2020年美国国际粉体工业展会IPBS
美国芝加哥IMTS 2010展会综述
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EN 10216-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROP ÉENNE EUROP ÄISCHE NORMEN 10216-2May 2002+ A1March 2004ICS 23.040.10; 77.140.75English versionSeamless steel tubes for pressure purposes -Technical delivery conditions - Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specifiedelevated temperature properties (including amendment A1:2004)Tubes sans soudure en acier pour service sous pression - Conditions techniques de livraison - Partie 2: Tubes en acier non alli é et alli é avec caract éristiques sp écifi ées àtemp érature élev ée(·nclut l amendement A1:2004)Nahtlose Stahlrohre f ür Druckbeanspruchungen - Technische Lieferbedingungen - Teil 2: Rohre aus unlegierten und legierten St ählen mit festgelegtenEigenschaften bei erh öhten Temperaturen(enth ält Änderung A1:2004)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 April 2002; amendment A1 was approved by CEN on 2 January 2004.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION C O M I T É E U RO P ÉE N D E N O R M A LI S A T I O N E UR O P ÄIS CH E S K O M I T E E F ÜR N O RM U N GManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels© 2002 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 10216-2:2002 + A1:2004 EEN 10216-2:2002 (E)2ContentsForeword.....................................................................................................................................................................3 1 SCOPE............................................................................................................................................................4 2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................4 3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS...........................................................................................................................5 4 SYMBOLS.......................................................................................................................................................5 5 CLASSIFICATION AND DESIGNATION.......................................................................................................6 5.1 Classification.................................................................................................................................................6 5.2 Designation....................................................................................................................................................6 6 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE PURCHASER..........................................................................6 6.1 Mandatory information .................................................................................................................................6 6.2 Options...........................................................................................................................................................7 6.3 Examples of an order....................................................................................................................................7 7 MANUFACTURING PROCESS......................................................................................................................8 7.1 Steel making process ...................................................................................................................................8 7.2 Deoxidation process.....................................................................................................................................8 7.3 Tube manufacture and delivery conditions................................................................................................8 8 REQUIREMENTS ...........................................................................................................................................8 8.1 General...........................................................................................................................................................8 