《双语材料翻译》

All objects, tools, components, and engineering system require the use of materials to meet their purposes.
所有的物体,工具、元件、工程系统需要使用的材料来满足他们的目的。
The role of materials has been sufficiently important in the progress of civilization so that the anthropologists(人类学者） and historians have identified early cultures by the significant materials.
材料的作用已经足够重要的文明的进步使人类学家(人类学者)和历史学家已经鉴定出早期文化的重要材料
These include the stone, the bronze, and the iron age's of the past.
这些包括石、铜,铁时代的过去。

With improvements in materials by the artisans（工匠） and technologists across history, it was possible to make improved products.
改进材料)和技术人员(工匠艺人跨越历史,才能够使改进的产品。
Tools were made more available to relieve toil; homes were designed for more comfort; weapons became more destruction, vehicles achieved longer ranges and quicker transport and gave more ready access to food, supplies, and enjoyment.
工具是更有效地减轻辛劳,你们的家园被设计为更多的安慰,变得更破坏、车辆武器更长寿范围和更快的运输和给更多的准备进入食物供给和享受。

Many prospective engineering students have asked, “What do engineers do?” The simplest. most general answer could be: “Engineers adapt materials and /or energy for society’s needs. ” More specifically, engineers design products and system.
许多未来的工程学生问道:“什么?”simplest.工程师最一般的答案可能是:“工程师适应材料和/或能量为社会的需要。更确切地说,工程师设计的产品和系统。
Every product is made with materials, and energy is involved in production, in use, and even in communication.
每一个产品都是由材料、能源参与生产、使用、甚至在沟通。

The various engineering disciplines focus on their own subset of products and system.
各种工程专业专注于自己的子集的产品和系统。
As examples, some students give attention to automobiles, power generating equipment, and other mechanical products, while the naval architect considers ships for marine transport
为例,有些学生注意,发电设备、汽车及其它机械产品,同时考虑造船工程师对船舶海上运输

All of these products must be made out of materials.
所有的这些产品必须被制造出来的材料。
The specified materials must have the correct properties-first for production, and subsequently for service.
指定的材料必须有正确的properties-first,从而为生产服务。
They must not fail in use, producing a liability.
他们决不能失败在使用中,产生一个责任。
Costs of the processed materials must be acceptable, and nowadays the choices of materials must be compatible with the environmental standards-f

rom raw material sources, through manufacturing steps and product usage, to eventual discard.
加工后的材料成本必须是可接受的,而如今的选择的材料必须符合环境standards-from原料来源,通过制造步骤和产品使用、最终的报废。
This means that those newer technical fields, such as "environmental engineering" and "public-policy engineering" must also give consideration to materials.
这意味着那些新技术领域,如“环境工程”和“工程”public-policy必须兼顾材料。

The age of technology is also an age of materials barriers（界线）.
年龄也是一个时代的技术壁垒(界线的材料)。
Nowhere is this more dramatically revealed than in energy conversion.
没有哪个国家更有甚者透露比能量转换。
The development of the solar cell requires that the engineer perfect the process for semiconductor purification.
太阳能电池的发展需要完善过程工程师半导体的净化。
Coal-to-watts conversion becomes more efficient at higher temperatures.
Coal-to-watts转换成更有效率的在较高的温度下。
Thus, we should not be surprised that as soon as materials were developed for 400C the design engineers then asked for 450C materials.
因此,我们不应感到惊讶,一旦材料发展400 C设计工程师问为450 C材料。
Those are now available.
那些正在应用。
The next step and the following step will always call for more and more stringent demands.
下一步,以下步骤将会一直呼吁更多的和更为严格的要求。
We will never overcome the final materials barriers.
我们永远不会克服最后的材料的障碍。
However, design engineers and the materials engineers are always working in that direction.
然而,设计工程师和材料工程师总是工作在那个方向。

They have different rigidities, which must be considered in the technicalities of design.
他们有不同的刚度,必须考虑的技术问题的设计。
The substitution of stainless steel for regular steel could appear to be rational for longer life of bridges or ocean- going boats.
不锈钢替代常规钢可能似乎是合理的,寿命更长,持续不断的桥梁或海洋船。
The role of materials in modem society is manifold.
材料的作用在现代社会是多种多样。

materials selection or performance, either directly or with colleagues in their technical organizations.
一些工程师不会遇到他们的第一个任务材料在毕业后,或许少数工程师不会提前更负责任的位置,在那里他们考虑材料;然而,或早或晚,大多数的工程师将涉及的材料选择及演出,与同事或直接或在他们的技术组织
Materials (and energy) are seldom avoided by today's engineer.
材料(和能量)很少被避免今天的工程师。

