英语自考语言学填空题
语言学 填空题
填空题Chapter11. function is realized by mood and modality.【答案】Interpersonal2. Halliday proposes a theory of metalingual functions of language, that is, language has , interpersonal and textual functions.【答案】ideational3. Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called p .【答案】performative1. studies meaning in language, is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences, and is concerned with the internal organization of words. They are all among the main branches of linguistics.【答案】semantics；syntax；morphology2. In linguistics, refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentences.【答案】Syntax3. studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.【答案】phonetics; phonology1. is the study of the language-processing mechanisms. It is concerned with the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language; , on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. They both belong to branches of macrolinguistics.【答案】psycholinguistics ; sociolinguistics2. Computational linguistics can be seen as a branch of applied linguistics, dealing with computer of human language.【答案】processing1. grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.【答案】descriptive；prescriptive2. In linguistics, languages are studied at a theoretical point in time: one describes a ‘state’of the language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place.【答案】synchronicChapter21. Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and of articulation.【答案】manner2. are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.【答案】consonantsChapter31. There are two fields of morphology: the study of and the study of .【答案】inflectional；lexical/derivational2. A morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.【答案】bound3. is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.【答案】Morphophonology1. is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from and .【答案】blending；smoke；fog2. The principle of Creation can account for the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation of some English verbs.【答案】Analogical3. Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an affix from a longer form already in the language.【答案】imaginedChapter41.______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.【答案】CohesionChapter51. According to G Leech, meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content【答案】connotative2. According to G. Leech, meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker／writer.【答案】affective1.“X buys something from Y”and “Y sells something to X”are in a relation of .【答案】converse antonymy2. Terms like “desk”and “stool”are of the term “furniture”.【答案】(co-)hyponyms3.“Tulip”, “rose”and “violet”are all included in the notion of “flower”. Therefore, they are superordinates of “flower”【答案】FChapter91. “The world is like a stage” is an example of, and “All the world is a stage”is an example of . They are often used in analyzing features of literary language.nnn【答案】simile；metaphor1. At different times, different patterns of metre and sound have developed and become accepted as ways of structuring poems. Among them, consists of lines in iambic pentameter which do not rhyme.【答案】blank verse2. A foot contains two syllables. A stressed syllable comes first, following by an unstressed syllable.【答案】trochee。
语言学自考纲要试题及答案
语言学自考纲要试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 文学作品B. 语言行为C. 语言结构D. 语言教学答案：C2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 社会语言学B. 神经语言学C. 文化研究D. 心理语言学答案：C3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 语义和语法B. 语音和语义C. 符号和象征D. 能指和所指答案：D4. 语音学中的“最小对立对”是指什么？A. 发音相似的词B. 发音不同的音节C. 只有一处发音不同的词对D. 音节数量不同的词答案：C5. 哪种语言现象说明了语言的任意性？A. 同义词B. 同音词C. 外来词D. 拟声词答案：B6. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔答案：B7. 在语言的词汇-语法连续体中，词汇通常位于哪个位置？A. 左端B. 右端C. 中间D. 两端都有可能答案：A8. 语言的同化现象通常发生在什么情况下？A. 语言接触B. 语言孤立C. 语言标准化D. 语言简化答案：A9. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 语境B. 言语行为C. 语义特征D. 隐喻答案：C10. 哪种语言现象可以体现语言的创造性？A. 套话B. 习语C. 新词创造D. 同音词答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言符号的任意性，即符号的形式与其指代的对象之间没有必然的联系。
答案：任意性原则12. 社会语言学研究的是语言与_______之间的关系。
答案：社会13. 在语言学中，“_______”是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案：方言14. 语言的“_______”是指语言随时间演变的过程。
答案：历时变化15. “_______”是指语言在特定情境下的使用，包括语言的选择、组织和解释。
答案：语用学16. 语音学中的“_______”是指音素的最小区别特征。
英语语言学填空题及答案
Chapter one1.Linguistics is generally defined as the .2.The study of language as a whole is often called .3.The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to theestablishment of phonetics.4.The study of is known as semantics.5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to .6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics.7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be .8. The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time isa diachronic.9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing.10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is .12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to thelanguage.14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.答案：1.scientific study of language2.general linguistics3.sounds4.meaning5.psychology6.applications7.descriptive8.history; changes9.priorngue; parole11.prescriptive12.spoken13.written14.conducted15.typesChapter Two1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively.3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _ and the other is in terms of _ .4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_______.5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_______; thus making the two phones similate.7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______.9. Language is first ______through its sounds.10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner of articulation is _______.11. _______, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language .12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _______.13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels .14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______.15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements.答案:1.phonic mediumbeled articulation phonetics3.manner of articulation; place of articulation4.the speech sounds5.allo phones6.sequential phoneme7.varying pronunciation8.orthographically represented9.perceived10.bilabial; stops11.phonetic similarity12.oral cavity13.tense; lox14.simultaneous distinctive featurespound nounChapter Three1.Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found in language.2.Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information aboutmeaning or function.3.The root consistutes the _____ of the word and carries the majorcomponents of its meaning .4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no nature connection betweentheir sound and meaning.5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a newwords are derived , or formed.6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and categorydistinct from that of its bases.7.Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound ,words_______.8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language .9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammerthat is concerned with ______ and ________.10.T he content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____and adverbs,are sometimes called open class words.11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always boundmorpheme.12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammaticalmakers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________.13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major ways toproduce new words.14.The ways word are formed are called _______.15.When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be inthis category.答案：1.free form2.smallest unit of language3.core4.arbitrary5.derivational morphemes6.affixational process7.carry meaning8.words9.word formation; word structure10.nouns; verbs; adjectives11.do not12.inflectional morphemes13.derivation; compounds14.morphological rules15.grammatical categoryChapter four1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually employed: , , .2. The XP rule is .3.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that .4.The S rule is5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure.6.questions begin with a wh- word are called .7.Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called .8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is .9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds: and .10.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called .11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some type with the help of a conjunction are .12.The information about is included in the head and termed subcategorization.13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of hand is .14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is .15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded is called .答案1.meaning，inflection, distribution2.XP→(specifier)X(complement)ern the formation of sentences4.S→NP VP5.XP rule , head’s6.questions7.suffice structure8.qualifier9.major lexical categories , minor lexical categories10.phrases11.coordinate structures12.a word’s complement13.modifiers14.transformation15.matrix clauseChapter five1.According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things .2.3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context andthe .4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:and .5.Synonyms can be divided into the ,stylistic synonyms, and collocational synonyms.6.When two words are identical in ,they are .When two words are identical in ,they are homographs.7.swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms ismore .8.three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradable antonymys, ,and .9.There are four certain relations between sentences,theyare: , , and preswpposes.10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and meaning .11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the meaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by . 13. Reference deals with the relationship between the element and word of experience.14. held the view that “we shall know a word by the company it keeps15.semantics canbe simply defined as the study of .答案：s2.referent3.linguistic context4.native words, borrowed words5.Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms6.homophones, spelling7.specificplementary antonyms, relational opposites9.synonymous , inconsistence , entails10.semantic11.entails12.primary , related , coincidence13.linguistic ,non-linguistic14.J.R.Firth15.meaning。
英语语言学填空题及复习资料
英语语⾔学填空题及复习资料Chapter one1.Linguistics is generally defined as the .2.The study of language as a whole is often called .3.The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to theestablishment of phonetics.4.The study of is known as semantics.5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to .6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics.7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be .8. The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time isa diachronic.9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing.10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is .12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to thelanguage.14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.答案：1.scientific study of language2.general linguistics3.sounds4.meaning5.psychology6.applications7.descriptive8.history; changes9.prior/doc/66041544f042336c1eb91a37f111f18583d00c32.html ngue; parole11.prescriptive12.spoken13.written14.conducted15.typesChapter Two1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively.3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _ and the other is in terms of _ .4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_______.5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_______; thus making the two phones similate.7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______.9. Language is first ______through its sounds.10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner of articulation is _______.11. _______, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language .12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _______.13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels .14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______.15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements.答案:1.phonic medium/doc/66041544f042336c1eb91a37f111f18583d00c32.html beled articulation phonetics3.manner of articulation; place of articulation4.the speech sounds5.allo phones6.sequential phoneme7.varying pronunciation8.orthographically represented9.perceived10.bilabial; stops11.phonetic similarity12.oral cavity13.tense; lox14.simultaneous distinctive features/doc/66041544f042336c1eb91a37f111f18583d00c32.html pound nounChapter Three1.Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found in language.2.Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information aboutmeaning or function.3.The root consistutes the _____ of the word and carries the major components of its meaning .4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no nature connection betweentheir sound and meaning.5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a new words are derived , or formed.6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and category distinct from that of its bases.7.Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound ,words_______.8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language .9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammerthat is concerned with ______ and ________.10.T he content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____and adverbs, are sometimes called open class words.11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always bound morpheme.12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammaticalmakers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________.13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major ways to produce new words.14.The ways word are formed are called _______.15.When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be inthis category.