Engineering and Design - Instrumentation of Embankment Dams and Levees
英国华威大学电子电器工程专业硕士课程
华威大学为英国的一所校园式大学，创建于1965年，校园占地约300公顷，现有学生18900人，其中包括来自106个不同国家的3500位海外学生。
以下是留学360英国留学专家闻婕老师对此大学电子电器工程专业的介绍，希望对留学英国的学生有所帮助。
课程名称（英文）：MSc in Electronic Systems课程简介：在研究生阶段传授先进的知识，并让学生更好的理解电子学；传授研究专家最新的模块信息；为学生毕业后的技术职业生涯做准备课程特色：该专业是由英国工程技术学会认证的；课程以研究为止；华威的工程学院是英国最大的工程学院之一，教职员工都是世界知名课程设置（基本模块）：Research Methods 研究方法；Signal Processing 信号处理；Systems Modellingand Simulation 系统建模与仿真课程设置（选修模块）：Microsensors & Microsystems Technology 微传感器与微系统技术；Power Electronics 工业电子学；Synthetic Intelligence and Intelligent Software Design融合智能与智能软件设计；Ultrasonic & Biomedical Instrumentation 超声波与生物医学仪器；Internet-enabled Engineering Instrumentation & Measurement 上网功能的仪器与测量工程；Wireless Communications 无线通信；Optical Communication Systems 光通信系统；ES906 Optical Engineering and Image Processing 光学工程与图像处理； Remote Sensing and Data Processing 遥感和数据处理；Micromechanics, Precision Design and Analysis微观力学、精密设计与分析；Computational Mathematics for Engineers 工程师计算数学入学要求：语言成绩：雅思6.5分/托福92学制：全日制一年制平均分：80-85以上入学时间：11月学历背景：本科学位学费：￡16,000英镑原专业（课程）背景：工程相关背景截止目前，留学360更新海外名校录取86789枚，其中哈佛大学43人、耶鲁大学56人、斯坦福大学43人、麻省理工学院25人、牛津大学38人、剑桥大学35人、多伦多大学290人、麦吉尔大学353人、悉尼大学1874人、墨尔本大学1286人、澳洲国立大学1100人、香港大学120人、新加坡国立大学150人、南洋理工大学227人、新西兰奥克兰大学1241人。
Design Engineer and Design Methodology——设计工程师与设计方法中英文对照
Design Engineer and Design Methodology——设计工程师与设计方法1 What Makes a Good Design Engineer ? Is design an art form only to be practiced by those gifted with its talents, or is it a regimented discipline that can be learned? Virtually everything that humans do involves altering the environment around us, which is essentially what design is all about; thus every individual possesses the ability to design to some extent. While there are few Mozart’s in the history of the world, there are numerous musicians who play his music and enable us all to enjoy it. Each person must identify the area in which he feels promise, and must do the best job he can. It is true there is only one queen been in a hive, but without the workers even the queen cannot survive. In other words, be careful of your ego and always strive to improve your abilities.2 It is very difficult to teach people how to become creative design engineers because everyone thinks differently. There are often no clear solutions to a problem. Historical knowledge can also often be a powerful tool to help demonstrate how creative ideas are formed; unfortunately, a discussion of the history of machine tool development is beyond the scope of this book. Systematic methods of analysis and synthesis can be formulated to aid in development of ideas; however, these methods have often been blamed for stifling creativity. A good design engineer often uses systematic methods of analysis and synthesis in order to help evaluate wild and crazy conceptual ideas generated during the initial creative phase of problem solving.3 How can creativity be stimulated and enhanced ? Perhaps if this question could be answered with an equation, a computer program could be written that could design anything. Good design engineers usually think in terms of pictures instead of equations or if then else logic. Often, it seems as if daydreams are an inner manifestation of the creative urge within all individuals. The task of the design engineer, therefore, is to install enough reality into his or her memory to enable daydreams to produce useful solutions to real problems. One must also be able to keep a mental catalog of available building blocks and methods in which they can be manufactured and put together. The database must be open, so as to not preclude the development of new building blocks, while taking care to keep abreast of new technologies.4 A design engineer must also become good at identifying problems. Once a problem is identified, it will usually yield to an unending barrage of creative thought and analysis. High-priced consultants do not necessarily solve detailed problems;they identify the problems for others to solve. Identifying a problem requires careful detective work. In addition to solving and identifying problems, the design engineer must also learn to identify what the customer really needs, which is not necessarily what the customer thinks that he or she needs. This requires interactionwith marketing research groups, customers, and manufacturing personnel on a continuing personal basis.5 To keep his or her mind tuned, a good design engineer must always ask: “How does that work?” and “Why does that catch my eye?” regarding everything he or she sees in daily life. This will help to develop a feel for the needs and wants of people and the ability to make a realistic assessment of what is technologically feasible. It will also help the design engineer to develop a feel for color, form, texture, and proportion. By being observant, patient, and optimistic, a design engineer will become aware of what people buy and use. If the design engineer notices fault with something, chances are that others do, too, and thus money could be made by correcting the fault. Opportunity only knocks for those who listen, and it is hard to hear knocking when the radio is turned up too loud.6 In addition, although each engineer must understand the physics of operation of the machine, he or she must realize that the design process is itself a precision dynamic system. If each engineer understands the structure of the design process and what other members of the team have to do, he or she will be less likely to cause problems that adversely affect the project. Once attitudes such as “why should I bother with this detail because someone will catch it” beco me established, competitiveness is the next thing to be lost. Design engineers must feel a personal love for their work and the work of team.7 Formulating a Personal Design Methodology One of the founding fathers of machine tools, Henry Maudslay who was born in 1771, is credited with the development of the compound side, whose design principle is used on virtually every lathe in the world today. Although it is said that many of his inventions were described before by others in principle, it was Maudslay who reduced many ideas to practice. One of Maudslay’s fundamental contributions was to note that the extra cost of making a machine from metal, as opposed to wood, was recouped many times over in terms of the machine’s accuracy and life. Maudslay had several maxims which still serve as a set of basic guidelines for all types designs:1). Get a clear notion of what you desire to accomplish, then you will probably get it.2). Keep a sharp look-out upon your materials: get rid of every pound of material you can do without. Put yourself to the question, “ what business has it there?” Avoid complexities and make everything as simple as possible.3). Remember the get-ability of parts.Maudslay’s maxims can be used as a good foundation for just about any personal design methodology.8 Because many modern systems are often so complex, expertise is required in many different disciplines; hence often it is nearly impossible for one person alone to design an entire system. However, it is possible to be aware of the capabilities of other disciplines. This allows an individual or small group to develop a design plan for complex system.9 Although it is often said that “no matter what you design, somebody has already thought of it before, at least in principle,” this should not be accepted as a defeatist attitude but rather one of awareness. Continual updating of one’s mental memory banks with new knowledge about advances in all fields of engineering and science is a must if a design engineer is to remain competitive. This updating must be the cornerstone of every design engineer’s personal design methodology. Other than that, every