Every know type of material must be considered for use by the engineer.
每一个知道的材料类型必须考虑使用的工

程师。
Admittedly, like iron and steel, paper, concrete, water, and plastics, find extensive uses.
诚然,如铁、钢、造纸、水泥、水、塑料、找到用途极为广泛。
Of course, some of these categories can be subdivided.
当然,这些分类可以细分。
For example, it has been suggested that there are as many as 2000 types of steel. 5000 types of plastics, and 10,000 kinds of glass.
例如,它也暗示了多达2000种钢。5000种塑料,和10000种玻璃。
Whether or not these numbers are realistic, the engineer has a large number of choices for the product being designed
这些数字是否真实,工程师有大量的选择产品被设计的

To the above numbers, we must add the capability of modifying properties of materials, as in the case of gears.
上述数字,我们必须增加能力的材料性质、修改的情况下的齿轮。
They must be weak and soft to be machinable during manufacture.
他们一定很弱,可加工制造过程中。
Thus, the task of knowing the properties and behavior of all types of available materials becomes enormous.
因此,了解的任务的性质和行为的所有类型的可利用材料成为巨大的。
In addition, several hundred new varieties of materials appear on the market each month.
此外,数百名新品种的材料出现在市场每个月。
This means that individual engineers cannot hope to be familiar with the properties and performance of all types of materials in their numerous forms.
这意味着个人不能希望工程师所熟悉的特性和性能的各类材料在众多的形式。
However, the engineer can learn principles for guidance in the selection and application of materials.
然而,工程师可以学习指导原则的选择和应用材料。

nternal Structure and Properties
nternal结构和性能
Since it is obviously impossible for the engineer or scientist to have detailed knowledge of the many thousands of materials already available, as well as to keep abreast (跟上） of new developments, he or she must have a firm grasp of the underlying principles that govern the properties of all materials.
因为它显然是不可能的或者科学家,工程师详细知识已有成千上万的材料,以及(跟上跟上时代)技术的新发展,他或她必须牢牢把握的基本原则的支配所有材料性能。
The principle that is of most value to engineers and scientists is properties of a material originate from the internal structures of that material.
的原则,最有价值的工程师和科学家是性质的材料来源于材料的内部结构。
Such as a TV set or other electronic product，it depends upon the components,devices, and circuits within that product.
例如一台电视机或其他电子产品,它取决于电路元件,设备,并在产品。
Electronic technicians must understand the internal circuits if they are going to repair a TV set efficiently, and the electrical engineer a

nd the physicist must know the characteristics of each circuit element if they are to design or improve the performance of the final product
电子技术人员必须了解内部电路,如果他们要修理电视机效率,和电气工程师和物理学家必须知道每一个电路元件的特点,如果他们想设计或性能的改善最终产品

The internal structures of materials involve atoms and the way atoms associated with their neighbors in crystals, molecules, and microstructures.
材料的内部结构包括由原子和原子之间的联系与邻居的晶体、分子和微结构。
Technical persons must understand them if they are going to produce and use materials, just as mechanical engineers must understand the operation of an internal combustion engine if they are going to design or improve a car for the demands of the next decade.
技术人员必须了解他们,如果他们打算生产和使用材料,正如机械工程师必须理解经营于一体的内燃机如果他们要设计或提升车辆的需求未来十年。

roperties and Processing
roperties和加工
Materials must be processed to meet the specifications（规格） that the engineer requires for the product being designed.
材料必须符合规格加工(规格)为产品工程师需要被设计的。
The most familiar procession steps of productions simply change the shape of the material, e.g, machining, or forging.
最常见的步骤简单地改变队伍产品形状的资料,例如,加工,或锻造。
Of course.properties are important for easy processing.
这是很重要的course.properties的加工容易。
Extremely hard materials immediately destroy the edge of a cutting tool, and soft materials like lead can“ gum-up ”saw blades, grinding wheels, and other tools.
高硬度材料立即摧毁的边缘,软性材料切削工具如铅可以“gum-up”砂轮、锯片、和其他的工具。 Likewise, strong materials are not amenable to plastic deformation, particularly if they are also non-ductile, i.e, brittle.
同样地,有较强的材料塑性变形不服从,特别是如果他们也non-ductile,即变脆。

