1a. Introduction to PLD
关于PLC的英文文献Word版
1. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS1.1 INTRODUCTIONControl engineering has evolved over time. In the past humans was the main method for controlling a system. More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical control was based on relays. These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch. It is common to use relays to make simple logical control decisions. The development of low cost computer has brought the most recent revolution, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The advent of the PLC began in the 1970s, and has become the most common choice for manufacturing controls. PLC have been gaining popularity on the factory floor and will probably remain predominant for some time to come. Most of this is because of the advantages they offer.. Cost effective for controlling complex systems.. Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily.. Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control.. Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime. . Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure.1.2 Ladder LogicLadder logic is the main programming method used for PLC. As mentioned before, ladder logic has been developed to mimic relay logic. The decision to use the relay logic diagrams was a strategic one. By selecting ladder logic as the main programming method, the amount of retraining needed for engineers and trades people was greatly reduced. Modern control systems still include relays, but these are rarely used for logic.A relay is a simple device that uses a magnetic field to control a switch, as pictured in Figure 2.1. When a voltage is applied to the input coil, the resulting current creates a magnetic field. The magnetic field pullsa metal switch (or reed) towards it and the contacts touch, closing the switch. The contact that closes when the coil is energized is called normally open. The normally closed contacts touch when the input coil is not energized. Relays are normally drawn in schematic form using a circle to represent the input coil. The output contacts are shown with two parallel lines. Normally open contacts are shown as two lines, and will be open (non-conducting) when the input is not energized. Normally closed contacts are shown with two lines with a diagonal line through them. When the input coil is not energized the normally closed contactswill be closed (conducting).Relays are used to let one power source close a switch for another (often high current) power source, while keeping them isolated. An example of a relay in a simple control application is shown in Figure 2.2. In this system the first relay on the left is used as normally closed, and will allow current to flow until a voltage is applied to the input A. The second relay is normally open and will not allow current to flow until a voltage is applied to the input B. If current is flowing through the first two relays then current will flow through the coil in the third relay, and close the switch for output C. This circuit would normally be drawn in the ladder logic form. This can be read logically as C will be on if A is off and B is on.1.3 ProgrammingThe first PLC were programmed with a technique that was based on relay logic wiring schematics. This eliminated the need to teach the electricians, technicians and engineers how to program a computer - but, this method has stuck and it is the most common technique for programming PLC today. An example of ladder logic can be seen in Figure 2.5. To interpret this diagram imagines that the power is on the vertical line on the left hand side, we call this the hot rail. On the right hand side is the neutral rail. In the figure there are two rungs, and on each rung there are combinations of inputs (two vertical lines) and outputs (circles). If the inputs are opened or closed in the right combination the power can flow from the hot rail, through the inputs, to power the outputs, and finally to the neutral rail. An input can come from a sensor, switch, or any other type of sensor. An output will be some device outside the PLC that is switched on or off, such as lights or motors. In the toprung the contacts are normally open and normally closed, which means if input A is on and input B is off, then power will flow through the output and activate it. Any other combinationof input values will result in the output X being off.The second rung of Figure 2.5 is more complex, there are actually multiple combinations of inputs that will result in the output Y turning on. On the left most part of the rung, power could flow through the top if C is off and D is on. Power could also (and simultaneously) flow through the bottom if both E and F are true. This would get power half way across the rung, and then if G or H is true the power will be delivered to output Y. In later chapters we will examine how to interpret and construct these diagrams. There are other methods for programming PLC. One of the earliest techniques involved mnemonic instructions. These instructions can be derived directly from the ladder logic diagrams and entered into the PLC through a simple programming terminal. An example of mnemonics is shown in Figure 2.6. In this example the instructions are read one line at a time from top to bottom. The first line 00000 has the instruction LDN (input load and not) for input 00001. This will examine the inputto the PLC and if it is off it will remember a 1 (or true), if it is on it will remember a 0 (or false). The next line uses an LD (input load) statement to look at the input. If the input is off it remembers a 0, if the input is on it remembers a 1 (note: this is the reverse of the LD). TheAND statement recalls the last two numbers remembered and if they are both true the result is a 1; otherwise the result is a 0. This result now replaces the two numbers that were recalled, and there is only one number remembered. The process is repeated for lines 00003 and 00004, but when these are done there are now three numbers remembered. The oldest number is from the AND, the newer numbers are from the two LD instructions. The AND in line 00005 combines the results from the last LD instructions and now there are two numbers remembered. The OR instruction takes the two numbers now remaining and if either one is a 1 the result is a 1, otherwise the result is a 0. This result replaces the two numbers, and there is now a single number there. The last instruction is the ST (store output) that will look at the last value stored