The 33rd International Geological Congress --Earth System Science： Foundation for a Sustainable
Nordic Geoscience and the 33rd International Geological Congress： Introduction
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材料科学发展的若干前沿问题
Yong Du, W.W. Zhang, W. Xiong
2.1 Experimental approach
Phase diagram measurement:
Equilibrated alloys, diffusion couple, XRD, EPMA, DTA, DSC, SEM
Measurement of enthalpy of formation and heat capacity
Al-based alloys
Among many commercial alloys (Al-, Fe-, Ni-, Mg-based etc. alloys), only Fe-based
thermodynamic database is well established by Thermo-calc company, Sweden.
3
Contents
1. Motivation
2. Experimental and computational approaches
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Thermodynamic data of Al alloys: case study for the Al-Ni-Si system
2.2 Computational approach
Fraction of phase
CALPHAD method (thermodynamic modeling) First-principles method (Enthalpy of formation computation) Molecular dynamics (Diffusion coefficient caculation)
生态系统(概念与结构)
• 健康、可持续开展特性：进化的产物；与环境的 协调和对环境变化的方应；人类的作用;
研究方法： 1.系统生态学 2.模型模拟 3.实验生态学
一个以昆虫为 主的生态系统
生态系统研究的开展趋势
•根底理论研究 • 以结构和功能为根底。生态系统生产力； 自然生态系统的稳定性；生态系统管理；生态 系统的自维持模型；结合生态规划和生态设计。 •系统空间格局研究 • 生态系统、区域和全球等多层次；尺度转 换。
C.Tansley, A. G. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology, 16: 284-307
苏卡乔夫 Sukachev V. N. (1944):
地球外表的一个地段内，动物、植物、微 生物与其他地理环境组成的功能单元〔生 物地理群落，biogeocoenosis〕.
学科交叉和交叉学科： •生态经济、 •生态法学、 •生态哲学 •….等
生态系统的组成要素、结构及原理
组成要素：
生物群落 ＋ 环境
组成要素的作用： 一、生产者〔producer〕：
自养生物：植物和光合细菌 固定能量 环境改造 能量流动和物质循环的重要环节
二、消费者〔consumer〕的主要作用： 异养生物〔heterotroph〕
•MAB (Man and the Biosphere Programme)(1971)
•IGBP (International Geosphere – Biosphere Program) (1986)
概念和特征
根本特征：
• 有时空概念的复杂的大系统: 多等级；多维； 网状；复杂性高
当代研究生英语读写教程上Unit3课文+翻译
Unit 31The first mistake is to think of mankind as a thing in itself. It isn’t.第一个错误是把人看作是某种独立的事物。
其实并不是。
It is part of an intricate web of life.人是复杂的生命网络系统中的一部分。
And we can’t think even of life as a thing in itself. It isn’t.我们甚至不能将生命本身视为某种独立的事物。
它确实不是。
It is part of the intricate structure of a planet bathed by energy from the Sun. 生命是一颗沐浴着太阳能的行星上的复杂结构的一部分。
2The Earth, in the nearly 5 billion years since it assumed approximately its present form, has undergone a vast evolution.地球自从呈目前的形状近 50 亿年以来，已经历了一场巨大的演变。
When it first came into being, it very likely lacked what we would today call an ocean and an atmosphere. 在形成的初期，地球上很可能没有我们今天称之为海洋和大气层之类的东西。
These were formed by the gradual outward movement of material as the solid interior settled together.当地球的内部固体紧压在一起时，物质的逐渐向外运动就形成了海洋和大气层。
3Nor were ocean, atmosphere, and solid crust independent of each other after formation. 地球形成之后，海洋、大气层以及坚固的地壳之间也并非相互独立。
云南东川地区地质演化与铜矿区构造特征分析
云南东川地区地质演化与铜矿区构造特征分析我国是一个贫矿国家，尤其是铜矿的储藏量不足世界的6%；同时，我国铜矿的分布较为广泛，但是富矿较少。
这也直接导致了可以利用的铜矿资源更为贫乏。
在这样的背景下，对老矿山的深层与周边探矿迫在眉睫。
在探矿的过程中区域的地质演化与铜矿区构造特征能够为探矿与开采提供必要的理论依据。
本文以云南东川地区为研究对象，对其地质演化以及铜矿区的的构造特征进行总结与分析，希望通过本文的研究能够为后续的探矿提供必要的理论依据。
标签：地质演化构造特征云南东川1引言东川铜矿是我国著名的产铜基地，享有“天南铜都”的美誉。
东川铜矿区在大地构造位置上处于扬子板块西缘，属于昆阳中元古代大陆裂谷内会理-东川东西向裂陷槽东端的一个梯形断陷盆地[1，2]。
该断陷盆地以同生断层为边界，东部和西部以南北向小江断裂和普渡河断裂为界，南部和北部以东西向宝九断裂和麻塘断裂为边界，四条边界断裂控制了东川梯形断陷盆地（图1）。
2东川地区地质演化根据不同矿区的构造演化历史将东川地区地质演化分为如下三个过程：（1）基底阶段（距今大约2500Ma）[2]。
东川运动使该区基底基本形成，同时Cu的总量分布也基本定型。
（2）裂堑阶段（距今大约2000Ma）[2]。
主要是通过地球内力作用对已形成的基底进行改造，并形成后期的褶皱与断层，是该区成矿的重要时期。
该时期可分为三个主要阶段：首先，地球进入冰山时期，利用冰山时期的分割作用使该区形成现阶段的地质特点；其次，火山活动填补了由于冰川活动所形成的沟壑，并形成以伴生矿为主体的多元地质结构；最后，利用地球内部动力将岩浆渗透入更为细致的空隙中，在形成整体地质特性的基础上形成了穿刺结构。
（3）挤压收缩阶段（距今大约1800Ma）[2，3]。
此阶段作用时间较长，并形成新褶皱。
由于此阶段形成的过程更为缓慢与柔和，其形成的褶皱多被保存至今。
3东川铜矿区构造特征矿区构造特征以断裂构造、褶皱构造以及刺穿构造等形式呈现，具体的构造特征如下：3.1断裂构造东川铜矿区断裂十分发育，目前已探明断层为32条[4]，以南北向及东西向两组断裂为主，且规模巨大，控制了铜矿区构造格局，使该区呈断块状展布。
ANIMPROVEDTWO-PHASEPRESSUREDROPCORRELATION..
