八年级下期中复习纲要 (2)
新:八下 期中提纲

《道德与法治》八(下)期中复习第一单元坚持宪法至上第一课:维护宪法权威第一框:公民权利的保障书1、宪法基本原则:我国是人民民主专政的社会主义国家,国家的一切权力属于人民。
2、国家尊重和保障人权:宪法原则。
(注意:不是基本原则)3、我国如何尊重和保障人权?(从立法、执法、司法、宣传等方面,是所有国家机关的要求)(1)尊重和保障人权是现代法治国家立法活动的基本要求。
我国宪法规定了公民享有的广泛的基本权利,法律进一步明确了公民享有的各项具体权利,规定了侵害权利的法律责任。
(2)行政机关在执法过程中应当树立尊重和保障人权的意识,做到严格规范公正文明执法,坚持依宪施政、依法行政、简政放权。
(3)审判机关、检察机关要依照宪法和法律的规定独立行使审判权、检察权,保护公民的各项合法权益。
(4)国家加强法治宣传教育,弘扬社会主义法治精神,建设社会主义法治文化,增强全民法治观念,形成全民守法的氛围和习惯,努力将人权理想变成现实。
4、我国的国家性质:中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。
5、宪法如何保障人民当家作主的地位?(从经济制度、政治制度、公民基本权利等方面)(1)宪法规定的社会主义经济制度奠定了国家权力属于人民的经济基础;(2)宪法规定的社会主义政治制度明确了人民行使国家权力的基本途径和形式;(3)宪法规定广泛的公民基本权利,并规定实现公民基本权利的保障措施;(4)宪法规定国家武装力量属于人民。
6、我国经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制。
7、广大人民通过人民代表大会行使国家权力。
(人民代表大会是人民行使国家权力的机关)8、我国人权的广泛性:(1)主体广泛:既包括我国公民,也包括外国人;不仅保护个人,也保护群体。
(2)内容广泛:既包括平等权和人身权利、政治权利,也包括财产权、劳动权、受教育权等经济、社会、文化方面的权利。
第二框治国安邦的总章程9、P11表格:(注意:人民不能直接行使国家权力)全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生,对人民负责,受人民监督。
八年级下册复习纲要

八年级下册复习纲要第一部分关于权利和义务一、人民和公民㈠、人民①、人民当家做主的国家。
②、人民是国家的主人。
③、在我国现阶段,包括工人、农民、知识分子和其他社会主义劳动者、社会主义事业的建设者、拥护社会主义的爱国者、拥护祖国统一的爱国者在内的全体人民。
④、人民是区别于敌人的政治概念,在不同的国家和同一国家的不同历史时期,有着不同的阶级内容。
⑤、中华人民共和国的一切权利属于人民。
⑥、社会主义制度建立后,社会上还存在着极少数敌视和破坏社会主义制度的敌对势力和敌对分子,我们必须与其进行斗争,以确保人民当家作主的地位不被动摇,维护国家的长久治安。
㈡、公民①、公民是法律概念。
②、凡具有中华人民共和国国籍的人都是中华人民共和国公民。
③、在我国,公民既包括人民,又包括具有我国国籍的被剥夺政治权利的人。
④、被剥夺政治权利的人不能享有公民的全部权利,也不能履行服兵役等光荣义务。
二、权利㈠、权利的概述①、作为国家的公民,享有宪法和法律确认的公民权利。
②、由于宪法规定的公民权利,是公民最主要、最根本的权利,所以称之为公民的基本权利。
③、我们享有的权利,需要来自家庭、学校、社会及他人的保障,否者权利就会落空。
④、最重要、最有效的是法律保障。
⑤、公民权利保障体制:我国通过建立以宪法为核心、以立法保障和司法保障为主要内容的权利保障体制,保障公民的权利。
宪法保障立法保障:把公民的权利通过法律的形式确定确认下来。
司法保障:通过司法机构帮助公民实现权利。
⑥、社会进步的重要标志在于人权能够得到尊重和保障。
⑦、国家尊重和保障人权。
㈡、权利⑴、公民权利的广泛性①、表现:我国宪法规定的公民基本权利涉及政治、经济、文化等各个领域,涵盖家庭生活、学校生活、社会生活等诸多方面。
②、公民的基本权利:A、平等权;B、政治权利和自由;C、宗教信仰自由;D、人身自由权利;E、对国家机关工作人员的批评、建议、申诉、控告、检举权,取得赔偿权; F、社会经济权利;G、教育、科学、文化权利和自由;H、妇女的权利,婚姻、家庭、儿童和老人受国家保护;I、华侨、归侨和侨眷的合法权益受法律保护。
八下期中复习纲要(新人教版)

八年级地理下册复习提纲1第五章 中国的地理差异班级 姓名 座号一、地理差异显著1.自然环境差异显著:(1)气温:自南往北,纬度逐渐升高,气温逐渐降低。
海南岛长夏无冬,黑龙江长冬短夏。
(2)降水:自东南沿海向西北内陆,距海越来越远,降水越来越少。
东南沿海山清水秀,西北内陆沙漠、戈壁广布。
(3)地势:自西向东,呈阶梯状分布,逐级下降。
第一级阶梯上的青藏高原地高天寒,雪峰连绵;第三级阶梯上的长江三角洲地势低平,温暖湿润。
2.人文环境差异显著:(1)人类活动差异显著。
例如,农业具有西牧东耕、南稻北麦的分布特点;人口、城市、交通线表现为东密西疏的分布特点;经济发展水平东部高,西部低。
(2)秦岭-淮河一线南、北差异显著。
比较秦岭-淮河以北地区和以南地区自然、人文差异:秦岭—淮河一线的地理意义:1月份0℃等温线是暖温带和亚热带、冬季河流是否结冰的分界线;800毫米年等降水量线是湿润地区和半湿润地区、水田和旱地的分界线。
二、四大地理区域1.不同类型的地理区域:如自然区、经济区、文化区等。
2.四大地理区域:(1)划分依据:综合地理位置、自然地理、人文地理的特点划分为四大地理区域。
(2)界线及其确定的主导因素各区域地理差异尤其是相邻地理区域差异的前提。
第六章 北方地区一、自然特征与农业 1.黑土地 、黄土地:(1)位置:北方地区大体位于大兴安岭、青藏高原以东,内蒙古高原以南,秦岭-淮河以北,东临渤海和黄海。
(2)地形:以平原和高原为主。
东北平原被称为“黑土地”,华北平原和黄土高原被称为“黄土地”。
(3)气候:地跨我国中温带和暖温带,大部分地区属于温带季风气候,冬季寒冷干燥,夏季炎热多雨。
属于半湿润区。
2.重要的旱作农业区:P11(1)发展优势:平原广阔,土壤肥沃,耕地集中连片。