8.2 Chemical composition..................................................................................................................................9 8.3 Mechanical properties ................................................................................................................................13 8.4 Appearance and internal soundness........................................................................................................18 8.5 Straightness.................................................................................................................................................18 8.6 Preparation of ends.....................................................................................................................................18 8.7 Dimensions, masses and tolerances........................................................................................................19 9 INSPECTION.................................................................................................................................................24 9.1 Types of inspection.....................................................................................................................................24 9.2 Inspection documents................................................................................................................................24 9.3 Summary of inspection and testing..........................................................................................................24 10 SAMPLING....................................................................................................................................................25 10.1 Frequency of tests ......................................................................................................................................25 10.2 Preparation of samples and test pieces ...................................................................................................26 11 TEST METHODS..........................................................................................................................................27 11.1 Chemical analysis.......................................................................................................................................27 11.2 Tensile test...................................................................................................................................................27 11.3 Flattening test..............................................................................................................................................28 11.4 Ring tensile test...........................................................................................................................................29 11.5 Drift expanding test.....................................................................................................................................29 11.6 Ring expanding test....................................................................................................................................30 11.7 Impact test....................................................................................................................................................30 11.8 Leak tightness test......................................................................................................................................31 11.9 Dimensional inspection..............................................................................................................................32 11.10 Visual examination......................................................................................................................................32 11.11 Non-destructive testing..............................................................................................................................32 11.12 Material identification .................................................................................................................................32 