AN IMPROVED TWO-PHASE PRESSURE DROP CORRELATION FOR 180° RETURN BENDSPiotr A. Domanski and Christian J. L. HermesNational Institute of Standards and Technology100 Bureau Drive Stop 8631Gaithersburg, MD, USA 20899-8631ABSTRACTA new correlation for two-phase flow pressure drop in 180° return bends is proposed based on a total of 241 experimental data points for R-22 and R-410A. The data span smooth tubes with inner diameters (D) from 3.25 mm to 11.63 mm, bend radii (R) from 6.35 mm to 37.25 mm, and curvature ratios (2R/D) from 2.32 to 8.15. The correlation predicts all data with a mean deviation of 15.7 %, and 75 % of the data fall within ± 25 % error bands.NOMENCLATUREa0 …a4constants in equation 7 Greek lettersB straight-tube length between neighboring tubes Λ curvature multiplierd p/d l pressure gradient: in equations [Pa m-1] μ absolute viscosity [Pa s]: in figures [kPa m-1] ρ density [kg m-3]D inner diameter [m] σsurface tension [N m-1]f friction factor SubscriptsG refrigerant mass flux [kg s-1 m-2] k liquid phase or vapour phaseL bend length [m] l liquid phasep pressure [Pa] r-b return bendR bend radius [m] s-t straight tubeRe Reynolds number v vapour phaseWe Webernumberx vapour qualityINTRODUCTIONReturn bends are curved pipe fittings which connect parallel straight tubes in finned-tube heat exchangers, such as evaporators and condensers used in air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. The two-phase flow region occupies the major part of these coils. The pressure drops in the return bends may be of the same magnitude as those observed for straight tubes. Figure 1 shows a schematic of a return bend.Fig. 1 Schematic of a 180° return bendThe first study on two-phase pressure drop in return bends is attributed to Pierre [1] who proposed a correlation based on experiments carried out with R-12 and R-22. Geary [2] studied pressure drop of R-22 using various bend geometries and indicated the importance of the centre-to-centre distance. Chisholm [3] and Paliwoda [4] proposed correlations for two-phase pressure drops in return bends although they did not provide validation of their correlations against experimental data. Recently, Chen et al. [5] and Chen et al. [6] studied flows involving water-air mixtures and R-410A, respectively, through different bend geometries.In the present work, a set of 241 experimental data points obtained from Geary [2] and Chen et al. [6] was used to derive a new, improved correlation that can be applied within the whole two-phase region for smooth-tube return bends. All refrigerant property calculations were based on REFPROP [7].AVAILABLE EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND CORRELATIONSGeary’s [2] Database and CorrelationGeary [2] conducted experiments with two-phase, adiabatic flows of R-22 at 4.5 o C for bends with inner diameters of 11.38 mm to 11.63 mm, curvature ratios from 2.32 to 6.55, vapour-quality range from 0.2 to 0.8, and mass fluxes from 100 kg s -1m -2 to 500 kg s -1m -2, for a total of 145 data points. He tested two bends assembled in series and separated by a 190D length tube. He correlated the two-phase pressure drop by using a single-phase pressure drop equation for vapour flow only:vx G D L f p ρ222=Δ(1)where the dimensionless friction factor f is given by:25.15.02215.0exp Re a xD R f v⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛=(2) In the above equation, a =8.03x10-4, and Re v =xGD/μv is the vapour Reynolds number. (Note that Geary’s paper usesa =5.58x10-6 [ft 2 in -2] to compensate for the British units he selected to use in Eq. (1). Consequently, Geary’s friction factor is not dimensionless).Chen et al.’s [6] Database and CorrelationChen et al. [6] conducted experiments with two-phase, adiabatic flows of R-410A at 10 o C and 25 o C saturation temperatures spanning the vapour qualities from saturated liquid to saturated vapour. The inner diameters varied from 3.25 mm to 5.07 mm, the curvature ratios were from 3.91 to 8.15, and the mass fluxes were from 100 kg s -1m -2 to 900 kg s -1m -2. The test section comprised nine bends located in one plane, connected in series in a serpentine configuration.Based on Geary’s [2] and their own data, Chen et al. [6] proposed a correlation which uses the formulation presented by Geary (1975) with a modification to the friction factor correlation. They included the Weber number, We =G 2D/ρv σ, to account for the effects of liquid surface tension and gas inertia, and replaced the vapour Reynolds number by a combined vapour and liquid Reynolds number, Re m =Re v +Re l (Re v =xGD/μv , Re l =(1-x)GD/μl ), which yielded:26.112.035.022194.0exp We Re 10xD R f m ⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛=− (3)A