2008年初赛详解最新修正版
NOIP2008年提高组初赛试题(十四届)(非常详细)
第十四届全国青少年信息学奥林匹克联赛初赛试题（提高组 Pascal语言二小时完成）●●全部试题答案均要求写在答卷纸上，写在试卷纸上一律无效●●一、单项选择题（共10题，每题1.5分，共计15分。
每题有且仅有一个正确答案）。
1．在以下各项中，（）不是操作系统软件。
A．Solaris B．Linux C．Sybase D．Windows Vista E．Symbian【答案】C。
Solaris 是Unix操作系统，Symbian(赛班)-诺基亚手机操作系统。
Sybase是关系型数据库。
2．微型计算机中，控制器的基本功能是（）。
A．控制机器的各个部件协调工作 B．实现算术运算与逻辑运算 C．存储各种控制信息D．获取外部信息E．存放程序和数据【答案】A。
3．设字符串S=“Olympic”，S的非空子串的数目是（）。
A．29 B．28 C．16 D．17 E．7 【答案】B。
长度为1的子串有7个，长度为2的子串有6个，……，长度为7的子串有1个，所有非空子串数目是：7+6+5+4+3+2+1=28。
4．完全二叉树有2*N-1的结点，则它的叶子结点数目是（）。
A．N-1 B．2*N C．N D．2N-1 E．N/2 【答案】C。
设二叉树中度为0的结点(叶子)有N0个，度为1的结点有N1个，度为2的结点有N2个，所有结点个数：N0＋N1＋N2，所有的边数：N0*0+N1*1+N2*2=N1+2N2。
由于每个结点上都有一条边，除根结点外，所以有N0+N1+N2=N1+2N2+1→N0=N2+1 …………①完全二叉树有2*N-1个结点（奇数个），而完全二叉树的上一层是一棵满二叉树，而满二叉树的结点个数是2^k-1（k是层数，是奇数个），所以此二叉树最下一层是偶数个结点，这样的二叉树没有度为1的结点，即N1=0，得到N0+N2=2*N-1 →N2=2*N-N0-1 …………②将②式代入①式，得到N0=N。
5．将数组{8，23，4，16，77，-5，53，100}中元素从大到小按顺序排序，每次可以交换任意两个元素，最少要交换（）次。
2008年全国小学生语文能力竞赛初赛六年级组试题参考答案
2008年全国小学生语文能力竞赛初赛六年级组试题参考答案一、1.（1）陡峭（2）迷恋（3）晶莹（4）一泻千里2．（1）嫩绿的芽儿冰心（每空1分）（2）发展你自己牺牲你自己（每空1分）（3）青年3．（1）分四次，一共给了那位同学四颗糖。
（2）那位同学比陶行知先生早到办公室。
（3）言之成理即可。
附听力材料1．听录音，写词语。
（1）陡峭（2）迷恋（3）晶莹（4）一泻千里2．欣赏诗歌，准备填空。
嫩绿的芽儿冰心嫩绿的芽儿和青年说："发展你自己！"淡白的花儿和青年说："贡献你自己！"深红的果儿和青年说："牺牲你自己！"3.认真听短文，回答问题。
陶行知先生的四颗糖果陶行知先生当校长的时候，有一天看到一位男生用砖头砸同学，便将其制止并叫他到校长办公室去。
当陶校长回到办公室时，男生已经等在那里了。
陶行知掏出一颗糖给这位同学："这是奖励你的，因为你比我先到办公室。
"接着他又掏出一颗糖，说："这也是给你的，我不让你打同学，你立即住手了，说明你尊重我。
"男生将信将疑地接过第二颗糖，陶先生又说道："据我了解，你打同学是因为他欺负女生，说明你很有正义感，我再奖励你一颗糖。
"这时，男生感动得哭了，说："校长，我错了，同学再不对，我也不能采取这种方式。
"陶先生于是又掏出一颗糖说："你已认错了，我再奖励你一颗。
我的糖发完了，我们的谈话也结束了。
"二、4．（1）读书可以受益。
（答案不唯一，意思对即可）（2）喜爱读书。
（答案不唯一，意思对即可）（3）读有价值的书。
（答案不唯一，意思对即可）5．春意盎然阳春白雪雨后春笋大地回春（答案不唯一，符合要求即可）6．夜来风雨声，花落知多少。
孟浩然7．（1）儿的生活好／痛苦一点儿也没有／粮食多／病少／挣了很多钱。
（2）儿的生活好痛苦／一点也没有粮食／多病／少挣了很多钱。
2008年初赛详解
【标准答案】1.A2.D3.B4.B5.A6.D7.C8.B9.B 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.D 14.A 15.B 16.A 17.B 18.C 19.A 20.D 21.D 22.A 23.D 24.D 25.A 26.C 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.D 31.B 32.B 33.A 34.B 35.D 36.C 37.B 38.C 39.C 40.C 41.D 42.A上海市第二十二届初中物理竞赛初赛试题详解第一部分1、获得2007年诺贝尔物理学奖科学家的主要贡献是：（ ） A 、发现“巨磁电阻效应”。
B 、发现“宇宙微波背景辐射黑体形式和各向异性”。
C 、发现“强粒子渐近自由现象”。
D 、提出“光子相干量子理论”。
【解答】A法国科学家阿尔贝·费尔和德国科学家彼得·格林贝格尔因发现“巨磁电阻”效应而共同获得2007年诺贝尔物理学奖。
他们将分享1000万瑞典克朗（1美元约合7瑞典克朗）的奖金。
这两名科学家获奖的原因是先后独立发现了“巨磁电阻”效应。
所谓“巨磁电阻”效应，是指磁性材料的电阻率在有外磁场作用时较之无外磁场作用时存在巨大变化的现象。
根据这一效应开发的小型大容量计算机硬盘已得到广泛应用。
2、我国宋代诗人陈与义在《襄邑道中》写道“飞花两岸照船红，百里榆堤半日风。
卧看满天云不动，不知云与我俱东。
”诗中描述“我”运动时选取的参照物是（ ）A 、风。
B 、船。
C 、云。
D 、岸。
【解答】D以岸为参照系，则云与我都相对岸向东运动3、如图所示为高速摄影机拍摄到的子弹穿过苹果瞬间的照片。
该照片经过放大后分析出，在曝光时间内，子弹影像前后错开的距离约为子弹长度的1%~2%。
已知子弹飞行速度约为500米/秒，则这幅照片的曝光时间最接近（ ）A 、10-3秒。
B 、10-6秒。
C 、A10-9秒。
D 、10-12秒 【解答】B子弹长度的数量级为cm 即10-2m两次曝光见子弹走过的路程S 为为子弹长度的1%~2%，数量级为10-4m ， 曝光时间为S/V，约为10-6秒---10-7秒左右Pm4、如图所示，P是位于水平粗糙桌面上的物块。
全国大学生英语竞赛B类考试2008年初赛试题及详解【圣才出品】
全国大学生英语竞赛B类考试2008年初赛试题及详解Part ⅠListening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 marks)Section A (10 marks)In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. A. Rent a car.B. Buy a car.C. Sell his car.【答案】A【解析】对话中A问B是否需要车，并提到有special rate，显然，B正准备租车。
【录音原文】A: Will you need a car when you arrive? We have a special rate at the moment.B: Yeah, a car would be convenient.A: What type of car will you need?Q: What is the man going to do?2. A. Every day.B. Twice a week.C. Twice a month.【答案】B【解析】由A的话可知，该酒吧每周的周五和周六两天是Happy Hour。
2008年“数学解题能力展示”读者评选活动三年级组初赛试卷详解
2008“数学解题能力展示"读者评选活动三年级组初赛试题一、 填空题I(每题10分，共60分)（2008“数学解题能力展示"读者评选活动三年级组初赛试题） 1． 计算：24+63+52+17+49+81+74+38+95=分析：（法1-尾数凑整法）原式=（63+17）+（49+81）+（52+38）+24+74+95 =80+130+90+24+74+95=300+193 =493（法2-拆分凑整法）原式=（20+4）+（60+3）+（50+2）+（10+7）+（40+9）+（80+1）+（70+4）+（30+8）+（90+5）=（20+80）+（60+40）+（10+90）+（70+30）+50+（3+7）+（1+9）+（2+8）+4+4+5 =100+100+100+100+50+10+10+10+13 =493（2008“数学解题能力展示"读者评选活动三年级组初赛试题）2． 计算：53×57-47×43=分析：原式=（50+3）×（50+7）-（40+7）×（40+3）=50×（50+7）+3×（50+7）-40×（40+3）-7×（40+3） =50×50+50×7+3×50+3×7-40×40-40×3-7×40-7×3 =50×50-40×40+7×（50-40）+3×（50-40） =2500-1600+7×10+3×10 =900+（7+3）×10 =900+100 =1000（2008“数学解题能力展示"读者评选活动三年级组初赛试题）3． 星期天小明、小强和小佳一起去采摘。
小强说：“我摘的苹果最多了，比你们俩摘的苹果总和还多1个。
全国大学生英语竞赛A类考试2008年初赛试题
