A System for Analysis of MultiIssue Negotiation
操作系统模拟题
d1、Which of the following instructions should be privileged?A. Read the clockB. Issue a trap instructiondC. Switch from user to kernel mode D. Turn off interrupts2、The computer systems whose functions are limited and whose objective is to deal with limited computation domains are called special-purpose systems. Which of the following is not a special-purpose system?A. Real-time embedded systemsB. Multimedia systemsC. Handheld systemsD. Minicomputer systemsc3、Which of the following scheduling algorithms can lead to starvation?A. FCFSB. Multilevel feedback-queueC. PriorityD. Round robinb4、A program containing a race condition will ( ) result in data corruption or some other incorrect behavior.一个程序包含一个竞争条件将（）导致数据损坏或其他一些不正确的行为。
eadlock detection D. Recovery from deadlockb6、Which of the following components of program state are shared across threads in a multithreaded process?对程序的状态以下组件，是在多线程之间共享进程中的线程？A A. always B. sometimesC. neverD. notb5、What approach to dealing with deadlock does the Banker's algorithm implement? 用什么方法来处理死锁是否银行家算法实现A. Deadlock preventionB. Deadlock avoidanceC. D. Register values B. Heap memoryC. Stack memoryD. Program counterc7、There are many solutions to the dynamic storage-allocation problem. Which of the following are not the ones most commonly used to select a free hole from the set of available holes?还有的动态存储分配问题很多的解决方案。
文献翻译-系统分析的方法
外文资料翻译The Methodology of Systems AnalysisFor a system analysis to be undertaken,someone must think there is a problem-or at least recognize the possibility that a problem exists.That is,he must be dissatisfied with the current or anticipated state of affairs and want help in discovering how to bring about a change for the better.Systems analysis can almost always provide help,even if it does no more than turn up relevant information or indicate that certain actions offer little hope of bringing about improvement.In most circumstances,the analysis may even discover a course of action that will bring about the desired change,a course that can be recognized as the advantageous and implemented by those with authority to act.Systems analysis can also be used to present factual arguments and reliable information to help win acceptance for a proposed couse of action.In addition,it can help to prevent the chosen course from being rendered ineffective by adverse interests,misinterpretations,or unanticipated problems.Although a system analysis may be carried out without a specific user or set of users in mind,such work is not likely to have much influence other than to inform public debate.Decisionmaker is assumed to be an individual who wants to make decisions as rationally as possible by taking into consideration the probable consequences of each available course of action-selecting the "best"action by balancing its cost against the extent to which it helps to achieve his objectives and possible other benefits.The analyst's basic procedure is to determine what the decisionmaker wants,search out his feasible alternatives,work out the consequences that would follow the decision to adopt each of the alternatives,and then,either rank the alternatives in terms of their consequences according to criteria specified by the decisionmaker,or present the alternatives with their consequences to the decisionmaker for ranking and choice.In reality,the decisionmaking situation is rarely so uncomplicated.Theperson for whom a study is done is ususlly but one of many participants in a decisionmaking process,and he must use the results of the analysis as evidence and argument to bring the others to his point of view before acting.In some cases the decisions cannot be separated from the managerial,organizational,and political situation in which they are made,and the model we are assuming for the decisionmaker(called the rational actor model,or model I by Allison)must be supplemented or modified by bringing in organizational and political considerations.Nevertheless,as Allison remarks,"For solving problems.a model I-style analysis provides the best first cut. Indeed,for analyzing alternatives and distinguishing the preferred proposal,there is no clear alternative to this basic framework."This is the basic,unsophisticated view of the decisionmaking situation.As an example to illustrate the basic procedure,assuming that a legislative committee wants to propose legislation to increase highway safety,it is willing to consider three alternatives:a requirement for devices to make the use of seat belts automatic,lowering the maximum speed limit and enforcing it more strictly,and establishing higher standards for issuing driver's licenses.They ask the legislative analyst to carry out a systems analysis.It is useful to consider aproblem of thes type in terms of these elements: Objectives——what the decisionmaker desires to achieve.In the example,the objective is the problem,the alternatives may be policies,strategies,designs,actions,or whatever it appears might attain the objective.In the example,although the alternatives are limited to three types, within each type there are many possibilities to consider.Consequences——the results that would ensure were the alternatives to be adopted and put into effect.In the highway safety example,if the alternative of a lower maximum speed limit with stricter enforcement were implemented,a positive consequence(abenefit)would be a lower rate of fatal highway accidents;a negative consequence(a cost)would be the need for more police officers to be hired or taken from other tasks.Criteria——rules or standards that specify in terms of consequences(orsome subset of them)how the alternatives are to be ranked in order of desirability.For example,a possible criterion might be to rank the alternatives in decreasing order of the ratio of the reduction in the annual number of fatalities from implementing the alternative to the expenditure of public funds required.Model——an abstraction,a set of assumptions about some aspect of the world,either real or imaginary,intended to clarify our view of an object,process,or problem by retaining only characteristics essential to the purpose we have in mind.It is a simplified conceptual or physical image that may be used to investigate the behavior of a system or the result of an action without altering the system or taking the action.A model is made up of factors relevant to the problem and the relations among them essential to the purpose in mind.A model may take many forms.some common types are a set of tables,a series of mathematical equations,a computer program,or merely a mental image of the situation held by someone contemplating an action.In most systems analyses explicit models are normally used for predicting both the context and environment in which the alternatives are to be implemented and their associated consequences.This is necesary because the factors are usually so numerous and their interrelations so complex that intuition and mental models are not adequate to handle the large number of factors and their intricate relations.Predicting consequences is not the only,or even the first,use of models in a system analysis.It is however,the most prominent use,for such models are likely to be elaborate and programmed for a computer,whereas many other models may be no more than well-thought through concept.In our example many different models are needed to estimate the results for the alternatives,and their consequences are of different types.In our example an early problem for the analysis is to fend a way to turn the vague goal of increased highway safety into something of a more operational character——in other words，to settle on a way to measure it .Onemeasure might be the reduction in annual number of fatalities;another might be the reduction in the annual(monetary)cost of highway accidents to the victims.Another task for the analyst is to check the alternatives for feasibility.It might turn out the alternative of automated seat belts is not feasible owing to public unacceptability.If this alternative were far superior to all the others i n increasing safety,the decisionmaker would probably want to investigate the cost and effectiveness of a campaign to change public opinion.The analyst will also want to search for and examine alternatives not on the original list——such things as better emergency ambulance service,eliminating unguarded railroad crossings,and changed car design——for these alternatives may promise increased highway safety at less cost than those on the original list,and,when presented with supporting calculations,may lead the decisionmakers to expand the list of possibilities they are welling to consider.Indeed,the discovery,invention,or design of new and better alternatives is often the real payoff from systems analysis.In predicting the results associated with the various alternatives,the analyst may have to use radically differing models or methods.A model to show the effect of improved driving skills on the number of fatalities can differ considerably from a model to predict the way a lower speed limit affects fatalities.On the other hand ,predictions for both cases may be obtained statistically from experiences in other jurisdictions with similar driving conditions.In comparing alternatives various future contexts may also have to be considered,with predictions or conjectures made about the effects of,for instance,a petroleum shortage on automobile traffic and other exogenous factors beyond the decisionmakers' control.One run-through of the set of procedures is seldom enough.Several cycles or iterations are almost always necessary to refine the first models and assumptions,and thus increase one's confidence in the outcomes.系统分析的方法进行系统分析时，人们一定认为存在某个问题，或至少应该认识到存在某个问题的可能性。