total of 132 tests points from the study by Chen et al. [6] were made available to the authors for three out offour geometries tested Chen [8]. Table 1 presents details of these three bend arrangements.Table 1 Bend geometries tested by Chen et al. [6] Bend #1 Bend #2 Bend #3 D , mm 3.3 3.25 5.07 R , mm 13.45 6.35 13.15 B , mm 23.5 24.5 23 2R/D 8.15 3.91 5.19 B/D 7.12 7.54 4.54 # data points 60 36 36Figure 2 compares Geary’s [2] and Chen et al.’s [6] experimental data with the predictions by the Chen et al. [6] correlation. The mean deviation of predictions is 19.1 % with most of the data located within the ±50 % error bands.IMPROVED CORRELATIONWe propose a new correlation based on the two-phase pressure drop correlation for straight tubes by Muller-Steinhagen & Heck [9] and a multiplier which accounts for the bend curvature. The Muller-Steinhagen & Heck [9] correlation predicts the two-phase pressure drop in a straight tube based on the pressure drops of liquid and vapour phases, which are calculated separately.kk kG D f lp ρ22d d =(4)where f k =0.079 Re k -0.25, Re k =GD/µk , and k represents either v or l .The pressure drops computed for each phase are combined:()331d d 1d d d d 2d d d d x l p x l p l p x l p lp v l v lts +−⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛−+=− (5)We propose that the pressure drop in the return bend to be calculated by applying a “curvature” multiplier, Λ, to thestraight-tube correlation:ts br lp lp −−Λ=d d d d (6)We derived the curvature multiplier Λ via the Buckinham-PI Theorem using four dimensionless groups. The first term is the vapour Reynolds number accounts for the influence of vapour velocity, xG/ρv , while the second and the third terms are related to mass distribution for each phase. The last term accounts for the effects of the bend curvature.4321aa aa 0211a ⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛−⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛=ΛD R x GxD v l v ρρμ (7)where the coefficients, determined from the Least Squares Method, are given in Table 2 in column (A).Figure 3 plots the pressure drop predictions for all available experimental data using the coefficients from column (A). While the agreement between the measurements and correlation is generally good, the correlation underpredicts several points for bend #3 from the Chen et al. [6] database. We note that, in the #3 experimental arrangement, the straight tubes connecting the subsequent bends had a straight length of approximately four tube diameters, while Hoang & Davis [10] suggested that a length equal to nine tube diameters is required to completely mix the phases after leaving a return bend. We thus speculate that the connection tubes were too short in the #3 configuration to allow the flow to re-establish the straight-tube flow pattern, and thus resulted in a larger return-bend pressure drop than would be measured otherwise. The straight-tube lengths for the #1 and #2 test configurations corresponded to approximately eight tube diameters.Since the heat exchangers used in air conditioning and refrigeration have long tubes (much longer than 9 tube diameters) that allow the refrigerant to re-establish its straight-tube flow pattern after leaving the return bend, we removed bend #3 data from the database and refitted the constants in Eq. (7). Table 2 includes the new constants in column (B), and Figure 3 shows the pressure drop predictions using these constants.0.101010000.11101001000Measured d p /d l [kPa/m]0.010.11101001000P r e d i c t e d d p /d l [k P a /m ]Fig. 2 Comparison of all data with predictions by the Chen et al. [6] correlation Fig. 3 Comparison of all measurements with predictions by the new correlation (A)P r e d i c t e d d p /d l [k P a /m ]110.11101001000Measured d p /d l [kPa/m]Table 2 Fitted coefficients for Eq. (7)Coefficient(A) 277 points - all points (B) 241 points - all points except bend #3a 0 5.2 x ⋅10-36.5 x10-3a 10.59 0.54 a 20.22 0.21 a 30.27 0.34 a 4-0.69 -0.670.11101001000Measured d p /d l [kPa/m]0.11101001000P r e d i c t e d d p /d l [k P a /m ]Fig. 4 Comparison of 241 data points with predictions by the new correlation (B)CONCLUSIONSAn improved correlation for pressure drop in return bends was developed using 145 data points for R-22 and 96 points for R-410A from two different experiments. The new correlation predicts 75 % of the experimental data points within ±25 % error bands with a mean deviation of 15.7 % for all the data.