(2)农作物:粮食作物:小麦、玉米、谷子; 经济作物:甜菜、棉花、大豆 (3(4)华北地区春旱的主要原因(1)春季少雨;(2)春季升温快,蒸发量大;(3)春季正值华北地区冬小麦返青和玉米、棉花出苗,农业用水量较大。
2020-2021学年人教版八年级期中综合复习(二)(有答案)

2020-2021学年人教版八年级下册期中综合复习(二)一、单选题1.—Many people play with mobile phones all day now.—_________ Everyone should be a book lover. Reading is more interesting.A.Well done! B.I don’t agree. C.That’s too bad.D.You’re welcome. 2.—What did he say?—He said he ____ a telephone call to his relative at 9: 30 on Saturday night.A.made B.was making C.makes D.is making 3.—My mother often sends me to all kinds of classes,so I feel very tired.—I think she should ________ a few of your activities so that you can feel relaxed.A.get out B.work out C.find out D.cut out4.It has been about half a term ______ Sandy went into junior high school. A.though B.when C.if D.since5.It’s really kind of you to offer ________ me the money.A.to lend B.lending C.lend D.to lending 6.—It was quite a heavy snow last night. Is everyone here now?—Yes, and _______ of us was late for school this morning.A.neither B.either C.all D.none 7.—Would you like to go to the movies this evening?—I'd like to,but my parents don't allow me ________ out at night.A.go B.going C.to go D.went8.—I ________ my best friend yesterday morning.—Why not call her up and say sorry to her?A.depended on B.looked forC.hung out with D.argued withKeys:1.C2.B3.D4.D5.A6.D7.C8.D二、完型填空Because of a medical accident, 44-year-old Jenny became blind. She couldn't see anything. At that time she felt 1 . And all she had to depend on(依赖)was her husband Peter.Peter loved Jenny with all his 2 . He wanted to help his wife become confident(自信的).Jenny 3 to come back to her work, but how would she get there? She used to take the bus, but now she was too 4 to get around the city by herself. So Peter 5 to take the bus with her.For two weeks, 6 morning Peter took the bus with Jenny and then he would take a taxi back to his office. Finally, Jenny started to 7 the trip herself. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday……each day she went on her own. It went 8 .From then on, Jenny took the 9 to go to work as usual. As she was 10 the money for her ticket, the driver said, "Lady, how much I envy(羡慕)you!""Why do you say that?" she asked the driver.The driver answered, "You know, every morning for the past few weeks, a gentleman stood across the corner 11 you. He gave you a kiss in the air and walked away 12 he saw you cross the street 13 and go into your office building."Tears of 14 poured down from Jenny's eyes. Her husband had given her a gift more 15 than sight(视力)—the gift of love that can bring light.1.A.bored B.terrible C.excited D.surprised 2.A.way B.money C.heart D.idea 3.A.expected B.seemed C.looked D.disliked 4.A.scared B.busy