design engineer has his or her own way of doing things, many aspects of which are borrowed from established methods. Some of these methods are discussed below.10 Designs can be categorized as being original, adaptive, or scaled. Original design means developing a new way of doing something (e.g., cutting with waterjets, as opposed to using a saw blade). Adaptive design means using technology developed for another task and adapting it to perform the task at hand (e.g., using lasers to sculpt wood). Scaled design means changing the size or arrangement of a design in order to accommodate a similar change in an existing process (e.g., design a bigger version of an existing machine). each of these types of design can be equally challenging and all require five basic steps:1) Task definition2) Conceptual design3) Layout design4) Detail design5) Design follow-up11 Task definition often starts with the customer or sales representative requesting the design department to provide a study regarding the feasibility, cost, and potential availability of a design to perform a specific function. In response to this request, thecompany’s best design engineers g et together to sketch out concepts. It is in the conceptual design phase that the functional relationships of components and the physical structure are usually defined. Once a few select conceptual designs are chosen, they are expanded in detail through layout design where preliminary sizing of components and calculations are made in order to produce rough assembly drawings of the conceptual designs. This enables more accurate feasibility and cost estimates to be developed. After modifying the required specifications and conceptual designs, the project’s feasibility can be determined, usually resulting in one design being chosen for detailing. The detail design phase is everything that follows in order to bring the design to life. Design follow-up involves activities such as the development of a maintenance plan and documentation, which often cause many design engineers to run and hide. However, if the design is not maintained , or if nobody can figure out how to use it, the design will not be used and design effort will have been wasted.12 Along each step of the design path, design engineers have to apply their own personal design methodology, which they must develop themselves. Whatever from the methodology takes, it should realize that no develop a design plan for complex system.12 Along each step of the design path, design engineers have to apply their own personal design methodology, which they must develop themselves. Whatever from the methodology takes, it should realize that no design engineer is an island. In general, the method should:1) Foster creativity. The design engineer should always start with wild, crazy, “what if” designs and if necessary scale back to more rational conventional solutions.The design engineer, however, must know when to turn off the wild, crazy, dreaming aspect often associated with generating conceptual designs, and proceed with a systematic consideration of one or two concepts that will lead to the detail design.2) Acknowledge the creativeness of others. A nor invented here (NIH) syndrome is unacceptable and has been the downfall of many a firm that was unwilling to adopt an outsider’s superior concept. There is no room for prejudice in design. One must take what exists, use it to its fullest potential, and then improve upon it.3) Do not depend on luck or ignore a problem in the hope that it will go away. A wishful attitude has killed many people and generated huge legal fees. Every detail from where to run electric lines and hydraulic hoses, to placement of the warning labels and nameplates, must be carefully considered.4) Be disciplined and well organized so the design can be passed onto others for detailing or completion. This requires knowing how to delegate authority to optimize utilization of an organization’s resou rces.5) Respect simplicity and the fundamental knowledge of how and why things work. This will hasten the convergence process for a design and will help prevent oversights such as placing a measuring element far away from the process to be measured (Abbe error). It will also lead to the minimizing of design cost, manufacturing cost, functional errors, and embarrassment.6). Continually subject designs to value analysis in an effort to reduce cost with an equal or increased level of quality. Not only must the design be subject to value analysis, but the manufacturing and sales must be considered as integral parts of a successful design process. Thus the design engineer must also be knowledgeable in production and marketing skills.13 When developing your own personal design methodology, also consider some of the following common methods used by design engineers to develop solutions to design problems:1). Persistent questioning. By always asking “Why?” and “Can it be made simpler and better?” You will be less likely to settle for less than best, or to overlook a possible improvement.2). Known solutions. By analyzing known solutions to existing similar problems, one can often find a wheel that exists without having to reinvent it. This method also includes systematic analysis of variations of known solutions.3). Forward chaining. Start with a sketch of the problem depicting what you hope to accomplish and then form an expanding tree of ideas.4). Backward chaining. Start with what you know the complete design must look like and then trace back through all the elements that lead to the final design and scale and modify them accordingly. This procedure is usually used to develop manufacturing or process plans.14 The array of products that are designed in the world is so varied and complex that it is nearly impossible to list a comprehensive generic design plan that incorporates these concepts for a generic product.1什么是好的设计工程师？设计艺术形式不仅是实行这些天赋的人才，或者是一个严格的纪律，可以学到了什么？几乎所有人类涉及改变我们周围的环境，这是主要的设计都是；每一个人拥有的能力设计在一定程度上。
#零点知识库—UEET102_IE_modified
Product Design:
Specifies which materials are to be used Determines dimensions and tolerances Defines the appearance of the product Sets standards for performance.
5 . P ro c e s s P la n n in g
(M a n u fa c tu rin g S p e c ific a tio n s )
Sources of idea generation
Surveying suppliers, distributors, and salespersons Monitoring trade journals Analyzing warranty claims, customer complaints, and
or evolving a significant subsystem of a current product (such as antilock brakes). Variant Design (or Modification) Involves varying the parameters (size, geometry, material properties, control parameters, etc.) of certain aspects of a product to develop a new and more robust design.
proposed product or service If the proposed product meets certain
机械专业英语6市公开课获奖课件省名师示范课获奖课件
Some of the sources that are available include the following:
可得到旳某些资源如下：
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Paragraph 8
课程旳工程设计部分必须涉及下列大部分特征：学生发明 性旳培养、能适应将来发展旳问题使用、当代设计理论和 措施旳发展和应用、设计问题旳陈说和详细阐明、其他处 理问题措施旳考虑、可行性研究、生产过程、并行工程设 计以及详细旳系统描述。
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Further, it is essential to include a variety of realistic constraints such as economic factors, safety, reliability, aesthetics, ethics, and social impact.
工程设计旳正式定义能够在工程技术鉴定合格委员会 （ABET）旳课程指导方针中找到。
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ABET accredits(鉴定) curricula in engineering schools and derives its membership from the various engineering professional societies(行 业协会).
作为工程师被授权利用专门技术来研究和改善产品和 系统，但同步我们必须懂得我们旳行为一般对社会和 环境旳影响，并考虑全部有关原因，尽责旳工作，找 出最佳旳处理方法。
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Paragraph 3:
Design is the culmination(最高阶段) of the engineering educational process; it is the salient(突出旳) feature that distinguishes engineering from other professions.