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors are grateful to Prof. I. Y. Chen, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, who kindly provided us with the R-410A pressure drop data. Thanks are also addressed to Dr. W. V. Payne, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Prof. S. Brown, Catholic University of America, for reviewing the manuscript. Mr. C. J. L. Hermes duly acknowledges CAPES Agency, Government of Brazil, for supporting his one-year sabbatical stay at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.REFERENCES[1] Pierre, B., 1964, Flow resistance with boiling refrigerants – Part II, ASHRAE Journal, October, pp. 73-77[2] Geary, D.F., 1975, Return bend pressure drop in refrigeration systems, ASHRAE Transactions, 81(1), pp. 250-265 [3] Chisholm, D., 1983, Two-phase flow in pipelines and heat exchangers, George Godwin, London, pp. 154-166[4] Paliwoda, A., 1992, Generalised method of pressure drop calculation across pipe components containing two-phase flow of refrigerants, Int. J. Refrigeration, 15(2), pp.119-125[5] Chen, I.Y., Huang, J.C., Wang, C.-C., 2004, Single-phase and two-phase frictional characteristics of small U-type wavy tubes, Int. Comm. Heat and Mass Transfer, 31(3), pp. 303-313[6] Chen, I.Y., Wang, C.-C., Lin, S.Y., 2004, Measurements and correlations of frictional single-phase and two-phase pressure drops of R410A flow in small U-type return bends, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, pp. 2241-2249[7] Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., Huber, M.L., 2002, NIST Reference fluids thermodynamic and transportproperties − REFPROP 7.0, Standard Reference Database 23, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA[8] Chen, I.Y., 2004. Private Communication. National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan. [9] Muller-Steinhagen, H. & Heck, K., 1986, A simple pressure drop correlation for two-phase flow in pipes, Chem.Eng. Process, 20, pp. 297-308[10] Hoang, K., Davis, M.R., 1984, Flow structure and pressure loss for two phase flow in return bends, Transactions ofthe ASME, 106, pp. 30-37。
能源地质学-2
• GEP-17 Unconventional gas - coalbed, shale, and tight gas-sands gases Romeo Flores, Rich Pollastro Invited speaker: David Mathew GEP-18 Compaction processes - porosity, permeability and rock properties evolution in sedimentary basins: A tribute to Knut Bjø rlykke Per Aagaard, Jen Jahren, Paul H. Nadeau, Per Arne Bjø rkum GEP-19 Carbonate reservoirs and plays Tore Amund Svå nå , Joanna Garland GEP-20 Outcrop studies: Fundamental to petroleum reservoir characterization and modeling Ernest A. Mancini, Jim Blankenship (AAPG)
•
GEP-09 Linking petroleum systems and plays to sedimentary basin evolution Harry Doust, Maarten Corver, Morten Rye-Larsen GEP-10 Global controls on sequence stratigraphy Peter Sharland, Ken Miller
• GET-04 New developments and technologies Supercritical fluids, Hot Dry Rock/Enhanced Geothermal Systems, Drilling Technology Ladislaus Rybach, Guð mundur Ómar Frið leifsson
新编剑桥商务英语高级第三版-第12
可编辑修改精选全文完整版12.1 Crossing culturesVOCABULARYGlobalisation1Why do you think kofi Annan said this?‘…arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity.’Kofi Annan, United Nations3What does the term globalization mean to you?4Mark the following aspects of globalization positive (+), negative (-) or don’t know (?).Compare and discuss with your partner.1 free trade (abolition of trade barriers)2 opening of markets3 social integration and merging of cultures (the global village)4 increased competition in the world market5 free movement of labour (migration of workers)6 free movement of capital7 development of advanced communications8 reduction in the cost of goods9 growing influence of multinational corporations5Which of these effects can you see particularly in your country?READINGCross-culture