专业英语工程硕士期末考试试卷

工程硕士

专业英语期末考试试卷

一、请把下列英文短文翻译成中文（每题10分）

1.Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can

see，hear，touch，smell，and taste. System，according to webster’s dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”. Pollution c an be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms. When the goal of improving environmental quanlity is taken to be improving human wellbeing，the word “environment” broadens to include all kinds of social，economic，and cultural aspects. Such broadness is unworkable in many real situations and impractical in a text book designed for a one semester course. Our examination of environmental problems is therefore limited by our definition of “environment”.

环境是我们周围的物理和生物的栖息地，这里面我们可以看到，听到，触觉，嗅觉和味觉。系统，根据韦氏词典，被定义为“一组或的事情，所以相关或相连，形成一个单位或有机的整体安排;作为一个太阳系，灌溉系统，供电系统，世界或宇宙”。污染可以被定义为一个不希望的变化，在物理，化学，或空气，水的生物学特性，或土地，可以有害影响健康，存活，或人或其它生物的活动。当采取改善环境的quanlity的目标是要提高人类福祉，守信用“环境”扩大到包括各种社会，经济，文化等方面。这样的广度是行不通的，在许多实际情况和不切实际的课本设计为一个学期的课程。我们对环境问题的审查由我们的“环境”的定义，因此受到限制。

2. A number of different environmental problems are associated with water, air, or land

systems. Many of these problems will apply only within one of these systems, justifying the breakdown into these categories. Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system. Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfields as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies. Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined to an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems. A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of generating stations, smelters, and automobile exhausts。These gases are then transported by air currents over wide regions.Rainfall “washes them out”, creates acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life, forests, and agricultural crops. Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally of regional nature.

有许多不同的环境问题都与水，空气和土地制度有关。许多这些问题将仅在这些系统中的一个，证明有故障这些类别。这样的分类也为一个系统中的相关问题更容易理解是有用的。此外，它是明智的，因为，对于经理和管理上的原因，如子域的空气污染，供水，污水处理和固体废物处理通常是单独由政府机构处理。不幸的是，许多重要的环境问题并不仅限于空气，水，或陆地系统，但涉及的系统之间的相互作用。现有的例子是酸雨问题从二氧化硫和氮氧化物气体的排放而产生成从发电站，冶炼厂，和汽车尾气.这些气体的堆叠，然后由气流在很宽的区域输送。降雨“洗出来”，造成酸雨是有害的水生生物，森林和农作物。系统之间的相互作用的两个例子造成重大环境干扰呈现-的常区域性大气中的二氧化碳，一个全球性的问题，而酸雨问题的积累

3.The cities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roman Empire, had systems to

supply water and to dispose of wastes. The aqueducts supplying the ancient city of Rome (population about 1 million) with safe water from the Cloaca Maxima, the best known and one of the earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such systems. The municipal technology of ancient cities seems to have been forgotten for many centuries by those who built cities throughout Europe. Water supply and waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of the nineteenth century, it was not realized that improper wastes disposal polluted water supplies with disease-carrying organisms. The industrial revolution in nineteenth-century Britain, Europe, and North America aggravated the environmental problems since it brought increased urbanization. Phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental cause of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle. Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wastewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades. This led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of waterborne diseases. Note that all wastes discharge into environment, and thus pollute out water, air, and land system.

古代，尤其是罗马帝国，的城市有系统，供水和处置废物。该渡槽供应古城罗马（人口约100万美元）从泄殖腔千里马，最有名的和最早的下水道中的一个待建安全饮水，就是此类系统的实例。古代城市的市级技术似乎已被遗忘了许多世纪以来由那些谁在整个欧洲建立的城市。供水和废物处理被忽视，导致许多疫情十九世纪，人们没有意识到不恰当的废物处置污染水源与携带疾病的生物。工业革命在19世纪的英国，欧洲和北美加剧了环境问题，因为它带来了增加的城市化。

现象，城市化和工业化，过去和现在都是水和空气污染的根本原因，其中当时的城市是无法处理。对水的处理和废水的局部处理技术的迅速发展，发生在发达国家，在未来的几十年。这导致了在水传播疾病的发病率显着降低。请注意，所有的废物排放到环境中，从而污染了水，空气和土地制度

4.Hazardous substance disposal practices in the United States have traveled full circle.

