话的) The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces –《古舟子咏》(又,《老水手之行》) Rime of the Ancient Mariner>,《库里斯特白》(克里斯塔贝尔)< Christabel >,《忽必列汗》 18.拜伦George Gordon Byron 拜伦式英雄'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin贵族血统, against tyrannical残暴的rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》 Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown. a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. 'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'? 19.雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley ?致英国人民 《西风颂》 Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?' 20.济慈John Keats 4 great odes –忧郁颂 夜莺颂 and the transience 短暂of human passion, 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty' 21.简奥斯汀Jane Austen 《傲慢与偏见》 达尔文《物种起源》Darwin's Man> shook the traditional faith, everything is created by God 功利主义Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people 维多利亚时期The Victorian Period 22.狄更斯Charles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers批判现实主义作家of the Victorian Age维多利亚时代 Character-portrayal描写is the most distinguishing feature特点of his works A mingling混合of humor and pathos 悲伤,惆怅 《双城记》 《雾都孤儿》 23.勃朗蒂姐妹The Brontë Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & Anne Brontë, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature. 《简·爱》 24.丁尼生Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist 拍吧, 拍吧, 拍吧 sadness feeling are contrasted with the 无忧无虑carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling无情的movement of the ship and the sea waves 《过沙洲》 death, his faith in God and an afterlife死后. 'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering进入the next world阴间 ”尤利西斯” life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the least important, but honored by all of them 25.布朗宁Robert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue 《指环与书》 我逝去的公爵夫人 speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man 26.乔治·艾略特George Eliot: As a 女性作家woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women 《米尔德马契》 lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigor 27.哈代Thomas Hardy - both a 自然主义naturalistic and a critical realist writer 地方乡土色彩Local-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment' 《德勃家的苔斯》 and not as to duration持续 ?夜里的相会 现代主义The Modern Period 28.萧伯纳George Bernard Shaw- 1884 join the Fabian Society, strongly against the credo信条of “art for art’s sake”, vehemently 激烈condemned the “well made” but cheap, hollow plays. He wrote more than 50 plays. Mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view. 《鳏夫的房产》 Profession> 《恺撒和克里奥佩特拉》 《人与超人》 Methuselah> 《苹果车》 29.高尔斯华绥John Galsworthy- was born into a upper-middle-class上层(富裕的)中产阶级family. 《银盒》 playwright in the public mind. 第一个三步曲Trilogy--《福赛特世家》 Property>,《进退两难》(骑虎难下) 第二个三步曲second Forsyte trilogy:《现代喜剧》 第三个三步曲 30.叶芝William Butler Yeats was born into an Anglo-Irish Protestant family in Dublin. organized the Irish National Dramatic Socirty and opened the Abbey Theatre. a moderate nationalist. build a mystical system of beliefs(history, life followed a circular spiral螺旋pattern consisting of long cycles which repeatd themselves over and over on different levels). 象征symbol : “winding stairs旋梯”, “spinning tops陀螺”, “gyres旋转”, “spirals” long poetic career, 3 period 《茵尼斯弗利岛》 of Fneryland> 《丽达及天鹅》 31. T. S.艾略特T. S. Eliot 《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》 《四个四重奏》 32.劳伦斯D. H. Lawrence 《儿子和情人》 33.乔伊斯James Joyce 《都柏林人》 Man> 《尤利西斯》 ■美国部分 Started with Washington Irving's called 'the American Renaissance'Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England Transcendentalism 先验主义/超验主义 1.欧文Washington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American Goldsmith Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced 2.爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement 3.霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne Interior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity 4.惠特曼Walt Whitman Openness, freedom, individualism I - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing) A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style his growing environments 5.麦尔维尔Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne a character and a narrator, the captain, Aha b is a monomaniac Realistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyon man's control 6.马克·土温Mark Twain - the true father of American literature Local colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age 3 boyhood books 7.亨利詹姆斯Henry James - international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association 8.迪金森Emily Dickinson Based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys her communication with the outside world. description of a moment of death Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse. 9.西奥多·德莱塞Theodore Dreiser - America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire - The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorder Seize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis Imagist movement, Jazz Age 10.庞德Ezra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement' agreement with Whitman's free verse 11.弗洛斯特Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene 12.尤金·奥尼尔Eugene O'Neill - founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times 毛猿 13.司哥特·费兹杰拉德F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920s A double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream 了不起的盖茨比 14.海明威Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel Prize Iceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure 15.福克纳·William Faulkner - awarded a Nobel Prize South, imprisonment in the past Stream of consciousness, multiple points of view Yoknapatawpha Country Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument. 英美文学主要作家作品 《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁?撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里?乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。 威廉?莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇，杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事，揭露了封建制度的残酷无情，同时，歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈（Keats, 1795一1821）是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦，作过医生的学徒，后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满，希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称，在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。 雪莱（Shelley ，1792一 1822）是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于 British Writers and Works The Anglo-Saxon Period ●The Venerable Bede 比得673~735 ?Ecclesiastical History of the English People 英吉利人教会史 ●Alfred the Great 阿尔弗雷得大帝849~899 ?The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 盎格鲁—萨克逊编年史 The Late Medieval Ages ●William Langland 威廉·兰格伦1332~1400 ?Piers the Plowman 农夫比埃斯的梦 ●Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340(?)~1400 ?The Books of the Duchess悼公爵夫人 ?Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ?The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 ?The House of Fame声誉之宫 ●Sir Thomas Malory托马斯·马洛里爵士1405~1471 ?Le Morte D’Arthur亚瑟王之死 The Renaissance ●Sir Philip Sydney菲利普·锡德尼爵士1554~1586 ?The School of Abuse诲淫的学校 ?Defense of Poesy诗辩 ●Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599 ?The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历 ?Amoretti爱情小唱 ?Epithalamion婚后曲 ?Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林·克劳特回来了 ?Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌 ?The Faerie Queene仙后 ●Thomas More托马斯·莫尔1478~1535 ?Utopia乌托邦 英美文学作品选读试题 5 I. Find the items in the right column which fit the left column the best and write your letters in the blank.