communication6Why is culture important to business people? Discuss with a partner.7 Read this opening passage from a book by Neil Bromford on cross-cultural communication. Choose the best‘blurb’to go on the back of the book.8 Think of a title for Neil Bromford’s book.9Look at these words (1-8) from the text above and find a synonym (A-I) for each.0 feature A unusual1 uncommon B aspect2 awareness C strange3 to lose face D knowledge4 to chat E to feel humiliated5 pressed for time F to weaken6 influence G to make conversation7 unfamiliar H in a hurryREADING1Make a list of three dos and three don’ts for people who have to do business in a different culture.2Dr A J Schuler gives advice on improving cross-cultural communication in organization. Read the text and choose the best word (A, B, C or D) to fill each gap.UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCESDirect experienceThe best way to learn about another culture is to be thrown in at the deep end. In other words, get (0) _______ experience. Try to listen to the radio or watch TV programmes from that country or go to special clubs for that specific nationality or group-discussion groups, religious groups, dance groups, etc. In any kind of contact (1) ________ the time to listen and to learn.Don’t be afraid of differenceEven if others’behaviour seems strange of foreign, remember that differences are less (2) ________ than the things we all have in common. We are all made of the same DNA, and as human beings, we share many of the same (3)_______ and basic interests. Enjoy the things we share and at the same time, try to ‘enjoy’the differences.Understand your own cultureBy thinking about your own cultural behaviour and habits, you will open your mind(4)________the behaviour of others. Also this will help you-when you are interpreting the behaviour of an unfamiliar culture-to avoid applying your own cultural (5)________ .Avoid stereotypesWe find stereotypes useful because they help us to order our world and to categorise the different people and experiences in it. They also help to (6)_______ us when we feel uncertain. On the whole though, stereotypes are very superficial and don’t take account of individual differences. Also, because they can be defensive and made to protect us from uncertainty, they often (7)_______ negative wiews of a different culture.We live in a changing worldCultres change through time, and these days, in the ‘global village’ that we live in, this process is happening more rapidly. Don’t(8)________ the effect that your interaction with another culture will have on that culture. As you try to understand them and move(9)________ them, so they will do the same and the cultre that you thought you were dealing with will have changed.Think also about how your own cultural values are being received or accommodated by your foreign (10)_____as you both try to bridge the gap.0 A unique B fist-hand C original D personnel1 A take B have C spend D pass2 A many B numerous C ample D amount3 A motors B motivators C motivations D motifs4 A up B for C of D to5 A standards B mentality C figures D thought6 A assure B ensure C insure D reassure7 A make B promote C mean D reassure8 A undergo B underprice C underestimate D understand9 A to B across C close D towards10 A opposite B counterpart C relation D workmate GRAMMARGrammar TipAll the verb forms in exercise 3 are used to speculate about the past; in other words to wonder how things might have been different from what thy actually were. Speculation3What is implied about what actually happened in each of these cases?0 If I had listened to your advice, I would never have taken the rain.I took the train and it was a disaster.1 I would be a millionaire by now if I had taken up her offer.2 If I were braver, I would have told him what I thought.3 I shouldn’t have been so hasty in my judgment of her.4 I wish we had been taught to speak languages better at school.5 Without influential political connections, he wouldn’t have got so far.6 He should have thought before he spoke.7 She could have been anything she wanted to be, if she had put her mind to it.8 In hindsight, it might have been