11.13 Retests, sorting and reprocessing............................................................................................................32 12 MARKING .....................................................................................................................................................33 12.1 Marking to be applied .................................................................................................................................33 12.2 Additional marking......................................................................................................................................33 13PROTECTION (33)Annex A (Informative) Creep rupture strength values........................................................................................34 Annex ZA (informative)............................................................................................................................................39 Bibliography (Informative).......................................................................................................................................40EN 10216-2:2002 (E)3ForewordThis document (EN 10216-2:2002) has been prepared by Technical Committee ECISS/TC 29, "Steel tubes and fittings for steel tubes", the secretariat of which is held by UNI.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2002, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2002.This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. Other Parts of EN 10216 are:Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties. Part 3 : Alloy fine grain steel tubesPart 4 : Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified low temperature properties Part 5 : Stainless steel tubesAnother European Standard series covering tubes for pressure purposes is: EN 10217:Welded steel tubes for pressure purposesAccording to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.Foreword to amendment A1This document (EN 10216-2:2002/A1:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee ECISS/TC 29 "Steel tubes and fittings for steel tubes", the secretariat of which is held by UNI.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2004.This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 97/23/EC.For relationship with EU Directive 97/23/EC, see informative annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UnitedKingdom.EN 10216-2:2002 (E)41 SCOPEThis Part of EN 10216 specifies the technical delivery conditions in two test categories for seamless tubes of circular cross section, with specified elevated temperature properties, made of non-alloy and alloy steel.NOTE This Part of EN 10216 may also be applied for tubes of non-circular cross section; necessary modification should be agreed a the time of enquiry and order.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCESThis European Standard incorporates by date or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For date references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of, any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).The requirements of this European Standard rule when they differ from those in the standards and documents referred to below:EN 10002-1, Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of test (at ambient temperature). EN 10002-5, Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 5: Method of testing (at elevated temperature). EN 10020, Definitions and classification of grades of steel.EN 10021, General technical delivery requirements for steel and iron products. EN 10027-1, Designation systems for steels - Part 1 : Steel names, principle symbols.. EN 10027-2, Designation systems for steels - Part 2: Numerical systems. EN 10045-1, Metallic materials - Charpy impact test - Part 1: Test method. EN 10052, Vocabulary of heat treatment terms for ferrous products. EN 10204, Metallic products - Types of inspection documents.ENV 10220, Seamless and welded steel tubes - Dimensions and masses per unit length EN 10233, Metallic materials - Tubes - Flattening test. EN 10234, Metallic