A Brief Introduction to TalBen
Brief Introduction to E.L
A Brief Introduction to English LiteratureEnglish literature, with a long history and tradition, has undergone great changes and development during historical periods. The following is a brief account of the development of English literature.Ⅰ. Early and Medieval LiteratureThe earliest forms of English literature, which are still preserved as the relics of the Anglo-Saxons, are poems originated from the collective efforts of the people. These poems or songs are partly historical stories and partly legendary stories passed orally from generation to generation. Among these poems, Beowulf has generally been considered the monumental work in English poetry pf the Anglo-Saxon period, or the national epic of the English people.This poem is about the deeds of the Teutonic hero Beowulf, who fights against the monster and eventually cuts off the head of the old monster with a magic sword, and at last fights with a fire dragon for his own people. Beowulf, in its remote ideas, allusive style and story-telling form, towers above all other literary works in Anglo-Saxon, chiefly because it is a powerful poem about a people’s grand hero who is eager to help others in distress, faithful to his people, and ready to sacrifice his own life for their welfare. Even now, it is generally assigned in the study of English poetry.During the Middle Ages, the most prevailing kind of literature was the romantic verse and prose. The romance or medieval stories usually tell the adventures of some heroes of chivalry. The heroes are the knights, and the qualities they are expected to have include courage, honor, courtesy, and devotion to the weak and helpless and to the service of women. Their loyalty to the church and the king is the corner stone of feudal morality.With the rapid development of capitalism in England after the 14th century, English gained its dominance and popularity, thus providing conditions for the emergence of outstanding literary works. Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400), with his broad and intimate acquaintance with people high and low in all walks of life, acquired an abundant knowledge of the world, which had profound influence upon his writing. He was at home in his choice of subjects, his own grasp of characters and his own diction and plots, all of which has been found in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales. The poem describes the pilgrims from various parts of feudal English and stories narrated by them, thus creating a striking brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and country. That is why he has been regarded as “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer was the first great poet to write in the English language and his works had a great influence on making the dialect of London the standard for modern English speech.Ⅱ. The Renaissance LiteratureDuring the 16th century in England, feudalism collapsed and the foundation of capitalism was established. The rise of the bourgeoisie resulted in an intellectual movement better known as the Renaissance. The most important characteristic of this movement is the exaltation of man and an absorption in earthly life. People were nolonger interested in living for God and in life after death. Hence humanism, which reflected the outlook of the rising bourgeoisie, came into being. The humanists believed that man “could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of human intellect”. Among these humanists were Thomas Moore (1478-1535), Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Edmund Spencer (1552-1599), Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593), and William Shakespeare (1564-1616). Thomas Moore wrote Utopia which gives a profound and vivid description of the social evils of England and presents utopian socialism describing in detail Moore’s ideal if the future society, Utopia.Francis Bacon was a great scientist, thinker, philosopher and an essayist. His essays are enlightening. They are Bacon’s reflections and comments on rather abstract objects.Edmund Spencer was considered as a “poet’s poet”. The Faerie Queene is his masterpiece and one of the greatest poems in the English language. The Faerie Queene represents Queen Elizabeth, and thus sings praises to “that greatest glorious queen of Faery Land”.Christopher Marlowe was the greatest pioneer of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. He was the first to make blank verse the principal instrument of English drama. His works include Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta, and Doctor Faustus.Doctor Faustus is based on a German legend, but Marlowe adapted it to suit his needs to express the man’s desire for infinite power through knowledge.