more polite to arrive a little early.4Complete the following sentences0 I’m glad she spoke good English. It could have been (could/ be) difficult otherwise.1 If I had known I was going to have to pay for myself, I _________(never/accept) their invitation.2 No-one would have heard me say I was leaving if he _________(not/put) the call on speaker phone.3 I know you didn’t want to go to their party, but you________(should/reply) to the invitation.4 Never eat raw vegetables-they__________(might/wash) in unclean water.5 You__________(should/not/take) a gift. No-one else did and I think the hosts were embarrassed.6 I really wanted to meet Anna- I wish you____________(introduce) me.5Study the following culturally sensitive situations. What is the best way to handle each situation?1 Serge prided himself on his adventurousness with food. Until, that is, Mr Sato, the company’s main Japanese supplier, invited him out to dinner and ordered them each a dish consisting of a small charred bird. As Serge hesitated Mr Sato proceeded to eat his bird whole, head and all.2 Tina was pressed for time. She was at the Milan trade fair only for one day with too many people to see and too many things to do. Her heart sank as she saw Umberto Ginelli approaching. Signor Ginelli was one of her best customers but always seemed to have all the time in the world to chat.3 Frank was known for telling jokes in poor taste and Stefan was dreading spending another evening with him, especially with his boss there, as he was easily offended. Then Frank began,‘Did you hear the one about the Irishman and the American tourist?’4 Maison Blanc was a very expensive restaurant and Sarah had always wanted to go there. But now she was there, she couldn’t relax. Malcolm had invited everyone in the team to celebrate his promotion, but it wasn’t really clear whether he was going to pay or each person had to pay for themselves.6 Have you had any similar experiences? Describe them to your partner. Ask what they would have done in the same situation.READING1 Work with your partner to answer the following quiz taken from the in-flight2 Compare your answers with the ones given. How did you do ? Are you surprised?LISTENINGUnderstanding business culture3 12.1 You will hear an extract from the radio series The real world of business. In this programme an American electronics entrepreneur talks about his experience of doing business in China. Listen and mark one letter(A, B or C) for the correct answer.1 Jim hadn’t realized that Guanxi wasA so vital in business.B so common in Chinese culture.C such a complicated principle.2 He defines Guanxi asA building a support network of collaborators in business.B the exchange of presents between collaborators.C the experience you gain from doing business over a long time.3 A lot of foreign companiesA use Chinese interpretersB fail because they don’t understand Guanxi.C try to form partnerships with Chinese business people.4 The Chinese government’s policy on bribery isA quite relaxed.B much stricter than it used to be.C to ignore it.5 You should show an interest inA the most important person in the group.B Chinese food.C Chinese culture and society.6 When you receive a business card you shouldA read it properly before putting it away.B not put it in your pocket.C give yours at the same time.7 One reason it takes time to get an agreement isA the Chinese don’t like to commit themselves.B there are often many levels of management to go through.C they will want to solve all the small problems first.8 The most important thing isA to be patient.B to understand the tax lawsC to learn some Chinese.WRITINGA market profile report4 Following a recent business trip to China to investigate the possibilities of importing teas, your manager has asked you to write a report on the particularities of doing business over there. Write the report, including the following points:●the aims of your visit.●How your meetings with tea manufacturers went.●The reaction of your potential business partners to your proposals.●Advice and recommendations for other colleagues who follow up this visit.。
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