答案：1.free form2.smallest unit of language3.core4.arbitrary5.derivational morphemes6.affixational process7.carry meaning8.words9.word formation; word structure10.nouns; verbs; adjectives11.do not12.inflectional morphemes13.derivation; compounds14.morphological rules15.grammatical categoryChapter four1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually employed: , , .2. The XP rule is .3.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that .4.The S rule is5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure.6.questions begin with a wh- word are called .7.Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called .8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is .9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds: and .10.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called .11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some type with the help of a conjunction are .12.The information about is included in the head and termed subcategorization.13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of hand is .14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is .15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded is called .答案1.meaning，inflection, distribution2.XP→(specifi er)X(complement)/doc/66041544f042336c1eb91a37f111f18583d00c32.html ern the formation of sentences4.S→NP VP5.XP rule , head’s6.questions7.suffice structure8.qualifier9.major lexical categories , minor lexical categories10.phrases11.coordinate structures12.a word’s complement13.modifiers14.transformation15.matrix clauseChapter five1.According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things .2.3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context andthe .4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:and .5.Synonyms can be divided into the ,stylistic synonyms, and collocational synonyms.6.When two words are identical in ,they are .When two words are identical in ,they are homographs.7.swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms ismore .8.three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradable antonymys, ,and .9.There are four certain relations between sentences,theyare: , , and preswpposes.10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and meaning .11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the meaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by . 13. Reference deals with the relationship between the element and word of experience.14. held the view that “we shall know a word by the company it keeps15.semantics canbe simply defined as the study of .答案：/doc/66041544f042336c1eb91a37f111f18583d00c32.html s2.referent3.linguistic context4.native words, borrowed words5.Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms6.homophones, spelling7.specific/doc/66041544f042336c1eb91a37f111f18583d00c32.html plementary antonyms, relational opposites9.synonymous , inconsistence , entails10.semantic11.entails12.primary , related , coincidence13.linguistic ,non-linguistic14.J.R.Firth15.meaning。
语言学填空题
Chapter 1 Introductionnguage is a system of a _____vocal symbols used for human communication.arbitrary2.The description of a language as it changes through isa d _____ study. diachronic3.L ____refers to the abstract linguistic system shared all the members of aspeech community. Langue4.The desire features of language are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, andd_____.displacement5.The functions of language includes informative, interpersonal, performative,emotive, phatic, recreational and m_____metalingual.6.The main branches of linguistics should include phonetics, phonology,morphology, syntax, s_____ and pragmaticssemantics.7.The branches of macrolinguistics have psycholinguistic, sociolinguistics, a_____linguistics, and computational linguistics.anthropological8.The paradigmatic relation is also known as the VERTICAL relation, or c____relation. CHOICE9.The Syntagmatic relation is nowadays also referred to as the HORIZONTALrelation or c______ relation. CHAIN1.Linguistics is generally defined as the.scientific study of language. general linguistics.2.The study of language as a whole is often called3.The study ofused in linguistic communication led to the establishment ofphonetics. Sounds4.The study ofis known as semantics. meaning. psychology5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to6.The study ofis generally known as applied linguistics. applications7.If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,it is said to be. descriptive8.The description of a language at some pointof time inis a synchronicthrough time is a diachronic. history;study the description of a language as itchanges9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech isto writing. priorrefers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a10. _refers to the realization of langue inspeech community, andactual use.langue; parole11.Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammar is. prescriptivelanguage as primary, not the written.Modern linguisticregards the12.spoken13.Many ofthe rules oftraditionalgrammar apply only to thelanguage.written14.When the study of meaning is,not in isolation ,but in the context ofstudy nguage use, it becomes another branch of linguisticconducted15.Prescriptive and descriptive represent two differentof linguistic study.types21. Chomsky defines“competence”as the ideal user' s k__________ of the rules ofhis language.ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions andapplication of the rules.23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to thephenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaninglessindividual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.nguage is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for humancommunication.25.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words intopermissible sentences in languages is calleds________.26.Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of languagehave to be taught and learned.27.P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of somepractical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.nguage is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce andunderstand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heardbefore.30.Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.21. knowledge22. abstract23. Duality24. arbitrary25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied29. productive30. scientific (or systematic)Chapter 2 Speech sounds1.Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recentlythe most highly developed, is a ____phonetics. articulatory2.The four sounds /p/ , / b / , / m/ and / w/ have one feature in common, i.e. , theyare all b______. bilabial3.In English there are a number of d______, which are produced by moving from onevowel position to another through intervening positions.diphthongs4.