C.tired D.famous 5.A.stopped B.acted C.decided D.hoped 6.A.either B.both C.each D.all7.A.create B.discover C.try D.hold 8.A.successfully B.truly C.seriously D.loudly 9.A.taxi B.bus C.train D.plane 10.A.making B.paying C.sharing D.spending 11.A.helping B.waiting C.touching D.watching 12.A.after B.though C.if D.and 13.A.quickly B.safely C.beautifully D.quietly 14.A.excitement B.sadness C.hope D.happiness 15.A.similar B.healthy C.cheap D.importantKeys:1.B2.C3.A4.A5.C6.C7.C8.A9.B10.B11.D12.A13.B14.D15.D三、阅读单选(A)It's important for you to set goals(目标).However,you may feel it hard to do.The following advice can help you.◆Have a strong wish for your goalYou should remember: the starting point of all success is a strong wish.Strong wishes make good results.So,the first step in achieving a goal is to have a strong wish.◆Picture yourself achieving a goalYou can alter your life by changing your mind.You should never stop thinking that you can achieve your goal.For example,you can draw a picture of something that you want and put it up on the wall.Then you can see it every day and it seems that you have already got it.This will encourage you to make it come true.◆Make a plan to achieve your goalTo make a plan to achieve your goal is the most important step.You should make sure that you think through everything in the plan first.Each day you should follow the plan so that you can achieve your goal.◆Check your progressAs you are trying to achieve your goal,you need to check how much progress you have made and how many things you have missed.Write these things down and find out how to do them better. 1.What is the first step to achieve a goal?A.Drawing a picture. B.Studying hard.C.Having a strong wish. D.Living happily.2.The underlined word “alter” in the passage means “________” in Chinese.A.破坏B.改变C.抄袭D.选择3.Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?A.Ask for help. B.Change your mind.C.Make a plan. D.Check your progress.4.What can we learn from the passage?A.Setting goals is the most difficult thing for some people.B.You don't have to follow every plan step by step.C.Draw a picture of something and then you can have it at once.D.You need to check what you have missed on the way to your goal.5.What is the best title for this passage?A.The Reasons of Setting Goals B.The Time of Setting GoalsC.The Ways of Achieving Goals D.The Importance of Achieving Goals Keys:1.C2.B3.A4.D5.C(B)We can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make are about money. But most mistakes are about people.Why do we go wrong about our friends? Sometimes people hide their real meanings when they say something. And if we don’t really listen, we miss the feeling behind the