为什么打破贫穷循环很难英语作文
为什么打破贫穷循环很难英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Breaking the Cycle of Poverty: Why It's So ChallengingPoverty is a complex and multi-faceted issue that affects millions of people around the world. It is not just about a lack of material wealth, but also encompasses social, economic, and political factors that trap people in a cycle of deprivation. While there have been numerous efforts to alleviate poverty, breaking this cycle remains a daunting challenge.One of the main reasons why breaking the cycle of poverty is so challenging is the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Children born into poverty are more likely to experience lower levels of education, limited access to healthcare, and higher rates of unemployment. This perpetuates a cycle where poverty is passed down from one generation to the next, making it incredibly difficult for individuals to break free from its grip.Moreover, the structural inequalities in society also play a significant role in perpetuating poverty. Discrimination based on factors such as race, gender, and ethnicity can limit opportunitiesfor marginalized communities, preventing them from accessing the resources and opportunities needed to escape poverty. This creates a vicious cycle where systemic barriers reinforce existing inequalities and keep people trapped in poverty.Another key factor that contributes to the persistence of poverty is the lack of access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and social protection. In many developing countries, basic services are often inadequate or unavailable, making it difficult for people to improve their living conditions and break out of poverty. Additionally, the high costs associated with healthcare, education, and housing can further hinder individuals from escaping poverty.Furthermore, the global economic system also plays a role in perpetuating poverty. Economic policies that prioritize profit over people can lead to widening income inequality, exacerbating poverty and social exclusion. In addition, globalization has led to the outsourcing of jobs and the erosion of labor rights, making it harder for people to secure stable and well-paying employment.In conclusion, breaking the cycle of poverty is a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires a comprehensive approach. Efforts to address poverty must tackle not only the immediatesymptoms of deprivation, but also the underlying causes that perpetuate it. This includes addressing systemic inequalities, improving access to essential services, and creating opportunities for marginalized communities to thrive. By taking a holistic approach to poverty alleviation, we can work towards creating a more just and equitable society for all.篇2Breaking the cycle of poverty is a complex and difficult task that requires long-term commitment, strategic planning, and a multifaceted approach. There are several reasons why breaking the cycle of poverty is so challenging, including structural barriers, limited access to resources, and intergenerational transmission of poverty.One of the main reasons why breaking the cycle of poverty is so difficult is because of structural barriers that exist within society. These barriers can include lack of access to quality education, healthcare, and job opportunities, as well as discriminatory policies and practices that disadvantage marginalized communities. For example, individuals living in poverty may face barriers to accessing quality education due to factors such as high tuition costs, lack of transportation, and inadequate learning resources. Without a quality education, itcan be difficult for individuals to secure stable employment and break out of poverty.Limited access to resources is another major challenge that contributes to the perpetuation of poverty. Individuals living in poverty often lack the financial resources, social networks, and support systems needed to overcome the various barriers they face. For example, individuals may not have access to savings or credit to invest in education or start a business, limiting their ability to improve their economic situation. Additionally, individuals living in poverty may lack access to affordable housing, nutritious food, and healthcare services, which can contribute to poor health outcomes and further entrench their poverty.Intergenerational transmission of poverty also plays a significant role in the perpetuation of poverty. Children who grow up in poverty are more likely to experience poor health, limited educational opportunities, and economic hardship in adulthood, perpetuating the cycle of poverty across generations. This intergenerational transmission of poverty can be difficult to break, as children living in poverty may face significant challenges in accessing quality education, healthcare, and other resources that are necessary for upward mobility.In order to break the cycle of poverty, it is essential to address these complex and interconnected challenges through a comprehensive approach. This approach should include policies and programs that promote equitable access to education, healthcare, and job opportunities, as well as efforts to address the underlying social and economic factors that contribute to poverty. Additionally, it is important to invest in interventions that support individuals and families living in poverty, such as affordable housing, nutrition assistance, and mental health services, to help them overcome the barriers they face.Breaking the cycle of poverty is a difficult and complex task that requires a sustained effort from governments, policymakers, communities, and individuals. By addressing the structural barriers, limited access to resources, and intergenerational transmission of poverty that contribute to the perpetuation of poverty, we can work towards creating a more equitable society where all individuals have the opportunity to thrive. Through collaborative efforts and collective action, we can help break the cycle of poverty and create a brighter future for all.篇3Breaking the cycle of poverty is a complex and challenging task that requires a multifaceted approach. In many cases,individuals and families find themselves trapped in poverty due to a combination of systemic barriers, lack of access to resources, and limited opportunities for economic mobility. Addressing these issues requires not only individual effort, but also a commitment from society as a whole to create a more equitable and inclusive environment.One of the main reasons why breaking the cycle of poverty is so difficult is the intergenerational nature of poverty. Children who grow up in poverty are more likely to experience poor health, limited educational opportunities, and unstable living conditions, all of which can perpetuate the cycle of poverty from one generation to the next. Breaking this cycle requires targeted interventions to support at-risk children and families and to provide them with the resources and support they need to thrive.Another major barrier to breaking the cycle of poverty is the lack of access to quality education and job opportunities. Many individuals living in poverty face significant barriers to accessing education, such as inadequate funding for schools, lack of transportation, and limited resources for academic support. Without a quality education, individuals are often unable to secure stable, well-paying jobs, which can perpetuate the cycle of poverty.Additionally, systemic barriers such as discrimination, lack of affordable housing, and limited access to healthcare can also contribute to the cycle of poverty. Individuals who face these barriers are often unable to access the resources and support they need to improve their economic situation, leading to a perpetuation of poverty over time.Breaking the cycle of poverty requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the root causes of poverty and provides individuals and families with the resources and support they need to thrive. This may include investments in education, job training programs, affordable housing initiatives, and healthcare access, as well as policies that promote economic mobility and social equity.While breaking the cycle of poverty is a daunting task, it is not impossible. By working together to address the systemic barriers that perpetuate poverty and by providing individuals and families with the resources and support they need to succeed, we can create a more equitable and inclusive society where everyone has the opportunity to thrive.。
选举流程 英语