钢筋混凝土框架结构基于位移的抗震设计
编者按:随着地震灾害的频繁发生,如何确保建筑的安全,最大限度的降低震害损失,已成为抗震设计的重要内容。
结合我国建筑结构抗震设计实际,本期重点介绍此方面的进展。
基于性能的抗震设计方法是未来抗震设计的发展方向。
此法能够有效控制建筑结构在不同强度地震作用下的破坏状态,保证建筑结构的抗震水平。
因此,理应受到工程界的广泛关注。
静力弹塑性分析方法(Pushover )作为一种结构非线性反应的简化分析方法,考虑了结构进入塑性状态后的性能,更加符合强震下结构实际的受力性能,在分析技术的复杂性及对计算结果的分析上,是一种有效的分析方法,受到越来越多学者的重视。
另外,Pushover 分析大都仅考虑水平方向的地震作用,然而,竖向地震作用将对结构水平方向的位移产生较大影响,对此进行研究十分必要。
高层建筑结构体系中,除框架结构体系外,一般都有剪力墙或剪力墙组成的筒体,系主要抗震结构构件。
故研究高层剪力墙的抗震性能具有重要现实意义。
本刊对其结构理论分析,设计理论研究,现行设计标准,新型构造形式以及抗震试验方法等,进行归纳、总结,以飨读者。
钢筋混凝土框架结构基于位移的抗震设计3刘 林1 白国良1 李晓文1 李红星2 赵春莲2(11西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,西安 710055;21西北电力设计院,西安 710032) 摘 要:RC 框架结构基于位移的抗震设计以框架的侧移曲线为基础,将多自由度体系转化为等效单自由度体系。
在等效线性化的前提下,用弹塑性位移反应谱求出结构等效周期,得到层间剪力,进行结构构件刚度和承载力设计。
同时将框架结构的弹塑性层间位移转化为梁、柱构件的目标侧移角,以确定构件的配箍特征值,保证结构预期的变形能力。
该方法可以很好的控制结构在不同强度水准地震作用下的性能。
关键词:基于位移的抗震设计;弹塑性位移反应谱;性能水准;层间位移角DISP LACEMENT 2BASE D SEISMIC DESIGN METH OD OF RC FRAMESLiu Lin 1 Bai G uoliang 1 Li X iaowen 1 Li H ongxing 2 Zhao Chunlian 2(1.C ollege of Civil Engineering ,X i ’an University of Architecture &T echnology ,X i ′an 710055,China ;2.N orthwest E lectric P ower Design Institute ,X i ′an 710032,China )Abstract :Dis placement 2based seismic design of RC frames is based on the dis placement shape of the RC frame ,and multi 2degree 2of 2freed om system is trans formed into an effective single 2degree 2of 2freed om system.Based on equivalent linearization ,equivalent period is determined by using the elastic 2plastic dis placement res ponse s pectra ,and then the structural members are designed.At the same time ,target deformability of the beams and columns are obtained by decom posing the structure ’s storey drift.And the ex pected deformability of the structure can be guaranteed by appropriate locate the ratio of stirrup.T his meth od could effectively control the seismic per formance of the structure in different intensity earthquakes.K eyw ords :displacement 2based seismic design ;elastic 2plastic displacement response spectra ;per formance level ;storey drift ratios3国家自然科学基金资助项目(50578129);教育部博士点专项基金资助项目(20060703001)。
机械专业英语Unit1-教案
主要教学步骤和教学内容课程导入：专业英语的主要特点新课讲授：Engineering graphics is a cornerstone of engineering. The essence of engineering—that is, design—requires graphics as the means of communication within the design process. Graphics servers as the common treaty between design and the manufacturing and construction processes.工程图学是工程设计里面的基础，工程的实质设计——要求图纸作为设计过程中进行交流的手段。
所以，图纸在设计与加工制造过程中充当共同协议的作用。
Study of the fundamentals of engineering graphics is one key to your success asan engineer. Being able to describe an idea with a sketch is a prerequisite of the engineering profession. The ability to pur forth a three-dimensional geometry in a form that can be communicated to other engineers, scientists, technicians, and nontechnical personnel is a valuable asset. Of equal importance is knowing how to read and understand the graphics prepared by others.工程制图是设计人员走向成功的一项基本技术。
仪器科学与技术专业英语词汇
仪器科学与技术专业英语词汇Instrumentation Science and Technology: Key English Terminology.Instrumentation Science and Technology is a diverse field that encompasses the design, development, and application of measurement devices and systems. This field plays a crucial role in various industries, including engineering, medicine, environmental monitoring, and more. As such, it's essential to have a solid understanding of the terminology associated with this discipline. Here, we delve into some key English vocabulary related to Instrumentation Science and Technology.1. Instrumentation: This refers to the collection of tools, devices, and systems used for measurement and control. Instrumentation can range from simple handheld meters to complex automated systems.2. Sensors: Devices that convert a physical quantity(e.g., temperature, pressure, light, sound) into a measurable electrical signal. Sensors are fundamental components of most measurement systems.3. Transducers: Similar to sensors, transducers convert one form of energy into another. They are often used interchangeably with sensors, but the term "transducer" emphasizes the energy conversion process.4. Measurement Systems: These are combinations of sensors, transducers, and other components that together perform a specific measurement task. Measurement systems can be analog or digital, depending on the type of signals processed.5. Calibration: The process of adjusting the reading ofa measuring instrument to ensure it agrees with a known standard. Calibration is crucial for ensuring accuracy and reliability.6. Control Systems: Systems that monitor and adjust processes to maintain desired operating conditions.Instrumentation plays a vital role in control systems, providing feedback and enabling precise adjustments.7. Automation: The use of technology to perform tasks without direct human intervention. Instrumentation and control systems are integral to automation, enabling efficient and precise operation of machines and processes.8. Data Acquisition: The process of capturing, digitizing, and