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in differentphonetic environments are called the a ______ of that phoneme. allophones5.The most elemental grammatical units in a language are m ______ . morphemes6.Sound change as a result of sound movement, known as m ______, involves areversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.metathesis7.Phonetics is the study of sounds and it can be divided into three main areas,which are a_____ phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.10.The present system of the IPA (International phonetic Association) wasdeveloped in the 1920s by the British phonetician Daniel J_____, who put forward cardinal vowels, which are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed andunchanging. Jones11.The formation of new pronunciation includes factors as loss, addition,metathesis and a_____. assimilation12.Phonemic transcriptions are placed between slant lines while phonetictranscriptions are placed between s______brackets.square brackets.13.There are usually two terms of number: Singular and p_____.Plural14.P____is a branch of linguistics that studies how speech sounds are producedand classified. phonetics1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned withphonic medium s language.'all the sounds that occur in the world2. The three branches of phonetics are, auditoryphonetics and acousticlabeled articulation phonetics phonetics respectively.3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _manner ofarticulation; place of. and the other is in terms ofarticulation4.Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect ofthe speech sounds language_______. 5.The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticsallophones environments are called the of that phoneme.6. The assimilation rules assimilates one sound to another by“copying”a feature ofsequentialphoneme. a_______; thus making the two phones similar7.The assimilation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in somevarying pronunciation sound combinations. 8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______.orthographically representedperceived.nguage is first ______through its sounds The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ interms of manner of10.bilabial; stops articulation is _______.11. _______, not phonetic identity is the criterion with which we operate thephonetic similarity .phonological analysis of language12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding in the _______.oral cavity13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction oftense; lax_____and______ vowels .14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______.simultaneous distinctive features15.Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrasecompound noun consisting of the same elements.1.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other. tongue 2.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or interms of p_______ of articulation. placethecomplete, is total or speech When the obstruction created by the organs 3.speech sound produced with the obstruction audiblyreleased and the air passingout again is called a s________. stopS_________ features are the phonemic features thatoccur above the level of4.the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation,etc.Suprasegmental The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are 5.called s____ rules. sequentialbroadcalled is sounds The transcription of speech with letter-symbols only 6.thetogether with letter-symbols transcription while transcription the withdiacritics is called n_________ transcription. narrow When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the7.word in isolation, they are collectively known asi_________. intonation8.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effectlinguistic communication. Phonology9.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused bythe differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaningjust like phonemes. Tone10.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofstress: word stress and s_________ stress. sentence1.A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.Aspiration2.A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to producethe speech sounds and how they differ. Articulatory The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one featurein common, i.e. they are3.all b_______ sounds. bilabialOf all the speech organs, the t ____ is the mostflexible, and is responsible for4.varieties of articulation than any other. tongueEnglish consonants can be classified in terms ofmanner of articulation or in5.terms of p_______ of articulation. placethecomplete, total or is When 6.the obstruction created by the speech organsspeech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passingout again is called a s________. stopS_________ features are the phonemic features thatoccur above the level of7.the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.SuprasegmentalThe rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are8.called s____ rules. sequentialbroadwith sounds letter-symbols only is called transcription 9.The of speechthetogether letter-symbols with the transcription while transcription withdiacritics is called n_________ transcription. narrow When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the10.word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________. intonationP___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular11.effect are how language and sounds combined units into meaningful tolinguistic communication. Phonology12.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavityand the nasal cavity. oral13.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaningjust like phonemes. Tone14.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofstress: word stress and s_________ stress. sentenceChapter 3 Morphology1. M____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and therules by which words are formed. Morphology2.Noun, verb, adj. and adv. are m_____ lexical categoriesmajor.3.An a _____ is a shortened form of a word or phrase which representsthe complete form. abbreviation4.Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: i ______morphology and lexicalor derivational morphology. inflectional5.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds______ and suffixes. prefixes6.The most common model accent of TEFL(Teaching of English as a ForeignLanguage) is referred to as a_____. acronym 7.A W_____ is the common factor underlying a set of forms, a unit of vocabulary, alexical item, or a lexeme. 