IntroductionThe electoral process is a fundamental aspect of democratic governance, serving as the means through which citizens exercise their right to choose their representatives and contribute to shaping the direction of their nation. It is a complex, multi-stage procedure that demands meticulous planning, transparency, impartiality, and the active participation of various stakeholders. This comprehensive analysis delves into the intricate workings of the electoral process from multiple angles, examining its key components, principles, challenges, and potential areas for improvement.I. Key Components of the Electoral ProcessA. Voter RegistrationThe electoral process commences with voter registration, a crucial step that ensures eligible citizens are entered onto the electoral roll. This involves verifying an individual's identity, age, citizenship, and residency within the electoral district. In many countries, this can be done online, in-person at designated government offices, or during voter registration drives organized by civil society organizations. Regular updates and purges of the electoral roll help maintain its accuracy and integrity.B. Candidate Nomination and CampaigningPolitical parties or independent candidates must follow established procedures to officially enter the race. This typically involves submitting nomination papers, paying deposits, and adhering to campaign finance regulations. Once nominated, candidates engage in a period of campaigning, utilizing various platforms (e.g., rallies, debates, social media) to present their policies, qualifications, and vision to the electorate. Campaign regulations aim to ensure a level playing field, prevent corruption, and protect voters from misinformation.C. Election Day OperationsElection day encompasses a series of coordinated activities, including the opening of polling stations, verification of voters' identities, casting of ballots, and the counting and reporting of results. Stringent security measures, secrecy of the vote, and accessibility provisions for persons with disabilities are essential to safeguard the integrity and inclusivity of the process. The use of modern technologies such as electronic voting machines or biometric authentication can streamline operations but also introduce new challenges related to reliability, cybersecurity, and public trust.D. Vote Counting and Result AnnouncementAfter polls close, ballots are counted under the supervision of election officials and party agents. The results are then collated at various administrative levels before being announced publicly. Rapid, accurate counting is vital to maintain public confidence, while robust transparency mechanisms – such as live streaming of counting centers or real-time publication of results on official websites – help deter fraud and misinformation.E. Electoral Dispute ResolutionDisputes may arise regarding voter eligibility, candidate qualifications, campaign violations, voting irregularities, or the counting and announcement of results. Effective dispute resolution mechanisms, such as electoral tribunals or courts, are necessary to address these issues promptly and impartially. Their decisions help uphold the rule of law, ensure fair play, and provide legal remedies for aggrieved parties.II. Core Principles Guiding the Electoral ProcessA. Universal Suffrage and Non-DiscriminationThe electoral process should guarantee all eligible citizens the right to vote without discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, religion, socioeconomic status, or political affiliation. This includes ensuring accessible polling stations, providing accommodations for diverse needs (e.g., language assistance, Braille ballots), and combating voter suppression tactics.B. Free and Fair ElectionsFree elections entail the unhindered exercise of the right to vote and the freedom of candidates and political parties to campaign without fear, intimidation, or coercion. Fair elections require a level playing field, where all participants have equal opportunities to present their ideas, access to information is unbiased, and the electoral administration remains impartial.C. Transparency and AccountabilityTransparency throughout the electoral process – from voter registration to result announcement – fosters public trust and enables effective oversight. This includes clear communication of rules and procedures, open access to relevant data, and independent audits. Accountability mechanisms, such as sanctions for violators and public disclosure of campaign finances, deter malfeasance and promote responsible behavior among stakeholders.D. Integrity and SecurityThe integrity of the electoral process relies on robust safeguards against fraud, manipulation, and external interference. This encompasses measures to secure voter registration databases, protect the secrecy and authenticity of ballots, and defend against cyber threats targeting election infrastructure. Strong security protocols also encompass physical protection of polling stations, ballots, and counting facilities.III. Challenges and Potential ImprovementsA. Voter Apathy and DisenfranchisementLow voter turnout, particularly among marginalized groups, can undermine the legitimacy of elected representatives and weaken democratic accountability. Addressing this issue requires concerted efforts to enhance civic education, simplify voter registration procedures, and implement innovative outreach strategies. Ensuring equal access to voting, especially for underrepresented communities, is crucial to combat disenfranchisement and foster inclusive democracy.B. Campaign Finance RegulationUnequal access to financial resources can distort the electoral landscape,favoring wealthier candidates or those backed by powerful interest groups. Strengthening campaign finance regulations, enforcing disclosure requirements, and implementing public funding schemes can help mitigate this imbalance and promote a more equitable contest.C. Managing New TechnologiesWhile technology can enhance the efficiency and transparency of elections, it also introduces novel risks such as hacking, technical glitches, and the potential for manipulation. Robust cybersecurity measures, regular system audits, and contingency plans are essential to safeguard against such threats. Moreover, public engagement and education on the use of new technologies in elections can help build trust and acceptance.D. Strengthening Electoral InstitutionsIndependent, well-resourced, and professional electoral management bodies (EMBs) are vital for conducting credible elections. Capacity building, international cooperation, and peer learning can help EMBs adapt to evolving challenges, innovate, and maintain their impartiality. Regular performance evaluations and public feedback mechanisms can further enhance their accountability and responsiveness.ConclusionThe electoral process is a multifaceted, dynamic system that lies at the heart of democratic societies. By examining its key components, core principles, challenges, and potential areas for improvement, this analysis underscores the complexities involved in organizing and conducting elections. Upholding the integrity, fairness, and inclusivity of the electoral process is an ongoing endeavor that necessitates continuous adaptation, innovation, and vigilance from all stakeholders. By doing so, we can ensure that the voices of citizens are heard, their rights respected, and the foundations of democracy strengthened.。
多层次社会保障体系英语
多层次社会保障体系英语多层次社会保障体系英语Multi-level Social Security SystemThe development of social security system has become an important issue in each countries. With the rapid development of economy,social security system has also been improved. Nowadays, many countries have adopted multi-level social security system.Multi-level social security system is a system which contain several different types of social security, such as basic social insurance, social assistance and health insurance. This system aims to guarantee economic security and social stability.The first level of social security system is basic social insurance. This kind of insurance guarantees the basic living needs of citizens, such as pension, medical order and unemployment insurance. For this kind of insurance, the government and citizens share certain responsibilities. The citizens pay contribution to get money from the government in order to guarantee their basic living needs.The second level of social security system is social assistance. This kind of system is intended to provideassistance for those people who are in special inconvenience, such as orphans, street children, and single-parent families. The people in special inconvenience are provided with money, food, housing and other necessities.The third level of social security system is health insurance. It is intended to guarantee citizens’ health and save citizens’ medical cost. People are required to pay certain amount of money to get money back if they get sick and need to see the doctor.The multi-level social security system guarantees the safety and stability of social life. It also ensures the citizens to lead a better life with less worries.。
车联网英文文献globalpos...