Prior to 1978 there were few if any regulations regarding the disposal of these materials. Improper disposal of many of these chemicals resulted in health problems for many citizens, contaminated water supplies, and destruction of wildlife. With the enactment of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1978, manufacturing facilities now have an obligation to account for all waste materials that are generated by the facility. Implementation of RCRA has been slow. From the very

early industrial period in the United States, which started about 1920, until several years after the Second World War, there was little concern for the proper methods of disposal of waste materials that were generated as by-products during manufacturing processes. Up until the 1960’s it was quite common to find fresh water rivers and streams fouled with waste chemicals from manufacturing, salt water from oil production wells and waste acids from steel mill activities. Virtually every conceivable waste oil, solvent, or resin waste could be found in the rivers. The laws of the time were either non-existent or not enforced. The literature has many examples of health problems of individuals as well as destruction of fish and wildlife habitat.

Many other cases occurred that were not reported in the literature.

在美国有害物质处置做法已经走过了一圈。1978年以前，如果有任何有关规定处置这些材料的很少。处置不当许多这些化学物质导致了很多市民，受污染的水源，以及破坏野生动物的健康问题。随着1978年的资源保护和回收法（RCRA）的制定，生产设施现在必须考虑该设施所产生的所有废弃物的义务。RCRA的实施进展缓慢。从很早的工业化时期在美国，始于约1920年，直到数年第二次世界大战结束后，几乎没有关注处理在生产过程中产生的副产品废料的适当方法。

直到20世纪60年代这是很常见的发现淡水河流和溪涧犯规与制造，盐水从石油生产井和废酸从钢厂活动废弃化学品。几乎每一个可以想象的地沟油，溶剂或树脂废料可在河流中找到。当时的法律，要么不存在，要么没有执行。文献中的个体的健康问题的例子很多，以及破坏鱼类和野生动物的栖息地。发生了许多其他的案件没有文献报道

5.In some cases, recovery was technically impossible. As a result, the waste chemicals

were disposed of by any convenient method.The makeshift dumps sites were expanded. Because there were no regulations regarding disposal, persons with no technical expertise entered into the business of waste disposal. The profits were high because these individuals did not treat the chemicals. In most cases, the waste materials were transported to impounding areas located on privately owned land. The factories that generated the waste felt secure in the belief that the waste transporter was disposing of the materials in an acceptable manner. In most cases, this was not a correct assumption. The unregulated dumps grew both in size and complexity. When the dumps were in close proximity to populated areas or public water supplies, a series of problems begin to develop. Citizens in the vicinity of some of the dumps began to experience adverse health problems such as skin rashes, paralysis, cancer, and birth defects. In some cases, these problems have been attributed to contamination from the chemicals.

在一些情况下，回收率为技术上是不可能的。其结果是，废化学品用任何方便的方法进行处置。该临时堆放点进行了扩充。由于有关出售没有规定，没有技术专长的人员进入废物处理业务。该利润很高，因为这些人没有把化学品。在大多数情况下，废旧物品被运到蓄水位于私人拥有的土地面积。该产生的废物工厂认为，所述废物转运被处理的材料的以可接受的方式的信念的安全。在大多数情况下，这不是一个正确的假设。在不受管制的转储无论在规模和复杂性的增长。当垃圾场是在靠近居住区或公共供水系统，一系列的问题开始发展。在一些垃圾场附近的居民开始遇到不利的健康问题，如皮疹，瘫痪，癌症和先天缺陷。在某些情况下，这些问题已被归因于污染从化学品。

6.Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process.This

includes, for example, process changes, feedstock changes, improved housekeeping/management, and in-process recycling. Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of. It includes any source reduction or recycling activity of waste or the reduction in the toxicity of waste (or both) as long as the reduction is consistent with the goal of minimization of present and future threats to human health and the environment. Recycling: The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an industrial process. This includes the on-or off-site reclamation of useful fractions of a waste or the removal of contaminants from a waste to allow reuse. Pollution prevention: Pollution may be generated during manufacturing, or when certain products are used commercially or by consumers.

This may be prevented in three ways: changing inputs/reducing reliance on toxic or hazardous raw materials; process changes /increasing efficiency/improved maintenance such as equipment modifications, better housekeeping, in-process closed-loop recycling; or changing outputs/reducing reliance on toxic or hazardous products.