( 20 points in all, 2 for each) 1.Chaucer A. Mary Ann Evans 2.Hamlet B. The father of English poetry 3.Coleridge C. Jane Austen 4.The Waste Land D. T. S. Eliot 5.Theodore Dreiser E. John Milton 6.Carl Jung F. Collective Unconscious 7.self-reliance G. An American Tragedy 8.Greorge Eliot H. blood and thunder thrille 9.Pride and Prejudice I. Ralph Waldo Emerson 10.Paradise Lost J Lake Poet 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5. ________ 6. ________ 7. ________ 8. ________ 9. _______ 10.________ II. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase. (20 points in all, 2 for each) 1. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as____________________________. 2. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as “____________________________.” 3. Wordsworth is regarded as a “_____________________.”He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. 4._____________________ is the most distinguishing feature of Charles Dickens’ works. 5. In his long dramatic career, Shaw wrote more than _____________________ plays. PART ONE: ENGLISH LITERATURE 英国文学 An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期 I. Edmund Spenser 埃蒙德.斯宾塞 牧人日记《The ShepheardesCalender》 仙后《The Faerie Queene》 婚曲《Epithalamion》 II. Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托夫.马洛 帖木儿-----Tamburlaine 浮士德博士的悲剧----Dr. Faustus 爱德华二世----Edward II 激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘---- The Passionate Shepherd to His Love III. William Shakespeare 威廉.莎士比亚 哈姆莱特---Hamlet 奥塞罗---Othello 李尔王—King Lear 麦克白--Macbeth 终成眷属---All’s Well That Ends Well 仲夏夜之梦—A Midsummer Night’s Dream 威尼斯商人---The Merchant of Venice 无事生非---Much Ado about Nothing 皆大欢喜---As You Like It 罗密欧和朱丽叶---Romeo and Juliet IV. Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯.培根 培根散文集---Essays 学术的进展---The Advancement of Learning 新工具----NovumOrganum 法律原理---Maxims of Law 必读英美文学经典作品20本 American Literature 1、The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Howthorne《红字》霍桑著 小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活 动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作 是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。 2、The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain 《哈克贝利.芬历险记》 简称《赫克》是美国文学中的珍品,也是美国文化中的珍品。十六年前【1984】 ,美国文坛为《赫克》出版一百周年举行了广泛的庆祝活动和学术讨论,也出版了一些研究马克吐温,特别是他的《赫克》的专著。专门为一位大作家的一本名著而举行如此广泛的纪念和专门的研究,这在世界文坛上也是少有的盛事。这是因为《赫克》的意义不一般. 美国著名作家海明威说, "一切现代美国文学来自一本书, 即马克吐温的《赫克尔贝里芬历险记》……这是我们所有书中最好的。一切美国文学都来自这本书,在它之前,或在它之后,都不曾有 过能与之媲美的作品。 3、The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James 《贵妇画像》 亨利.詹姆斯著】 美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注，专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。本文试图从一个全新的视角，即跨文化交际角度，剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者，并对其失败原因作了分析。希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。 Beowalf:the only organic whole poem to come out of the period. the first major English poem and the greatest work of literature of the period; the first long epic poem in Europe written in the vernacular language. (probably) the greatest epic left by the ancient Germanic tribes; The most ancient epic since the demise of the Greek and Roman literatures. Definition:A Ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story.(The Robin Hood Ballads) Chaucer:the founder of English poetry. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, especially rhymed couplet of iambic pentametre to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The significance of the The Canterbury T ales:1.it gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time2.the dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics .stories are cleverly woven together by links between the stories .stories are related to the personalities of the tellers3.Chaucer’s humour .Chaucer “the smyler with the knyf under the cloke”4.Chaucer’s contribution to the English language .He wrote in the London dialect to prove that English language is a beautiful language and can be handled to express different moods .Thus increased the prestige of eh English language. T omas More:Utopia. Edmund Spencer:The Shepherds Calendar/The Fairy Queen. Christopher Marlowe:The most prominent of the university wits. (Tamburlaine the Great/The tragic history of doctor Faustus) Francis Bacon:founder of English materialist philosophy. (Conciseness、Brevity、clearness、precision、Forcefulness) John Donne:the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.