materials - Tubes - Drift expanding test. EN 10236, Metallic materials - Tubes - Ring expanding test. EN 10237, Metallic materials - Tubes - Ring tensile test.EN 10246-1, Non-Destructive Testing of steel tubes Part 1 : Automatic electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for verification of hydraulic leak-tightness. EN 10246-5,Non-Destructive Testing of steel tubes Part 5: Automatic full peripheral magnetic transducer/flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal imperfections.EN 10246-6, Non-Destructive Testing of steel tubes - Part 6: Automatic full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless steel tubes for the detection of transverse imperfections.EN 10216-2:2002 (E)5EN 10246-7, Non-Destructive Testing of steel tubes - Part 7 : Automatic full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal imperfections. EN 10246-14, Non-Destructive Testing of steel tubes - Part 14:Automatic ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc welded) steel tubes for the detection of laminar imperfections.EN 10256, Non-Destructive Testing of steel tubes - Qualification and competence of level 1 and level 2 NDT personnel.EN ISO 377, Steel and steel products - Location and preparation of samples and test pieces for mechanical testing (ISO 377:1997)prEN 101681) , Iron and steel products - Inspection documents - List of information and description.prEN 102661), Steel tubes, fittings and structural hollow sections - Symbols and definition of terms for use in product standardsEN ISO 2566-1, Steel - Conversion of elongation values Part 1: Carbon and low-alloy steels (ISO 2566-1:1984) ISO 14284, Steel and iron - Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical composition CR 10260, Designation systems for steel - Additional symbolsCR 10261, ECISS Information Circular IC 11 - Iron and steel - Review of available methods of chemical analysis.3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONSFor the purposes of this Part of EN 10216, the terms and definitions given in EN 10020, EN 10021, EN 10052 and prEN 10266 and the following apply:3.1test categoryclassification that indicates the extent and level of inspection and testing 3.2employerorganisation for which a person works on a regular basis.NOTE The employer may be either the tube manufacturer or supplier or a third party organisation providing, Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) services.4 SYMBOLSFor the purpose of this Part of EN 10216, the symbols given in prEN 10266 and the following apply:d specified inside diameter;d min specified minimum inside diameter; T min specified minimum wall thickness; D c calculated outside diameter; d ccalculated inside diameter;1) In preparation; until this document is published as a European Standard, the corresponding national standard(s) should be agreed at the time of enquiry and order.EN 10216-2:2002 (E)6T c calculated wall thickness; TCtest category5 CLASSIFICATION AND DESIGNATION5.1 ClassificationIn accordance with the classification system in EN 10020, the steel grades P195GH, P235GH and P265GH are classified as non-alloy quality steels and the other steel grades are classified as alloy special steels.5.2 Designation5.2.1For the tubes covered by this Part of EN 10216 the steel designation consists of:the number of this Part of EN 10216; plus either:the steel name in accordance with EN 10027-1 and CR 10260; or:the steel number allocated in accordance with EN 10027-2. 