全国大学生英语竞赛A类考试2008年初赛试题Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (略)Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and StructuresInstructions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each blank there are four choi ces marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corre sponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.31. He can't ______ ignorance as his excuse; he should have known what was happening in his o wn department.A. insistB. referC. pleadD. defend32. His father came home to dinner every night, and ______ in his life Jack felt that they were a r eal family.A. for the first timeB. firstlyC. at first timeD. at first33. After the robbery, the shop installed a sophisticated alarm system as an insurance ______ furt her losses.A. towardsB. forC. fromD. against34. The bones, tendons and cartilages require a small amount of blood, ______ such organs as the kidneys and brain need large amounts of blood.A. asB. whileC. becauseD. so that35. Although they usually did their own painting and papering, on this occasion they brought in a firm of ______ decorators.A. insideB. inwardC. interiorD. internal36. ______ the neighboring street, it would have had to pass through the station barriers, wherea collector is always standing.A. Had it not been pulled downB. But for bringing it upC. Should it not have been carried down fromD. Had it not been carried down from37. The people around him kept saying ______ the drowned man but he went on doing artificial r espiration.A. it was useless revivingB. there was no use revivingC. there was no use to try to reviveD. it was no use trying to revive38. Although they had only been invited for lunch they ______ till suppertime.A. stayed outB. stayed onC. stayed upD. stayed off39. When he heard how well the new company was doing, he took a calculated ______ and inves ted all his money in it.A. riskB. opportunityC. dangerD. venture40. More and more people are signing up for yoga classes nowadays, ______ advantage of the he alth and relaxation benefits.A. takingB. to have takenC. having takenD. having been taken41. In the same area _____, with a circular church--so that the devil couldn't find a corner to conc eal himself in, or so the locals say.A. a village of Bowmore isB. there is a village of BowmoreC. is the village of BowmoreD. the Bowmore's village is42. There are no trips that will make it possible for the tourists to stop everywhere and see _____ _ they want.A. all whatB. everything thatC. everything whatD. all which43. More and more people are becoming aware of the dangers facing our planet. ______, we still have a lot of work to do before our environment is safe again.A. ConsequentlyB. In spite of the fact thatC. Because of thatD. Despite that44. Ray: Have you met the new boss yet? David: No, tell me--what's he like?Ray: Well, I met him this morning and my first impression was very positive. ______. and I hear he's got a great sense of humor.David : That's great!A. He came across as very pleasantB. He has a large officeC. He seems very unfriendlyD. He's not very sharp45. Customer: I think I'll have the tomato soup to start. ______. Waiter: Right. And would you like croutons in your soup? Customer: No, thank you.Waiter: How would you like your steak? Rare, medium or well done?A. And I'd like some tea.B. And I'd also like a steak.C. And perhaps some orange juice.D. And I'd like to order now.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Section AInstructions: There is one passage in this section with 5 questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 46-50 are based on the following passage.Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the cr owd assembled in the auction room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He en courages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyerof the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the La tin auctio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a sig nal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold "by the candle": a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skin s, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for la nd and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The a uction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and whe re and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full deta ils, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually gi ven a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots the y are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing upthe bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, a nd he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a hi gh