Global Positioning System Automatic V ehicle Location SystemBill J. Papatheofanis, Marvin L. Hasenack, Robert T. Teller,and Gerald F. RamseyAbstractLos Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is a unique facility covering over 43 square miles. The Emergency Management and Response Office (EM&R) is required to respond, provide Incident Command(IC), and coordination for all Laboratory emergencies. This requires IC’s and support staffto respond to the actual scene of the incident. Since the IC is under numerous constraints and stress, the office wanted the capability of locating the EM&R vehicles on an electronic map. An automated vehicle location (AVL) system was required for the additional safety of the emergency response personal. The requirements for the AVL system include total automatic tracking and low cost. Mer carefkl consideration, it was determined that the most efficient and cost effective system would be based on packet radio technology as the transmission media. The location is determined by the Department of Defense Global Positioning System (GPS) communicate with each other. The first component was a GPS receiver which actually provides the location information, equipped with a digital hte- to communicate location information remotely. The second component is a modem that interfaces the GPS digital interface information to a radio. The third component is the radio itself which allows for the actual information transfer from the remote GPS receiver and modem. The fourth component is the software package that provides moving maps and displays the vehicle location on that map for the AVL application. This paper describes the steps taken in the integration of the equipment into the AVL package.1. IntroductionLos Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is a unique facility covering over 43 square miles. The Emergency Management and Response (EWR) office has the overall responsibility for coping with and mitigating the effects of any emergency at LANL. The EM&R office supplies an Incident Command (IC) which responds to all laboratory emergencies. This requires the IC and support staff to respond to the actual scene of an incident. The EMBER office wanted the capability of locating their vehicles on an electronic map because of the lack of markings on facilities, unmarked secondary roads, unmarked trails, and the lack of marked terrain fames. This automated location system would provide the additional safety for the IC's in cases where something adverse happens to the responders. Many times the EM&R IC is required to respond to a scene at night or during adverse weather conditions. With the automatic location system the IC can be directed to the scene even if land features are not availabb. The vehicle can also be located if the responderis incapacitated for any reason. Position System (GPS). The satellite based GPS system provides information to special receivers which collect data from several satellites and are then processed by a built in navigational computer. The GPS receiver then displays its location to within 100 feet in a selectable coordinate system. In addition to providing x-y coordinates the receiver calculates altitude, speed, direction of travel, date and time.The simplest method of vehicle tracking using GPS would be to install a receiver in a vehicle, and using a two-way radio, transmit the displayed Coordinates to a dispatcher who can take the received coordinates and mandy plot them on a paper map. Today's technologyenables this process to be totally automated. This paper discusses how to put together a totally automated system using commercial off-theshelf equipment.The automatic vehicle location (AVL) system is based on the Department of Defense Global2. EM&R VehiclesEM&R has two response vehicles which are equipped with AVL. Figure 1 is a photo of the 1994 Chevrolet Suburban which is the primary response vehicle. Figure 2 is a photo of the 1994 Jeep Cherokee which is the back-up vehicle that provides field support for the primary vehicle. Both vehicles cany numerous radios and cellular telephone for communications with the Emergency Operations Center (EOC)and multi agencies which respond to emergencies at LANL. The vehicles also carry documentation on Laboratory information required for the IC’s to carry out their function.3. Vehicle AVL PackageThe vehicle AVL package consists of three components. The first is the GPS unit, the second is the modem, and the third is the radio. Zn this section we will describe each component, the required specifications, and which manufacture’s equipment was u sed (see Appendix 1 for addresses and phone numbers).A. The GPS unit used is a Trimble Scout Master which met all the foxlowing requirements:1. External Antenna - The GPS receiver requkes an outdde remote antenna to work properly when mounted inside a vehicle.2. External Power - The GPS receiver should have external power capabdity. This allows the unit to get power directly from the vehicle and also provides a way of controlling when the receiver is powered on and off.3. Serial Port - This allow the GPS receiver to communicate its position information with an external device via RS-232.4. NEMA 183 Protocol - The output of the GPS receiver’s serial port is programmable for various standard and proprietary protocols. NEMA 183 is the National Electrical Marine Associations 183 standard protocol which has become a standard in the GPS world. Most commercial mapping SaRWare recognizes the NEMA I83 protocol as well as do most radio modems.B. The radio modem used is a Kantronics WM1200 packet radio modem. Thismodem met all of the following requirements:1. Packet Radio Standard AX.25 Protocol - This protocol provides a standardtransmission method which is specifically written for radio networking and provides error correction.2. Radio Interface - This modem is specifically manufactured to be connected to a radio.3. GPS Ready - The wM1200 has built-in software specifically written tointerpret NEMA 183 sentences from a G PS receiver and then broadcast them over theradio.4. Unique Identification - Each modem has a unique programmable identifkation callsign. The call sign allows each vehicle to have a unique address.5. Programmable Reporting - The modem allows the user to program vehicle reporting intervals allowing the system optimization.C. The radio used was a Motorola Maxtrac 300. This radio was selected because of the following features:1. External programmable interface - The Motorola Maxtrac 300 radio has a 16 pin external programmable interface. This interface is programmable through the radios programming software which allows the user to program the functionality of each pin onthe 16 pin connector. This feature allows the modem to interface with the correct internal radio circuits to hction most efficiently. This also allows for all the wiring to beexternal to the radio: no wires hang out from the inside of the radio that could provide interference paths to the radio and the modem.2. Multiple encodeldecode capability - The Motorola Maxtrac 300 is capable of generating and detecting all standard coded squelch signaling. This allows the radio toprovide the necessary signaling to access the repeater. This also allows the same radio channel to be used for both data and voice without the two modes interfering with each other.4. RepeaterThe LANL system required a repeater for reliable coverage over the 43 square mile complex and additional areas outside the Laboratory. The repeater is required due to the propagation o f V ” F radio being limited to line of sight. As LANL, terrain varies fiom mountain top to canyon bottom, the repeater was located on top of Pajarito Mountain which overlooks most of the Laboratory. The repeater is a Motorola Quanta Repeater which is a standard repeater station. The standard voice repeater was chosen over a digital repeater to avoid the hidden station problem. Digital repeaters rely on store forward technology which allows the repeater to transmit and receive on a single fiequency. The digital repeater does not retransmit received signal simultaneously. It actually receives data, stores the data in a buffer, and then transmits the data from the buffer. The store forward repeater can hear all the stations on the network, but they cannot hear each other. The hidden station problem occurs when all the stations cannot hear each other, allowing multiple stations to try to transmit at the same time causiig interference.5. Base StationThe base station is located at the EOC and consists of