and if it is 1, the output will be turned on; if it is 0 the output will be turned off.The ladder logic program in Figure 2.6, is equivalent to the mnemonic program. Even if you have programmed a PLC with ladder logic, it will be converted to mnemonic form before being used by the PLC. In the past mnemonic programming was the most common, but now it is uncommon for users to even see mnemonic programs.Sequential Function Charts (SFC) have been developed to accommodate the programming of more advanced systems. These are similar to flowcharts, but much more powerful. The example seen in Figure 2.7 is doing two different things. To read the chart, start at the top where is says start. Below this there is the double horizontal line that says follow both paths. As a result the PLC will start to follow the branch on the left and right hand sides separately and simultaneously. On the left there are two functions the first one is the power up function. This function will run until it decides it is done, and the power down function will come after. On the right hand side is the flash function; this will run until it is done. These functions look unexplained, but each function, such as power up will be a small ladder logic program. This method is much different from flowcharts because it does not have to follow a single path through the flowchart.Structured Text programming has been developed as a more modern programming language. It is quite similar to languages such as BASIC.A simple example is shown in Figure 2.8. This example uses a PLC memory location N7:0. This memory location is for an integer, as will be explained later in the book. The first line of the program sets the value to 0. The next line begins a loop, and will be where the loop returns to. The next line recalls the value in location N7:0, adds 1 to it and returns it to the same location. The next line checks to see if the loop should quit. If N7:0 is greater than or equal to 10, then the loop will quit, otherwise the computer will go back up to the REPEAT statement continue from there. Each time the program goes through this loop N7:0 will increase by 1 until the value reaches 10.N7:0 := 0;REPEATN7:0 := N7:0 + 1;UNTIL N7:0 >= 10END_REPEAT;2. PLC ConnectionsWhen a process is controlled by a PLC it uses inputs from sensors to make decisions and update outputs to drive actuators, as shown in Figure 2.9. The process is a real process that will change over time. Actuators will drive the system to new states (or modes of operation). This means that the controller is limited by the sensors available, if an input is not available, the controller will have no way to detect a condition.The control loop is a continuous cycle of the PLC reading inputs, solving the ladder logic, and then changing the outputs. Like any computer this does not happen instantly. Figure 2.10 shows the basic operation cycle of a PLC. When power is turned on initially the PLC does a quick sanity check to ensure that the hardware is working properly. If there is a problem the PLC will halt and indicate there is an error. For example, if the PLC backup battery is low and power was lost, the memory will be corrupt and this will result in a fault. If the PLC passes the sanity checks it will then scan (read) all the inputs. After the inputs values are stored in memory the ladder logic will be scanned (solved) using the stored values - not the current values. This is done to prevent logic problems when inputs change during the ladder logic scan. When the ladder logic scan is complete the outputs will be scanned (the output values will be changed). After this the system goes back to do a sanity check, and the loop continues indefinitely. Unlike normal computers, the entire program will be run every scan. Typical times for each of the stages are in the order of milliseconds.3. SUMMARY. Normally open and closed contacts.. Relays and their relationship to ladder logic.. PLC outputs can be inputs, as shown by the seal in circuit.. Programming can be done with ladder logic, mnemonics, SFC, and structured text.. There are multiple ways to write a PLC program.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
英语翻译Introduction to Interpreting(2009)
introduction to interpreting
8
introduction to interpreting
9
2. History and present situation of interpreting
—International Federation of Translators (FIT).
that consists of
establishing,
simultaneously or
consecutively, oral or
gesture communication
between two or more
speakers not speaking
the same language. (Jean
introduction to interpreting
4
What is interpreting?
Interpretation Vs. Interpreting The word interpretation is also used in English to refer to the act of mediation, but interpreting is commonly used instead in translation studies in order to distinguish the two aspects.
The Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and the Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals (German, English, French & Russian).
2.3 The symbols of the formal establishment of conference interpretation as a profession:
a.Introduction to marketing planning 1
‘The right product, in the right place, at the right time, and at the right price’ Adcock et al
Hale Waihona Puke ‘Marketing is the human activity directed at satisfying human needs and wants through an exchange process’ Kotler 1980
‘Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they want and need through creating, offering and exchanging products of value with others’ Kotler 1991
Why is marketing planning necessary?
• Systematic futuristic thinking by management • better co-ordination of a company’s efforts • development of performance standards for control • sharpening of objectives and policies • better prepare for sudden developments
Definitions of marketing
‘Marketing is the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements profitably’ The Chartered Institute of Marketing
ATF15XXDK3-SAA100;ATF15XXDK3-SAJ44;ATF15XXDK3-SAJ84;ATF15XXDK3-SAX20;中文规格书,Datasheet资料