price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his ad vice that a seller will fix a "reserve" price, that is, a price below which the goods cannot be sold. E ven the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a "knock-out", whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bi dder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a "knock-out" comes off, the re al auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.46. The end of the bidding is called "knocking down" because ______.A. the auctioneer knocks the price downB. the rostrum is knocked downC. the goods are knocked downD. the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the La tin auctio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a sig nal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold "by the candle": a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skin s, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for la nd and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The a uction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and whe re and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full deta ils, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually gi ven a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots the y are likely to be interested in. Theauctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. T he auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, a nd he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a hi gh price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his ad vice that a seller will fix a "reserve" price, that is, a price below which the goods cannot be sold. E ven the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a "knock-out", whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bi dder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a "knock-out" comes off, the re al auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.46. The end of the bidding is called "knocking down" because ______.A. the auctioneer knocks the price downB. the rostrum is knocked downC. the goods are knocked downD. the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer47. The Romans used to sell by auction ______.A. spoilt goodsB. old worn-out weaponsC. property taken from the enemyD. spears48. The auctioneer may decide to sell the "lots" out of order because ______.A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB. he knows from experience who will want whatC. he wants to keep certain people waitingD. he wants to increase the number of buyers49. A clever auctioneer encourages ______.A. knock-out dealsB. rivals to compete for higher pricesC. the seller to mark the prices of their goods reasonablyD. buyers to be careful in bidding50. "Knock-outs" are illegal agreements ______.A. among the dealers onlyB. between the seller and the auctioneerC. between the auctioneers and dealersD. among the sellers onlySection B Instructions: There is one passage in this section with 5 questions. Read the passage quickly and an- swer the questions on the Answer Sheet. The idea of a fish being able to generat e electricity strong enough to light lamp bulbs--or even to run a small electric motor--is almost un believable, but several kinds of fish are able to do this. Even more strangely, this curious power h as been acquired in different ways by fish belonging to very different families.Perhaps the best known are the electric rays, or torpedoes, of which several kinds live in warm seas. They possess on each side of the head, behind the eyes, a large organ consisting of a numbe r of hexagonal shaped cells rather like a honeycomb. The cells are filled with a jelly-like substance , and contain a series of fiat electric plates. One side, the negative side, of each plate, is supplied with very fine nerves, connected with a main nerve coming from a special part of the brain. Curre nt passes from the upper, positive side of the organ downwards to the negative, lower side. Gene rally it is necessary to touch the fish in two places, completing the circuit, in order to receive a sh ock. The strength of this shock depends on the size of the fish, but newly born ones only about 5 centimetres across can be made to light the bulb of a pocket flashlight for a few moments, while a fully grown torpedo gives a shock capable of knocking a man down, and, if suitable