storing analog signals from sensors and transducers. Data acquisition systems convert real-world physical quantities into digital data that can be processed and analyzed.9. Signal Processing: Techniques used to modify or analyze signals to extract useful information. Signal processing is crucial in instrumentation, as it helps extract meaningful data from potentially noisy or complex signals.10. Instrumentation Amplifier: A special type of amplifier designed to amplify small signals from sensorswith high sensitivity and low noise. Instrumentation amplifiers are often used in precision measurement applications.These are just some of the key terms related to Instrumentation Science and Technology. The field is vast and diverse, encompassing numerous sub-disciplines and applications. Therefore, a comprehensive list of terminology would be extensive. However, these terms provide a solid foundation for understanding the basic concepts and vocabulary associated with this important field.。
光电英语词汇(G)
光电英语词汇(G)光电英语词汇(G)光电英语词汇(G)g-factorg 因数，朗德因释gaas detector 砷化镓探测器gaas infrared emitter 砷化镓红外发射器gaas injection laser 砷化镓注入式激光器gaas laser 砷化镓激光器gaas laser diode 砷化镓激光二极管gaas light source 砷化镓光源gaas p-n junction injection laser 砷化镓p-n结注入式激光器gaas p-n junction ir source 砷化镓p-n结红外光源gaas spontaneous infrared source 砷化镓自发红外光源gaas varactor diode 砷化镓可变电抗二极管gaas-junction light source 砷化镓结光源gabor hologram 伽柏全息图gabor's expansion theorem 伽柏展开原理gabor's method 伽柏法gadolinium (gd)钆gadolinium molybdate 钼酸钆gaertner spectrograph 伽特纳摄谱仪gage (=gauge)(1)规(2)量计(3)测量gaging head 测头gaililean viewfinder 伽利略取景器gaillium antimonide 锑化镓gain 增益gain amplifier 增益放大器gain by one path 单程增益gain cell 增益室gain coefficient of medium 媒质增益系数gain control 增益控制gain crossover 增益窜渡gain curve of medium 媒质增益曲线gain decay characteristic 增益衷减特性gain factor 增益因数gain invertion 增益反转gain margin 增益容限gain of light 光增益gain per pass 单程增益gain spiking 增益巅值gain stage 增益级gain staturation 增益饱和gain-bandwidth product 宽频增益器gain-bandwithd 增益带宽gain-guided laser 增益导引雷射gain-switching amplifier 增益开关放大器gain-switching system 增益开关系统gal 伽galaaxy 银河系galactic irradiance 银河系辐照度galactic noise 银河系噪声galaxy 银河galilean binocular 伽利略双筒望远镜galilean eyepiece 伽利略目镜galilean refracting telescopes 折射望远镜，galilean 望远镜galilean telescope 伽利略望远镜galilent telescope 加利略望远镜galley camera 制版照相机gallium (ga)镓gallium aluminum arsenide (gaaias or aigaas)砷铝化镓gallium antimonite (gasb)锑化镓gallium aresenide injection laser 砷化镓注入式激光器gallium arseide detector 砷化镓探测器gallium arsenide 砷化镓gallium arsenide photphide 磷砷化镓gallium arsenide (gaas) injection laser 砷化镓注入雷射gallium nitride 磷化镓gallium photsphide (gap)加仑gallium-arsenide optical filter 砷化镓滤光片gallon (gal)电流探测galvanic detection 镀锌galvanoluminescence 电流发光galvanometer 电流计galvanometer mirror 电流计镜galvanometer recorder 电流计记录器galvanometer shunt 电流计分流器galvanometer spot project 电流计光点投影器galvanometerh 电流计gamma 加玛gamma camera 加玛射线照像机gamma control r控制gamma correction r校准gamma irradiation r辐射gamma radiography 加玛防线照像术gamma ray r射线gamma ray detector 伽玛射线检测器gamma ray image converter r射线变像管gamma sphere 伽玛射线球gamma value r值gamma-ray astronomy 伽玛射线天文线gamma-ray fluoroscope r射线荧光镜gamma-ray gauge r射线测量计gamma-ray hologram r射线全息图gamma-ray laser r射线激光器gamma-ray meter r射线测计，r剂量计gamma-ray projector r射线投影器gamma-ray spectrograph r射线摄谱仪gamma-ray spectromete r伽玛射线分光计gamma-space r空目gammagraph r照相装置gammagraphy r照相术gamut (1)音阶(2)色移gan 氮化镓gan led 氮化镓发光二极体ganecke projection 甘奈克投影gang capacitor 其轴电容器gang switch 共轴开关gap 磷化镓gap coding 空隙编码gap conunter 间隙计数器gap length 气隙长度gap loss 间隙损失gap-gauge 厚薄尺，塞尺garching iodine laser system 伽斤碘激光系统garment (1)外套，外表(2)外涂层garmnet 石榴石garnet crystal 石榴晶体garnet laser 石榴石激光器gas (1)气体(2)媒气gas absorption cell 气体吸收元件gas active material 气体激光材料gas amplification 气体放大gas analysis 气体分析gas ballast rotary pump 气镇旋转泵gas breakdown 气体击穿gas breakdown threshold 气体击穿阈gas chromatograph 气象色谱gas chromatography 气相色谱gas chromatorgarma 气相色谱gas clean up 气体除净gas current 气体电流gas detector 气体检测器gas diode 气体二极管gas diode phototube 充气光电二极管gas discharge 气体放电gas discharge display 气体放电显示器gas discharge laser 气体放电雷射gas dynamic co-laser 气动-氧化碳激光器gas dynamic laser 气体激光器gas etching technique 气体刻蚀技术充气的gas filled cable 充气电缆gas filled rectifier 充气整流器gas filled tube 充气管gas filter correlation 气体滤器相关gas focusing 气体聚焦gas laser 气体激光高度计gas laser altimeter 气体透镜gas lens 混合气体透镜gas magnification 气体放大gas mixture lens 汽油gas photocell 气体光电池gas recyclers and gas handling equipment 气体再生设备，气体填充设备gas ring laser 不透气的，气密的gas tightness 气体迁移激光器gas tube 气体管gas-ballatsing 气镇gas-discharge 气体放电gas-discharge cell 气体放电元件gas-discharge lamp 气体放电灯gas-discharge laser 气的放电激光器gas-discharge noise 气体放电噪声gas-discharge plasma 气体放电等离子体gas-discharge source 气体放电光源gas-discharge tube 气体放电管gas-filled 充气灯gas-filled lamp 充气激光管gas-filled laser tube 充气光电管gas-filled phototube 充气钨丝灯gas-filled tungsten-filament 气体注入式激光器gas-injection laser (1)衬垫(2)垫圈gas-phase laser 气环形激光器gas-tight 气密性gas-transport laser 充气三极管，闸流管gas-transport laser (gtl)气体输送雷射gasdynamic 气动的gasdynamic mixing laser 气动混合激光器gasdynamic mode 