Processing commonly involves more than simply changing the shape of the material by machining or by plastic deformation.
处理通常包括超过仅仅改变形状的材料加工或塑性变形。
Not uncommonly, the manufacturing process changes the properties of the material.
不难得地,制造过程的性质变化的材料。
For example, a wire is strengthened and hardened if it is drawn through a die to decrease its diameter.
例如,一个线是增强,如果它被硬通过铸模来降低其直径。
Typically, this hardening is not desired in a copper wire to be used as an electrical conductor.通常,这是不希望从一个硬铜丝作为电导体。
Whether desired or not, the properties should be expected to be modified whenever the manufacturing process changes the internal structure of the mat

erial.
预期,是否应该将性能改进生产工艺变化时内部结构的材料。
The internal structure of a material is altered when it is deformed; hence, there is a change in properties.
材料的内部结构变形改变;因此,有一个变化的特性。

Thermal processing may also affect the internal structure of a material.
热加工工艺也可能会影响材料的内部结构。
Such processing includes annealing, quenching from elevated temperatures, and a number of other heat treatments.
这样的处理包括从高温退火、淬火,和许多其他热处理。
Our purpose will be to understand the nature of the structural changes
我们的目标将是了解大自然的结构调整

roperties and Service Behavior
roperties和服务行为
A material in the completed product possesses a set of properties-strength, hardness. conductivity, density, color, etc to meet the design requirements.
成品的材料具有一系列properties-strength,hardness.电导率、密度、颜色等,以满足设计要求。 It will retain these properties indefinitely, provided there is no change in the internal structure of the material.
它将保留这些性质,但有无限期地在没有改变内部结构的材料。
However, if the product encounters a service condition that alters the internal structure, we must expect the properties and behavior of the material to change accordingly.
然而,如果遇到一个服务产品的条件下,改变内部结构,我们必须有行为的性质和材料的相应改变。

This explains why rubber gradually hardens when exposed to light and the air; why aluminum cannot be used in many locations of a supersonic plane; why a metal can fatigue under cyclic loading; why a drill of ordinary steel cannot cut as fast as a drill of high-speed steel; why a semiconductor can be damaged by nuclear radiation.
这就解释了为什么变硬橡胶逐渐暴露在光线下铝和空气,为什么不能用在许多位置的超音速飞机,为什么一个金属疲劳循环荷载作用下,为什么一个钻不能减少普通钢一样快钻高速钢材;为什么半导体可被核辐射。
The list is endless.?The consequence to the engineer is that consideration must be given not only to the initial demand but also to those service conditions that will alter the internal structure and the properties of a material.
列表是无止境的。后果工程师,不仅应当考虑到最初的需求,但服务的条件,也将改变内部结构和一种材料的性能。

The Engineering Approach
工程方法
The method of the engineer is to understand the underlying principles of material, then develop a solution.
该方法对工程师的基本原则是理解的物质,然后发展一个解决办法。
Since the solution to optimum materials selection for meeting product and system performance involves the properties of the materials, the engineer must understand the internal structures tha

t govern those properties.
从解决最优的材料选择和系统功能包括满足您对产品性能的材料时,工程师必须理解支配那些内部结构特性。

both during the processing steps of production and in service, the structure must be controlled to assure desired properties, which in turn influence the performance,.
无论是在加工步骤的生产和服务,结构必须控制以确保期望的性质,进而对影响其性能。
Conversely, a processing or service situation that changes the properties does so because the internal structure has been altered.
相反的,一个加工或服务的性能变化情况,因为这样做内部结构已经改变。

It is convenient to group materials into four main types: metals, polymers, ceramics (and glasses) and composite
材料可以很方便的组分为四大类:金属、聚合物、陶瓷(和眼镜)和复合材料