wires are co nnected, will operate a small electric motor for several minutes.Another famous example is the electric eel. This fish gives an even more powerful shock. The system is different from that of the torpedo in that the electric plates run longitudinally and are supplied with nerves from the spinal cord. Consequently, the current passes along the fish from h ead to tail. The electric organs of these fish are really altered muscles and like all muscles are apt to tire, so they are not able to produce electricity for very long.The electric catfish of the Nile and of other African fresh waters has a different system again, by which current passes over the whole body from the tail to the head. The shock given by this arrangement is not so strong as the other two, but is none the less unpleasant. The electric catfis h is a slow, lazy fish, fond of gloomy places and grows to about 1 metre long; it is eaten by the Ara bs in some areas.The power of producing electricity may serve these fish both for defence and attack. If a large en emy attacks, the shock will drive it away; but it appears that the catfish and the electric eel use th eir current most often against smaller fish, stunning them so that they can easily be overpowered .For answers 51-55, mark Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the pass age; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information, given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 51. Some fish produce enough electricity to dr ive electric motors. 52. Usually you will not get a shock by touching the electric ray in one place only.53. The electric plates on the electric eel are supplied with nerves from its brain.54. The shock of the electric catfish is more unpleasant than that of the torpedo or electric eel.55. Nowadays people are making full use of these electric fish to light lamp bulbs.For answers 56 - 60, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage in a maxi mum of 4 words.56. The fish that produce electricity belong to ______.57. A torpedo's hexagonal shaped cells contain a number of ______.58. A fully grown torpedo can give a ______ than a young one.59. The catfish's electric current passes from the ______.60. The electric fish produce electricity mainly for ______.Section C Instructions: In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the p assage carefully, then answer the questions in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.We love them so much that some of us sleep with them under the pillow, yet we are increasingly concerned that we cannot escape their electronic reach. We use them to convey our most intima te secrets, yet we worry that they are a threat to our privacy. We re]y on them more than the Inte ract to cope with modern life, yet many of us don't believe advertisements saying we need more advanced services.Sweeping aside the doubts that many people feel about the benefits of new third generation pho nes and fears over the health effects of phone masts, a recent report claims that the long-term ef fects of new mobile technologies will be entirely positive, so long as the public can be convinced t o make use of them. Research about users of mobile phones reveals that the mobile has already moved beyond being a mere practical communications tool to become the backbone of modern s ocial life, from love affairs to friendship to work. One female teacher, 32, told the researchers, "I l ove my phone. It's my friend. "The close relationship between user and phone is most pronounced among teenagers, the report says, who regard their mobiles as an expression of their identity. This is partly because mobiles are seen as being beyond the control of parents. But the researchers suggest that another reason may be that mobiles, especially text messaging, were seen as a way of overcoming shyness. "Text ing is often used for apologies, to excuse lateness or to communicate other things that make us u ncomfortable," the report says. The impact of phones, however, has been local rather than global , supporting existing friendships and networks, rather than opening users to a new broader com munity. Even the language of texting in one area can be incomprehensible to anybody from anoth er area. Among the most important benefits of using mobile phones, the report claims, will be a v astly improved mobile