four components. The first two are the same 85 in the vehicle paw: the radio and the modem. The third component is a computer which is capable of running the software to interpret the received data and display that data on a map. The computer for this installation is an IBM PC. The fourth component is the software itself. The software package that we have implemented on the system is from ERM. ERM software is specifically written to interpret NEMA 183 sentences anddisplay this hfbrmation an a moving map. The ERN sohare is very sophisticated and provides not only location information but is capable of displaying and recording multiple vehicle’s positions at the same time.6. Vehicle ConfigurationThe equipment was selected and initial tests were performed on the bench. When it was time to integrate the components into a vehicular package, the first attempt was under the premise that the vehicle users should have access to the GPS unit so that they know their position information as well as the same equipment peiforming the AVL bction. This did work for a short period of time, however, problems with the AVL started to OCCUT which were traced back to the GPS unit being set to erroneous parameters. Everyone that saw the GFS unit in the vehicle had to press all the buttons which placed the Unit in an unusable operating state. At that point, we decided that the system should operate autonoumsly and the equipment should be packaged in a “Black Box” without any user selectable options. Figure 3 is an assembleThe next issue was where to put the boxes in both of the vehicles so that they w ere protected from daily vehicle use. In the Suburban, the “Black BOX” was located underneath the pull out drawer that is in the cargo campartanent of the vehicle (see Figure 5). In the Jeep, the “Black Box” was mounted in the rear cargo compartment next to one of the other radios (see Figure 6).iagram of the “BIack Box”. Figure 4 is a photo of the inside of one of the actual boxes.The other problem that we encountered was where to mount the GPS antennas on the vehicles. The antennas that came with the GPS units were intended to be temporarily mounted using a built in magnetic base. The units also came with a mast mount which is great for mounting the antenna on a boat mast. The mast mount adapter mounted to the bottom of the antenna with four screws. The four screw mount was used to mount the antennas on top of the emergency fight bar on each vehicle. Figure 7 is a photo of the antenna mounted on one of the light bars.9. ConclusionThe system described in this paper is in operation today and is providing location information to LANL”s EM&R EOC. The two emergency vehicles have been in operation for two months and continue to operate without any problems. This project met all of the requirements for a low cost reliable AVL system.10. AcknowledgmentsSpecial Thanks to the following people who made this project possible. Doug Tuggle, FSS-20, for providing coordination in vehicle availability. Dave Howard, FSS-20, for computer support and photographs. Abedon Ortiz Jr. and Pedro W. Romero, CIC-4, for installing the boxes and communications equipment on both of the emergency vehicles. Midshipman Matthew W. Fan, USN, for assisting in drawings and assembly.。
高三英语(外研版)总复习：课后强化作业30
必修5Module 6Animals in Danger Ⅰ.单词拼写1．The polluted air in the city is badly ________________ (危害) the health of the residents.2．Jim went to answer the phone. ________________ (同时), Peter started to prepare lunch.3．Don't you think it's a __________________(奇迹) that he should come back alive?4．He always wants to be the ________________ (焦点) of attention.5．Try not to ________________ (使沮丧) yourself about losing your job—you can soon find another one.6．They had to ______________ (斗争) for their lives against weather and wild animals.7．He can't go for an outing, since he is in poor ____________ ______ (状况)．8．Many employees have the opportunity to ___________ _______ (购买) shares in the company they work for.9．After the traffic accident happened, the police were soon on the ________________ (现场)．10．Don't ________________ (涉及，包括) me in your quarrel.答案：1.endangering 2.Meanwhile 3.wonder 4.focus 5.upset 6.struggle7.condition8.purchase9.spot10.involveⅡ.完成句子1．我们都为她的安全担忧。
analyze the issue 英文
analyze the issue 英文全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Analyze the Issue: A Comprehensive GuideIntroductionIn the world of academia, analyzing an issue is a key component of critical thinking and problem-solving. Whether you are a student completing an assignment or a professional working on a project, the ability to analyze an issue effectively is essential. In this guide, we will explore the process of analyzing an issue in depth, providing practical tips and strategies to help you tackle any problem with confidence.Defining the IssueGathering InformationEvaluating Solutions第二篇示例：Analyze the issueAnalyzing an issue is a crucial skill that is needed in many aspects of life. Whether it is in academia, business, or personal matters, being able to analyze and understand a problem or situation is essential for finding the best possible solution or decision. In this article, we will discuss the importance of analyzing issues, the steps involved in the process, and some tips for effectively analyzing an issue.Steps involved in analyzing the issue:2. Gather information: The next step is to gather relevant information about the issue. This may involve conducting research, collecting data, and speaking to experts or stakeholders.第三篇示例：Analyze the issue: How to effectively address climate changeClimate change is a pressing global issue that is increasingly affecting our planet in various ways. From rising global temperatures to extreme weather events, the impacts of climate change are becoming more visible and severe. In order to effectively address this issue and mitigate its impacts, it is essential to analyze the root causes of climate change,understand its consequences, and implement strategies to combat it.第四篇示例：analyze the issueFurthermore, analyzing the issue involves critically evaluating the evidence and arguments presented by different parties. This requires carefully examining the data, sources, and reasoning behind each viewpoint in order to assess their validity and credibility. By critically evaluating the evidence, individuals can distinguish between fact and opinion and make reasoned judgments based on objective information. For example, when analyzing the issue of healthcare reform, it is important to critically evaluate the arguments presented by proponents and opponents of a particular policy in order to assess their merits and drawbacks.。
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A System for Analysis of Multi-IssueNegotiationTibor Bosse Catholijn M. Jonker1Lourens van der MeijValentin Robu2Jan TreurVrije Universiteit Amsterdam,Department of Artificial IntelligenceDe Boelelaan 1081a, 1081 HV Amsterdam,{tbosse, jonker, lourens, treur}@cs.vu.nlAbstract.This paper presents a System for Analysis of Multi-Issue Negotiation(SAMIN). The agents in this system conduct one-to-one negotiations, in which thevalues across multiple issues are negotiated on simultaneously. It is demonstratedhow the system supports both automated negotiation (i.e., conducted by a softwareagent) and human negotiation (where humans specify their bids). To analyse suchnegotiation processes, the user can enter any formal property deemed useful intothe system and use the system to automatically check this property in given nego-tiation traces. Furthermore, it is shown how, compared to fully closed negotiation,the efficiency of the reached agreements may be improved, either by using incom-plete preference information revealed by the negotiation partner or by incorporat-ing a heuristic, through which an agent uses the history of the opponent's bids inorder to guess his preferences.1. IntroductionNegotiation is a process by which a joint decision is made by two or more parties [9]. Typically each party starts a negotiation by offering the most preferred solution from the individual area of interest. If an offer is not acceptable by the other parties they make counter-offers in order to move them closer to an agreement. The field of negotiation can be split into different categories, e.g. along the following lines: • one-to-one versus more than two parties• single- versus multi-issues• closed versus open• mediator-based versus mediator-free1 Currently employed by Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, NICI, Montessorilaan 