ATF15xx-DK3 Development Kit .............................................................................................. User GuideATF15xx-DK3 Development Kit User Guide i3605B–PLD–05/06Table of ContentsSection 1Introduction...........................................................................................1-11.1CPLD Development/ Programmer Kit.......................................................1-11.2Kit Contents ..............................................................................................1-11.3Kit Features...............................................................................................1-11.3.1CPLD Development/Programmer Board............................................1-11.3.2Logic Doubling CPLDs .......................................................................1-21.3.3CPLD ISP Download Cable................................................................1-21.3.4PLD Software CD-ROM......................................................................1-21.4Device Support .........................................................................................1-21.5System Requirements...............................................................................1-31.6Ordering Information.................................................................................1-31.7References................................................................................................1-41.7.1ProChip Designer...............................................................................1-41.7.2Atmel-WinCUPL .................................................................................1-41.7.3ATMISP..............................................................................................1-41.7.4POF2JED ...........................................................................................1-41.8Technical Support.....................................................................................1-4Section 2Hardware Description...........................................................................2-12.1Atmel CPLD Development/ Programmer Board........................................2-12.1.17-segment Displays with Selectable Jumpers....................................2-22.1.2LEDs with Selectable Jumpers...........................................................2-52.1.3Push-button Switches with Selectable Jumpers for I/O Pins..............2-62.1.4Push-button Switches with Selectable Jumpers for GCLRand OE1 Pins .....................................................................................2-82.1.5 2 MHz Oscillator and Clock Selection Jumper ...................................2-92.1.6VCCIO and VCCINT Voltage Selection Jumpers and LEDs............2-102.1.7ICCIO and ICCINT Jumpers.............................................................2-102.1.8Voltage Regulators...........................................................................2-102.1.9Power Supply Switch and Power LED..............................................2-102.1.10Power Supply Jack and Power Supply Header................................2-102.1.11JTAG ISP Connector and TDO Selection Jumper............................2-112.2Socket Adapter Board.............................................................................2-122.3Atmel CPLD ISP Download Cable..........................................................2-13Table of ContentsSection 3CPLD Design Flow Tutorial..................................................................3-13.1Create a Project using the “New Project Wizard”.....................................3-13.2Add a Design File......................................................................................3-73.3Synthesize the VHDL Design....................................................................3-73.4Fit the Synthesized Design File................................................................3-83.5Program and Verify Design.....................................................................3-10Section 4Schematic Diagrams and VHDL File....................................................4-13605B–PLD–05/06ATF15xx-DK3 Development Kit User Guide1-13605B–PLD–05/06Section 1Introduction1.1CPLDDevelopment/ Programmer KitThe Atmel CPLD Development/Programmer Kit (P/N: ATF15xx-DK3) is a complete development system and an In-System Programming (ISP) programmer for the ATF15xx family of industry standard pin compatible Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) with Logic Doubling ® features. This kit provides designers a very quick and easy way to develop prototypes and evaluate new designs with an ATF15xx ISP CPLD. The ATF15xx family of ISP CPLDs includes the ATF15xxAS, ATF15xxASL,ATF15xxASV, ATF15xxASVL, and ATF15xxBE CPLDs. With the availability of the dif-ferent Socket Adapter Boards to support all the package types (1) offered in the ATF15xx family of ISP CPLDs, this CPLD Development/Programmer Board can be used as an ISP programmer to program the ATF15xx ISP CPLDs in all the available package types (1) through the industry standard JTAG interface (IEEE 1149.1).1.2Kit ContentsCPLD Development/Programmer Board44-pin TQFP Socket Adapter Board (P/N: ATF15xx-DK3-SAA44)(2) Atmel CPLD ISP Multi-Volt (MV) Download CableAtmel PLD Software CDs (includes ProChip Designer ®, Precision RTL Synthesis, ModelSim, latest ProChip patch, Atmel-WinCUPL™, and other EPLD software) Two 44-pin TQFP Sample Devices (one ATF1502BE and one ATF1504ASV)Notes:1.Socket adapter board for 100-pin PQFP is not offered.2.Only the 44-pin TQFP Socket Adapter Board is included in this kit. Other SocketAdapter Boards are sold separately. Please refer to Section 1.6 for ordering informa-tion of the Socket Adapter Boards.1.3Kit Features1.3.1CPLD Development/Programmer Board10-pin JTAG-ISP portRegulated power supply circuits for 9V DC power source Selectable 5V, 3.3V , 2.5V , or 1.8V I/O voltage supply Selectable 1.8V , 3.3V , or 5.0V core voltage supplyIntroduction44-pin TQFP Socket Adapter BoardHeaders for I/O pins of the ATF15xx device2 MHz Crystal OscillatorFour 7-segment LED displaysEight individual LEDsEight push-button switchesGlobal Clear and Output Enable push-button switchesCurrent measurement jumpers1.3.2Logic DoublingCPLDs ATF1502BE 1.8V low-power 32-macrocell ISP CPLD with Logic Doubling architecture ATF1504ASV 3.3V 64-macrocell ISP CPLD with Logic Doubling architecture1.3.3CPLD ISP DownloadCable5V/3.3V/2.5V/1.8V ISP Download Cable for PC Parallel Printer (LPT) Port1.3.4PLD Software CD-ROM Free Atmel-WinCUPL Design Software ProChip Designer v4.0ProChip Designer v4.0 PatchPrecision RTL SynthesisModelSimAtmel CPLD ISP Software (ATMISP) POF2JED Conversion UtilityUser Guides and Tutorials1.4Device Support The Atmel CPLD Development/Programmer Board supports the following devices in allspeed grades and packages (except 100-PQFP):A TF1502BE A TF1508ASV/ASVLA TF1502AS/ASL A TF1502ASVA TF1504BE A TF1504ASV/ASVLA TF1504AS/ASL A TF1508AS/ASLIntroduction1.5SystemRequirementsThe minimum hardware and software requirements to program an ATF15xx ISP CPLD designed using the ProChip Designer Software