infrastructure, providing gains throughout the economy, and the provision of more sophisticated location-based services for users. The report calls on government to put m ore effort into the delivery of services by mobile phone, with suggestions including public transpo rt and traffic information and doctors' text messages, to remind patients of appointments. "I love that idea," one user said in an interview. "It would mean I wouldn't have to write a hundred mess ages to myself. "There are many other possibilities. At a recent trade fair in Sweden, a mobile navigation product was launched. When the user enters a destination, a route is automatically downloaded to their mobile and presented by voice, pictures and maps as they drive. In future, these devices will also be able to plan around congestion and road works in real time. Third generation phones will also allow for remote monitoring of patients by doctors. In Britain, scientists are developing an asthm a management solution, using mobiles to detect early signs of an attack.Mobile phones can be used in education. A group of teachers in Britain use third generation phon es to provide fast, internet service to children who live beyond the reach of terrestrial broadband services and have no access to online information. "As the new generation of mobile technologie s takes off, the social potential of the mobile will vastly increase," the report argues. Questions :61. What feelings does the writer suggest in the first paragraph about our attitudes to mobile ph ones?62. What have mobile phones become according to research about their users?63. Why do teenagers have such a close relationship with their mobile phones?64. What can doctors use third generation mobile phones for in future?65. What does a recent report claim about the long-term effects of mobile phones?Section D Instructions : In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the p assage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing no more than three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Answers 66 - 70 are based on the following passage.Few would deny that what we see in the media affects the way we think and act. Advertisers, kno wing this better than anyone else, pay millions of dollars every year to sell their products. For pri me time television advertising in the United States, companies pay up to two million dollars for a single forty-second advertisement.In the competition for audience attention, advertisers will do almost anything they can think of to sell their product. A common tactic in commercial advertising is to tie the advertised product to sex or glamour, even when these features do not directly relate to the product. How many times have we seen a pretty woman selling a car? Other ads may make exaggerated claims about the ef fectiveness of their products.Consumer complaints about misleading or inappropriate content in advertisements have led to m ultiple restrictions on advertising. Laws exist in many countries to regulate advertising. In the Unit ed States, television advertisements for alcoholic beverages cannot show a person actually drinki ng the beverage.Restricting advertisers through legislation brings up issues of freedom of speech and individual ri ghts. For this reason, US law makers have tried to avoid passing many laws that might limit advert isers' rights. Instead, they have asked the advertising industry to find ways to regulate itself. This l ed to the creation of the National Advertising Review Council (NARC) in the 1970s.Major advertisers and advertising agencies set up NARC, an industry-run agency that would main tain standards of accuracy, morality, and social responsibility in advertising. Since then, there hav e been two branches within the organization: the National Advertising Division (NAD) and the Nat ional Advertising Review Board (NARB). The NAD is like the police of the organization. They receiv e complaints by consumers, consumer groups, companies, or associations about advertisements.NAD then investigates the ads and reports any misconduct. If NAD and the advertiser cannot find a way to correct the ad together, the case goes before the NARB for review. The Review Board the n reviews the ad and makes a recommendation.As part of the trend towards non-governmental regulation, the media in which advertising appea rs also