3, Nijmegen,C.Jonker@nici.ru.nl.2 Currently employed by CWI, National Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Kruis-laan 403, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, robu@cwi.nl.The research reported in this article concerns one-to-one, multi-issue, (partially) closed, mediator-free negotiation. For more information on negotiations between more than two parties (e.g., in auctions), the reader is referred to, e.g., [12]. In single-issue negotiation, the negotiation focuses on one aspect only (typically price) of the concept under negotiation. Multi-issue negotiation (also called multi-attribute negotiation) is often seen a more cooperative form of negotiation, since often an outcome exists that brings joint gains for both parties, see [10].Closed negotiation means that no information regarding preferences is exchanged between the negotiators. The only information exchanged is formed by the bids. In partially open negotiation some information regarding preferences is exchanged, and in completely open negotiation all information is exchanged. More information about (partially) open negotiations can be found, e.g., in [7] and [10]. However, the trust necessary for open negotiations is not always available.The use of mediators is a well-recognised tool to help the parties in their negotia-tions, see e.g., [6, 10]. The mediator aims for a deal that is fair to all parties. Reasons for negotiating without a mediator can be the lack of a trusted mediator, the costs of a mediator, and the hope of doing better than fair with respect to personal gain.The literature on closed, multi-issue, one-to-one negotiation without mediators covers both systems to (partially) automate the negotiation process, and more analytic research focused on properties of the negotiation process and negotiation space. Based on a literature study and on our own analysis, a number of properties are presented here that focus largely on the dynamics of the negotiation process itself and on the results of the negotiation.The SAMIN system presented in this paper has been developed to support and formally analyse such negotiation processes, i.e., multi-issue, (partially) closed, one-to-one negotiations without mediators. The system requires three types of input:(1) a negotiation trace (or a set of traces)(2) a set of dynamic properties considered relevant for the negotiation process(3) the negotiation profiles of the participantsA trace is a sequence of bids by the negotiators. A dynamic property is an (in-formal, semi-formal or formal) expression that might or might not hold for a certain trace. An example of a simple dynamic property is bid-alternation, i.e., after commu-nicating a bid to another agent, the agent remains silent until it has received a new bid from the other agent. A negotiation profile is a description of the preferences of the agent within the particular negotiation domain. The profiles together define the space of possible and efficient outcomes and are, therefore, essential for the creation of a complete analysis of the performance of a negotiator.The most important measure of efficiency in bilateral negotiations, cf. [21], is Pareto-efficiency. An outcome is said to be Pareto-efficient if the utility of any party cannot be improved without a loss of utility for another. The set of all Pareto-efficient outcomes form the Pareto-efficient frontier. The distance of an outcome to the Pareto frontier gives a measure of efficiency of a bid.The SAMIN system consists of three components: an Acquisition Component, an Analysis Component and a Presentation Compoment. The Acquisition Component is used to acquire the input necessary for analysis. The Analysis Component performsthe actual analysis, and the Presentation Component presents the results of the analysis in a user-friendly format.SAMIN can check automatically whether selected properties hold for the traces under analysis. Such an analysis provides a means to improve bidding strategies and bidding protocols, both for human negotiators and for software agents in automated negotiation systems. Beside introduction of the SAMIN system, a subgoal of this paper is to report some results of such analyses, focusing both on human and auto-mated negotiators. Regarding human-human negotiation, the results will be presented of applying SAMIN in the analysis of empirical traces obtained from an experiment in multi-issue negotiation about second hand cars. In the experiment the efforts of 74 humans negotiating against each other have been analysed using SAMIN. Regarding automated negotiation, SAMIN has been used to analyse the efficiency of the reached agreements by software agents, in order to improve the strategies of these software agents. To this end, a mechanism has been modelled in which agents are able to use any amount of incomplete preference information revealed by the negotiation partner. It is shown that the outcome of such a negotiation can be further improved by incorpo-rating a "guessing" heuristic, by which an agent uses the history of the opponent's bids to predict his preferences. Experimental evaluation shows that the combination of using incomplete preference information with the guessing heuristic leads to agree-ment points close to or on the Pareto Efficient Frontier.In Section 2 formalisation of negotiation process dynamics will be discussed in terms of negotiation states, transitions, and traces. Section 3 explains the formal specification of dynamic properties and presents example dynamic properties relevant for (partially) closed multi-issue one-to-one negotiations. The architecture of the SAMIN system is presented in Section 4. Section 5 illustrates how SAMIN can be used to analyse human negotiation processes. Some experiments in human multi-issue negotiation are described and analysed, and the results of the analysis are discussed. Next, Section 6 shows how SAMIN can be used to analyse automated negotiation processes. It is shown how software negotiators can be improved using two strategies (guessing and limited information sharing) that can be used alone, or in combination. Finally, Section 7 discusses related work, and Section 8 provides conclusions and some planned future work.2. Formalising Negotiation Process DynamicsNegotiation is essentially a dynamic process. To analyse those dynamics, it is, therefore, relevant to formalise and study dynamic properties of such processes. For example, how does a bid at a certain point in time compare to bids at previous time points? The formalisation introduced in this section is based on the notion of negotiation process state, negotiation transition and negotiation trace.2.1 Formalising States of a Negotiation ProcessThe state of a (one-to-one) negotiation process at a certain time point can be de-scribed as a combined state consisting of two states for each of the negotiating agents: S = < S1, S2 > , where S1 is the state of agent A, and S2 is the state of agent B.Each of these states include,• the agent’s own most recent bid• its evaluation of its own most recent bid• its evaluation of the other agent’s most recent bid• the history of bids from both sides and evaluationsTo describe negotiation states a state ontology Ont is used. Example elements of this ontology are a sort BID for bids, and relations such as utility(A, b, v) expressing thatA’s overall evaluation of bid b is a real number v between 0 and 1. Based on this ontology the set of ground atoms At(Ont) can be defined. A state is formalised as anytruth assignment: At(Ont)→{t, f}to this set of ground atoms. The set of all states described by this ontology is denoted by States(Ont).2.2 Negotiation TransitionsA particular negotiation process shows a sequence of transitions from one state S from States(Ont) to another (next) state S’ from States(Ont). A transition S→S’ from a state S to S’ can be classified according to which agents are involved. During such a transition each of the main state components (S1, S2) of the overall state S may change. The simplest types of transition involve a single component transition. For example, when one agent generates a bid, while the other agents is just waiting: a transition of type S1 →S1or S2 →S2. Next come transition types where both components are involved. For example, when a communication from agent A to agentB takes place, changing the state S2 of agent B: a transition of type S1 x S2 → S2. Notice that in principle, also more complex transition types are possible, involving changes of both state components at the same time, i.e., S1 