气动模gasdynamic type of chemical laser 气动式化学激光器gaseous 气体的gaseous cascade laser 气体串级激光器gaseous discharge 气体放电gaseous medium 气体媒质gaseous target 气体靶gases for lasers 雷射用气体gases for optical application 光学用气体gasket 气体激光器gasoline 气相激光器gassing 释气gastriode 纤维胃窥镜gastrofiberscope gastroscope 胃镜gastroscope 胃窥镜，胃视镜gate (1)门电路(2)选通脉冲(3)电影放大镜头窗口gate bias 栅偏压gate driver ic 闸极驱动ic gate float 浮动窗框gate mask 孔板gate pulse 选通脉冲，门脉冲gate trigger signal 闸极驱动讯号gate turn off signal 闸极关闭讯号gate value 门阀gate width 选通脉冲宽度gate-controlled switch 闸控开关gated amplifier 选通放大器gated aradiometer 选通辐射计gather 导入，引入gating 选通，开启gating pulse 选通脉冲gating siganl 选通信号gatling gun laser 卡特林机枪雷射（连发式雷射）gauge batr 规杆gauge block 规块gauge caliper 测径规gauge feeler 厚薄规gauge glass 量液玻璃管gauge hole 标准孔gauge outfit 测量头，表头gauge point 标记点gauge pressure 计示压力，表压gauge (=gage)(1)规(2)计(3)测量gauge[-block] interferometer 规块干涉仪gauging error 分度误差，检定误差gauss 高斯gauss beam 高斯光束gauss double type object-lens 双高斯型物镜gauss eyepiece 高斯目镜gauss optics 高斯光学gauss plane 高斯平面gauss point 高斯点gauss points 高斯点gauss theorem 高斯定理gauss transform 高斯变换gauss-condition error 高斯条件误差gauss-invariant co-ordinates 高斯不变坐gaussian band-pass filter 高斯带通滤波器gaussian beam 高斯光束gaussian curvature 高斯曲率gaussian distribution 高斯分布gaussian doublet 高斯型双胶合透镜gaussian elementary beam 高斯基本光束gaussian error 高斯误差gaussian flux law 高斯通量定律gaussian function 高斯函gaussian image 高斯像gaussian laser beam 高斯激光束gaussian lens formula 高斯透镜公式gaussian lineshape 高斯线型gaussian noise 高斯噪声gaussian optics 高斯光学gaussian probability-density function 高斯概率密度函数gaussian pulse 高斯脉冲gaussian reference sphere 高斯参考球gaussian reflectivity 高斯反射率gaussian regaion 高斯区域gaussian wave train 高斯波列gaussmeter 高斯计，磁强计gauze filter 网状滤波器gauze technique 线网技术gaviola test 加维拉检验法ge mesa transistor 锗台式晶体管ge photodiode array camera tube 锗光电二极管阵列摄像管gear (1)齿轮(2)传动装置gear bank 齿轮组gear box (gear case)齿轮箱gear coupling 齿轮联轴节gear drive 齿轮传动gear lead checking machine 齿轮导程检查仪gear lever 变速杆gear mesh 齿轮齿合gear rack 齿轮齿条gear sector 扇形齿轮gear shift 变速，调档gear sprial 螺旋齿轮gear testing machine 齿轮检查仪，测齿仪gear thickness gauge 齿厚规gear tooth venier caliper 厚游标卡尺gear wheel 齿轮gear wheel shaft 齿轮轴gear wheel tester 齿轮检查仪gear-type coupling 齿轮联轴节gearing (1)齿轮装置(2)传动装置gegenschein-zodiacal light photometer 积坚斯因，祖弟卡光线光度计geiger counter 盖革计数器geiger mueller region 盖氏弥勒区域geiger mueller threshold 盖革弥勒阈值geiger-mueller counter 盖革一弥计时器geiger-muller ballast 盖革-弥勒计数管geiger-muller coungter 盖革-弥勒计数管geigerscope 闪烁镜geissler tube 盖斯勒管gel 凝胶gel layer 凝胶层gelatine 明胶gelatine filter 明胶滤光镜gelogy 地质学gemoetrical error 几何误差genal drawing 总图general assembly 总装配general computer 通用计算机general confocal resonator 泛共焦共振腔general isoplanatism theorem 广义等晕定理general radiation scattering 连续辐射散射general view 总图，全视图general wave-beam guide 通用波导general-purpose camera 通用照相机generalized coordinates 广义坐标generalized lagrange invariant 广义拉格朗日不变量generalized projection 广义投影generalized pupil function 广义光瞳函数generalized relative aperture 广义相对孔径generating mark 磨胚痕generation 磨胚generation electric field meter 发电式电场计generation lifetime (1)发生涛命(2)生成寿命generation ⅱwafer tube 第二代晶圆管generation-recombination noise 振荡复合噪声generator (1)振荡器(2)发生器(3)发电机(4)母线generator field control 发电机场控制generatrix 母线genescope 频率特性观测仪genetic engineering 遗传工程学genlock 内锁genmetric concentration 几何传中率genoralized inverse matrix 广义逆矩阵geocenter 地球质量中心geodesic lens 测地镜头geodesic leveling 大地水准测量geodesy 大地测量学geodetic datum 天地基准点geodetic instrument 大地测量仪器geodetic measurement 大地测量geodetic survey 大地测量geodimeter 光电测距仪geodynamic satellite 地球动力卫geodynamics 地球动力学geographic survey 地图测量geographical coordinates 地图坐标，地理坐标geography 地理geoid 大地水准面geological mapping 地质测绘geological survey 地质测量geologit's compass 地质罗盘仪geomagnetic field 地磁场geometrcial transformation 几何变化geometric extent 几何领域geometric metamerism 几何的同差异构性geometric operations 几何作业geometric optics 几何光学geometrical aberration 几何像差geometrical axis 几何轴geometrical broadening 几何展宽geometrical center 几何中心geometrical cross section 几何截面geometrical drawing 几何图geometrical focus 几何焦点geometrical gropression 几何级数geometrical image 几何像geometrical leveling 几何水准测量geometrical optics 几何光学geometrical projection 几何投影法geometrical relationship 几何关系geometrical scanner 几何授描器geometrical shadow 几何阴影geometrical similarity 几何相似性geometry 几何学geomorphology 地貌学，地形学geophysical survey 地球物理测量geophysics 地球物理学georan (geodetie ranger)大地测距仪geoscience 地球科学geostationary satellite 同步卫星geosynchronous orbit 同步轨道geosynchronous satellite 地球同步卫星germainium imaging sensor 锗成像传感器germainium lens 锗透镜germainium-doped optical fibre 掺锗光学纤维german illuminating engineeering society (dltg)德国照明工程协会german silver 德银germanium (ge)锗germanium bolometer 锗测辐射热器germanium detector 锗探测器germanium polarizer 锗偏振器germanium-mosaic image-convertor 锗镶嵌变像管germanium-silicaon alloy 锗硅合金germicidal lamp 杀菌灯germinium-doped silica 掺锗二氧化硅getter (1)吸气剂，收气剂(2)吸杂剂getter bulb 吸气剂管getter material 吸气材料ggg laser crystals 雷射晶体(ggg)ghost effect 寄生效应ghost image 鬼像，幻像ghost line 鬼线ghost peak 假峰ghost prism 鬼棱镜ghost surface 假面ghost-strenght 鬼像强度ghosts 幻影giant optical pulsation 巨光脉冲giant pulse (gp)巨脉冲giant pulse emission 巨脉冲发射giant pulse technique 巨脉冲技术giant resonance 巨共振giant-pulse laser 巨脉冲激光器gib clamp 扁栓制动机构gibbs 吉卜斯gibbs' phenomena 吉卜斯现象giga (g)吉，千兆giga-electron-volt 吉电子伏，千兆电子伏gigabit ethernet network equipment 超高速乙太网路设备gilbert (gb)吉伯gilding (1)镀金(2)镀金术gimbal 常平架，平衡环gimbal lock 常平架锁定gimbal mount 常平架座glaass-sealed 玻璃封接的glan polarizer 格兰起偏振镜glan spectrophotometer 葛兰分光光度计glan-foucault polarizing prism 格兰-傅科偏振棱镜glan-thompson prism 葛兰-汤普生棱镜glan-thomson prism 格兰-汤姆逊棱镜glan-thomson prismsglan-thomson 棱镜glancing angle 掠射角glancing incidence 掠入角gland (1)衬垫压盖(2)密封装置gland nut 压紧螺母glarimeter 光泽计glaring 耀眼的glas laswer 玻璃激光器glass (1)玻璃(2)望远镜(3)显微镜(4)放大镜glass and glass-ceramic mirrors 玻璃，玻璃/陶瓷面镜glass annealing furnace 玻璃退火炉glass barium (baryta)钡玻璃glass bead screen 玻璃球屏幕glass beads 玻璃珠glass blowing 吹玻璃glass capacitor 玻璃电容器glass capillary 玻璃毛细管glass cement 玻璃胶glass cement surface 玻璃胶合界面glass ceramic 玻璃陶瓷glass cuter 玻璃刀glass dial 玻璃刻度些glass disk laser 玻璃圆盘激光器glass disk scale 玻璃刻度盘glass dosimeter 玻璃软片板glass electrode 玻璃电极glass fiber 玻璃纤维glass fiber waveguide 玻璃纤维波导glass film plates 玻璃雷射glass filter 滤光镜glass generators 玻璃产生机glass laser 上色墨glass laser targer 玻璃激光靶glass lasers 玻璃雷射glass marking inks 玻璃上色墨glass melting furnace 玻璃熔炉摄谱仪glass mirror 玻璃镜glass plate 玻璃板glass powder 玻璃粉glass precision scale 精密玻璃刻尺glass rod 玻璃棒glass scale 玻璃分划尺glass shot (1)闪光玻璃(2)特技摄影glass sight 光学瞄准具glass slip 玻璃片glass spectrograph 玻璃摄谱仪glass substrate 玻璃基板glass target 玻璃靶glass transition temperature 玻璃软化温度glass-air interface 玻璃-空气分界面glass-beaded 玻璃熔接的glass-engraving 玻璃雕刻glass-fiber cabie 光缆glass-fiber guide 玻璃纤维波导glass-fiber laser 玻璃纤维激光器glass-on-glass ddrawing technique 玻璃拨丝技术glass-path 玻璃光程glass-processing 玻璃加工的glass-shell target 玻璃空心靶glasses 眼镜glassine 玻璃射glassiness 玻璃质glassing machine 抛光机glassite 玻璃抛光分glassy 透明的，玻璃状的glassy chalcogenide 透明硫化物glassy chalcogenide semiconductor 透明硫化物半导体glaucoma 绿内障，青光眼glaze wheel 研磨轮glazebrook prism 格累兹布鲁克棱镜glazer 抛光轮glazing (1)抛光，磨光(2)配玻璃glazing machine 抛光机gleam 发光，闪光glide plane 滑移平面glide reflection 滑移反射glimmer (1)微光，微弱闪光(2)云母glint (1)光反射(2)闪烁glisten (1)反光(2)闪光glitter 闪烁global monitoring 全球监控global radiation 金球辐射globar 碳化硅棒globar element 碳化硅棒元件globar meterial 碳化硅棒材料globar source 碳化硅棒光源globe 球，球体globe lens 球透镜globe photometer 球形光度计globular bulb 球状灯泡globular projection 球面投影globule 小球体globulite 滴晶glory ray 彩色glosgloss meters 光泽计gloss 光泽gloss meter 光泽计glossiness (1)光泽度(2)砖光度glossy paper 光面相纸glossy specimen 光泽样品glow 辉光glow ballast 辉光管glow characteristic 辉光特性曲线glow discharge 辉光放电glow factor 辉光因数glow lamp 辉光放电管，白炽灯glow modulator tube 辉光调制管glow plasma 辉光等离子体glower 炽热体glue line heating 胶线加热gluing 胶合，黏合glyceriin-immerision system 甘油油浸系统go-gauge 通过规go-no-go gauge 过端-不过端量规gobo (1)镜头挡光板(2)吸声板goggles 护目镜，风镜golay cell 高莱探测器gold (au)金gold blackbody 金黑体gold flaser 金激光器gold foil 金箔gold leaf electroscope 金箔验电器gold-doped 掺金的goldberg wedge 戈伯劈gon 百分度gonimeter eyepiece 测角目镜goniometer (1)测角器(2)测向器goniometer eyepiece 测角器目镜goniometry (1)测角术(2)测向术goniophotometer 测角光度计goniophotometric curve 测角光度曲线gonioradiometer 测角轴射计gonioscopic prism 视轴角度棱镜gonometric (1)测角的(2)测向的gotar lens 戈塔镜头grad criteria 等级判据gradation (1)层次(2)分级(3)等级grade (1)等级(2)坡度grade of fit 配合等俏grade-index 递级指数graded coating 等级涂层graded deposit 递级淀积层graded index 陡度折射率graded refractive index 陡度折射率graded-index glass fiber 陡度折射率玻璃纤维graded-index potical fiber 陡度折射率光学纤维graded-index potical waveguide 陡度折射率光学波导gradient 陡度，梯度gradient edge enhancement 梯度边增强gradient neutral density filter 陡度中性密滤光片gradient refractive index 陡度折射率gradient spectrum 陡度光谱gradient vector 梯度向量gradienter 陡度计，测斜度计gradual approximation 渐次近似法gradual cut filter 阶梯式截止滤光片graduated circle 分度圈graduated ring 分度圈graduated scale 分度尺graduation 分度，刻度graduation line 分度线，刻度线graduation mark 分度符号graduator 分度器gradusated filter 分度滤光片grain 粒，晶粒grain isolating diaphragm 晶粒隔离光阑grain noise 颗粒噪声grain refinement 晶粒细化grain size (1)粒度(2)晶粒大小grain structure 颗粒特构graininess (1)粒度(2)颗粒性graininess of the photographic image 相片影像的颗粒度gram 克gram atom 克原gram molecule 克分子gram-rad 克-弧度gramme ring 格阑姆环grandagon 格朗达贡granlte 花岗岩granular 颗粒状的granular structure 颗粒结构granularity (1)颗粒度(2)颗粒性granulation 颗粒化grape jelly 葡萄胶graph 线图graph plotter 制图仪graphechon 阴极射线存储管graphecon 阴极射线储存管graphic 图示的，图解的graphic analysis 图解分析graphic arts 图解艺术graphic arts camera 图解艺术照相机graphic arts equipment 图解艺术设备graphic chart 图表graphic display 图形显示graphic instrument 图解仪graphic language 图像语言graphic meter 自动记录仪graphic method 图示法graphic panel 图示板graphic projection disply 图形投影显示graphic recorder 图形记录器graphic representation 图示，图形表示法graphic scale 图示比例尺graphical construction of image 成像图法graphical design of otpical system 光学系统图解设计graphical integration 图解积分graphical ray tracing 图解光路追踪graphics 图解法，图示学graphite 石墨graphitic carbon 石墨碳graser 伽射graser (gamma-ray laser) r激光器graser rodr 激光棒grasshof number 革拉秀夫数grate 格栅graticule (1)十字线(2)分度镜grating 光栅grating beam-divider 光栅光束分离器grating constant 光栅常数grating coupled 光栅耦合的grating coupler 光栅耦合器grating dip 光栅浸渍grating efficiency 光栅效率grating interferometer 光栅干涉仪grating line 光栅划线grating