源头减量：任何行动，减少废物在退出过程中的量。这包括，例如，流程的变化，原料变化，提高家政服务/管理以及过程中的循环利用。废物最小化：减少在可行的范围内，废弃物的产生或进行后处理，存储或处置。它包括任何来源或减少的废料回收活性或中的废物（或两者）的毒性的降低，只要减少是与最小化对人类健康和环境的当前和未来的威胁的目标相一致。回收：浪费作为替代商业产品或作为原料的工业过程的用途或再利用。这包括上或场外开垦的浪费或去除污染物从废物，以允许重用有用组分。污染防治：可在生产过程中会产生污染，或者是某些产品的商业或消费者使用。这可以防止在三个方面：改变输入/减少依赖有毒有害的原料;流程更改/提高效率/提高维护，如设备改造，更好地家政，在过程闭环循环利用;或改变输出/减少有毒或有害产品的依赖。

二．请把下列中文短文翻译成英文（每题10分）

1.在一个环境系统里，环境分析包括化学、物理以及生物测量的性能。这一系统不

仅包含自然环境还包括污染环境，但是环境分析这个术语正在越来越多地用于污染物的测量.通常，测量有四种形式：定性分析，以确定目前的物种；定量分析，以确定有多少物种存在；形态或性质，确定目前污染物的详细的化学组分和方法（如被吸附到表面的粒子）；和影响分析中测量的具体目的是确定在何种程度的环境影响所产生的污染物问题。

In an environment systems, environmental analysis including performance of chemical, physical and biological measurements. This system not only includes the natural environment also includes environmental pollution, environmental analysis but this term is increasingly used to measure contaminants usually measured in four forms: Qualitative analysis, to determine the species present; quantitative analysis, to determine how many species exist; form or nature, to determine the current detailed chemical contaminant compositions and methods (e.g., adsorbed to the particle surface); specific purposes and effects analysis is to determine the environmental

impact of the measurement of the extent to which pollutants generated.

2.环境分析的目的是为了制造一个可行的现实的评估，去获得目前在环境中自然和

污染物的种类的相关信息，以便根据它们大致上的生活习惯做出切实的评估.有可能以多种方式显示出的污染物方面涉及到那些实际货物的评估或者潜在的环境影响。因此，一个被污染的物种可能对植物或者动物造成危害。

The purpose of environmental analysis is to create a viable realistic assessment, to get the current nature and types of pollutants in the environment-related information in order to make a realistic assessment based on their habits in general. It is possible to more pollutants ways shows related to those goods or to assess the actual potential environmental impacts. Thus, a contaminated species may cause harm to plants or animals.

3.什么是空气污染？空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓

度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。主要有两种类型的空气污染。

初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。这种化学物质可以是一个自然的空气成分，如超过了正常浓度的二氧化碳，，或通常不会在空气中发现的，如汽车燃烧含铅汽油所排放出来的主要尾气。次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。严重的空气污染通常是因为一个城市或其他地区在空气流动停滞期间排放了高浓度污染物。

What is air pollution? Air pollution usually refers to the kind comprising one or more chemical substances and enriched to a high concentration enough to harm humans, other animals, plants or materials in the air. There are two main types of air pollution.

Primary Air pollution is harmful concentration directly into the air chemicals. This chemical can be a natural air components, such as more than the normal concentration of carbon dioxide,, or is not normally found in the air, such as cars burning leaded gasoline exhaust emissions primarily out. Secondary air pollution is a chemical reaction between the gas compositions in the atmosphere from the harmful chemicals.

Serious air pollution is usually because of a city or other areas during stagnant air flow discharge high concentrations of pollutants.

4.二氧化碳在全球热量平衡的作用是公认的。因为二氧化碳能够吸收热能，减少大

气发射率，也就是说，它能够辐射红外长波和可见光，这种能力通常被称为“温室效应”。“温室效应”主要是由水汽和二氧化碳引起的，它们有着强烈的红外线吸收带。当然，大气层中一种或几种这些气体的变化会影响被截留在温室内的热量和红外长波，从而决定了全球的气候。直到1890年为止，大气层的二氧化碳水平由百万分之290增加到百万分之322.其中有25%是最近十年增加的。从1958年起，平均每年的增长量接近百万分之0.7。如果这个趋势继续下去的话，公元2035年，大气层中的二氧化碳水平将可能翻倍。根据一些被广泛接受的气候模型，这种结果可能导致中纬度表面温度大约上升2.4度，同时伴随着极地地区巨大的潜在升温。

The role of carbon dioxide in the global heat balance is recognized. Since carbon dioxide can absorb heat, reduce air emissivity, that is, it can be long-wave infrared radiation and visible light, this ability is often called "greenhouse effect."

"Greenhouse effect" is mainly caused by the water vapor and carbon dioxide; they have a strong infrared absorption band. Of course, the atmosphere changes in one or more of these gases will affect the amount of heat trapped in the greenhouse and long

wave infrared, thus determining the global climate. Up until 1890, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from 290 parts per million to 322 per million, of which 25 % increase in the recent decade. Since 1958, the average amount of annual growth of close to 0.7 parts per million. If this trend continues, then the year 2035, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels will probably double. According to some climate model has been widely accepted, such a result could lead to mid-latitude surface temperature rise of about 2.4 degrees, accompanied by a huge potential warming Polar Regions.

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