31. articulatory phoneticsWORD8.M_____ studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which wordsare formed. MORPHOLOGY9.Apart from compound and derivation, new words and expressions are createdby means of invention, blending, abbreviation,acronym, back-formation, analogical creation and b_____. borrowing10.W _____ is a comparably abstract unit to be set up to show how words workin the grammar of a language. Word11.B______ advocated treating sentence as “the maximum free form ”and word）Field ”.Bloom（the minimum free form “12.In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified intoGRANNATICAL WORDS and L______ WORDS.LEXICAL13.English vocabulary has two main sources: Anglo-Saxon and L_____. Latin.14.A s _____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which aninflectional affix can be added. stem15. Affixis limited in number in a language, and is generally classified into threesubtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and i____. infix16. Concerning vocabulary semantic change, there are broadening, narrowing,meaning shift, class shift, folk e_____ and orthographic change.etymologypounds can be further divided into two kinds: the endocentric compoundand the e_____ compound. exocentric.18.There are several types of processes with regard to borrowing. They areLoanwords, Loan blend, Loan shift and loan t_____.translationChapter Three1.Linguists define the word as the smallest______found in language. free formMorpheme is the_______________ that carriesinformation about meaning or2.function. smallest unit of language3.The root constitutes the _____ of the word and carries the major components ofits meaning. core4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no natural connection between theirsound and meaning. arbitrary5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a new wordsare derived , or formed. derivational morphemes6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and category distinctfrom that of its bases. affixational process 7.Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound, words_______.carry meaning8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language. words9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammer that isconcerned with ______ and ________. wordformation; word structure10.The content words of language , such as____,_____,_____and adverbs, aresometimes called open class words. nouns; verbs;adjectives11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always bound morpheme.do not12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical makers andsignify such concepts as tense, number, case arecalled_________. inflectional morphemes13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major ways toproduce new words. derivation; compounds 14.The ways word are formed are called _______. morphological rules15.When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be in this category.grammatical category1.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. Morpheme2.The affix -ish“”in the wordboyish‘'conveys a g____ meaning. grammatical3.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently buthave to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.Bound4.Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes. derivative5.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create wordsDerivative.6.A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the originalword and it may case change its part of speechsuffix.7.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words tocreate new poundingThe rules that govern which affix can be added towhat type of stem to form a8.new word are called m___________rules.morphological9.In terms of morphemic analysis,d_______________ can be viewed as theaddition of affixes to stems to form new words.derivation10.A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself towhich a derivational affix can be added.stem1.Morpheme2. grammatical3. Bound4. derivative5.Derivative6.suffix7. Compounding8. morphological9. derivation 10. stemChapter 4 Syntax1.Most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a s____ such as hat,if, and before. subordinator2.S____is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.Syntax3.A s ______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question orcommand. Sentence4.The studies of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentencesin a language or the study of the formation of sentences is called s_____. syntax5.There are only two operations in the computational system now: Merger andM_____. Move6.In the book Syntactic structures published in 1957, Chomsky proposed alinguistic model consisting of three components:Phrase Structure Component,T_______Component and Morpho-phonemic Component. Transformational7.The base components itself is divided into two sub-components: categories andl______. lexicon8.Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes:SUBORDINATE and c_________ constructions.COORDINATE9.Halliday argues that there are three generalfunctions of language: ideational,interpersonal and t_____. textual1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually. meaning，inflection, distribution,employed:,. XP→(specifier)X(complement)2. The XP rule is 3. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rulesthat. govern the formation of sentences. S→NP VP4.The S rule is5.The first, formed by thein accordance with thesubcategorizationproperties, is called deep structure. XP rule , head' s 6. questions begin with a wh- word are called. questionsto the final syntactic formof sentence which results from7. Correspondingappropriate transformations , is called. sufficestructure. qualifier8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is 9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds: and. major lexical categories , minor lexical categories 10. Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category arecalled. phrases11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some typewith the help of a conjunction are . coordinate structures 12.The informationabout is included in the head and termed subcategorization. a word's complement13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of handis. modifiers14.A special type of rule that can move an elementfrom one position to anotheris. transformation15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded iscalled. matrix clause1.A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject anda predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.simple2.A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question or command. .sentence 3.A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedesthe predicate. subject4.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and whichsays something about the subject is grammatically calledp_________predicate.5.A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the plexIn the complex sentence, the incorporated orsubordinate clause is normally6.called an e_______ clauseembedded.Major lexical categories are o___ categories in thesense that new words are7.constantly added.openA _____ Condition on case assignment states that acase assignor and a case8.recipient should stay adjacent to each otheradjacency.P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allowgeneral principles to operate in9.one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations betweenand among natural languagesParameters.10.The theory of C_____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear onlyin subject and object positions.CaseChapter 5 Semantics1.S______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. sense2.The c ______ view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic formand that it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked throughthe mediation of concepts in the mind. conceptualist 3.The word which is more general in meaning is called the s ______ . superordinate4.The seven types of word meaning recognized by G. Leech so far are conceptualmeaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning,co locative meaning and th _____ meaningthematic. meaningThe representative approaches to syntax are the traditional approach, the 5.structural approach, the generative approach andf_____ approachthe. functionalIn Saussure's view, language is a system of signs, each of which consists of 6.signified (concept) and S_____.SIGNIFIERThe theory of meaning that relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to 7.or stands for, is known as the r_____ theory. the referential theory For componential analysis or semantic components, the meaning of the word 8.