A. Metals
答:金属
If there is a “typical” engineering material that is associated in the public‘s mind with modern engineering practice, it is structural steel.
如果有一个“典型的”工程材料相关联,在公众的心目中,它是现代工程实践的钢结构。
This versatile construction material has several characteristics (i.e., properties) that we consider as metallic.
这位多才多艺的建筑材料有几个特征(即性质),我们认为金属。
It is strong and can be readily formed into practical shapes.
它是强壮的、可以很容易形成实际的形状。
Its extensive (or ductility) is an important asset（优势） in permitting small amounts of yielding to sudden and severe loads.
其广泛(或延性)是一种重要的资产(优势),来允许少量的屈服于出现突然、严重的负荷。
People have been able to observe moderate earthquake activity that leaves windows (of relatively brittle glass) cracked while steel support framing still functions normally.
人能观察到中等地震活动让窗户破碎玻璃)的相对脆弱的钢铁框架还支持功能正常。
A freshly cut steel surface has a characteristic "metallic luster", and a steel bar shares a fundamental characteristic with other metals; it is a good conductor of electrical current.
一个新鲜切割钢材表面呈现典型的“金属光泽”,并以钢筋分享一个基本特征,它与其他金属是良导体电流

Although structural steel is an especially common example of metals for engineering.
虽然钢结构是一种常见的例子,特别是金属工程。
In the periodic table that are inherently metallic .
在元素周期表的内在的金属。
This is a large family indeed.
这是一个大家庭的确很好。
They are the bases of the various engineering alloys, including the irons and steels (from Fe), aluminum alloys (Al), magnesium alloys (Mg), titanium alloys (Ti), nickel alloys (Ni), zinc alloys (Zn), and copper alloys (Cu) including the brasses (Cu, Zn).
他们是带卯的座,包

括各种工程合金铸铁、钢材(铁)、铝合金(铝),镁合金(Mg)、钛合金、镍合金(Ti)(镍、锌合金(锌),及铜合金(铜)包括brasses(铜、锌)。

B. Ceramics (and Glasses)
b .陶瓷(和眼镜)
Aluminum (Al) is a common example of a metal, but an oxide compound of aluminum (Al2O3) is typical of a fundamentally different family of engineering materials, ceramics.
铝(铝)是一个普通的一个例子,而是一种复合金属氧化物的铝(氧化铝)是典型的是一个从根本上完全不同的家庭,工程材料、陶瓷。
Being an oxide, Al2O3 gives two principal advantages relative to metallic Al.
作为一个氧化物、氧化铝给两个主要优势相对金属铝。
First.
第一。
Al2O3; is chemically stable in a wide variety of severe environments, where as Al would be "oxidized". In fact.
氧化铝的化学稳定性,在各种恶劣环境下,尽管艾尔将“氧化”。事实上。
A common reaction product in the chemical degradation of aluminum is the chemically stable oxide.
一个常见的化学降解产物反应的化学稳定铝氧化物。

Second, the ceramic Al2O3, has a significantly higher melting point (2020) than does the metallic Al (660).
第二,陶瓷氧化铝、有显著高于熔点(2020)比金属铝(660)。
This makes Al2O3 a popular refractory, that is, a high-temperature- resistant material of wide use in industrial furnace construction.
这使得一个受欢迎的耐火材料、氧化铝是一种高温-坚固的材料广泛的应用于工业炉建设。
The superior chemical and temperature-resistant properties of ceramic Al2O3, raise the question: Why shouldn't Al2O3 be chosen for certain applications, such as automotive engines, where metallic aluminum has been used?
优越的化学和高温性能的陶瓷氧化铝、提出这样的问题:为什么不能被选中参加某些应用氧化铝,如发动机金属铝已经习惯了的地方?
The answer to this question lies in the most limiting property of ceramics-brittleness.
这个问题的答案在于大多数限制财产ceramics-brittleness。
Whereas aluminum and other metals have the desirable property of ductility, which permits relatively severe impact loading without fracture, aluminum oxide and other ceramics do not. 而铝和其他金属有理想的财产,它允许延性较严重的冲击载荷不断裂、氧化铝和其他陶瓷却不是这样的