on the CPLD Development/Programmer Board through the Atmel CPLD ISP Software (ATMISP) V6.0 or later are: Pentium ® or Pentium-compatible microprocessor-based computer Windows XP ®, Windows ® 98, Windows NT ® 4.0, or Windows 2000 64-MByte RAM200-MByte free hard disk space Windows-supported mouse Available parallel printer (LPT) port9V DC power supply with 500 mA of supply current SVGA monitor (800 x 600 resolution)1.6Ordering InformationOther socket adapters to support other packages will be available in the near future.Part Number DescriptionA TF15xx-DK3Atmel CPLD Development/Programmer Kit (includes A TF15xxDK3-SAA44)A TF15xxDK3-SAA100100-pin TQFP Socket Adapter Board for DK3 Board A TF15xxDK3-SAJ4444-pin PLCC Socket Adapter Board for DK3 Board A TF15xxDK3-SAJ8484-pin PLCC Socket Adapter Board for DK3 Board A TF15xxDK3-SAA4444-pin TQFP Socket Adapter Board for DK3 BoardIntroduction1.7References To help PLD designers use the different Atmel PLD software, documentation such ashelp files, tutorials, application notes/briefs, and user guides are available.1.7.1ProChip Designer1.7.2Atmel-WinCUPL1.7.3ATMISP1.7.4POF2JED1.8TechnicalSupport For technical support on any Atmel PLD related issues, please contact Atmel PLD Appli-cations Group at:URL:/dyn/products/support.aspFAQ:/dyn/products/tech_support.asp?faq=yHotline:1-408-436-4333Email:pld@ProChip DesingerHelp FilesFrom the ProChip Designer main window, click on HELP and thenselect PROCHIP DESIGNER HELP.T utorials From the ProChip Designer main window, click on HELP and thenselect TUTORIALS.Known Problems &SolutionsFrom the ProChip Designer main window, click on HELP and thenselect REVIEW KPS.Help Files From the Atmel-WinCUPL main window, click on HELP and thenselect CONTENTS.CUPL ProgrammersReference GuideFrom the Atmel-WinCUPL main window, click on HELP and thenselect CUPL PROGRAMMERS REFERENCE.T utorials From the Atmel-WinCUPL main window, click on HELP, select A TMELINFO and then select TUTORIAL1.PDF.Known Problems &SolutionsFrom the Atmel-WinCUPL main window, click on HELP, select A TMELINFO and then select CUPL_BUG.PDF.Help Files From the A TMISP main window, click on HELP and then select ISPHELP.T utorials From the A TMISP main window, click on HELP, and then selectA TMISP TUTORIAL.Known Problems &SolutionsUsing Windows Explorer, go to the directory where A TMISP isinstalled and open the README.TXT file through any ASCII texteditor.A TF15xx ConversionApplication Brieffrom the POF2JED main window, click on HELP and then selectCONVERSION OPTIONS.ATF15xx-DK3 Development Kit User Guide2-13605B–PLD–05/06Section 2Hardware Description2.1Atmel CPLD Development/ Programmer BoardAtmel CPLD Development/Programmer Board along with the Socket Adapter Board as shown in Figure 2-1 contains many features that designers will find very useful when developing, prototyping, or evaluating their ATF15xx CPLD design. Features such as push-button switches, LEDs, 7-segment displays, 2-MHz crystal oscillator,5V/3.3V/2.5V/1.8V VCCI/O selector, 1.8V/3.3V/5.0V VCCINT selector, JTAG-ISP port,and socket adapters make this a very versatile starter/development kit and an ISP pro-grammer for the ATF15xx family of JTAG-ISP CPLDs.Figure 2-1.CPLD Development/Programmer Board with 44-pin TQFP Socket Adapter BoardV oltage Reg u lators GCLR S w itchGOE S w itchV ccIO SelectorV CCI N T SelectorV ccIO LED V ccI N T LED Po w er LED Clock SelectorPo w er S w itchOscillatorPo w er S u pply Jack Po w er S u pply Header JTAG Cascade J u mperJTAG ISP Header7-Segment Displays ATF15xxDK3-SAA44Socket Adapter BoardUser I/O Pin HeadersLEDsDe v ice SocketP u sh-B u tton S w itches IccI N T J u mperIccIO J u mperHardware Description2.1.17-segment Displayswith SelectableJumpers Atmel CPLD Development/Programmer Board contains four seven-segment displays to allow the designers to observe the outputs of the ATF15xx CPLD. These four displays are labeled DSP1, DSP2, DSP3, and DSP4, and have common anode LEDs with the common anode lines connected to VCCIO (I/O supply voltage for the CPLD) throughseries resistors with selectable jumpers labeled JPDSP1, JPDSP2, JPDSP3, or JPDSP4. These jumpers can be removed to disable the displays by unconnecting the VCCIO to the displays. Individual cathode lines are connected to the I/O pins of the ATF15xx CPLD on the CPLD Development/Programmer Board. To turn on a particular segment including the DOT of a display, the corresponding ATF15xx I/O pin connected to this LED segment must be in a logic low state with the corresponding selectable jumper set. Hence, the outputs of the ATF15xx need to be configured as active-low out-puts in the design file. These displays work best at 2.5V VCCIO or higher.Each segment of each display is hard-wired to one specific I/O pin of the ATF15xx. For the higher pin count devices (100-pin and larger), all seven segments and the DOT seg-ments of the four displays are connected to the I/O pins of the ATF15xx. However, for the lower pin count devices, only a subset of the displays (1st and 4th displays) are con-nected to the ATF15xx’s I/O pins. Tables 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4 show the connections for 7-segment displays to the ATF15xx in different package types. The circuit schematic of the displays and jumpers is shown in Figure 2-2.Figure 2-2. Circuit Diagram of 7-segment Display and JumpersHardware DescriptionTable 2-1. Connections of ATF15xx 44-pin TQFP to 7-segment Displays DSP/Segment PLD Pin #DSP/Segment PLD Pin # 1/A273/A NC1/B333/B NC1/C303/C NC1/D213/D NC1/E183/E NC1/F233/F NC1/G203/G NC1/DOT313/DOT NC2/A NC4/A32/B NC4/B102/C NC4/C62/D NC4/D432/E NC4/E352/F NC4/F422/G NC4/G342/DOT NC4/DOT11Table 2-2. Connections of ATF15xx 44-pin PLCC to 7-segment Displays DSP/Segment PLD Pin #DSP/Segment PLD Pin # 1/A333/A NC1/B393/B NC1/C363/C NC1/D273/D NC1/E243/E NC1/F293/F NC1/G263/G NC1/DOT373/DOT NC2/A NC4/A92/B NC4/B162/C NC4/C122/D NC4/D52/E NC4/E412/F NC4/F42/G NC4/G402/DOT NC4/DOT17分销商库存信息:ATMELATF15XXDK3-SAA100ATF15XXDK3-SAJ44ATF15XXDK3-SAJ84 ATF15XXDK3-SAX20ATF15XX-DK3。
Introduction-to-International-Business-Negotiation
0.2 Reasons of Negotiation
• Negotiation occurs for several reasons: • (1) to agree on how to share or divide a
limited resource, such as land, or property, or time; • (2) to create something new that neither party could do on his or her own; • or (3) to resolve a problem or dispute between the parties.
• Negotiation is the process we use to satisfy our needs when some one else controls what we want. -----Robert Maddux
Chapter One
What is Negotiation?