“. Female and””,“AdultF”WOMAN may be analyzed into“Human9.There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, Samenessrelation, Oppositeness relation, and I______ relation. inclusivenessor labeis for things .According to the naming theory , words are 1.just names2.referent3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context andthe. linguistic context4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:and. native words, borrowed words5.Synonyms can be divided into the, stylistic synonyms,andcollocational synonyms. Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms6.When two words are identical in,they are.When two words are7. homographs. homophones, spelling identical in ,they are.more is meaning, but hyponyms swperordinate ismore general inspecificGradable antonymys,8. three kinds of antonymy are recognized：,. complementary antonyms, relational oppositesand,9. There are four certain relations between sentences,they are:,and preswpposes.synonymous , inconsistence , entails10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning grammatical meaningand meaning . semantic11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y istrue ,if X is false,Y may be true orfalse, we called the relation is. entails12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of themeaning of theto some degree. Completeword. The various meaningof the word are. primary , related ,homonyms are often brought into being bycoincidence13.Reference deals with the relationship between theelement andword of experience. linguistic ,non-linguisticheld the view that “we shall know a word by the company it14.keeps”. J.R.Firth15.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of. meaning1.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning. Semantics2.The conceptualist view holds that there is nod______ link between a linguisticform and what it refers to. directitworld; the real, physical in refers linguistic whatR______ 3.means a form todeals with the relationship between the linguisticelement and the non-linguisticworld of experience. ReferenceWords that are close in meaning are calleds________. synonyms4.5.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning,they are called h__________. homophones6.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of arelationship between the two items. Relational 7.C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can bedivided into meaning components. Componential calledrules is governed by meaningful Whether a sentence is semantically 8.s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go withwhat others. selectionalAn a________ is a logical participant in apredication, largely identical with9.the nominal element(s) in a sentence. argumentAccording to the n____ theory of meaning, thewords in a language are taken10.to be labels of the objects they stand for. namingFill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with theletter given:11.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12.The conceptualist view holds that there is nod______ link between alinguistic form and what it refers to.13.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; itdeals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguisticworld of experience.14.Words that are close in meaning are calleds________.15.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning,they are called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of arelationship between the two items.17.C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can bedivided into meaning components.18.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules calleds________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go withwhat others.19.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical withthe nominal element(s) in a sentence.20.According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are takento be labels of the objects they stand for.11.Semantics 12. direct 13.Reference 14. synonyms 15.homophones 16.Relational 17.Componential 18. selectional 19. argument 20. namingChapter 6 Pragmatics1.A l____act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act ofconveying literal meaning of syntax, lexicon and phonology. locutionary2.C____were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.Constatives3.C _____ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speakerto some future course of action. Commissives4.A p ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.perlocutionary5.Pragmatics is the study of meaning in c_____. context13.P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences toeffect successful communication.14.What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in thestudy of meaning the context of use is considered. 15.The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. 16.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u___________.17.The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.18.C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thusverifiable.19.P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, andwere not verifiable.20.A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the actof conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.21.An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker intention; it is's the。
英语语言学填空题及答案1-5章
英语语言学填空题及答案1-5章Chapter one1.Linguistics is generally defined as the .2.The study of language as a whole is often called .3.The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to theestablishment of phonetics.4.The study of is known as semantics.5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to .6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics.7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be .8. The description of a language at some point of time in isa synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is a diachronic.9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing.10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is .12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to the language.14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.