This eliminates ceramics from selection for many structural applications.
这就消除了多结构陶瓷选择应用。
Recent developments in ceramic technology are expanding the utility of ceramics for structural applications not by eliminating their inherent brittleness. but by increasing their strength to sufficiently high levels
陶瓷技术的近期发展扩大效用的结构陶瓷应用将不通过消除其内在brittleness.但通过增加自己的能力去足够高的水平
[typically greater than 700MPa (102X103psi)] and i

ncreasing their resistance to fracture.
[通常大于700 MPa(102 X103psi)],并增加抗骨折。
An example of these new materials is silicon nitride (Si3N4), a primary candidate for high-temperature, energy-efficient automobile engines-an application unthinkable for traditional ceramics.
这些新材料的一个例子是氮化矽(氮化硅),一个主要的候选人,高效节能汽车engines-an高温应用传统陶瓷不可思议。
Aluminum oxide is typical of the traditional ceramics, with magnesium oxide (MgO) an silica (SiO2) being other good examples.
氧化铝是典型的传统的陶瓷,氧化镁(二氧化硅)分别被其他白炭黑的好例子。
In addition, SiO2 is the basis of a large and complex family of silicates, which includes clays and clay minerals.
此外,二氧化矽的基础是一个庞大而复杂的,包括家庭硅酸盐黏土及粘土矿物。
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) has already been described as an important non-oxide ceramic.
氮化矽(氮化硅)已被描述为一个重要的non-oxide陶瓷。
The vast majority of commercially important ceramics are chemical compounds between at least one metallic element and one of five nonmetallic elements (C, N, 0, P, or S).
绝大多数的重要商业价值的陶瓷是一种化学混合物之间至少有一个金属元素和5个非金属元素(C、N、0、磷、或S)。
The enormous ranges of ceramics materials that can be produced by various combinations of metals and the five key nonmetals.
巨大的范围的陶瓷材料,制造的不同组合的金属和五个关键等。

The metals and ceramics mentioned before have a similar structural feature on the atomic scale: they are crystalline, which means that their constituent atoms are stacked together in a regular, repeating pattern.
前面提到的金属和陶瓷有相似的结构特征在原子尺度:他们是水晶,这意味着他们的组成原子堆叠在一起,重复一个普通模式。
A distinction between metallic- and ceramic-type materials is that, by fairly simple processing techniques, many ceramics can be made in a noncrystalline form; that is their atoms are stacked in irregular, random patterns.
之间的区别,ceramic-type金属材料是,相当简单的处理技术,可以在许多陶瓷非晶形态;那是它们的原子被堆放在不规则,随机模式。
The general term for noncrystalline solids is glass.
固体的一般术语,noncrystalline是玻璃。
Most common glasses are silicates, with ordinary window glass being approximately 72% silica (SiO2) by weight, with the balance phase sodium oxide (Na20) and calcium oxide (CaO).
最常见的眼镜和普通硅酸盐,窗户玻璃被大约72%硅二氧化硅)以重量计算,平衡阶段(Na20氧化钠)和钙氧化(曹)。
Glasses share the property of brittleness with crystalline ceramics.
眼镜分享财产水晶陶瓷的脆性。
Glasses are important engineering materials because of other properties, such as their ab

ility to transmit visible light (as well as ultraviolet and infrared radiation) and chemical inertness.
眼镜是重要的工程材料,由于其他的属性,例如他们的能力传递可见光(以及紫外和红外辐射)、化学惰性。

A relatively recent materials development is a third category, glass-ceramics.
较为近期的发展是一个第三类材料、微晶玻璃。
Certain glasses compositions (such as lithium aluminosilicates) can be fully devitrified(不透明) (i.e., transformed from the vitreous(玻璃质), or glassy state, to the crystalline state) by an appropriate thermal treatment.
某些眼镜成分(如锂40年代)可以充分devitrified(不透明)(即为玻璃(玻璃质),或玻璃的状态,为水晶州),按照一个适当的热处理。
By forming the product shape during the glassy stage, complex forms can be obtained.
通过形成产品形状在玻璃阶段,复杂的表格可以被获得。
The subsequent crystallization produces a high quality microscopic-scale structure (fine grained with no porosity).
后续结晶生产高质量的microscopic-scale细粒结构(没有孔隙度)。
This gives a product with mechanical strength superior to that of many traditional ceramics.
这使产品,机械强度优于许多传统的陶瓷。
An added bonus is that lithium aluminosilicate compounds tend to have low thermal expansion coefficients, making them resistant to fracture due to rapid temperature changes.
额外的奖励是锂aluminosilicate化合物往往具有较低的热膨胀系数,使它们抗骨折快速温度变化。
This is 这是
an important advantage in applications such as cookware.
一个重要的优势在应用程序(如炊具。