(The Flea). Comments on John Donne:1)In his life time, he exerted a measure of influence that none of his contemporaries ever dreamt of having.2)He was to Ben Johnson “the first poet f the world in some things”3)His poems are uneven in quality. John Milton:(Paradise Lost/Paradise Regained/Samson Agonistes.) God: somewhat ruthless and tynnical.Satan: The real hero of the poem. Satan represented the spirit of rebellion against unjust authority. Adam and Eve: embodying Milton’s belief in the powers of man.The Importance of John Milton:1) He was the third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest to come out of the 17th century. He made a strong influence on the later English poetry. Every progressive English poet since Milton has drawn inspiration from him.2) He wrote the greatest epic in English literature.3) He was a master of the blank verse, first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. 4) H e was a great stylist, and famous for his grand style. John Bunyan: Puritan writer of prose.(The Pilgrim’s Progress(Allegory)) Jonathan Swift:(Gulliver’s Travels).Comments on Jonathan Swift:1)Swift is one of the realist writers. His realism is quite different from Defoe's. Defoe's stories are based upon the reality of human life, while Swift's come from imagination.2)Swift is a great satirist. His satire is apparent and powerful.3)Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. Daniel Defoe:The forerunner of English realistic novel.(Robinson Crusoe/Moll Flanders) 杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer，1340年—1400年），英国中世纪著名作家，出生于一个酒商家庭。1359年随爱德华三世的部队远征法国，被法军俘虏，不久以黄金赎回。乔叟当过国王侍从，出使许多欧洲国家，两度访问意大利，发现了但丁、薄伽丘和彼特拉克的作品，对他的文学创作起了极大的作用。代表作：《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）其他作品《公爵夫人之书》(Book of the Duchess)、《声誉之宫》(The House of Fame)、《百鸟会议》(The Parliament of Fowles)、《贤妇传说》(The Legend of Good Women)以及《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》(Troilus and Criseyde)。乔叟于1400年10月25日在伦敦逝世，葬于威斯敏斯特教堂里的“诗人之角”。乔叟的死因不明，可能是被谋杀，英国的中世纪研究专家特里·琼斯曾出了一本书《谁谋杀了乔叟？》。 乔叟率先采用伦敦方言写作，并创作“英雄双行体”，对英国民族语言和文学的发展影响极大，故被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。 艾德蒙·斯宾塞（1552-1599）毕业于剑桥大学，著名英国诗人，尤以十四行诗著称。在不少英国批评家眼中，斯宾塞是英国历史上最伟大的诗人之一，与其齐名的，仅莎士比亚、弥尔顿、华兹华斯等二三人而已。从一个外国读者的眼中来看，他的诗无疑是优美可诵的，例如他写的十四行诗，就不比莎士比亚逊色。可以爱情小唱（1595）第75首为例：有一天我把她的名字写在沙滩上，大浪冲来就把它洗掉。我把她的名字再一次写上，潮水又使我的辛苦成为徒劳。“妄想者，”她说，“何必空把心操，想叫一个必朽的人成为不朽！我知道我将腐烂如秋草，我的名字也将化为乌有。” “不会，”我说，“让卑劣者费尽计谋而仍归一死，你却会声名长存，因为我的诗笔会使你的品德永留，还会在天上书写你的荣名。[b]死亡虽能把全世界征服我们的爱却使生命不枯。”[/b] 其诗主要以优美清新而著称，如那句一再咏唱的sweet thames! run softly till i end my song!(甜美的河，轻轻流到歌罢)，除此之外，斯宾塞还有长篇名著，如《仙后》《牧童的日历》等 马洛(1564～1593) Marlowe，Christopher 英国诗人，剧作家。1564年3月6日生于坎特伯雷一富有鞋匠之家，1593年5月30日卒于伦敦附近的德特福德。1587年在剑桥大学获硕士学位。在伦敦期间曾与探险家、政治活动家罗利，剧作家查普曼，数学家哈里奥特等怀疑宗教者结成团体，人称黑夜派和无神论者。曾一度入狱。后被人刺死。马洛共写了7 部剧本，均属悲剧或带有悲剧意味的历史剧：《帖木儿》、《浮士德博士的悲剧》、《马耳他的犹太人》、《爱德华二世》、《迦太基女王狄多》和《巴黎的大屠杀》。后两剧可能是与剧作家纳什合作，时间不能确定。马洛革新了中世纪的戏剧，在舞台上创造了反映时代精神的巨人性格和``雄伟的诗行''，为莎士比亚的创作铺平了道路。 弗兰西斯培根（1561——1626）是一位英国文艺复兴的代表人物，他是杰出的哲学家，科学家及散文家。他通过持之以恒地用科学方法思考及依靠观察而非权威学说获取知识的态度成为现代科学的奠基人。他的《培根散文集》是英国文学中这一流派的典范，并被誉为英语散文发展的重要里程碑。他所运用的一些新鲜词汇还进入了英国文学传统。 "Of Studies"主要内容： 《论读书》< English Literature Geoffrey Chaucer: the Father of English Poetry the Founder of English Realism the Master of modern English language The pioneer of the English Renaissance Beowulf: National epic of the Anglo-Saxons The story of Beowulf is a folk legend which reflects the feature of the tribal world. 