5.2.2The steel name of non-alloy steel grades is designated by:the capital letter P for pressure purposes;the indication of the specified minimum yield strength at room temperature for wall thickness less than or equal to 16 mm, expressed in MPa (see Table 4): the symbols GH for elevated temperature.5.2.3 The steel name of alloy steel grades is designated by the chemical composition (see Table 2) and the symbols for the heat treatment, where specified in column 3 and footnote 3 of Table 1.6 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE PURCHASER6.1 Mandatory informationThe following information shall be supplied by the purchaser at the time of enquiry and order: a) the quantity (mass or total length or number); b) the term "tube";c) the dimensions (outside diameter D and wall thickness T or a set of dimensions covered by Option 11) (seeTable 6); d) the designation of the steel grade in accordance with this Part of EN 10216 (see 5.2); e)the test category for non-alloy steel (see 9.3).EN 10216-2:2002 (E)76.2 OptionsA number of options are specified in this Part of EN 10216 and these are listed below. In the event that the purchaser does not indicate a wish to implement any of these options at the time of enquiry and order, the tubes shall be supplied in accordance with the basic specification (see 6.1).1) Cold finishing (see 7.3.2).2) Restriction on copper and tin content (see Table 2). 3) Product analysis (see 8.2.2). 4) Impact testing (see Table 4).5) Longitudinal impact testing at -10° C for non-alloy steel grades (see Table 4). 6) Tensile testing at elevated temperature (see 8.3.2). 7) Selection of leak-tightness test method (see 8.4.2.1).8) Non-Destructive Testing for test category 2 tubes for detection of transverse imperfections (see 8.4.2.2).9) Non-Destructive Testing for test category 2 tubes for detection of laminar imperfections (see 8.4.2.2). 10) Special ends preparation (see 8.6).11) Set of dimensions other than D and T (see 8.7.1). 12) Exact lengths (see 8.7.3).13) The type of inspection document other than the standard document (see 9.2.1). 14) Test pressure for hydrostatic leak-tightness test (see 11.8.1). 15) Wall thickness measurement away from the ends (see 11.9). 16) Non-Destructive Testing method (see 11.11.1). 17) Additional marking (see 12.2). 18)Protection (see 13).6.3 Examples of an order6.3.1 Example 1100 t of seamless tube with an outside diameter of 168,3 mm, a wall thickness of 4,5 mm, in accordance with EN 10216-2, made of steel grade P265GH, to test category 1 with a 3.1.C inspection certificate in accordance with EN 10204:100 t - Tube - 168,3 x 4,5 - EN 10216-2 - P265GH - TC1 - Option 13: 3.1.C6.3.2 Example 2100 m of seamless tube with a minimum inside diameter of 240 mm, a minimum wall thickness of 40 mm in accordance with Part of EN 10216, made of steel grade 10CrMo9-10, with a 3.1.C inspection certificate in accordance with EN 10204:100 m - Tube - d min 240 x T min40 - EN 10216-2 - 10CrMo9-10 - Option 13: 3.1.CEN 10216-2:2002 (E)87 MANUFACTURING PROCESS7.1 Steel making processThe steel making process is at the discretion of the manufacturer.7.2 Deoxidation processSteels shall be fully killed.7.3 Tube manufacture and delivery conditions7.3.1 All NDT activities shall be carried out by qualified and competent level 1,2 and/or 3 personnel authorised to operate by the employer.The qualification shall be in accordance with EN 10256 or, at least, an equivalent to it.It is recommended that the level 3 personnel be certified in accordance with EN 473 or, at least, an equivalent to it.The operating authorisation issued by the employer shall be in accordance with a written procedure. NDT operations shall be authorised by level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.NOTEThe definition of level 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriate Standards, e.g. EN 473 and prEN 102567.3.2 The tubes shall be manufactured by a seamless process.Unless option 1 is specified, the tubes may be either hot or cold finished at the discretion of the manufacturer. The terms hot finished and cold finished apply to the condition of the tube before it is heat treated in accordance with7.3.3.Option 1: The tubes shall be cold finished before heat treatment. 