答案：1.scientific study of language2.general linguistics3.sounds4.meaning5.psychology6.applications7.descriptive8.history; changes9.prior10.l angue; parole11.p rescriptive12.s poken13.w ritten14.c onducted15.t ypesChapter Two1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively.3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _ and the other is in terms of _ .4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_______.5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to anotherby “copying” a feature of a_______; thus making the two phones similate.7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______.9. Language is first ______through its sounds.10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner of articulation is _______.11. _______, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language .12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _______.13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels .14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______.15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements.答案:1.phonic medium/doc/5814378856.html,beled articulation phonetics3.manner of articulation; place of articulation4.the speech sounds5.allo phones6.sequential phoneme7.varying pronunciation8.orthographically represented9.perceived10.b ilabial; stops11.p honetic similarity12.o ral cavity13.t ense; lox14.s imultaneous distinctive features15.c ompound nounChapter Three1.Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found in language.2.Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information aboutmeaning or function.3.The root consistutes the _____ of the word and carries the majorcomponents of its meaning .4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no nature connection betweentheir sound and meaning.5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a newwords are derived , or formed.6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and categorydistinct from that of its bases.7.Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound ,words_______.8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language .9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammerthat is concerned with ______ and ________.10.T he content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____andadverbs, are sometimes called open class words.11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always boundmorpheme.12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammaticalmakers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________.13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major waysto produce new words.14.The ways word are formed are called _______.15.When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be inthis category.答案：1.free form2.smallest unit of language3.core4.arbitrary5.derivational morphemes6.affixational process7.carry meaning8.words9.word formation; word structure10.n ouns; verbs; adjectives11.d o not12.i nflectional morphemes13.d erivation; compounds14.m orphological rules15.g rammatical categoryChapter four1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually employed: , , .2. The XP rule is .3.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that .4.The S rule is5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure.6.questions begin with a wh- word are called .7.Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called .8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is .9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds:and .10.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called .11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some type with the help of a conjunction are .12.The information about is included in the head and termed subcategorization.13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of hand is .14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is .15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded is called .答案1.meaning，inflection, distribution2.XP→(specif ier)X(complement)/doc/5814378856.html,ern the formation of sentences4.S→NP VP5.XP rule , head’s6.questions7.suffice structure8.qualifier9.major lexical categories , minor lexical categories10.p hrases11.c oordinate structures12.a word’s complement13.m odifiers14.t ransformation15.m atrix clauseChapter five1.According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things .2.3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context andthe .4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:and .5.Synonyms can be divided into the ,stylistic synonyms, and collocational synonyms.6.When two words are identical in ,they are .When two words are identical in ,they are homographs.7.swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms ismore .8.three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradableantonymys, , and .9.There are four certain relations between sentences,theyare: , , and preswpposes.10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and meaning .11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of themeaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into beingby .13. Reference deals with the relationship between theelement and word of experience.14. held the view that “we shall know a word by the company it keeps15.semantics canbe simply defined as the study of . 答案：/doc/5814378856.html,s2.referent3.linguistic context4.native words, borrowed words5.Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms6.homophones, spelling7.specific/doc/5814378856.html,plementary antonyms, relational opposites9.synonymous , inconsistence , entails10.semantic11.entails12.primary , related , coincidence13.linguistic ,non-linguistic14.J.R.Firth15.meaning。
语言学填空题
1、Language has many functions. We can use language to talk aboutitself. This function is called __________________.2、The description of a language as it changes through time is____________________. The analysis of a language at any given point in time is _______________________.3、Linguistic potential(语言潜能) is similar to Saussure’s language(语言) and Chomsky’s ___________. The knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence. 4、____________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.5、The interdisciplinary(交叉学科的) studies of language are alsocalled _______________________. They are sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics and computational linguistics.6、It is genetic evidence which tells us that we are separated by onlyabout _________________ years from the ancestor which we share the chimpanzees.7、Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises whileperforming heavy work has been called __________ theory.8、The history of the English language begins with the conquest andsettlement of what is now England by the ________,________,________.9、The ancient learned language of India is called _________.10、What separated the period of Middle English from that ModernEnglish was European ___________ movement.11、As far as language is concerned, arbitrary means there is no logicalconnection between meaning and ______________.12、As far as organs of speech are concerned, the first place wheresound modification might occur is _________.13、One main area of phonetics is called _________ phonetics, whichinvestigates the properties of the sound waves.14、One of the oldest notions concerning the study of meaning is thenaming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar__________.15、The linguistic context, also known as ________, is concerned withthe probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word, and also with the part of text that precedes and follows a particular utterance.16、When two words are identical in sound, they are __________.When two words are identical in spelling, they are __________. 