work as a kind of censor. Television stations all have departments for reviewing ads before the ads can be shown on the air. This is true for radio stations as well. Likewise, magazines and ne wspapers review ads before publication to make sure both the products and the content are appr opriate for their readers. In addition to their reviews for appropriateness, some publications even check the accuracy of the information in the ads. Along with national advertising organizations a nd the media, individual advertising agencies comprise a third layer of censorship. Advertising ag encies certainly want the public to have confidence in their ads. Therefore, most advertisers use market research as a way to verify the claims made in advertisements. Furthermore, if consumers learn about misleading claims in the ads for a product, the consumers can sue the advertisers. Th is is why most large advertising agencies employ in-house lawyers for reviewing ads.The medium of web advertising has opened entirely new questions about advertising, targeting o ne's intended audience, and appropriateness of ad content. At the same time, consumers have m ade more and more focused demands on all forms of media. In the UK, for example, some have c alled for a ban on the advertising of fast food, which is widely blamed for problems of obesity. For the time being, acombination of government regulation, citizen demands, and industry self-regulation will continu e to shape what marketers do.SummaryMedia affects the way we think and act. With so many advertisements, their creators must think of innovative ways to get consumers' (66) . Some ads may make exaggerated claims about their p roducts or have misleading content. Public complaints about advertising have led to government regulations in many countries. In the United States, advertisers have set up a self-policing (67) cal led NARC to censor ads. Through self-regulation, the industry avoids issues of (68) of speech and makes sure that their ads are accurate. Advertisers with deceptive ads can be (69) . However, ne w forms of media, such as the web, have created new questions about (70) .Part Ⅳ Cloze Section AInstructions: There are 5 blanks in the passage. For each blank, some letters of the word have bee n given (not exceeding 3 letters). Read the passage below and decide which word best fits each blank, using only one word in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. Many people make corn (71) about their working environment. Those in open-plan offices often dislike the noise and especially the lack of privacy. Making telephone calls where con (72) inform ation is discussed is almost impossible and it may also be difficult to concentrate when the perso n sitting next to you is on the phone. However, the division of the workspace into smaller offices can lead to a feeling of isolation. An alternative approach is needed to so (73) these problems. W hy not allow people to choose to work in dif (74) places according to what they are doing--a coffe e bar or meeting room for social and noisy activities, or a small room for quiet work? The idea of i ndividual desks would disappear in this system and be rep (75) by a different approach to using space.Section BInstructions: There are 10 blanks in the passage. Use the word given in each set of brackets to form a word that fits in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.The Independent on Sunday's (76) (industry) editor, David Bowen, collects airline sick-bags. He st arted about 10 years ago when he used to travel (77) (extensive), but now the (78) (collect) has it s own momentum. "I get sent several bags a month," he says. "All my friends know that I collect t hese things, and they mention it to their friends. Then when any of them go on flights, they stare ahead of them for hours on end and (79) (soon) or later remember to pick one up. "He now has about 400 bags (80) (cover) about 200 airlines: they are displayed all over the walls o f his house. He asks people to pick up a couple so that he has one to swap although, he says, "The re is a slightly (81) (limit) market: my only real trading partner is a German who I met in Jordan ei ght years ago. "The bags, Bowen says, say a lot about the country of origin. Far Eastern ones tend to be lavish an d exotic. Germanic ones are severely (82) (practice) , eastern