words. Suppose someone tells you, “You’re a lucky dog.” That’s being friendly. But “lucky dog”? There’s a bit of envy(嫉妒) in those words. Maybe he doesn’t see ____ himself. But “lucky dog” puts you down a little. He may mean you don’t deserve your luck.How can you tell the real meaning behind someone’s words? One way is to take a good look at the person talking. Do his words fit the way he looks? Do his words agree with the tone(语调) of voice? His posture(姿态)? The look in his eyes? Stop and think. If you spend the minute thinking about the real meaning behind one’s words, it may save another mistake.1.According to the passage, the reason why we go wrong about our friends is that ______. A.we fail to listen carefully when they talkB.we become angry when we realize what they really meanC.they sometimes said one thing but meant anotherD.we never believe what people say2.What does the underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refer to(指) ?A.Being friendly B.A bit of envy C.A lucky dog D.The good luck 3.From the passage, how many things should we pay attention to when we take a good look at the person talking?A.Three B.Five C.Six D.Four 4.According to the passage, the writer most probably is a ______.A.teacher B.psychologist(心理学家)C.farmer D.doctor5.This passage is about __________.A.how to tell the real meaning behind our wordsB.what to do when you listen to others talkingC.how to avoid(避免) mistakes when communicating with peopleD.why we must know the wrong we will doKeys:1.C2.B3.D4.B5.C(C)Mary and Tom go to the West City Supermarket to do some shopping. Here are the prices of the things in the supermarket and their lists.Mary’s shopping list: 4 apples; 1 bag of rice; 1 box of butter; 2 boxes of milk; 1 kg of steak; 3 kg of bananas.Tom's shopping list: 1 box of butter (Australia); 1 kg of steak (Australia); 3 apples (Canada);2 kg of bananas (Thailand).1.Mary wants to buy the things from China. She can only buy ________ from this supermarket. A.rice, apples, and butter B.rice, butter and steakC.apples, bananas and milk D.butter, teak and milk2.How much does Tom pay for the things?A.$88. B.$80. C.$87. D.$773.If Tom bought the cheapest things, how much could he save?A.$ 20. B.$30. C.$27. D.$25.Keys:1.C2.C3.D(D)A kind of little cars may someday take the place of today’s cars. If everyone drives such cars in the future, there will be less pollution There will also be more space for parking cars in cities, and the streets will be less crowded(拥挤的). Three such cars can fit in the space now needed for one car of the usual size.The little cars will cost much less to own and to drive. Driving will be safer, too, as these little cars can go only 65 kilometers