x S2 →S1 x S2. In organised cooperations between multiple agents the complexity of the types of transitions is often limited by regulation of the organisation. For example, in organised negotiation processes, usually it is assumed in the protocol that after communicating a bid to the other agent, the agent remains silent until it has received a new bid from the other agent (see the dynamic property ‘bid alternation’ in Sections 3 and further below). Such an assumption about the protocol implies that the transitions involved in the negotiation are only of the simpler types mentioned above.2.3 Negotiation TracesNegotiation traces are time-indexed sequences of negotiation states, where each successive pair of states is a negotiation transition. To describe such sequences a fixed time frame T is assumed which is linearly ordered. A trace T over a state ontology Ontand time frame T is a mapping T: T → STATES(Ont), i.e., a sequence of states T t (t ∈ T) in STATES(Ont).The set of all traces over state ontology Ont is denoted by TRACES(Ont). Depending on the application, the time frame T may be dense (e.g., the real numbers), or discrete (e.g., the set of integers or natural numbers or a finite initialsegment of the natural numbers), or any other form, as long as it has a linear ordering.3. Dynamic Properties of Negotiation ProcessesThis section presents a classification of dynamic properties of negotiationprocesses along with examples of each class. Before presenting the classification andthe specific dynamic properties of negotiation, the formal method for specifying thoseproperties is presented.3.1 Specification of Dynamic PropertiesSpecification of dynamic properties of a negotiation process can be done in orderto analyse its dynamics, for example to find out how certain properties of a negotia-tion process as a whole relate to properties of a certain subprocess, or to verify orevaluate a negotiation model. To formally specify dynamic properties that expresscharacteristics of dynamic processes (such as negotiation) from a temporal perspectivean expressive language is needed. To this end the Temporal Trace Language TTL isused as a tool; cf. [5], which is briefly defined as follows.The set of dynamic properties DYNPROP(Ont) is the set of temporal statementsthat can be formulated with respect to traces based on the state ontology Ont in thefollowing manner. Given a trace T over state ontology Ont, a certain state of the agent A during a negotiation process at time point t is indicated by state(T, t, A).In the third argument, instead of A also specific parts of A can be used, such as input(A), or out-put(A), which refer to observations and actions by A, respectively. These state indica-tors can be related to state properties via the formally defined satisfaction relation |=, comparable to the Holds-predicate in the Situation Calculus: state(T, t, A) |= p denotes that state property p holds in trace T at time t in the state of agent A. Based on these statements, dynamic properties can be formulated in a formal manner in a sorted first-order predicate logic with sorts T for time points, Traces for traces and F for state formulae, using quantifiers and the usual first-order logical connectives such as ¬, ∧, ∨, ,∀, ∃. As an example, consider the dynamic property bid alternation, which states that for all two different moments in time t1, t3, that A generates a bid, there is a moment in time t2, with t1 < t2 < t3, such that A received a bid generated by B. In formal TTL-format, this property is expressed as:bid_alternation(γ:TRACE)≡∀ A, B: AGENT, ∀ b1, b3: BID, ∀ t1, t3: time :t1 < t3 &state(γ, t1, output(A)) |= to_be_communicated_to_by(b1, B, A) &state(γ, t3, output(A)) |= to_be_communicated_to_by(b3, B, A)∃b2: BID, ∃t2: time : t1 < t2 < t3 &state(γ, t2, input(A)) |= communicated_to_by(b2, A, B)Usually for reasons of presentation dynamic properties are expressed in informal or semi-formal forms.3.2 Classes and Examples of Dynamic Properties of NegotiationThe properties relevant for analysing the dynamics of (partially) closed multi-issue one-to-one negotiation, can be divided into the following types:Bid properties give some information about a specific bid. They are usually defined in terms of the negotiation space and the profiles of the negotiators. Bid properties concern, for example, the Pareto efficiency of a bid.Result properties are a subset of the set of bid properties, concerning only the last bid of a negotiation process (i.e., the final agreement).Bid comparison properties compare two arbitrary bids with each other. An example is domination: a bid b1 dominates a bid b2 with respect to agents A andB iff both agents prefer bid b1 over bid b2; see below for a formalisationStep properties are a subset of the set of bid comparison properties, concerning only the transitions between successive bids. Hence, they are restricted to the combinations of bids of one party that directly follow each other.Limited interval properties concern parts of traces. Basically, they state that each step in a certain interval satisfies a certain step property. For instance: a ne-gotiation process is Pareto-monotonous for the interval [t1, t2]iff for all successive bids b1, b2 in the interval b2 dominates b1 (see below).Trace properties are a subset of the set of limited interval properties, concerning whole traces.Multi-trace properties compare the dynamics observed in more than one trace.An example is Better Negotiator: agent A is a better negotiator than agent B iff in more than 60% of the negotiations between A and B, the deal reached is more to the advantage of agent A than of agent B.Protocol properties specify certain constraints on the negotiation protocol. A specific instance is: over time the bids of negotiators A and B alternate.Note that the first two types are basically static properties, whereas the other types are dynamic properties: they specify behaviour over time. In [1] for each of these types a number of properties are described in detail, both in informal and in formal notation. In this paper, only a small selection of relevant properties is pre-sented.configuration_differs(b1:BID, b2:BID)≡∃a: ISSUE, ∃v1, v2: VALUE :value_of(b1, a, v1) & value_of(b2, a, v2) & v1 ≠ v2This bid comparison property states that two bids b1 and b2 differ in configura-tion iff there is an issue that has a different value in both bids. For example, in bid b1 the value of the issue “color” is “red”, whereas in bid b2 this value is “blue”. Similar properties can be defined stating that two bids differ in configuration in at least x issues. This property can also be used as a building block to specify a step property,e.g. “in the view of agent A, agent B varies the configuration, but not the utility”. Sucha property are useful to find out what kind of opponent the negotiator is dealing with. strictly_dominates(b1:BID, b2:BID, A:AGENT, B:AGENT)≡∀vA1, vA2, vB1, vB2 : real :util(A, b1, vA1) & util(A, b2, vA2) & util(B, b1, vB1) & util(B, b2, vB2) vA1 > vA2 & vB1 > vB2 This bid comparison property states that a bid b1 dominates a bid b2 with respectto agents A and B iff both agents prefer bid b1 over bid b2. This notion is related toPareto Efficiency, see e.g., [10]. The property could also be changed to weakly_dominates by changing the > sign into the sign. Moreover, it can be used as a building block to specify step properties, limited interval properties (see the nextproperty), and trace properties.strict_pareto_monotony(γ:trace, tb:time, te:time)≡∀t1, t2: time, ∀A, B: AGENT, ∀b1, b2: BID :[ tb ≤ t1 < t2 ≤ te & is_followed_by(γ, A, t1, b1, B, t2, b2) ]state((γ, t2) |= strictly_dominates(b2, b1, A, B)This limited interval property makes use of the previous property. It states that anegotiation process γis strictly Pareto-monotonous for the interval [t1, t2]iff for allsuccessive bids b1, b2 in the interval b2 dominates b1. By choosing for tb and te re-spectively the start and end time of the process, the property can be transformed into atrace property. Generally, traces that satisfy this property are not abundant in (human)real world multi-issue negotiations, since if the profiles of the two parties are stronglyopposed (with emphasis on the same issues), even in multi-issue situations a gain forthe one often implies a loss for the other. If, however, the profiles are less opposed,Pareto-monotony may occur.pareto_inefficiency(γ:trace b:BID, A:AGENT, B:AGENT, ε:real)≡∀vA, vB : real :util(A, b, vA) & util(B, b, vB) pareto_distance(vA, vB) = εThis bid property informally states