7.3.3The tubes shall be supplied in the relevant heat treatment conditions as specified in Table 1.8 REQUIREMENTS8.1 GeneralWhen supplied in a delivery condition indicated in clause 7.3 and inspected in accordance with clauses 9, 10 and 11, the tubes shall conform to the requirements of this Part of EN 10216.In addition, the general technical delivery requirements specified in EN 10021 shall apply.Tubes shall be suitable for hot and cold bending provided the bending is carried out in an appropriate manner. When tubes are specified in the order by d, d min or T min the following equations, with all terms in mm, shall apply for the calculation of outside diameter D c , inside diameter d c and wall thickness T c , instead of D, d and T for the relevant requirements in clauses 8.4.1.4, 10.2.2.2, 11.3, 11.8.1, 11.9, 11.11.4, 12.1 and Table 1, footnote c, Tables 4, 5, 8, 10, 13 and 14: D c =T d2(1)D c = T d of tolerance d 22minmin(2)EN 10216-2:2002 (E)9d c = 2minmind of toleranced(3)T c = 2minminT of toleranceT(4)For tolerance see Tables 8, 9 and 10.8.2 Chemical composition8.2.1 Cast analysisThe cast analysis reported by the steel producer shall apply and conform to the requirements of Table 2.NOTE When welding tubes produced in accordance with this Part of this EN 10216, account should be taken of the fact that the behaviour of the steel during and after welding is dependent not only on the steel, but also on the applied heat treatment and the conditions of preparing for and carrying out the welding.8.2.2 Product analysisOption 3 : Product analysis for the tubes shall be supplied.Table 3 specifies the permissible deviations of the product analysis from the specified limits on cast analysisgiven in Table 2.EN 10216-2:2002 (E)10Table 1 Heat treatment conditions Steel grade Heattreatment aAustenizing Tempering SteelnameSteelnumberTemperature°CCoolingMediumTemperature°CCoolingmedium P195GH 1.0348 +N b880 to 940 Air - -P235GH 1.0345 +N b880 to 940 Air - -P265GH 1.0425 +N b880 to 940 Air - - 20MnNb6 1.0471 +N b900 to 960 Air - - 16Mo3 1.5415 +N b890 to 950 Air - -8MoB5-4 1.5450 +N b920 to 960 Air - - 14MoV6-3 1.7715 +NT b c930 to 990 Air 680 to730 air 10CrMo5-5 1.7338 +NT b c900 to 960 Air 650 to 750 air 13CrMo4-5 1.7335 +NT b c900 to 960 Air 660 to 730 air 10CrMo9-10 1.7380 +NT b c900 to 960 Air 680 to 750 air 11CrMo9-10 1.7383 +QT 900 to 960 Air or Liquid 680 to 750 air 25CrMo4 1.7218 +QT 860 to 900 Air or Liquid 620 to 680 air 20CrMoV13-5-5 1.7779 +QT 980 to 1030 Air or Liquid 680 to 730 air 15NiCuMoNb5-6-4 1.6368 +NT c880 to 980 Air 580 to 680 airX11CrMo5+I 1.7362+I +I 890 to 950 FurnaceAtmosphere- -X11CrMo5+NT1 1.7362+NT1 +NT1 930 to 980 Air 730 to 770 airX11CrMo5+NT2 1.7362+NT2 +NT2 c930 to 980 air 710 to 750 airX11CrMo9-1+I 1.7386+I +I 950 to 980 FurnaceAtmosphere- -X11CrMo9-1+NT 1.7386+NT +NT c890 to 950 air 720 to 800 airX10CrMoVNb9-1 1.4903 +NT c1040 to 1090 air 730 to 780 airX20CrMoV11-1 1.4922 +NT c1020 to 1080 air 730 to 780 aira+N = Normalising, +NT = Normalising + Tempering, +QT = Quenching + Tempering (air or liquid), +I = Isothermal Annealing.b Normalising includes Normalising Forming.c For these steel grades it may be necessary in the case of wall thickness T above 25 mm or T/D > 0,15 to apply quenching and tempering in order to achieve the intended structure and material properties . The decision shall be left to the discretion of the manufacturer but shall be stated to the customer at the time of enquiry and order. Steel tubes treated in such a way shall be designated by the steel name supplemented by the symbol +QT .EN 10216-2:2002 (E)13Table 3 Permissible deviations of the product analysis from specified limits on cast analysis given in Table 2Element Limiting value for the cast analysis in accordance with Table 2 % by massPermissible deviation of the product analysis% by mass C0,29 0,02 0,400,05 Si 0,40 to 1,000,06 1,000,05 Mn 1,00 to 1,500,10 P 0,025+ 0,005 0,010+ 0,003 S 0,010 0,020+ 0,005 Al 0,0600,005 B0,0060,001 1,000,05 1,00 to 10,000,10 Cr 10,00 to 12,500,15 Cu0,80 0,05 0,35 0,03 Mo0,35 to 1,20 0,04 N0,070 0,01 Nb0,10 0,005 0,35 0,05 Ni0,35 to 1,30 0,07 Ti0,060 + 0,010 0,10+ 0,01 V 0,10 to 0,55 0,03 8.3 Mechanical properties8.3.1 Mechanical properties at and below room temperatureThe mechanical properties at and below room temperature of the tubes shall conform to the requirements in Table 4 and in clauses 11.3, 11.4, 11.5 and 11.6.8.3.2 Proof strength at elevated temperatureThe minimum proof strength R p0,2 values at elevated temperature are given in Table 5.Option 6: Proof strength R p0,2 shall be verified. The test temperature shall be specified at the time of enquiry and order.。