an hour. The cars of the future will be fine for getting around a city, but they will not be useful for long trips. Little cars will go 450 kilometers before needing to stop for more gasoline(汽油).If big cars are still used along with the small ones, two kinds of roads will be needed in the future. Some roads will be used for the big, fast cars and other roads will be needed for the slower(慢的), small ones.1.There is much pollution in the car today because ________.A.people drive big cars B.people drive little cars C.the cars go 65 kilometers an hour2.The usual size of cars today are ________ that of future cars.A.much smaller than B.three times as large as C.a little larger than3.We can learn from the passage that ________.A.big cars cost less to own and to driveB.the cars of the future will be much smaller than today’s carsC.small cars are faster than big ones4.The street will be less crowded because ________.A.there will be fewer cars in the futureB.driving future cars will be safeC.future cars will be much smaller5.Two kinds of roads may be needed in the future because ________.A.there will be too many cars in the futureB.more and more people will get around a cityC.big cars and little cars may be used along with each otherKeys:1.A2.B3.B4.C5.C四、补全短文7选5(A)As people become older, they are more likely to judge (判断) things around them in the wrong way. ___1__My granddaughter, Hanna, loves to buy things on sale with her mother. She always tell other people proudly that she has found a lovely shirt on sale. __2___One day, I went shopping with Hanna’s grandfather, Bill, and Hanna. After we had parked our car, Bill jumped out to go into the store. Hanna and I waited for him in the car.“I like that truck,” Hanna said, suddenly. Then I noticed that there was an old truck behind our car, with a lot of clothes on it. __3___ We got out of the car to have a look. However, I found that the clothes were of bad quality; they were not very nice, and they were not even clean.Surprised, I asked Hanna, “Dear, why do you like it?”“I just do,” she answered.___4__It was also dirty, because of the rain from the day before. I wondered what people might think of me because of my dirty car.We adults often judge other people, other things for certain reasons. __5___They just judge using their hearts.A.Then I looked at my car.B.Unlike her, many adults hide the fact that they buy things on sale.C.She is very clever.D.Many people were standing around it.E.They start to judge them only through their eyes, rather than their hearts.F.But children don’t need those strange reasons.G.But the truck looks very old and shabby.Keys:1.E2.B3.D4.A5.F(B)A: Hey, Jason! What are you going to