• Negotiation is an interpersonal decisionmaking process by which two or more people agree how allocate scarce resources
• 2. alternative: that can be used instead of sth. else 可替代\可选择的optional(Synonym)
• 3. joint : involving two or more people联合的、共同 的
• joint decision: consensus(Synonym ) • 4. bargain: to discuss prices, conditions, etc. with
Compact GuardLogix控制器和POINT Guard I O模块的安全应用示例
Safety Application Example GuardLogix: TLS Guardlocking ApplicationSafety Rating: PLd, Cat. 3 to EN ISO 13849.1 2008Introduction (2)Important User Information (2)General Safety Information (3)Description (4)Setup and Wiring (5)Configuration (6)Programming (12)Falling Edge Reset (14)Performance Data (15)Additional Resources (18)2Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 2011 IntroductionThis application example explains how to wire, configure, and program a Compact GuardLogix ® controller and POINT Guard I/O ™ module to monitor a dual-channel safety interlock. If the safety interlock is opened or a fault is detected in the monitoring circuit, the Compact GuardLogix controller de-energizes the final control device, in this case, a redundant pair of 100S contactors. This example uses a Compact GuardLogix controller, but is applicable to any GuardLogix controller.Features and BenefitsStandard and safety applications run in a single controller. Standard and safety I/O modules can use the same Ethernetadapter and network(s). Safety status and diagnostics can be easily read by the standard application or by other devices over an Ethernet or ControlNetnetwork. The application can be expanded and incorporated into your application by adding the additional I/O required.Important User InformationSolid state equipment has operational characteristics differing from those of electromechanical equipment. Safety Guidelines for the Application, Installation and Maintenance of Solid State Controls (publication SGI-1.1 available from your local Rockwell Automation ® sales office or online at /literature ) describes some important differences between solid state equipment and hard-wired electromechanical devices. Because of this difference, and also because of the wide variety of uses for solid state equipment, all persons responsible for applying this equipment must satisfy themselves that each intended application of this equipment is acceptable. In no event will Rockwell Automation, Inc. be responsible or liable for indirect or consequential damages resulting from the use or application of this equipment. The examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for illustrative purposes. Because of the many variables and requirements associated with any particular installation, Rockwell Automation, Inc. cannot assume responsibility or liability for actual use based on the examples and diagrams. No patent liability is assumed by Rockwell Automation, Inc. with respect to use of information, circuits, equipment, or software described in this manual. Reproduction of the contents of this manual, in whole or in part, without written permission of Rockwell Automation, Inc., is prohibited.3Throughout this manual, when necessary, we use notes to make youaware of safety considerations.General Safety InformationContact Rockwell Automation to find out more about our safety riskassessment services.Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 20114Description This application monitors a safety gate interlock, a TLS interlock withtwo normally-closed safety contacts. Access to the hazardous area isinitiated only by pushing the door-open request push button. A door-open request de-energizes the contactors and starts a timer, whichunlocks the safety gate after a period of 3 seconds, letting the machinecome to a complete stop. This can be modified for your application. Amanual reset is required after you close the safety gate.Safety FunctionThe TLS safety interlock is connected to a pair of safety inputs of a1734-IB8S module. The I/O module is connected via CIP Safety over anEtherNet/IP network to the Compact Guardlogix safety controller, 1768-L43S.The safety code in the safety processor monitors the status of the safetyinput using a pre-certified safety instruction named Dual Channel InputMonitor (DCM). The safety code is run in parallel in a 1oo2 processorconfiguration. When all conditions are satisfied, that is, the safety gate isclosed and locked with no faults detected on the input modules,the circuit can be reset. On reset, a second certified function block calledConfigurable Redundant Output (CROUT) checks the status of the finalcontrol devices, a pair of 100S redundant contactors, and issues an outputsignal to the 1734-OBS module to switch on a pair of outputs to energizethe safety contactors.Bill of MaterialThis application example uses these components.Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 20115 Setup and Wiring For detailed information on installing and wiring, refer to the productmanuals listed in the Additional Resources on page 16.System OverviewThe 1734-IB8S input module monitors the inputs from the TLS safetyinterlock safety contacts. The circuit is tested by using test pulses (T0and T1) on the inputs, I2 and I3. These test pulses source the 24V DC forthe circuit. By periodically dropping the 24V DC to OV DC, it ispossible to detect cross-channel faults and shorts to an external 24V DC.Shorts to 0V DC will be seen as an open circuit by the input and will bedetected by either the hardware, if configured to detect discrepancyerrors, or by the appropriate safety function block in the applicationcode. The status of the solenoid lock is also monitored in a similarfashion, in this case the input used is I0 and is tested using test pulse T0.The operation of the solenoid is controlled via output 0 of the 1734-OB8S output module.The final control device, a pair of 100S safety contactors, K1 and K2, arealso controlled by the safety output module 1734-OB8S. These are wiredin a redundant configuration and are tested on startup for faults. Thestart-up test is achieved by monitoring the feedback circuit into input 7(I7) of the input module before the contactors are energized. This isaccomplished by using a CROUT instruction. The system is reset by themomentary push button PB1. Any faults are cleared using the PB2 pushbutton.WiringPublication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 20116Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 2011 ConfigurationThe Compact GuardLogix controller is configured by using RSLogix ™ 5000, version 18 or later. You must create a new project and add the I/O modules. Then, configure the I/O modules for the correct input and output types. A detailed description of each step is beyond the scope of this document. Knowledge of the RSLogix programming environment is assumed. Configure the Controller and Add I/O Modules Follow these steps. 