粉体颗粒状态与流动性的关系
摘要本文以粉体颗粒状态与流动性的关系为研究重点，采用粉体特性综合测试仪，分别测试了8个粉体样品的休止角、平板角、松装密度、振实密度、分散度等参数，得到样品的Carr流动性指数，评价了8个样品的流动性；通过激光粒度分析仪测了粉体的平均径、中位径、峰值径以及累积百分率处粒子的粒径以及粒径分布；用图形图像分析仪测试分析了样品的粒形。
对样品的流动性与粉体粒形、粒径及其颗粒分布的关系进行了分析。
分析结果表明，8个样品流动性好坏依次为：2号>1号>4号>5号>3号>6号>8号>7号。
粉体的流动性与颗粒的球形度成正比，球形度越大，流动性越好。
8个样品中2号球形度最大、流动性最好，7号球形度最小，流动性最差。
关键词：粉体流动性Carr指数粒形粒径abstractThis paper focuses on the research of the relationship between the powder particles state and liquidity, and respectively tests the angle of repose, flat angle, apparent density, tap density and dispersion and other parameters of eight samples. Carr index table is referred and Carr indexes are obtained. The liquidity performance of the eight samples in sequence is: No.2 > No.1 >No.4 > No.5 > No.3 >No.6 > No.8 > No. 7. The median diameter, the number average diameter and the cumulative percentage of the particle size and size distribution of particles of the powder are measured by laser particle size analyzer. Besides, the particle shape of the sample is tested by image analyzer and analyzed. The results show that the liquidity of powder is in direct proportion to the spherical degree of particle, namely, the greater the spherical degree is, and the better liquidity is. In the eight samples, spherical degree of No. 2 is the largest and its liquidity is the best; spherical degree of No. 7 is the smallest and its liquidity is the worst.Keywords: Powder; Liquidity; Carr Index; Particle Shape; Particle Size目录摘要 (I)abstract (II)0 引言 (1)0.1 研究背景 (1)0.2 粉体流动性的表征方法 (1)0.3 粉体流动性的影响因素 (2)1.实验样品与实验方法 (4)1.1实验样品 (4)1.2实验方案 (4)1.3 试验仪器 (4)1.3.1 BT-1000粉体特性综合测试仪 (4)1.3.1.1测试原理 (4)1.3.1.2测试方法 (5)2.实验结果与分析 (7)2.1粉体carr指数的测定及结果分析 (7)2.1.1流动指数分析 (7)2.1.2压缩度分析 (7)2.2激光粒度分析 (8)2.3粉体的粒形测试及流动性分析 (8)结论 (15)致谢 (16)参考文献 (17)0 引言0.1 研究背景所谓粉体，是由不连续的微粒构成，是一类特殊的固体，同时具有液态和固态的性质。
2007粉末注射成形PIM会议在美国佛罗里达召开
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2007 粉末注射成形( PIM) 会议在美国佛罗里达召开
中图分类号 : TF1241 35 文献标识码 :D 上个月在美国佛罗里达召开了 “PIM2007” 会议 , 美国金属粉末工业联合会金属注射成形协会的主席 Mat2 t hew Bulger 先生在会上发表对北美粉末注射成形市场的评论时说 “虽然北美金属注射成形产业增长的速度慢 : 于亚洲和欧洲 ,不过现在金属注射成形协会会员企业对这一行业的信心在过去的几年里持续增加 ,2006 年北美 金属注射成形产业对新设备的定单增加了 ,金属注射成形产业从业人员的职业信心增强了” 。2006 年北美地区 金属注射成形零件产品的销售额为 11 75 亿美元 , 而 2003 年北美地区的销售额只有约 1 亿美元 , 虽然低于预期 的增长 , 但 Mat thew Bul ger 认为这个增长速度还是可以接受的。北美地区粉末注射成形制品的主要市场在医 疗器械制造领域 ,约占北美地区粉末注射成形制品市场总份额的 36 % 。五金制品 Matt hew Bul ger 先生认为 , 2008 年美国粉末注射成形制品在医疗器械制造领域的市场会进一步增长 ,仍会是北美粉末注射成形制品市场 最盈利 , 并占据市场统治地位的产品 ,他预计 2009 年北美的情况也基本是这样 。 Mat t hew B ulger 先生将导致北美粉末注射成形制品市场增长的因素归结为 : 新材料的开发 , 更严格的 公差控制 ,节约了能源和原材料 , 以及工程师的技术水平普遍得到了提高等 。根据一份对注射成形协会会员 企业的调查 : 现在人们对粉末注射成形技术和其应用的了解更多了。人们对粉末注射成形知识的增加也可 部分归结为粉末注射成形产业的高速增长 。M att hew B ulger 认为还有很长的路要走 ,需要开发新材料 , 进 一步降低生产费用。为了达到公差控制的标准仍有一些问题有待解决 , 为了制订有关标准人们已经忙碌了 多年 ,这项工作仍需要完善 。一份对金属注射成形企业会员的统计材料表明 :所有的回答者均对研究开发的 成果感兴趣 , 但很少有人会投资搞开发 。现在在粉末注射成形领域研究开发的方向主要是 : 钛金属 、 功能梯 度材料 、 低成本金属粉末 、 新型合金及提高粉末注射成形零件产品的质量等 。我们的责任是做一些行业基础 工作 ,这也是美国金属粉末工业联合会支持粉末冶金行业研究开发和市场开拓工作的一部分。 Yoshi yuki Kato 发表了一份关于亚太地区金属注射成形制品生产状况的论文 , Yoshiyuki Kat o 对亚太 地区国家金属注射成形市场分别进行了分析。200 6 年在日本有约 30 个生产金属注射成形制品的公司 , 金 属 注射成形制品的市场规模约为 1 1 3 亿美元 , 产品的主要应用领域集中于汽车制造 。 金属注射成形制品在 (下转第 4 5 页 )
2020年美国芝加哥国际表面处理和涂层展会SurfaceTechnology USA
2020年美国芝加哥国际表面处理和涂层展会SurfaceTechnology USA展会介绍展会时间:2020年09月14日举办周期:两年一届主办单位:德国汉诺威展览公司Deutsche Messe AG , Hannover展会地址:美国-芝加哥-芝加哥迈考密会展中心McCormick Place展会详情美国芝加哥表面处理和涂层展会SurfaceTechnologyUSA是国际上表面处理和涂层技术最专业的展览会。
SurfaceTechnologyUSA展览的主要内容是电镀，清洗，预表面涂装技术，工业等离子表面处理，纳米技术，纺织材料，测量，测试和分析设备等。
SurfaceTechnologyUSA展汇集了所有的表面处理技术和方法，是推动表面处理、表面光洁度和表面涂层的发展。
展会展示了广阔的市场覆盖面创造了表面处理技术和应用的所有供应商的理想的营销环境。
此外，美国制造技术展会IMTS、美国集成自动化及动力传动展会IAMD、美国工业零配件与分承包展会、美国空压及真空技术展会和美国表面处理展会同时在美国芝加哥迈考密会展中心McCormickPlace同期举办这样为参展商和观众创造了双赢的平台，将吸引更多专业人士参观，对于参观者来说，他只需要来到一个展览场地，在同一时间获取相关行业的宝贵信息，对于参展商来说，他们获得了更广泛的目标客户资源。