do?B: I'm going to visit Ted.A: __1___ Do you forget Ted is still in China?B: Oh, I really forgot it. __2___A: In a week.B: Oh! ___3__A: Me too. What are you going to do next?B: __4__A: But it's too hot today.B: __5___A: It'll be cool. Let's go to the park tomorrow!B: Sounds great. How about having a picnic in the park tomorrow?A: That's a good idea.A.Are you joking?B.I'm going to the park.C.He went to China by plane.D.I wish I were with him now.E.How soon will Ted be back?F.Can I go to the park with you?G.What will the weather be like tomorrow?Keys:1.A2.E3.D4.B5.G五、用单词的正确形式完成短文also, because, keep, start, job, for, save, visit, photo, languageI’m Ken. I’m going to finish high school in two years. And then I’m going to study languages at university__1___four years. I’m going to work as a ___2__ teacher after graduation. At the university, I’m ___3__going to take computer lessons__4__ I’m going to use the computer in my work. I’m going to play sports to __5___ healthy, too. I really enjoy traveling, so before __6___ to work, I’m going to travel somewhere. In order to(为了)travel,I’m going to find a part-time__7___as a waiter in a restaurant. I’m going to ___8__ my money for six months,and then I’m going to ___9___Australia. I’m going to see lots of animals there! Of course, I’m going to take lots of __10___on my trip so that I can remember it.Keys:1.for nguage3.also4.because5.keep6.starting7.job8.save9.visit10.photos六、材料作文假如你叫王林,参加了学校的“有烦恼向谁说?”的调查活动。
八年级英语 下学期期中复习(二) 人教新目标版

人教新目标英语八年级下学期期中复习(二)一.重点词汇1. different kinds of意为“不同种类的”,“各种各样的”,等于all kinds of,kinds of 后面接可数或不可数名词均可。
kind有两个词性:1)kind作名词,意为“种类”。
如:There are many kinds of animals in the zoo. 动物园里有很多种动物。
2)kind作形容词,意为“和善的,友好的”。
如:It's very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好了。
2. advice意为“劝告,意见,忠告”等,是不可数名词,前不加冠词。
可用“a piece of advice”,“pieces of advice”的结构来表示数量。
与advice搭配的动词短语有:ask sb. for advice 向某人征求意见follow/take sb's advice 遵从某人的劝告give sb. some advice 给某人提出建议如:The doctor gave us some advice on how to improve our health.医生对如何提高我们的身体素质提出了一些建议。
3. 辨析leave和forget这两个词都有“遗忘,忘记”的意思,但用法不同,注意区别。
1)leave+sth.+sp. 指“把某物遗忘在某地”如:I left my notebook in the classroom. 我把笔记本忘在教室里了。
2)forget to do sth.指“忘记去做某事”forget doing sth. 指“忘记做过某事”如:I forget to tell her about it. 我忘了把这件事告诉她。
I forgot telling her about it. 我忘记曾把这件事告诉过她。
4. in hospital该短语译为“住院”,hospital前面无冠词,表示抽象概念。
八年级下册期中考试复习提纲