European ones reflect "the (83) (sho rt) of decent paper".Bowen is keen to hear from anyone who wants to join the bag (84) (barter) system. The hobby is not sufficiently developed to have monetary value (85) (attach) to it, but the swap system should work well. "Mind you, if someone came up with a pre-War bag, possibly from Imperial Airways, I would very seriously think about letting them have several pounds for it, maybe even an Air Afriq ue one, too. "Part Ⅴ Translation Section AInstructions: Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remembe r to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.People have attempted to simulate human voices in machines for quite some time. In the late 17 00s, Hungarian scientist Wolfgang yon Kempelen used whistles, resonance chambers, and other o bjects to create voice sounds for his "Speaking Machine. " With the rise of computers, scientists were able to create artificial voices by storing and digitally processing real voice sounds. By the 19 70s, these computer-generated voices were widely used. Although theseearly voices were understandable, they had a distinct mechanical or " robotic" sound to them. Coming up with more natural-sounding voices has been a challenge due to the complex nature of language. (86) To produce a natural-sounding voice, scientists need to simulate not only the indiv idual sounds of a language, but also the volume, pitch, rhythm, and tones that help to express me aning. Natural-sounding computer voices are now used to provide information to people in a vari ety of applications, from automated phone lines to language learningprograms. Many systems are also able to listen to users' questions and statements and respond t o them.One good example of this comes from the BMW car company. BMW has programmed cars to bot h listen and speak to the driver. (87) The car can give directions, provide warnings and informatio n about traffic and safety conditions, and even control certain functions, such as raising or loweri ng the windows or playing music. When BMW first released cars with a computer-generated voic e, many drivers had anegative reaction to it because drivers perceived the voice as female. German drivers were unco mfortable with a "female" voice givingdirections. As a result, BMW recalled the cars and gave them "male" voices.The reaction to the female voice was emotional. It had noreasoning behind it. Common sense says that the "gender" of the voice in the car shouldn't matte。
2008年全国小学生英语竞赛低年级组初赛答案
2008年全国小学生英语竞赛穴NECPS雪低年级组初赛赛题参考答案及评分标准听力部分（共四大题，计30分）I.听辨单词（共5小题,每小题1分，计5分）1—5BBCACII.句子理解（共10小题,每小题1分，计10分）A）6—10BACBAB）11—15AABCBIII.对话理解（共10小题,每小题1分，计10分）A）16—20NYNNYB）21—25BDECAIV.短文理解（共5小题,每小题1分，计5分）26.near27.clean28.trees29.swimming30.there笔试部分（共七大题，计70分）V.单词与短语（共10小题,每小题1分，计10分）A）31—35BCEADB）36.hot37.bananas38.sit down39.two40.take offVI.单项选择（共15小题,每小题1分，计15分）41—45CABAC46—50ACBAB51—55BACBAVII.情景会话（共10小题,每小题1分，计10分）A）56—60CBABCB）61—65EGDABVIII.完形填空（共5小题,每小题1分，计5分）66.live67.her68.by69.playing70.storiesIX.阅读理解（共10小题,每小题1分，计10分）A）71.nice72.two73.chair74.floor75.picturesB）76—80TFFFT1X援小作文（第81小题,计15分）My DollI have many toys.My favourite toy is a doll.It is very nice.It has red hair.It has big eyes and a small mouth.It wears a green dress.I go to sleep with it every night.I like it very much.（44words）一、评分原则：1.本题总分为15分，按四个档次给分。
全国化学竞赛初赛2008年答案
评分通则：1.凡要求计算的，没有计算过程，即使结果正确也不得分。
2有效数字错误，扣0.5分，但每大题只扣1次。
3单位不写或表达错误，扣0.5分，但每大题只扣1次。
4只要求1个答案、而给出多个答案，其中有错误的，不得分。
5方程式不配平不得分。
6不包括在此标准答案的0.5分的题，可由评分组讨论决定是否给分。
第1题 (14分)1-1 EDTA 是乙二胺四乙酸的英文名称的缩写，市售试剂是其二水合二钠盐。
（1）画出EDTA 二钠盐水溶液中浓度最高的阴离子的结构简式。
C H 2NC H 2H 2C N H 2C CH 2H 2CCOO -COO --OOC-OOC H H (2分)答(-OOCCH 2)2NCH 2CH 2N(CH 2COO -)2H H或CH 2NH(CH 2COO -)22 得2分，质子必须在氮原子上。
（2） Ca(EDTA)2-溶液可用于静脉点滴以排除体内的铅。
写出这个排铅反应的化学方程式（用Pb 2+ 表示铅）。
Pb 2+ + Ca(EDTA)2- = Ca 2+ + Pb (EDTA)2-(1分)（3）能否用EDTA 二钠盐溶液代替Ca(EDTA)2-溶液排铅？为什么？不能。
若直接用EDTA 二钠盐溶液，EDTA 阴离子不仅和Pb 2+反应, 也和体内的Ca 2+结合造成钙的流失。
(答案和原因各0.5分，共 1分)1-2 氨和三氧化硫反应得到一种晶体，熔点205o C ，不含结晶水。
晶体中的分子有一个三重旋转轴，有极性。
画出这种分子的结构式，标出正负极。
(2分)硫氧键画成双键或画成S →O ，氮硫键画成N →S ，均不影响得分。
结构式1分，正负号1分。
答H 3NSO 3、H 3N-SO 3等不得分。
正确标出了正负号，如+H 3NSO 3-、+H 3N-SO 3-得1分。
其他符合题设条件（有三重轴，有极性）的结构，未正确标出正负极，得1分，正确标出正负极，得2分。
1-3Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)]的磁矩为零，给出铁原子的氧化态。