1. In RSLogix 5000 software, create a new project.2. In the Controller Organizer, add the 1768-ENBT module to the 1768 Bus.7Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 20113.Select the 1768-ENBT module and click OK.4. Name the module, type its IP address, and click OK.We used 192.168.1.8 for this application example. Yours may be different.5. Add the 1734-AENT adapter by right-clicking the 1768-ENBTmodule in the Controller Organizer and choosing New Module.8Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 2011 6.Select the 1734-AENT adapter and click OK. the module, type its IP address, and click OK.We used 192.168.1.11 for this application example. Yours may be different.8.Click Change.9Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 20119. Set the Chassis Size as 3 for the 1734-AENT adapter and click OK.Chassis size is the number of modules that will be inserted in the chassis. The 1734-AENT adapter is considered to be in slot 0, so for one input and one output module, the chassis size is 3.10. In the Controller Organizer, right-click the 1734-AENT adapter andchoose New Module.11. Expand Safety, select the 1734-IB8S module, and click OK.10Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 2011 12.In the New Module dialog box, name the device ‘CellGuard_1’andclick Change.13.When the Module Definition dialog box opens, change the InputStatus to Combined Status-Power, and click OK.14.Close the Module Properties dialog box by clicking OK.15.Repeat steps 10 -14 to add a 1734-OB8S safety output module.11Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 2011Configure the I/O ModulesFollow these steps to configure the POINT Guard I/O modules.1. In the Controller Organizer, right-click the 1734-IB8S module andchoose Properties.2. Click Input Configuration and configure the module as shown.3. Click Test Output and configure the module as shown.4. Click OK.5. In the Controller Organizer, right-click the 1734-OB8S module andchoose Properties.12Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 20116. Click Output Configuration and configure the module as shown.7. Click OK.ProgrammingThe programming of this application consists of three main blocks.A Dual Channel Input Monitor (DCM) block used to monitor thedoor-open request push button.A Dual Channel Stop Test and Lock (DCSTL) block to monitorand control the TLS switch.A Configurable Redundant Output (CROUT) block used tocontrol and monitor the final control devices.The DCM instruction monitors dual-input devices and sets Output 1based on the Input Type parameter and the combined state of channels Aand B. As we are using a single input, we have assigned it to bothchannel A and channel B.The DCSTL instruction monitors dual-input safety devices whose mainfunction is to stop safely. This instruction can energize Output 1 onlywhen (1) both safety inputs, channel A and channel B, are in the activestate, as determined by the Input Type parameter, and (2) the correctreset actions are performed.In addition, this instruction can monitor a locked feedback signal from asafety device and issue a lock request to a safety device. The UnlockRequest input is used to request an electromagnetic lock or unlock.However, the hazard protected by this instruction must be stopped for theinstruction to issue an unlock command. This status is monitored byusing the feedback signal from the contactor pair, K1 and K2.The Lock Feedback input is used to determine whether or not the safetydevice is currently locked. To energize Output 1, the Lock Feedbackinput must be ON (1) in addition to the requirements of the DCSTinstruction.13Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 2011The CROUT instruction controls and monitors redundant outputs. Thereaction time for output feedback is configurable. The instructionsupports positive and negative feedback signals.The safety application code in the safety output routine prevents outputsfrom restarting if the input channel resets automatically, providing anti-tiedown functionality for the Circuit Reset.The InputOK status is used as a permissive in the safety output routines.(continued on page 14)14Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P –August 2011Falling Edge Reset ISO 13849-1 stipulates that instruction reset functions must occur onfalling edge signals. To comply with this requirement, add a One ShotFalling (OSF) instruction to the rung immediately preceding theCmd_Zone1_OutputEnable rung, Then, use the OSF instruction OutputBit tag as the reset bit for the following rung. TheCmd_Zone1_OutputEnable is then used to enable the CROUTinstruction.Modify the reset code as shown below if compliance to ISO 13849-1 isrequired.15 Performance Data Two safety functions in this example need to be considered: the safetygate monitoring function and the guardlocking monitoring function.When configured correctly, the safety system can achieve a safety ratingof PLd according to EN ISO 13849.1 2008, and Cat. 3 according toEN954 part 1.This application is limited to PLd because in general, the use of faultexclusions is not applicable to the mechanical aspects ofelectromechanical position switches and manually-operated switches(such as an emergency stop device) in order to achieve PLe.(ISO TR23849 para 7.2.2.4, Guidance on the application of ISO 13849-1 andIEC 62061 in the design of safety-related control systems for machinery)Calculations are based on operation 360 days per year for 16 hours perday with an actuation of the safety gate once every hour for a total of5760 operations per year.Safety Gate Position MonitoringPublication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 201116Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 2011Lock Monitoring Safety Function17Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 2011Additional Resources For more information about the products used in this example refer tothese resources.Safety Products Catalog You can view or download publications at/literature . To order paper copies oftechnical documentation, contact your local Allen-Bradley ® distributor orRockwell Automation sales representative.Rockwell Automation, Allen-Bradley, GuardLogix, RSLogix 5000, CompactLogix, Stratix 2000, and POINT Guard I/O are trademarks of Rockwell Automation, Inc.Trademarks not belonging to Rockwell Automation are property of their respective companies.Publication SAFETY-AT033B-EN-P – August 2011Supersedes SAFETY-AT033A-EN-P – December 2010 Copyright © 2011 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.。
爱尔士安全应用实例：Kinetix 300 服务驱动程序安全阻止功能（手动复位），安全等级：PLd（
Safety Application ExampleKinetix 300 Servo Drive Safe Torque-Offwith Manual ResetSafety Rating: PLd to ISO EN 13849.1 2008Category 3, according to EN954-1.I ntroduction (1)I mportant User Information (2)G eneral Safety Information (3)D escription (3)S etup and Wiring (5)C onfiguration (5)R eset Operation (7)P erformance Level (7)A dditional Resources (8)I ntroduction This application example describes how to wire and configure aKinetix300 drive and an MSR127RP relay to meet the requirements fora safety Category 3 (Cat. 3), Performance Level d (PLd) application.IMPORTANT The system user is responsible for:•Validation of any sensors or actuators connected tothe drive system.•Completing a machine-level risk assessment.•Certification of the machine to the desiredISO 13849-1 safety category.•Project management and proof testing.•Programming the application software and thedevice configurations in accordance with theinformation in the drive user and safety referencemanuals. See the A dditional Resources on page 8.2I mportant User Information Solid state equipment has operational characteristics differing from thoseof electromechanical equipment. Safety Guidelines for the Application,Installation and Maintenance of Solid State Controls(publication S GI-1.1available from your local Rockwell Automationsales office or online at w /literature)describes some important differences between solid state equipment andhard-wired electromechanical devices. Because of this difference, andalso because of the wide variety of uses for solid state equipment, allpersons responsible for applying this equipment must satisfy themselvesthat each intended application of this equipment is acceptable.In no event will Rockwell Automation, Inc. be responsible or liable forindirect or consequential damages resulting from the use or applicationof this equipment.The examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely forillustrative purposes. Because of the many variables and requirementsassociated with any particular installation, Rockwell Automation, Inc.cannot assume responsibility or liability for actual use based on theexamples and diagrams.No patent liability is assumed by Rockwell Automation, Inc. with respectto use of information, circuits, equipment, or software described in thismanual.Reproduction of the contents of this manual, in whole or in part, withoutwritten permission of Rockwell Automation, Inc., is prohibited.Throughout this document, when necessary, we use notes to make youaware of safety considerations.WARNING: Identifies information about practices orcircumstances that can cause an