八年级下册期中考试复习提纲第一课珍爱生命1.为什么要珍惜生命?①生命是神奇的②生命是珍贵的.2.为什么说生命是珍贵的?每一个生命都是独特的.世界上没有两片完全相同的树叶,也不可能有两个完全相同的生命.每一个生命,都会发出独特的光彩.生命的珍贵,还在于它不可重复.生命的河流不会复回,每个人的生命都是有限的.每一个生命,生命的每时每刻,都是珍贵的.3.如何珍爱生命?①珍爱生命,需要关注生命安全. ②珍爱生命,让生命变得充实.4.如何让生命变得充实?每个人的生命只有一次,只要我们能够对社会有所贡献,对他人有所帮助,让自己的生活内容丰富多彩,我们的生命就有意义.5.为什么要关爱他人?关爱他人,是现代公民的基本素养.每一个人都拥有平等的生命权利,每一个生命都值得关怀和珍爱.平等的生命之间,要相互关爱.每一个生命的成长,都会经历很多坎坷和困难,我们要学会感同身受.要尊重他人的健康和生命权利.6.如何关爱他人?①关爱他人,最基本的是不侵犯他人的生命健康权利.②当他人的生命安全受到威胁时,能够伸出援助之手.③在危急生命的重大灾难面前,更能体现一个人的品德和素养.面对突如其来的灾难和自然灾害,有的人能够把生的机会留给别人.他们的行为闪耀着人性的伟大光辉,值得全社会学习.第二课磨砺坚强意志1.为什么需要坚强?①人生的道路不会一帆风顺,每个人都要坚强面对挫折.②坚强的意志是健康人格的重要组成部分.③坚强的意志是成功的保证.2.为什么说坚强的意志是成功的保证?坚强的意志是战胜挫折和困难的力量源泉.它赋予我们锲而不舍的精神,自强不息的毅力和直面困难的勇气.每个人都希望获得成功,这需要我们各方面的努力.坚强的意志能够调动我们所有的能量,使我们一步一步迈向成功.3.坚强意志的表现在哪里?①意志坚强的人能独立地支配自己的行动,不轻易受外界的影响;(独立性)②能够在生活中不怕困难和失败,在困难、艰苦的条件面前不动摇;(坚定性)③能够果断的处理事情;(果断性)④具有很强的自制力,善于控制自己的情绪和行为.(自制力)4.如何磨砺坚强意志?①在战胜挫折的过程中磨砺意志.②磨砺坚强意志,需要持之以恒.③在不懈追求目标的过程中磨砺坚强意志.5.如何应对挫折?①分析挫折的原因。
人教版八年级下册生物期中考试复习纲要

一、植物的生殖1.生物通过生殖和发育,使得生命在生物圈中世代相续,生生不息。
2.有性生殖:由两性生殖细胞结合成受精卵发育成新个体的生殖方式。
有性生殖的后代具有双亲的遗传特性。
(胚珠中的卵细胞与花粉中的精子结合成受精卵→胚→种子)3.无性生殖:不经过两性生殖细胞的结合,由母体直接产生新个体。
后代只具有母体的遗传特性应用:扦插,嫁接、组织培养等。
(1)嫁接的关键:接穗与砧木的形成层紧密结合,以确保成活。
(2)将马铃薯的块茎切成小块来种植时,每一小块都要带一个芽眼。
二、昆虫的生殖和发育1.变态发育:在由受精卵发育成新个体的过程中,家蚕的幼虫与成体的形态结构和生活习性差异很大,这种发育过程称为变态发育。
(1)完全变态:同家蚕一样,蜜蜂、菜粉蝶、蝇、蚊、蛾等昆虫的发育也要经过卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫四个时期,这样的发育过程称为完全变态。
(2)不完全变态:蝗虫的发育过程要经过卵、若虫、成虫三个时期,像这样的发育过程,称为不完全变态。
不完全变态的昆虫还有蝉、蟋蟀、蝼蛄、螳螂。
2. 昆虫是卵生、有性生殖、体内受精。
三、两栖动物的生殖和发育1.两栖动物:幼体生活在水中,用鳃呼吸,经变态发育成体营水陆两栖,用肺呼吸,皮肤辅助呼吸。
代表动物:青蛙、蟾蜍、大鲵、蝾螈等。
2.青蛙的生殖和发育:(1)发育经过:卵→蝌蚪→幼蛙→成蛙。
(2)特点:有性生殖、卵生,体外受精,水中变态发育。
(3)雄蛙鸣叫的意义是求偶,雌雄蛙抱对有利于提高卵的受精率。
3.两栖动物的生殖发育与环境:生殖和幼体发育必须在水中进行,幼体要经过变态发育才能上陆生活。
四、鸟的生殖和发育1.生殖特点:有性生殖、卵生、体内受精。
2.鸟卵的结构与功能:卵壳和卵壳膜对卵起保护作用,在卵壳上有许多起气孔可以透气,以确保卵进行气体交换。
卵白对胚有保护作用,还能供给胚胎发育所需的养料和水。
卵黄是卵细胞的主要营养部分,为胚胎发育提供营养。
胚盘是进行胚胎发育的部位。
系带悬挂卵黄,有固定和减震的作用。
八年级下册期中考试复习提纲

1.中华人民共和国成立的历史意义是什么?①中华人民共和国的成立开辟了中国历史新纪元。
从此,中国结束了一百多年来被侵略被奴役的屈辱历史,真正成为独立自主的国家;中国人民从此站起来了,成为国家的主人。
②新中国的成立,壮大了世界和平、民主和社会主义的力量,鼓舞了世界被压迫民族和被压迫人民争取解放斗争。
2.新中国成立后,为巩固新生政权进行了那些努力?各有何重要意义?(1)和平解放西藏。
祖国大陆获得统一,各族人民实现大团结。
(2)抗美援朝。
中国人民志愿军和朝鲜军民共同奋战,迫使美国在停战协定上签字。
巩固了新生政权,提高了中国的国际地位,打击了美国的侵略政策,为我国经济建设提供了一个相对稳定的国际环境。
(3)土地改革。
土地改革的完成,彻底摧毁了我国存在两千多年的封建土地制度,地主阶级也被消灭;农民成为土地的主人。
这使人民政权更加巩固,也大大解放了农村生产力,农业生产获得迅速恢复和发展,为国家的工业化建设准备了条件。
3.我国“一五”计划的基本任务和成就、意义分别是什么?基本任务:集中主要力量发展重工业,建立国家工业化和国防现代化的初步基础;相应的发展交通运输业、轻工业、农业和商业;相应的培养建设人才。
成就:重工业:①1953年底,鞍钢轧钢厂等三大工程建成投产;②1956年,长春第一汽车制造厂生产出中国第一辆汽车;③中国第一个飞机制造厂试制成功地一架喷气式飞机;④沈阳第一机床厂建成投产;交通:1957年,武汉长江大桥建成;川藏、青藏、新藏公路建成,密切了内地与边疆的联系。
基地:形成了以鞍钢为中心的东北重工业基地;⑧华北和西北也建立了一批新的工业基地。
意义:我国开始改变了工业落后的面貌,向社会主义工业化迈进。
4.三大改造的内容、实质、采取方式以及意义是什么?内容:对手工业、农业、资本主义工商业的社会主义改造。
实质:生产资料私有制转变为社会主义公有制。
方式:对农业、手工业——建立生产合作社对资本主义工商业——公私合营“赎买”意义:到1956年底,国家基本完成了对农业、手工业和资本主义工商业的社会主义改造,实现了把生产资料私有制转变为社会主义公有制的任务。
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八年级下数学前三章试题
姓名 : 班级; 得分:
一、填空题:(每小题3分,共30分)
1.当x = 时,分式1
-x x 值为0. 2.当=m 时,等式
y m y x 332-=-成立. 3.双曲线x
k y =
经过点(2,3),则k= . 4.若点A (7,y 1),B (5,y 2)在双曲线x y 35=上,则y 1 ,y 2的大小关系是 . 5.在Rt △ABC 中,∠C=90°,a=7,b=24,则c= .