17、The words “bed”, “table”, “desk”, etc, are the hyponyms of thesame superordinate “furniture”. They are called __________ to each other.18、Componential analysis is an approach based upon the belief thatthe meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic ____________.19、According to Noam Chomsky, syntactic rules comprise the systemof internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic _____________.20、 A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linkingword called coordinating ____________ such as and, but, or.21、 A linguistic _________ refers to a word or expression that isprohibited by the “polite” society from general use.22、In terms of sociolinguistics, __________ is sometimes used to referto the whole of a person’s language.23、___________ arise when children acquire pidgins natively.24、___________ are used as second language in situations of regularcontact between people with mutually unintelligible mother tongues.25、Language _________ means the government of a country choosesa particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including itspronunciation and spelling system.26、 A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through thesephases: _________, one-word, two-word and multiword.27、At the age of _____, children can master the essential of theirmother tongue.28、It is generally believed that three areas of the left hemisphere arevital to language, namely, Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and _________ gyrus.29、The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s lifeextending from age two to __________, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.30、In the dozen years between 1921 and 1933, the three best knownEnglish-speaking linguistic in the world (Edward Sapir in 1921, Otto Jespersen in 1922, and Leonard Bloomfield in 1933) all wrote books under the title ________.31、The fact that three are now many language rather than just one isexplained in the story of ______________________ linguistic diversity is a punishment for human arrogance.32、The American psychologist ___________, the founder ofBehaviorism, stated that language and thought was the same thing.33、The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must becombined with other morphemes to form words are called b_____ morphemes.34、V owels can be nasalized. The vowel nasalization rule is ana_________ rule, which, for the most part, is caused by articulatoryor physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.35、Pairs of words such as “big” and “small” , “ young” and “old” arecalled g_________ opposites because they may be seen in terms of degree of the quality involved.36、In producing the English vowels, the air stream coming up from thelungs meets with no o__________ in whatsoever manner.37、The terms such as “desk”, “chair” and “bed” are ___________ ofthe term “furniture”.38、In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initialsounds and the two sounds are two different ________ and the two words are a ________ pair.39、The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure ofsentences is called ________.40、When language is used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is _________ function.41、[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。
【自学考试】江苏省自考英语语言学概论(27037)填空题与选择题题库及中文翻译最新
第一章绪论填空题或选择题1. A symbol consists of two parts : a concrete form and the meaning which it conveys.一个符号由两个部分组成：一个具体的形式和它所表达的意思。
2.By saying language is arbitrary ,we mean we can’t give a sound reason why such a form ispronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form..当说语言是任意的，我们指我们不能合理地解释为什么这个音以这种形式而不是以那种形式发音。
并且为什么以这种形式而不是以那种形式来表明某种特殊的意义。
3. Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaninglesslevel.语言有两个层次：语法上有意义的层次和声音上无意义的层次。
4.Human languages have such design features asproductivity ,discreteness ,displacement ,arbitrariness ,cultural transmission ,duality and interchangeability . 人类语言具有以下的甄别性特征：能产性，离散性，不受时空限制的特性，任意性，文化传递性，双重性和互换性。
nguage is a system because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people’sactual speech or writing .语言是一种体系，因为每种语言都是由一套规则组成的，这些规则表明了人们的真正语言或书面形式。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the detail of language have to be taught and learned.
2.Displacement means that language can be used to refer to thing which present or not present, real or imagined matter in the past, present or future or in far-away places.
nguage is a system considering of two sets of structures, or two levels.
nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
5.Chomsky defined competence as the ideal speaker’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
6.Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
7.Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken from of language.
8.The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
9.Psycholinguistic relates the study of language to psychology.
10.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
11.Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing.
12.vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing
13.of all the speech organs , the tongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.
14.when the obstruction is partial and the air if forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point ,the speech sound thus produced is a fricative in the production of
bilabial sounds ,the upper and the lower lips are brought together to create obstruction.
15.The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are lax vowels.
16.Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.
17.Aspiration refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.
plementary distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in different phonetic environment.
19.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.
20.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features.
21.The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.
22.Sentence stress refers to the relative force which is given to the words in sentences.
23.Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords.
24.English is an intonation language.
25.Morpheme is the smallest meaning unit of language.
26.The affix-es convey a grammatical.
27.Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.
28.Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relation or
grammatical categories such as number degree and case.
29.The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called prefixes.
30.the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words Is called derivation
31.semantically the meaning of a compound is often idiomatical ,not always being the sum total of the meaning of its components
32.Derivation morphology studies word formation.
33. A root can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.
34.Suffixes are added to the end of stems.。