explosion in a hazardousenvironment, which may lead to personal injury or death,property damage, or economic loss.IMPORTANT Identifies information that is critical for successfulapplication and understanding of the product.ATTENTION: Identifies information about practices orcircumstances that can lead to personal injury or death,property damage, or economic loss. Attentions help youidentify a hazard, avoid a hazard, and recognize theconsequence.SHOCK HAZARD: Labels may be on or inside theequipment, for example, a drive or motor, to alert peoplethat dangerous voltage may be present.BURN HAZARD: Labels may be on or inside theequipment, for example, a drive or motor, to alert peoplethat surfaces may reach dangerous temperatures. Publication SAFETY-AT041A-EN-P – October 20103G eneral Safety Informatio nIMPORTANTThis application example is for advanced users and assumes that you are trained and experienced in safety system requirements.ATTENTION: A risk assessment should be performed to make sure all task and hazard combinations have been identified and addressed. The risk assessment mayrequire additional circuitry to reduce the risk to a tolerable level. Safety circuits must take into consideration safety distance calculations which are not part of the scope of this document.Contact Rockwell Automation to find out more about our safety riskassessment services.D escriptionU nderstanding the Kinetix 300 Drive Safe Torque Off FeatureThe safe torque-off circuit, when used with suitable safety components,provides protection according to ISO 13849-1 Category 3. The safetorque-off option is just one safety control system. All components in the system must be chosen and applied correctly to achieve the desired level of operator safeguarding.The safe torque-off circuit is designed to safely remove power from the gate-firing circuits of the drive’s output power devices (IGBTs). This prevents them from switching in the pattern necessary to generate AC power to the motor.You can use the safe torque-off circuit in combination with other safetydevices to meet the stop and protection-against-restart requirements of ISO 13849-1.ATTENTION: This option is suitable for performingmechanical work on the drive system or affected area of a machine only. It does not provide electrical safety.SHOCK HAZARD: To avoid an electric shock hazard, verify that the voltage on the bus capacitors has discharged before performing any work on the drive.SHOCK HAZARD: In Safe Torque Off mode, hazardous voltages may still be present at the motor. To avoid an electrical shock hazard, disconnect power to the motor and verify that the voltage is zero before performing any work on the motor.Publication SAFETY-AT041A-EN-P – October 20104The Kinetix 300 servo drive’s safe torque-off function also providesfeedback information that you can input into a programmable controller,where you can use an add-on profile (AOP) or assembly object toactivate the recommended digital input (abort index).For more information, refer to the Kinetix 300 EtherNet/IP IndexingServo Drives User Manual, publication 2097-UM001.Safety FunctionThis application monitors an emergency stop push button, using a safetyrelay. The safety outputs of the relay are connected to the dedicatedsafety inputs of the Kinetix 300 drive.If the emergency push button is triggered, the safety relay detects thecondition and disables its two safety outputs. The two safety inputs of theKinetix 300 drive will detect a fault, prompting the drive to transition toa safe torque-off condition.The safe torque-off feature provides a method, with sufficiently lowprobability of failure on demand, to force the power-transistor controlsignals to a disabled state. When in disabled state, or any time power isremoved from the safety enable inputs, all of the drive’s output-powertransistors are released from the ON state, effectively removing motorpower generated by the drive. As a result, the motor is in a coastingcondition (stop category 0).IMPORTANT Disabling the power transistor output does not provide mechanical isolation of the electrical output, which may be required for some applications.Under normal drive operation, the safe torque-off switches are energized. If either of the safety enable inputs is de-energized, the gate control circuit is disabled. To meet ISO 13849-1 safety Category 3, both safety channels must be used and monitored.Bill of MaterialThis application example uses these components.Catalog Number Description Quantity 2097-V32PR4BT Kinetix 300 servo drive 1MPL-A1520U-VJ42AA MPL servo motor 12090-CPWM4DF-16AF3 Power motor cable 12090-CFBM4DF-CDAF03 Feedback sensor cable 12097-TB1 Terminal block for I/O 1440R-N23135 MSR127RP safety relay 1800FM-MT44MX02 E-stop push button red 2 N.C. contactsmetal 1800FM-R2MX10 Reset push button blue 1 N.O. contactmetal 1Publication SAFETY-AT041A-EN-P – October 20105 S etup and Wiring For detailed information on installing and wiring, refer to the Kinetix 300EtherNet/IP Indexing Servo Drives User Manual, publication2097-UM001.To avoid the risk of unexpected restart of the Kinetix 300 servo drive,follow the wiring and configuration shown in this example.WiringC onfiguration Follow these steps to configure the drive parameters for this application.1.Connect to your Kinetix drive.2.Open your MotionView OnBoard application.3.Click Connect.Publication SAFETY-AT041A-EN-P – October 201064.Type your Kinetix 300 Servo Drive IP address and click connect.5.From the Drive Organizer, select the General category.e the Fault Reset parameter pulldown menu to choose ManualOnly.Publication SAFETY-AT041A-EN-P – October 201077.From the menu, select the Digital IO and assign a digital input valueto Reset Faults.This example shows Input A4 Function set to Reset Faults.R eset Operation I SO 13849-1 stipulates instruction reset functions must occur on fallingedge signals. To comply with ISO 13849-1 requirements, configure andwire your Kinetix 300 servo drive and the MSR127RP safety relay asdescribed in this document.I f the emergency stop push button is triggered, the safety relay disablesthe two safety outputs. To reset from this state, release the emergencystop and clear the MSR127RP fault by pushing the reset push button.This action also clears the drive fault properly, that is, as a falling edgereset.To reset the safety circuit, or on detection of a fault on the safety circuit,you must push the emergency stop, release it, and then push the resetpush button.P erformance Level Using the SISTEMA tool, the Performance level of the circuit wascalculated to achieve PLd according to 13839.1 2008.The calculation is based on one operation of the safe torque-off functionper day.The safety performance data of the MSR127 relay and Kinetix 300 driveare provided by the manufacturer and are treated as sub-systems in thecalculation.Publication SAFETY-AT041A-EN-P – October 2010A dditional ResourcesFor more information about the products used in this example refer to these resources.ResourceDescriptionKinetix 300 EtherNet/IP Indexing Servo Drive User Manual, publication 2097-UM001Provides information on configuring, operating, and maintaining CompactGuardLogix controllers.S afety Products CatalogProvides information on MSR127RP relayR ockwell Automation Safety SolutionsProvides links to download the SISTEMA tool and the Rockwell Automation SISTEMA library.You can view or download publications atw /literature . To order paper copies of technical documentation, contact your local Rockwell Automation distributor or sales representative.Rockwell Automation, Allen-Bradley, and Kinetix are trademarks of Rockwell Automation, Inc. Trademarks not belonging to Rockwell Automation are property of their respective companies.Publication SAFETY-AT041A-EN-P – October 2010 Copyright © Year Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in U.SA.。
An Introduction to iGEM
About team SYSU_China
In 2013,SYSU's team had made a project about preventing the iPS Cells (多能干细胞) to become cancer cells after them was transported to human body.