6.成人体内成熟的红细胞的平均直径一般为0.000 0072m ,可以用科学记数法表示为 .
7.方程11
2=-x 的解是 . 8.若2628(10)0|a ||b |c -+-+-=,则以a .b .c 为边长的三角形是 三角形.
9.如图,P 是反比例函数图象在第二象限上的一点,且矩形PEOF 的面积为8,则反比例函数的表达式是_________.
9题 10题
10.如图:三个正方形的面积分别为:31=s ,22=s ,13=s ,则分别以它们的边围成的三角形中,∠1+∠2= 度.
二、选择题:(每小题3分,共30分)
11.在式子1a .2πxy .2334a b c .56x
+.87x y +中,分式的个数是 ( )
A .2个
B .3个
C .4个
D .5个
A —1页
12.已知反比例函数的图像经过点(2,4),则它的图像也一定经过点 ( )
A .(-2,-4)
B .(-2,4)
C .(2,-4)
D .(0,0)
13.下列命题的逆命题不成立的是
( )
A .同旁内角互补,两直线平行
B .对顶角相等
C .全等三角形的对应边相等
D .直角三角形两直角边的平方和等于斜边的平方
14.下列等式成立的是( )
A .2(3)
9--=- B .21(3)9
--= C .50.000 061 8 6.1810=⨯
D .00=0
15.由于台风的影响,一棵树在离地面6m 处折断,如图1,树顶落在离树干底部8m 处,
则这棵树在折断前(不包括树根)高度是
( )
A .8m
B .10m
C .16m
D .18m
16.在同一直角坐标系中,函数k y x
= (k ≠0)与y kx k =+ (k ≠0)的图象大致是 ( )
17.下列函数中,当x >0时,y 随x 的增大而减小的是
( )
A .y =3x +4
B .y =13x -2
C .y =-4x
D .y =12x
18.下列函数中,y 是x 的反比例函数的是
( )
A .x y 1-=
B .2
1x y -= C .11+=x y D .x y 11-= 19.如果2a b =,则2222a ab b a b -++等于 ( )
A .45
B .1
C .35
D .2 20.三角形的三边长分别为a ,b ,c ,且()ab c b a 222
+=+,则这个三角形是( ) A .等边三角形 B .钝角三角形 C .直角三角形 D .锐角三角形
三、解答题(21—23每题6分)
21
.计算12014(
)1)2--⨯+
22.解方程
275-=x x
23.化简x
x x x -÷⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛
--2111,并选择你喜欢的数代入求值
24.从电线杆B 处向地面A 处拉一根拉线,其中BC=5,AB=13,求固定点A 与电线杆底
部C 的距离。
(8分)
25.初二年级学生去距学校10千米的公园游玩,一部分学生骑自行车先走,过了20分钟
后,其余同学乘汽车出发,结果他们同时到达。
已知汽车的速度是骑车同学速度的2倍,求骑车同学的速度。
(8分)
C A B
26.舞台灯光可以在很短的时间内将阳光灿烂的晴日变成乌云密布的阴天,这样的效果就是通过改变电阻来控制电流的变化实现的.在一舞台场景的灯光变化的电路中,保持电压不变,电流I(安培)与电阻R(欧姆)成反比例,当电阻R=5欧姆时,电流I=2安培。
(1)求I与R之间的函数关系式;
(2)当电流I=0.5安培时,求电阻R的值。
(8分)
27.已知y=y1+y2,y1与x成正比例,y2与x成反比例,并且当x=-1时,y=-1,当x =2时,y=5,求y关于x的函数关系式.(8分)
28.如图:在△ABC中,AC=8,BC=6,在△ABE中,DE是AB边上的高,且DE=7,S△ABE =35,求∠C的度数。
(10分)。