that with respect to agents A and B, the Paretoinefficiency of a bid b is the number ε that indicates the distance to the Pareto EfficientFrontier according to some distance measure d in utilities. Here, d(b1, b2)is thedistance between the bids b1and b2when viewed as points in the plane of utilities.The function to measure the distance in the plane can still be filled in, e.g., the sum ofabsolute differences of coordinates, or the square root of the sum of squares of thedifferences, or the maximum of the differences of the coordinates. The ParetoEfficient Frontier is the set of all bids b for which there is no other bid b’thatdominates b. Hence, in case the Pareto Inefficiency of a bid is 0, there is no other bidthat dominates it. By filling in the resulting agreement of a negotiation for bid b, theproperty is transformed into a result property. In general, determining the number ε forwhich this property holds is a good measure for checking the success of thenegotiation process. In a similar way, the property nash_inefficiency can beformulated, which calculates the distance from a certain bid to the Nash Point. This isthe point (on the Pareto Efficient Frontier) for which the product of both utilities ismaximal, see e.g., [10].4. The SAMIN ArchitectureSAMIN is a Prolog-based software environment that has been designed at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam for the analysis of multi-issue negotiation processes. Section 4.1 describes the role SAMIN can take in an analysis setting of negotiation processes. Next, Section 4.2 presents a top level overview of the SAMIN architecture. Basically, the system consists of three components: an Acquisition Component, an Analysis Component and a Presentation Compoment. These components are de-scribed in more detail in Sections 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5, respectively.4.1 SAMIN in its EnvironmentThe SAMIN system has been designed to work together in interaction with a hu-man analyst and either human or software agent negotiators. As depicted in Figure 1, the analyst determines the properties that SAMIN is to use in the analysis of negotia-tion processes. He or she can select (and if necessary adapt) properties from SAMIN’s library, or can construct new properties with the help of SAMIN’s special dynamic property editor. SAMIN can only analyse a negotiation process if it has access to the profiles used by the different parties, and the bids exchanged between the parties. SAMIN does not influence the negotiation while it is being carried out, it only ob-serves either during the negotiation, or afterwards.The analysis result of one or more negotiations is presented to the human analyst. The analyst can use that result for purposes within Cognitive Science (e.g., to analyse human negotiation processes and train human negotiators) or Artificial Intelligence (e.g., to improve the strategies of software agents). Interesting for the future might be to present the results directly after the conclusion of the negotiation to a software agent negotiator that is capable of learning so that the agent can use the result to im-prove its negotiation skill by itself. A negotiation process can be monitored directly by SAMIN (if the agents allow interfacing), or the negotiation trace can be written to a file and be analysed in hindsight by SAMIN. The current version of SAMIN is devel-oped especially for closed multi-issue one-to-one negotiations, entailing that the only information exchanged between the negotiators are the bids.The input required by SAMIN, see Figure 1, consists of properties, profiles, and traces of bids. Its output consists of an analysis that can be presented in a user-friendly format (see Section 4.4 and 4.5). As mentioned before, SAMIN offers the user both a library of properties to choose from and a dynamic property editor to create new prop-erties. Profiles can be obtained in two ways. Either the negotiator presents a pre-specified profile to SAMIN or the negotiator can use SAMIN’s interactive profile editor to create it in SAMIN. Pre-specified profiles have to be in a format recognised by SAMIN. The trace of bids required by SAMIN can be obtained by SAMIN moni-toring the bids exchanged between the negotiators during the negotiation process. This only requires the bids to be in a format recognised by SAMIN and the possibility to “overhear” the communication between the negotiators. Another possibility is that the bids exchanged during a negotiation process are stored in a special file. If the bid-traces are in the right format, SAMIN can perform analysis on one or on a combina-tion of such traces after the negotiation has been completed. If the negotiators wish to do so, they can use SAMIN’s bid ontology editor to define what a bid should look like, before entering the negotiation phase. Construction of bid ontology and the pro-files is part of the pre-negotiation phase [10].Figure 1. SAMIN in its environment4.2 Top LevelAt the top level, SAMIN consists of three components: an Acquisition Component , an Analysis Component and a Presentation Compoment , see Figure 2. Here, the solid arrows indicate data flow. The dotted arrows indicate that each component can be controlled separately by the analyst. The Acquisition Component is used to acquire the input necessary for analysis. The Analysis Component is used to perform the actual analysis (i.e., checking which properties hold for the negotiation process under analysis). Finally, the Presentation Component is used to present the results of the analysis in a user-friendly format. Furthermore, SAMIN maintains a library of properties, templates of properties, bid ontologies, and profile ontologies (not shown in Figure 2). The working of the three components will be described in detail in the next sections.controlnegotiator negotiatorFigure 2. Global Overview of the SAMIN architecture4.3 The Acquisition ComponentThe acquisition component is used to obtain the required input for the analysis. It consists of an ontology editor, a dynamic property editor and a trace determinator.The ontology editor is used for the construction of bid ontologies and profile on-tologies necessary to automatically interpret the bids exchanged by the negotiators, and to automatically interpret the profiles of the negotiators. The ontology editor is typically used to construct a bid ontology and a profile ontology, thus allowing the user to identify the issues to be negotiated, the values that each of these issues can take, and the structure of bids, in the bid ontology. Furthermore, in specifying the profile ontology the user identifies the possible evaluations that can be given to val-ues, and the utility functions of bids.The dynamic property editor supports the gradual formalisation of dynamic prop-erties in TTL format. The editor offers a user interface that allows the analyst to con-struct dynamic properties, represented in a tree-like format.The trace determinator can be used interactively with the analyst to determine what traces to use in the analysis. The user can interactively locate the files containing the traces to be checked. The traces themselves can be of three categories: (human) empirical traces, simulated traces, and mixed traces. An empirical trace is the result of an existing human negotiation process. A simulated trace is the result of an automated negotiation process. A mixed trace is the result of a human negotiating with a software agent. To support the acquisition of traces of all three types, a dedicated interface has been created for SAMIN.4.4 The Analysis ComponentThe analysis component currently consists of a logical analyser that is capable of checking properties against traces. To this end, the tool takes a dynamic property in TTL format and one or more traces as input, and checks whether the dynamic property holds for the traces.Traces are represented by sets of Prolog facts of the form holds(state(m1, t(2)), a, true) where m1 is the trace name, t(2)time point 2, and a is a state property as introduced in Section 3.1. The above example indicates that state formula a is true in trace m1at time point 2. The Analysis Component basically uses Prolog rules for the predicate sat that reduce the satisfaction of the temporal formula finally to the satisfaction of atomic state formulae at certain time points, which can be read from the trace representation. Examples of such reduction rules are:sat(and(F,G)) :- sat(F), sat(G).sat(not(and(F,G))) :- sat(or(not(F), not(G))).sat(or(F,G)) :- sat(F).sat(or(F,G)) :- sat(G).。