C. Polymers
聚合物c。
There is perhaps no class of materials more characteristic of the impact of modem engineering technology on everyday life than polymers.
有也许没有类材料更多的特征的现代工程技术的影响比聚合物对日常生活。
These man-made materials are a special branch of organic chemistry.
这些人造材料有机化学中特殊的一个分支。
Examples of inexpensive, functional polymer products are readily available to each of us.
便宜,功能高分子材料的例子是现成产品对我们每一个人。
An alternative name for this category is plastics.
另一个名字给这个类别的塑料。
The “mer” in a polymer is a single hydrocarbon molecule such an ethylene (C2H4).
“梅尔”在聚合物分子是一个单独的碳氢化合物(C2H4)这样的一个乙烯。
Polymers are long-chain molecules composed of many mers bonded together.
长链分子的聚合物是由许多河区域并团结在一起。
The most common commercial polymer is polyethylene (C2H4)n.
最常见的商业高分子聚乙烯(C2H4)n。
Many important polymers (including polyethylene) are simply compounds of hydrogen and carbon， Others contain oxygen ,nitrogen , fluorine , and silicon 。

许多重要的聚合物(包括聚乙烯)仅仅是氢和碳的化合物,而另一些则含有氧、氮、氟、硅。

Plastics- commonly share with metals the desirable mechanical property of ductility.
一般金属塑料——分享理想的力学性能延性。
Unlike brittle ceramics, polymers are frequently lightweight low-cost alternatives to metals in structural design applications.
不像脆性陶瓷、高分子经常是轻量级替代金属低成本结构设计中应用。
Important related properties include lower strength compared with metals, and lower melting point and higher chemical reactivity compared with our previous nonmetal category, ceramics (and glasses).
重要的相关性质包括:低强度相比,低熔点金属化学反应能力和较高的比我们先前的非金属类、陶瓷(眼镜)。
In spite of the limitations, polymers are highly versatile and useful materials.
尽管他的局限,具有非常高的通用性和聚合物是有用的材料。
Substantial progress has been made in the past decade in the development of -engineering polymers" with sufficiently high strength and stiffness to permit substitution for traditional structural metals
实质的进步在过去十年的发展”法师不能学习工程学足够高的聚合物强度和刚度允许替代传统结构的金属

D Composites
D复合材料
The previous three categories of structural engineering materials show various elements and compounds that can be classified by their chemical bonding.
前三大类结构工程材料显示各种元素和化合物,可以被它们的化学粘合。
Although these three categories give the engineer a tidy package of structural materials from which to choose.
虽然这三个类别给工程师一条整洁的包装的结构材料选择。
An important set of materials is available that represents some combination of individual materials from the previous categories.
一个重要的套材料的组合能代表了一些个人资料,从以往的类别。
Perhaps our best example is glass fiber reinforced plastics.
也许我们最好的例子是玻璃纤维增强塑料。
This composite of glass fibers embedded in a polymer matrix is a relatively recent invention but has, in a few decades, become a commonplace material.
该复合材料的玻璃纤维嵌在聚合物基质中是较为近期的发明但,在短短几十年间,成为一个平凡的材料。

Fiberglass composite carries along the superior properties of each component ,producing a product that is superior to either of the components separately.
玻纤复合带沿优异性能各组成部分,产生一个产品组件的高于另行规定。
The high strength of the small –diameter glass fibers is combined with the ductility of the polymer matrix to produce a strong material capable of withstanding the normal loading required of a structural material.
高强度玻璃纤维的小-diameter结合聚合物基体的

延展性产生的强大的物质能够承受正常装载必需的结构材料。

Fiberglass is typical of many man-made fiber reinforced materials.
玻璃纤维是典型的人造纤维增强材料。
Wood is an excellent example of a natural material with useful mechanical properties because of a fiber-reinforced structure.
木材是一个优秀的例子天然材质提供有用的力学性能及其结构因。
Concrete is a common example of an aggregate composite.
混凝土是一个常见的例子聚合复合材料。
Both rock and sand reinforce a complex silicate cement matrix.
两个岩石和砂增强复合硅酸盐水泥矩阵。
In addition to the relatively common examples, the field of composites includes some of the most advanced materials used in engineering.
除了相对常见的例子,包括一些复合材料领域的最先进的材料用于工程。