展品范围金属表面的清洁和预处理:表面清洁和预处理设备(铬酸盐处理设备；使用有机溶剂去油和清洁设备；使用水溶剂去油和清洁设备；使用散体单元处理用振动设备；去除薄膜和油漆用流化设备；表面清洁用激光设备；钝化设备；磷化处理设备；酸洗设备；表面清洁用等离子系统；喷砂处理表面硬化用设备；超声波设备；蒸汽喷砂处理设备；表面清洁和预处理设备附件)；表面清洁和预处理用辅料(铬酸盐处理剂；清洁和去油剂；去垢剂；湿润剂、清洁剂、添加剂；磷化剂；酸洗剂；蒸汽喷砂用研磨材料；防腐蚀表面保护剂) 金属产品热处理和表面热化学处理:涂层材料、涂层和辅助材料；金属产品深度热处理和热化学表面处理用设备(热处理操作用热炉和装置；冷却用和洗涤变化物用设备(容器、液体容器及其它)；电感应加热器；设备用辅助配件)；热处理和热化学表面处理技术(非扩散性表面处理；扩散性表面处理；扩散性金属化处理；热喷涂技术与设备；电火花喷涂应用技术；等离子技术；薄膜科技；CVD(化学气相沉积)技术；PVD(物理气相沉积)技术；聚束技术；离子注入技术；电子技术；激光技术；爆炸技术；热处理机械化与自动化生产线) 电镀技术:电解电镀；电解技术用化学品；电解技术设备(离心机；配料设备；空气和排放物净化系统和设备；过滤器；装载和卸载设备；大规模电镀用设备；开路控制系统；再生系统；整流和电极开关系统；其他)；电解技术用化学和电解系统上漆及施加塑料和橡胶涂层:涂层和涂层材料(电沉积喷涂用涂料；涂层烧结和上漆颜料；溶剂涂料和油漆；水性涂料和油漆；低溶剂含量的涂料和油漆；粉剂涂料；丙烯酸有机硅涂料；油质清漆；橡胶涂料；塑料涂层)；施加涂层用的设备(手持和自动喷枪；喷涂房、密闭室、过滤墙；上漆及施加塑料和橡胶涂层的自动化设备；上漆及施加塑料和橡胶涂层的完整喷涂系统；上漆及干燥台；沉浸式涂漆机器与设备；沉浸式涂漆用电镀设备；镀膜机器；流动涂附设备；施加塑料及橡胶用机器；粉末喷涂设备；丝网印刷机；喷涂机；真空浸渍设备；镀膜烧结设备)；提供材料和辅助的设备(上漆准备用设备；过滤器和过滤设备；材料循环设备；辅料配料设备；压力池；辅料泵)；吸收、分离和恢复涂层材料和溶剂的设备；干燥设备(离心干燥机；对流干燥机；电子干燥机；上釉炉；辐射干燥机；紫外线干燥机；真空干燥设备；排水装置) 精细表面处理:附件和辅助设备(工艺刷；打磨抛光膏、乳剂、酸保护剂；抛光用技术设备；清洗机械)；精细处理设备(光亮设备；氧化设备；擦拭设备；磨钝尖锐边缘、打磨和抛光设备；喷砂机；标志漆涂层用机器；产品表面光化学硬化设备) 表面处理的其他设备:热交换；冷却机器与设备；通风系统；喷丸加工设备；测量和监控设备、研究设备：研究设备；供应实验室产品；测量和监控设备。
粉体的基本性质及功能
粉体的基本性质及功能《营销界•化妆品观察》2011年1月27日作者：裴廷镐【小中大】彩妆按照分散技术不同，可分类为粉体(powder)彩妆、乳化彩妆、油分散彩妆。
粉体的作用是，为化妆品赋予色调，或构成产品的骨骼。
本文欲从粉体的基本特性着手，带大家了解使用在化妆品上的粉体的特性及功能、用于改善粉体的功能的表面处理方法。
1. 粉体的基本特性粉体(powder material)可以视为固体、液体、气体以外的第四性状。
粉体和固体一样拥有结晶性，与液体一样拥有流动性，与气体一样在不同的粒度（grain size/granularity）表现出飞散(free flowing)性。
粉体是多个固体微粒的集合体，粒子之间有一定的相互作用存在。
考虑一种粉体粒子的基本性质时，应区分粒子的大小、表面能量、表面构造、表面物性等因素。
如果按粒子大小分类可分为——广义的粉体：1 nm ~ 1 mm，狭义的粉体：< 50 um，微粉体：1 um ~ 50 um，超微粉体：10 nm ~ 1 um。
粉体以1um粒度为分界线，表现出的物理、化学性质有以下差异（见表1）。
λ粗大粒子(Macro particle)的特征——不凝集、流动性增加。
λ微粒子的特征——粒子的附着力增加，超过重力的影响而出现凝集。
粒子的大小小于1um时大于1um时增加的物理性质表面积，表面活性，反应性，凝集性，吸液量流动性，充填性，纯度增加表1.粒子大小与物理性质粉体粒子的物理性质可分为粒子性质与粉体性质（见表2）。
作为粒子的性质作为粉体的性质结晶质的大小、排向大小和分布外观密度形状充填构造构造流动性密度吸液量附着力表面的性质表2.粉体粒子的物理性质2. 化妆品用粉体的特性化妆品用的粉体可以分为无机颜料(体质颜料、白色颜料、彩色颜料)、有机颜料、天然颜料、珠光颜料等等（详见表3）。
体质颜料：是构成骨骼的原料，以天然的粘土矿物如云母、滑石粉最具有代表性，另外还有高岭土(kaolin)、碳酸钙、碳酸镁等等。
印制电路板(PCB)通用设计规范
电控设计规范印刷电路板(PCB)通用设计规范（发布日期：2009-09-14）目次1 范围 (2)2 规范性引用文件 (2)3 基本原则 (2)3.1电气连接的准确性 (2)3.2可靠性和安全性 (2)3.3工艺性 (2)3.4经济性 (2)4 技术要求 (2)4.1印制板的选用 (2)4.2自动插件和贴片方案的选择 (3)4.3布局 (3)4.4元器件的封装和孔的设计 (10)4.5焊盘设计 (12)4.6布线设计 (15)4.7丝印设计 (17)5 相关管理内容 (18)5.1设计平台 (18)5.2贮存格式 (18)1范围本设计规范规定了空调电子控制器印制电路板设计中的基本原则和技术要求。
本设计规范适用于美的家用空调国际事业部的电子设备用印刷电路板的设计。
2规范性引用文件下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而成为本标准的条款。
凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单（不包括勘误的内容）或修订版均不适用于本标准，然而，鼓励根据本标准达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。
凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本标准。
GB 4706.1 家用和类似用途电器的安全第一部分: 通用要求GB/T 4588.3 印刷电路板设计和使用QMG-J29.001 空调器电子控制器QMG-J52.010 印制电路板（PCB）QMG-J33.001 空调器防火设计规范QMG-J85.029 电气间隙、爬电距离和穿通绝缘距离试验评价方法3基本原则在进行印制板设计时，应考虑以下四个基本原则。
3.1电气连接的准确性印制板设计时，应使用电原理图所规定的元器件，印制导线的连接关系应与电原理图导线连接关系相一致，印制板和电路原理图上元件序号必须一一对应，非功能跳线（仅用于布线过程中的电气连接）除外。
注：如因结构、电气性能或其它物理性能要求不宜在印制板上布设的导线，应在相应文件（如电原理图上）上做相应修改。
3.2可靠性和安全性印制板电路设计应符合相应电磁兼容和电器安规标准的要求。
美国Nice-Pak／PDI公司赢得擦布世界国际创新奖
构 （ ｕｔ ｌ ｎＤ ｆｎｅＡ ｐｒ１的材料支持 （ Ａ ｓ ａｉ ｅｅｃ ｐ ａｅ） ｒ ａ 包括弹道学试 验 ） Ｐｄ ｙ 与Ａ ｎ ｌ现正与防弹背 产商合作 ， 。 ａｈ ｅ ｒｏ ｄ 生 希望将这 种羊毛／ 凯夫拉混 合材料商品化。
● 美 国贺氏公司 （ ｏｌ ｇｗ ｒ Ｈ ｌｎ ｓ ｏｔ Ｖ ｓ） 近在其 中国 ｉ ｈ＆ ｏｅ最
（ 王从南 ）
澳大利亚研究 防弹羊毛 混合材料
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势。 此次扩大产能是响应了美洲迅速增长的市场需求。
理所需 阻燃添加剂的使用量。
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美国ＮｉｅＰ ｋ 司添加新 设备 ｃ—ａ公
美国湿擦 布的领 先生产 商Ｎ ｃ －ａ公司， ｉｅＰ ｋ 正在其 阿肯色
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2020年美国国际粉体工业展会IPBS
展会介绍
展会时间:2020年04月28日
举办周期:两年一届
主办单位:UBM
展会地址:美国-芝加哥-美国芝加哥Rosemont会展中心
展会详情
目前国外最大最著名的博览会，展会于1976年初次成功举行，至今已有39年的前史。
美国世界粉末与块状固体博览会致力于美国和世界加工工业，来自世界各地的加工、制造和出产的工程师、经理以及负责操作、设备、包装的管理人员和一般企业的经理将会集合于此。
芝加哥拥有超越7500家制造企业，其中4700家食物加工厂，2800家化工处理厂和100多家制药厂，这些工厂在去年创造了超越2030亿美元的收入。
功用齐全的美国世界粉体展提供了一个以市场为基础，对加工技术，产品和设备提供系统和全方位的服务，一起就专门活动和散装固体粉末加工，化学加工，制药加工为重点，为加工工业提供一条龙的解决计划。
展品范围
工业粉体原料:滑石、重钙、石英、硅灰石、高岭土、云母、石墨等各类非金属矿粉体；碳化硅、氮化硅、白碳黑、钛白粉、金刚石等工业合成粉体原料金属粉体材料:镍粉、锌粉、银粉、铜粉、铝粉、铁粉及氧化镍、氧化锌、氧化铝、氧化铁等微纳米粉体材料:微纳米镍粉、银粉、锌粉、铝粉、铁粉、锆粉、钛粉及氧化镍、氧化锌、氧化铝、氧化铁、氧化钛、碳酸钙、氧化硅、碳化硅、微纳米粉体衍生化合物等粉体制备技术及基本工艺:粉碎、研磨、混合、分离、筛分、过滤、烧结、制粒和压块、固体粉体干燥等工程设备及相关技术；计量投料、卸料、散料输送、仓储设备、真空装置、管道技术粉体检测及理化分析仪器:激光粒度分析仪、比表面积及孔径分析仪、白度仪、微纳米颗粒图象分析仪及实验室、化验室设备。
流量、料位、粉尘浓度、湿度等各种在线检测设备、二次仪表安全环保技术:工业火警防护、电气防爆、非电气防爆、过程安全、排放控制、工作域安全等辅助材料:过滤材料、筛网、研磨介质、密封件、粉体加工助剂等。