lobe 光栅波瓣grating monochromator 光栅单色仪grating pair 光栅对grating prism 光栅棱镜grating recombiner 光栅光束重合器grating reflector 栅状反射器grating satellite 光栅伴线grating shearing interferometer 光栅剪切干涉仪grating space 光栅间距grating spectrograph 光栅摄谱仪grating spectrometer 光栅分光计grating spectronmeter 光栅分光计grating spectrum 光栅光谱grating spectrum satellite 光栅光谱伴线grating storage target 栅状信息存储靶grating substrate 光栅衬底grating (chromatic resolving power)光栅（色监别能力）grating-coupled radiation 光栅耦合辐射grating-like hologram 类光栅全息图grating-ruling engine 光栅刻线机gravimeter 重差计gravitational field (1)引力场(2)重力场gravitational force (1)引力(2)重力gravitational imaging 重力造像gravitational method 重力法gravitational red shift 引力红移gravitational waves 重力波gravity 重力gravity interferometer 重力干涉仪gravitycell 重力电池gravure microscope 照相制版用显微镜gray (1)灰色(2)灰色的gray body 灰体gray code 葛莱码gray levels 灰色阶层gray scale 灰色刻度gray scales 灰色标gray-level mask 灰阶光罩gray-scale image 灰色刻度相gray-scale modification 灰色刻度修正grazing angle 掠射角grazing emergence (1)掠射(2)临界出射grazing incidence 掠入射grazing-incidence diffraction 掠入射衍射grazing-incidence grating 掠入射光栅grazing-incidence interferometer 掠入射干涉仪grazing-incidence mounting 掠入射装grease 润滑脂grease-spot photometer 油斑光度计green (1)绿色(2)绿色的green block 绿块green disk 革忍碟green filter 绿色滤光器green laser 绿光激光器green mercury light 汞绿光green radiation 绿辐射green region 绿区green's function 格临函数green's theorem 格临定理green-house effect 温室效应green-twyman interferometer 格临-揣曼干涉仪green-yellow light 黄绿光greenough microscope 革忍欧夫显微镜greenwich meridian 格林尼治子午线greenwich sidereal time 格林尼治恒星时greenwich time 格林尼治时gregorian mirror 格雷果反射镜gregorian telescope 格雷果里望远镜grenz rays 界射线grey (1)灰色(2)灰色的grey body 灰色体grey body radiation 灰色体射grey filter 灰滤色镜grey glass 灰玻璃grey level 灰度级grey photometric wedge 灰色光楔grey scale 灰度标grey surface 灰表面greyness 灰色grid (1)栅极(2)格栅(3)电池铅板grid azimuth 平面方位角grid bias cell 栅偏压电池grid blocking 栅遮断grid control 栅控grid pulsing 栅极脉波法grid-bias 栅偏压grid-leak bias 栅漏偏压grid-voitage 栅压gridistor 隐栅管grill 格栅grin (graded index)陡度折度率grin lenses (graduated refractive index rod) grin 透镜grindability 可磨性grinder (1)磨床(2)磨工grinding 研磨grinding and polishing machinery 研磨与抛光机器grinding material 磨料grinding stone (1)砂轮(2)磨石grinding tool 磨具grindstone 天然磨石grit (1)研磨砂(2)粒度grond photogrammetry 地面摄影测量学grooring 划槽groove (1)槽(2)粒度groove form diffraction grating 槽形衍射光栅grooved pulley 槽轮gross area 总面积gross difference 总差gross tolerance 总公差gross weight 总重，毛重grossmeters 光泽度计ground absorption 地面吸收，大地吸收ground circle 基圆ground coat 底涂层ground colour 底色ground flat 研磨平面ground glass 磨砂玻璃，毛玻璃ground infrared target 地面红外目标ground laser locator designator 地面激光定位指示器ground laser radar 地面激光雷达ground level 基能级ground line 基线ground noise 本底噪声ground object 地面地标ground range 地面距离ground state 基态ground state assignment 基态分布ground state atom 基态原子ground state population 基态粒子数ground state relaxation 基态弛豫ground state speies 基态族ground truth 地表实况ground wire (1)群(2)基，组，族，团ground-based optical receiver 地面光学接收器ground-cathode amplifier 阴极接地放大器ground-echo pattern 地球反射波图样ground-excited level jump 基态激发能级跃迁ground-glass diffuser 毛玻璃漫射器ground-glass finder 毛玻璃寻像器ground-glass screen 毛玻璃屏ground-to-air laser ranging 地对空激光测距ground-to-ground laser ranging 接地线grounded-base amplifier 基极接地放大器grounded-collector amplifier 共集放大器grounded-emitter amplifier 共射放大器grounded-grid amplifier 栅极接地放大器grounded-plate amplifier 屏极接地放大器grounding conductor 接地导体group 群码group code 群延迟时间group delay time 脉冲群振荡器group index 群摄group modulation 群调变group pulse generator 组合振射效group shot 组合系统group system 群摄group theory 组合系统group velocity 郡论growing wave 增长波growith striation 生长辉纹growler 咆哮器grown junction 生长接面grown-junction photocell 生长-接面光电池grub screw 无头螺钉grum recording spectroadiometer 格卢姆自动记录分光辐射谱仪grzig incidence telescope 掠入射望远镜gsgg gsag laser crystals 雷射晶体(gsgg,gsag)guard (1)防护(2)防謢装置guard wire 保护线gudden-pohl effect 卡登-波耳效应guidance (1)制导，导航(2)导槽guidance accuracy 制导准确度guidance beam 制导波束guidance control 制导控制guidance information 制导信息guidance package 制导组件guide (1)导向器(2)导轨(3)导槽guide bar 导杆guide curve 导向曲线guide face 导轨面guide grid 定向栅guide line 导线guide locating 导销guide number 闪光次数guide number letter scale 曝光指数等级guide pin 导销，定位销guide pulley 导轮，压带轮guide rod 导杆guide surface 导轨面guide track 导轨guide wavelength 导波长guide way (1)导轨(2)导向槽guided mode 导引模式guided ray 导向射线guided transmission 波导传输guided wave 导波guiding laser beam 制导激光束guiding microscope 引导显微镜guiding ocular 引导目镜guiding prism 引导棱镜guinier focusing camera 纪尼埃聚焦照相机gum 树胶，树脂gun (1)抢，炮(2)电子枪(3)照相机镜头gun camera 枪炮照相机gun sight 枪炮瞄准镜gun-laying reticle 枪瞄准十字线gun-sight aiming point camera 枪炮瞄准装置gunn effect oscillator 耿氏效应振荡器gunn errer 白恩效应guy wire 拉线gypsum 石膏gyration 回转gyrator 回转器，陀螺gyre 回转，旋转gyro 回转罗盘，陀螺仪gyro black assembly 回转组件gyro frequency 回转频率gyro horizon 回转地平仪gyro magnetic ratio 回磁比gyro sextant 回转六分仪gyro-level 回转水平仪gyrobearing 回转方位gyroclinometer 回转测斜仪gyrocompass 回转罗盘gyromagnetic effect 回磁效应gyromagnetic ratio 回磁比gyromagnetic spin system 回磁自旋系统gyrometer 回转测试仪gyropilot 回转驾驶仪，导航仪gyroscope 回转仪，陀螺gyroscopic camera mount 摄影机回转座gyroscopic clinmeter 回转测斜仪gyroscopic theodolite 回转经纬仪gyrosight 回转瞄准器gyrostabilizer 回转稳定器gyrostat 回转轮gyrosyn 回转感应同步罗盘gyrotron 振动回转器，振动陀螺仪gyrotropi crystal 旋光晶体gyrotropic bi-refringence 旋转变折射gyrotropy (1)旋转回归线(2)旋光性光电英语词汇(G) 相关内容:41。