They use E.coil（they call their product Bee.coil） to solve a kind of colony collapse disorder (CCD,蜂群崩溃失调)，which causes the death of bee on a global scale.
7
The final product (flash)
8 Yeast Version
A Microfluidic Device developed by them (微流体装置, used to capture synchronize all cells into the same phase,)
The pathway is so complicated…
To learn more, you can click to this wiki
/Team:SYSU-China /
5
The pathway of Bee.coil(How does it save bees from the pathogen, Nosema
ceranae，蜜蜂微孢子虫， infection)
6
Shenzhen BGIC ATCG(华大基因): Cell Magic
This team is special, because its members are grade 4 students come from different colleges in China.
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• Customer support activity reductions resulting from the
empowerment of customers to monitor and manage their
complete shipping activity • Higher customer retention rates
UPS
HUB
UPS
Dest. Center
• Delivery-based information uploaded from DIADs / DVAs
• In-transit information from package scans • In-transit information from linked scans (trailers, containers, etc.) • Changes in package data (address corrections, billing adjustments, re-route information, etc.)
• Self empowerment to manage shipping process and post shipping activities efficiently via accurate key-entry, easy retention and recall of data • Self empowerment on post shipping activities such as tracking of shipments and monitoring of estimated shipping cost
-
3 letter Country Code (Int’l) or 2 letter state abbreviation (U.S.) 4 digit delivery building identifier 2 digit in-building location
ZIP+4 Postal Bar Code (includes country code)
technological innovation • Constantly aligned with UPS service/ new updates and other regular enhancements
eTSG Training,September '05
9
PLD – What’s the impact on you ?
eTSG Training,September '05
5
The 5 Elements are…...
Maxicode
-
It includes the package tracking nunber, weight, service detail and address detail (including US Postal Service Zip+4 when provided by the customer)
UPS Routing Code
•
Contains destination information that simplifies the sort and load process for UPS employees by identifying the exact UPS delivery facility, including :
Reference Number
Check Digit
1Z
123X56
03
1234567 9
eTSG Training,September '05
7
PLD – How does the Customer Benefit ?
• Able to automate pre-shipping processes such as airwaybill and commercial invoice generation
8
PLD – How does the Customer Benefit ?
• Reduce customer dissatisfaction resulting from potential service failures or service delays arising from inefficiencies of traditional
-
Encodes destination and tracking information
Accompanies the Barcode and Tracking Number codes Used primarily to direct the package as it moves through automated sortation hubs in the UPS system.
shipment processing
• Integration of internal processes involved in shipping payment and other processes
• E-enabled and able to be on par with the most current
• Shipping process and productivity efficiencies resulting from intelligent database and other functionality leading to cost efficiencies
eTSG Training,September '05
What is PLD ?
UPS Asia Pacific Region September 2005
What is PLD ?
PLD refers to Package Level Detail or package information found on a “SMART” Label which is generated by an electronic UPS shipping system
The package information is stored in a two-dimensional code referred to as Maxicode Maxicode Pioneered by UPS as “UPSCode” Adopted as an Industry standard
2
eTSG Training,September '05
What if a package is not “SMART” ?
If a package is not PLD compliant :1
Identify non-compliant packages and move to processing area in all local sorts
6
1Z Tracking Number Bar Code (includes service level)
•
eTSG Training,September '05
What makes up a 1Z Tracking Label ?
Data Identifier
Shipper Number
Service Indicator
•
Represents Destination postal code
Service Icon
•
Represents Service Level and is also used to guide the package during the ground / air movement
1Z Tracking number that uniquely identifies shipments as they go through the UPS system
2
Key enter necessary address information to produce the UPS Data Capture Label
3ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Print and apply label on package Reintroduce package into system
4
eTSG Training,September '05
3
PLD - Package Info throughout its entire life cycle
Billing System • Billing information ISPS • Customs
Information
PLD Shipper
Origin Center
• Origin-based information uploaded from a shipping system
eTSG Training,September '05
10
Thank you
© Copyright 2003 United Parcel Service of America, Inc. UPS, the UPS brandmark and the color brown are trademarks of United Parcel Service of America, Inc. All rights reserved.
eTSG Training,September '05
4
What are the 5 elements that make a package “SMART” ?
Maxicode
1
UPS Routing Code