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上海市第二十二届初中物理竞赛（2008年）初赛试题详解第一部分1、获得2007年诺贝尔物理学奖科学家的主要贡献是：（ ） A 、发现“巨磁电阻效应”B 、发现“宇宙微波背景辐射黑体形式和各向异性”C 、发现“强粒子渐近自由现象”D 、提出“光子相干量子理论” 【解答】A法国科学家阿尔贝·费尔和德国科学家彼得·格林贝格尔因发现“巨磁电阻”效应而共同获得2007年诺贝尔物理学奖。
他们将分享1000万瑞典克朗（1美元约合7瑞典克朗）的奖金。
这两名科学家获奖的原因是先后独立发现了“巨磁电阻”效应。
所谓“巨磁电阻”效应，是指磁性材料的电阻率在有外磁场作用时较之无外磁场作用时存在巨大变化的现象。
根据这一效应开发的小型大容量计算机硬盘已得到广泛应用。
2、我国宋代诗人陈与义在《襄邑道中》写道“飞花两岸照船红，百里榆堤半日风。
卧看满天云不动，不知云与我俱东。
”诗中描述“我”运动时选取的参照物是（ ）A 、风B 、船C 、云D 、岸 【解答】D以岸为参照系，则云与我都相对岸向东运动3、如图所示为高速摄影机拍摄到的子弹穿过苹果瞬间的照片。
该照片经过放大后分析出，在曝光时间内，子弹影像前后错开的距离约为子弹长度的1%~2%。
已知子弹飞行速度约为500米/秒，则这幅照片的曝光时间最接近（ ）A 、10-3秒。
B 、10-6秒。
C 、A10-9秒。
D 、10-12秒 【解答】B子弹长度的数量级为cm 即10-2m两次曝光见子弹走过的路程S 为为子弹长度的1%~2%，数量级为10-4m ， 曝光时间为S/V ，约为10-6秒---10-7秒左右Pm4、如图所示，P是位于水平粗糙桌面上的物块。
用跨过定滑轮的轻绳将P与装有砝码的小盘相连，小盘与砝码的总质量为m。
在P运动的过程中，若不计空气阻力，则关于P 在水平方向受到的作用力与相应的施力物体分别是（）A、拉力和摩擦力；地球和桌面。
B、拉力和摩擦力；轻绳和桌面。
C、重力mg和摩擦力；地球和物块。
D、重力mg和摩擦力；轻绳和桌面。
【解答】B注意问的是“在水平方向受到的作用力与相应的施力物体”，故重力不在内5、如图所示，带有活塞的烧瓶内封闭一定的气体，不考虑烧瓶和外界的热传递，现在外力F作用下，活塞向内移动一段距离，则烧瓶内的气体温度会（）A、升高。
B、降低。
C、不变。
D、无法确定。
【解答】A绝热过程Q=0，由热力学第一定律，外界做功=内能增加，内能增加，导致温度升高6、如果不慎在照相机的镜头上沾上了一个小墨点，则照出的相片上（）A、有一个放大的墨点像。
B、有一个缩小的墨点像。
C、一片漆黑。
D、没有墨点的像。
【解答】D当墨点较小时，拍摄时会有一部分光绕过斑点成像。
像的亮度受一点小影响，但不影响像的性质。
7、如图所示，物体A靠在竖直墙面上，在竖直向上的力F的作用下，A、B保持静止，物体B的受力个数为（）A、2个。
B、3个。
C、4个。
D、5个。
【解答】C4个：F，重力，A对B的压力，AB间的摩擦力RR ’bc8、在如图所示的电路中，闭合电键S 后，灯L 不发光。
现用电压表检查电路故障，测得U ad =6.0伏，U cd =0伏，U bc =0伏，U ab =6.0伏，该电路的故障可能是（ ）A 、灯L 断路。
B 、电阻R 断路。
C 、电阻R ’断路。
D 、电键S 断路。
【解答】BU cd =0伏，U bc =0伏，说明d b 间没有断路U ad =6.0伏，量的是电源电压，说明ad 间没有断路，ab 间没有断路的话，则U ab =0伏，现在U ab =6.0伏（电源电压），说明电阻R 断路9、如图所示，使带电金属球靠近不带电的验电棒，验电器的金属箔片张开。
下列表示验电器上感应电荷分布情况的各图中，正确的是（ ）A B C D【解答】B静电感应原理，带电金属球靠近不带电的验电棒时，上端与球靠近处感应异号电荷，下部金箔片处感应同号电荷10、如图所示，位于水平桌面上的物块P ，由跨过定滑轮的轻绳与物块Q 相连，滑轮到P 、Q 的两段绳都是水平的。
已知Q 与P 之间以及P 与桌面之间的动摩擦因数都是µ，两物块的质量都是m ，轻绳与滑轮之间的摩擦不计，在水平向右的拉力F 作用下，P 向右做匀速运动，则F 的大小为（ ）A 、4µmgB 、3µmgC 、2µmgD 、µmg受力分析如图所示 F=T+f1+f2 T=f1=umgN=mg+N1=2mg f2=uN=2umg 所以，F=4umg11、如图所示，A 、B 是两个密闭的球形容器，C 、D 、E 都是两端开口的玻璃管，它们与容器接口处紧密封接。
容器A 、B 和玻璃管D 、E 内盛有水，各水面高度差如图所示，则E 管内水面高出B 容器水面的高度h 应等于：（ ）A 、0.5米B 、1.0米C 、 1.5米D 、2.5米 【解答】B提示：D E 上端均开口与空气接触，故DE 上端为均1大气压，加上E 、D 管中水高度带来的压差，分别等于A 、B 容器内液面处的压强。
由于处于平衡状态，故E 管水面的高度h 与D 管相同，为1m12、A 、B 两物体质量相等，温度均为10℃，甲、乙两杯水质量相等，温度均为50℃，现将A 放入甲杯，B 放入乙杯，热平衡后，甲杯水温降低了4℃，乙杯水温降低了8℃，则A 、B 两种物理的比热容之比为（ ）A 、2：3B 、3：5C 、 4：9D 、1：2 【解答】C设物体质量为m 则由公式 T C Q ∆=m ，得⎩⎨⎧⋅=--⋅=⋅⋅=--⋅=⋅32m )10850(m 8m 36m )10450(m 4m b b a a C C C C C C 水水水水 解得94C b a =C13、为研究影响保温瓶保温效果的因素，某同学在保温瓶中灌入热水，先测量初始水温，A 、 若研究瓶内水量与保温效果的关系，可用序号2、4、6的数据。
B 、 若研究初始水温与保温效果的关系，可用序号1、2、3的数据。
C 、 若研究保温时间与保温效果的关系，可用序号4、5、6的数据。
D 、 若研究瓶内水量与保温效果的关系，可用序号1、3、5的数据。
【解答】D若研究瓶内水量与保温效果的关系，则应在不同水量、相同初始水温、相同保温时间的条件下研究，故可用序号1、3、5的数据14、如图所示，水池的宽度为L ，在水池右侧距离池底高度H 处有一激光束，水池内无水时恰好在水池的左下角产生一个光斑。
已知L=H ，现向水池内注水，水面匀速上升，则光斑（ ）A 、匀速向右移动，且移动速度小于水面上升的速度。
B 、匀速向右移动，且移动速度大于水面上升的速度。
C 、减速向右移动，但速度始终大于水面上升的速度。
D 、加速向右移动，但速度始终小于水面上升的速度。
【解答】A水面上升过程中入射角和折射角不变. 光斑再怎样也不可能和法线重合，所以速度比水面上升的速度小15、在如图所示的电路中，电源电压保持不变，R 0、R 1和R 3均为定值电阻，R 2为滑动变阻器。
当R 2的滑片在a 端时，闭合电键S ，三个电表A 1、A 2和V 的示灵敏分别为I 1、I 2和U 。
现将R 2的滑片向b 端移动，则三个电表示数的变化情况是（ ）A 、I 1增大，I 2不变，U 增大。
B 、I 1减小，I 2增大，U 减小。
C 、I 1增大，I 2减小，U 增大。
D 、I 1减小，I 2不变，U 减小。
【解答】B考虑趋向极端的情况，即将R 2的滑片到b 端时，R1短路，I1趋0，整个电路电阻变小，I 2增大，电压表读数U=E-I 2R 0 减小，故选B ：I 1减小，I 2增大，U 减小。
16、如图（a ）所示，在盛有水的圆筒形容器内，铁块甲放在木块乙上，木块乙浮在水面上，木块受的浮力为F ，水对容器底部的压强为P ，水面距容器底部的高度为h 。
现将甲取下并用轻绳系在乙的下方，如图（b ）所示，则 （ ）A 、浮力F 减小。
B 、压强P 减小。
C 、高度h 减小。
D 、甲受到的合力减小。
【解答】A设原来木块浸入水中体积为V ，那么F ＝V ρ水g ＝G 木＋G 铁，若把甲取下并用绳系在乙的下方，它们受的浮力为F ′，木块受的力为F 1，铁块为F 2， 则F ′＝F 1＋F 2＝G 木＋G 铁而F 2＝V 铁ρ水g ，故F 1＜F ，A 对。
因F ＝F ′，而F ＝V ρ水g ，F ′＝V ′ρ水g,故V ＝V ′，h 不变，那么p 也不变，BC 不对。
两次合力均为0，D 不对。
答案选A17、地面某处发生一次爆炸，由于爆炸地点的上空有面积较大的浓云层，距离爆炸地点3千米处的某人先后听到两次爆炸声，时间相差6秒。
则可以估算出云层下表面距离地面的高度为（假设空气中的声速为31千米/秒） A 、1.5千米 B 、2.0千米 C 、2.5千米 D 、3.0千米 【解答】B18、阻值都是R 的五个电阻连接如图所示，则A 、B 之间的等效电阻值为（ ） A 、0 B 、R C 、2R D 、5R 【解答】CAB解：画出等效电路图：左边两个并联电阻的总电阻为R /2 ，右边两个并联电阻的总电阻为R /2 ，左右两边四个电阻的总电阻是：相当于两个R/ 2 串联，所以总电阻为R ，再与下边的电阻R 并联，即电路的总电阻为：R/ 2 ．故选C ．19、AB 、BC 、AC 、AD 、BD 、CD 六根阻值均为R 的电阻线连接如图所示，则A 、D 之间的等效电阻为（ ）A 、2R B 、R C 、32R D 、3R【解答】A20、塔式起重机的结构如图所示，设机架重4×105牛，平衡块重2×105牛，轨道间的距离为4米。
当平衡块距离中心线OO’1米时，右侧轨道对轮子的作用力是左侧轨道对轮子作用力的2倍。
现起重机挂钩在距离中心线OO’10米处吊起重为105牛的重物时，把平衡块调节到距离中心线6米处，此时右侧轨道对轮子的作用力为（）A、1.5×105牛B、2.5×105牛C、3.5×105牛D、4.5×105牛【解答】D21、如图所示，一块矩形玻璃砖切割成图中形状后拉开一段距离，平行于主光轴的光线从左面射入，则从最右边射出的光线（ ）A 、可能是平行光线B 、一定是发散光线C 、一定是会聚光线D 、可能是会聚光线，也可能是发散光线。
【解答】D解：看成一个凹透镜和一个凸透镜，由于表面弯曲程度相同，所以凹透镜和凸透镜的焦距相同，当凹透镜的虚焦点正好和凸透镜的焦点重合时，则光线是平行的，拉开的距离为d ，d 越短越会聚，拉开的距离d 越长越发散，发散、平行、汇聚三种情况时的三种光路，如下图所示：故选D ．22、如图所示，面积较大的水池内水深为H ，水面上浮着一边长为a 、质量为m 的正方体物块，物块的一半体积浸在水中。