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, DC 20314-1000
EM 1110-2-1908 30 June 1995
Engineering and Design INSTRUMENTATION OF EMBANKMENT DAMS AND LEVEES
Distribution Restriction Statement
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
EM 1110-2-1908 30 June 1995
US Army Corps of Engineers ENGINEERING AND DESIGN
districts, laboratories, and field operating activities (FOA) involved with planning, design, construction, installation, monitoring, analysis, and maintenance of instrumentations systems in Corps of Engineers embankment dams and levees. FOR THE COMMANDER:
CECW-EG
Manual No. 1110-2-1908
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000
EM 1110-2-1908
30 June 1995
Engineering and Design INSTRUMENTATION OF EMBANKMENT DAMS AND LEVEES
4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8
4-1 4-1 4-4 4-9 4-16 4-18 4-19 4-22
Chapter 2 Behavior of Embankments and Abutments Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 Basics of Soil Structure . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 Groundwater Level and Pore Water Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 Time Lag in Groundwater Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 Mechanisms That Control Behavior . . . 2-5 Chapter 3 Instrumentation Concepts, Objectives, and System Design Considerations Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Unique Characteristics of Geotechnical Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 Characteristics of Geotechnical Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 Instrumentation Objectives . . . . . . . . . 3-4 Basic Instrumentation Concepts . . . . . . 3-5 Instrumentation System Planning . . . . . 3-6 Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 Personnel Qualifications and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
UPDATES For a list of all U.S. Army Corps of Engineers publications and their most recent publication dates, refer to Engineer Pamphlet 25-1-1, Index of Publications, Forms and Reports.
CECW-EG
Manual No. 1110-2-1908
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000
EM 1110-2-1908
30 June 1995
Engineering and Design INSTRUMENTATION OF EMBANKMENT DAMS AND LEVEES
____________________________________________________________________________________
This manual supersedes EM 1110-2-1908 Part 1 dated 31 Aug 1971 and Part 2 dated 19 Nov 1976.
Instrumentation of Embankment Dams and Levees
ENGINEER MANUAL
AVAILABILITY Copies of this and other U.S. Army Corps of Engineers publications are available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Phone (703)487-4650. Government agencies can order directlyu from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Publications Depot, 2803 52nd Avenue, Hyattsville, MD 20781-1102. Phone (301)436-2065. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers personnel should use Engineer Form 0-1687.
Table of Contents
Subject Paragraph Page Subject Paragraph Page
Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Format of the Manual . . . . . . . . . . Use of the Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . Implementation of an Instrumentation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Purpose. This manual provides guidance to Corps of Engineers personnel who are responsible for
monitoring and analyzing embankment dams and levees.
2. Applicability. This manual applies to HQUSACE elements, major subordinate commands (MSC),
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8
1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-3
. . 1-9
Chapter 4 Summary of Measurement Methods Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Instrumentation Measurement Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement of Piezometric Pressure . . . Measurement of Deformation . . . . . . . . Measurement of Total Stress . . . . . . . . . Measurement of Temperature . . . . . . . . Measurement of Seismic Events . . . . . . Measurement of Seepage Emerging Downstream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 5 Automation Considerations Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advantages and Limitations of Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Description of Automated Systems Planning a System . . . . . . . . . . . Designing an Automation System Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Acquisition, Management, Analysis, and Reporting . . . . . . Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 6 Installation Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personnel Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . Contracting Issues . . . . . . . . . . . Instrumentation of New Structures Instrumentation of Existing Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drilling Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Installation Procedures . .