英国文学作家作品British Writers and Works I. The Late Medieval Ages Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1340(?)~1400 ① The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ② The House of Fame声誉之宫 The Books of the Duchess悼公爵夫人 II The Renaissance 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞1552~1599 ①The Faerie Queene仙后 The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历 ② Amoretti爱情小唱 Epithalamion婚后曲 Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林?克劳特回来了 Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌 2. Thomas More托马斯?莫尔1478~1535 Utopia乌托邦 3. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯?培根1561~1626 Advancement of Learning学术的推进 Novum Organum新工具 Essays随笔 4. ben jonson Volpone, or the fox 5.Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗?马洛1564~1595 The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧 Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝 The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人 6. William Shakespeare威廉?莎士比亚1564~1616 ⑴ the first period Henry IV Richard III The Comedy Of Errors Titus Andronicus The Taming Of The Shrew The Two Gentlemen Of The Verona Love’S Labour’S Lost Romeo And Juliet罗密欧与朱利叶 ⑵ the second period Richard II A Midsummer Night’S Dream King John Merchant Of Venice威尼斯商人 Henry IV亨利四世 Much Ado About Nothing Julius Caesar尤利乌斯?凯撒 As You Like It皆大欢喜 Twelfth Night ⑶ The Third Period Hamlet哈姆莱特 Othello奥赛罗 King Lear李尔王 Macbeth麦克白 Antony And Cleopatra安东尼与克里奥佩特拉 Troilus And Cressida Timon Of Athens ⑷ The Fourth Period Pericles Cymbeline 5分钟内记住英美文学教材上的所有主要作家 顺口溜里面包含了教材上所有提到的主要英美作家(附有作品节选的). 通过顺口溜, 不但可以很容易的记下这些作家, 而且其最大的优点是, 你还可以通过顺口溜的语句顺序, 确认他们属于哪个时期. 而这一点是相当重要的. 用它除了可以直接对付选择题外, 还可以对付后面的简答题及论述题. 因为, 在同一个时期内的作家, 虽然各有特色, 但有共性. 当考到要分析某位作家的创作风格或某件作品时, 尽管你可能对他没什么印象, 但你可将一些该作家所属的时期的特点糊弄一点上去, 再做些引申, 多少还是可以拿些分的. 当然, 前提是你必需对每个时期的风格特征熟悉. 事实上, 要通过英美文学, 记忆8个时期的文学特征最最基本的了. 再重申一下: 下面的顺口溜只是用来方便记忆, 帮助你较容易记住提纲挈领的一些内容, 由骨及肉, 因此而记住更多的内容, (我之前曾看过一位网友介绍他通过英美文学的经验, 主题大致就是要记住树干, 到树枝, 再到树叶. 他的话很有道理, 我基本上也是按他的原理做的. ), 除此再无他用. 因为是顺口溜, 顺口是第一位, 因此, 其中有些字看上去有些古怪, 有些牵强, 请不要太在意. 能记住就可以了. 上面五句为英国部分, 下面三句为美国部分. 邓恩撕马赔沙弥 蒲伯吹笛,约翰逊感谢一班来自非州的斯文格格 布来克华华叫, 科学家济兹跟澳雪说拜拜. 狄更斯爱喝不安宁的布丁. 萧高叶踢死老乔 华盛顿爱上惠霍的梅姑娘. 骑马在德来塞大战狄金森 罗伯特李只好以福克纳飞欧申奥. 要使用好上面的顺口溜, 前提是你对他们应该有一个大致的了解, 否则你会很难知道who is who了. 哈哈... 下面我将顺口溜中的字对应的人名加上, 供大家参考. 注意: 有些对应的是first name, 有些是last name, 有些则完全是为了顺口的需要而增加的, 无人名可对. 邓恩John Donne撕Edmund Spenser 马Christopher Marlowe 赔Francis Bacon 沙William Shakespeare 弥John Milton 蒲伯Alexander Pope 吹笛Daniel Defoe ,约翰逊Samuel Johnson 感谢Richard Binsley Sheridan 一班John Bunyan 来自非Henny Fielding 州的斯文Jonathan Swift 格格Thomas Gray 布来克William Blake 华华William Wordworth 叫, 科Samuel Tayler Coleridge 学家济兹John Keats 跟澳Jane Austen 雪Percy Bysshe Shelley 说拜拜George Gordon Byron. 狄更斯Charles Dickens 爱George Eliot 喝Thomas Hardy 不安宁Robert Browning 的布Bronte Sisters 丁Alfred Tennyson. 萧George Bernard Shaw 高John Galsworthy 叶William Butler Yeats 踢T.S. Eliot 死老D.H. Lawrence 乔James Joyce. 华盛顿Washington Irving 爱Ralph Waldo Emerson 上惠Walt Whitman 霍Nathaniel Hawthorne 的梅Herman Melville 姑娘. 骑马Mark Twain 在德来塞Theodore Dreiser 大战Henry James 狄金森Emily Dickinson. 罗伯特李Robert Lee Frost 只好以Ezra Pound 福克纳William Faulkner 飞F. Scott Fitzgerald 欧Ernest Hemingway 申奥Eugene O'Neill. ☆英国文学名家名著 《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf ）是英国盎格鲁?撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里?乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales ）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。 威廉?莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet ）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet ）也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇，杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里 “to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事，揭露了封建制度的残酷无情，同时，歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈（Keats, 1795一1821）是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦，作过医生的学徒，后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满，希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称，在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。 雪莱（Shelley ，1792一 1822）是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗，也写了很多优美的抒情诗，特别是爱情诗，显示了不羁的想象，瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵，这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了，春天还会远吗？”（If Winters comes,can spring be far behind ）成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 华兹华斯（Wordsworth ， 1770-1850），18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge ）、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他 英国文学 ①上古及中世纪 民族史诗（The National epic）:[Beowulf] 乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer): [The Canterbury Tales] [The Romaunt of the Rose] [The Legend of Good Women] [Troilus and Criseyde] ②文艺复兴时期 斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）:[The Faerie Queene] 马洛(Christopher Marlowe): [Dr Faustus] [Tamburlaine] 莎士比亚(William Shakespeare): [HenryⅣ] [The Merchant of Venice] [Hamlet] [Othello] [King Lear] [Macbeth] [Romeo and Juliet] 培根（Francis Bacon）: [Novum Organum] [Of Studies] 邓恩（John Donne）: [The Songs and Sonnets] [The Sun Rising] [Death, Be Not Proud] 弥尔顿（John Milton）: [Paradise Lost] [Paradise Regained] [Samson Agonistes] ③新古典主义时期 班扬（John Bunyan）:[The Pilgrim’s Progress] 蒲柏（Alexander Pope）: [An Essay on Criticism] [The Dunciad] [The Rape of the Lock] [An Essay on Man] 笛福（Daniel Defoe）:[Robinson Crusoe] 斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift）: [A Tale of a Tub] [The Battle of the Books] [The Drapier’s Letters] Epic: An Epic is a long narrative poem in elevated style presents characters of high relation to a central figure of heroic proportions and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or race. Ballad: A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the 2nd and 4th rhymed. Romance: was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.It was for the upper class and a long composition in verse or prose, about knights—adventures. Th subject matters is about the matter of Britain, the mater of France, the matter of Rome. Allegory: An allegory is a story or descriptionin which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching. Humanism: Humanism refers to the literary culture in the Renaissance. In the Renaissance Period, scholars and educators who called themselves Humanist began to emphasize the capacities of the human mind and the achievements of human culture in contrast to the medieval emphasis on God and contempt for the things of this world. Sonnets: A sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes. Soliloquy: is a dramatic speech uttered by one character speaking aloud while alone on the stage. Renaissance: is a cultural movement（the 14th to the 17th century）, beginning in Florence, Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. 1.Goeffrey Chaucer ( 1340-1400) the father of English poetry The Book of Duchess《悼公爵夫人》, Troilus and Cryseyde, The Parliament of Fowls, The House of Fame, The Canterbury Tale 2. John Wycliff (1324-1384) Father of English prose Reform the church to away with the corruption and rottenness; translate Bible into standard English; maintain church must not interfere in temporal matters; fixes a national standard for English prose to replace various dialects. 3. William Langland (1330-1400) poet The Vision of Piers Plowman (takes form of allorgory but gives realistic picture of 14th century) The Fifteenth Century 4. Sir Thomas Malory poet Le Morte d'Arthur/The Death of Arthur Renaissance 5. Edmund Spenser “the poet’s poet”英美文学主要作家作品
英美文学作家作品
英美文学作品选读试题5
英美文学作家及作品
必读英美文学经典作品20本
英美文学 作家作品
英美文学作家作品集合
英美文学史(作家及作品)
英美文学作家作品汇总 精品
5分钟内记住英美文学教材上的所有主要作家
英美文学主要作家及其作品
英美文学选读作家及作品参考
英美文学作者作品