Ⅲ. Literature in the period of English Bourgeois Revolution and Restoration In the 17th century the absolutely seriously hindered the development of capitalism and the clashes between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie escalated. This inevitably resulted in a revolution. A civil war broke out in 1642, which ended in 1649 with the execution of Charles by the opposition forces led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell imposed military dictatorship in 1653 and established the Commonwealth. Two years after his death in 1658, the monarchy was restored and Charles II became the king. This is known as the Restoration. When James threatened to restore the absolute monarchy, the bourgeoisie expelled him and invited Prince William of Orange to be King of England in 1688. This is known as the “Glorious Revolution”because it was bloodless. The state structure of England was thus settled.Literature of this period reflected these social upheavals. Milton and Bunyan used their pens to defend the English Commonwealth. Milton wrote Paradise Lost, which won him immediate fame and success after its publication in 1667 and was considered as a classic of English literature, the greatest epic in the English language. Milton wrote the epic to “justify the ways of God to men” and to glorify his country and his language. Bunyan was the most popular writer during that period, whose great work The Pilgrim’s Progress published in 1678 was written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream. It became an immediate success upon its publication. The Pilgrim’s Progress depicts the Puritan struggle for freedom of worship, the eternal struggle of man to find unity with GodHowever, there were also other poets whose poems expressed quite different ideas and sentiments. They were the Metaphysical Poets and the Cavalier Poets. The characteristics of the Metaphysical poems are usually mystical in content and fantastical in form.Ⅳ. Eighteenth Century LiteratureAfter the 17th century, England entered a period of peace and unity. The “Glorious Revolution”of 1866 marked the end of the long struggle for political freedom in England. Thereafter, England became a constitutional monarchy. In the early 18th century, Neoclassicism came into fashion. Writers modeled themselves after Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. They strove to repress all emotion and enthusiasm, and to use only precise and elegant methods of expression. Joseph Addison (1672-1719), Richard Steele (1672-1729), Alexander Pope (1688-1744), and Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) belonged to this school. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745), with his direct, simple and vigorous style, was one of the greatest satirist and prose writers in English literature. His masterpiece Gulliver’s Travel was not only an interesting adventure story for young readers, but also a merciless satire on the crude vices of the English society. Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary marked an epoch in the study of English language and the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.With the rise of modern novel, the eighteenth century is also referred to as an age of prose. Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe describes Robinson’s life and struggle on an uninhabited island, reflecting the rising bourgeoisie at the earliest stage of its development. The book won him the credit as “Father of the English novel”. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela was a series of letters telling the trials, tribulations, and the final happy marriage of a young maiden. With its emphasis on the inner world of a plain girl, the book was claimed as the first English novel in the modern sense. Inspired by the success of Pamela, Henry Fielding’s (1707-1754) first novel Joseph Andrews further developed the realistic fiction. His later novel Tom Jones gives us pictures of men and women of his own age.Great changes also took place in rural England. The expropriation of peasants which began in the 15th century was completed in the 18th century. Peasants were ruined and driven off their land. Many writers expressed their lamentation in their sentimental poetry and prose in the middle of this century. Thomas Gray (1716-1771), Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774), Laurence Sterne (1713-1768), Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) were representatives of this school. They were all discontent with the social reality and appealed to “sentiment”, to “human heart” and they had sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasants. It marks a transition from Neo-classicism to Romanticism in English poetry.Pre-romanticism in English poetry is marked by a strong protest against the bandage of classicism, by recognition of the chains of passions and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. The most famous writers of this school are William Blake (1757-1827) and Robert Burns (1759-1796).Ⅴ. Literature of RomanticismIt is generally agreed that the first half of the 19th century witnessed the triumph of Romanticism in literature. Motivated by both the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution, literature suddenly developed a new creative spirit, which shows itself in the poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), George Gordon Byron (1788-1824), Percy Bysshe Shelly (1792-1822), John Keats (1795-1821), and in the prose of Walter Scott (1771-1832) and Jane Austen (1775-1817).The essence of Romanticism was that “literature must reflect all that is spontaneous and unaffected in nature and in man, and be free to follow its own fancy in its own way”. Samuel Coleridge and William Wordsworth jointly wrote Lyrical Ballads, a small collection of poems. The publication of the collection marked the rise of romanticism in English literature. The whole spirit of their work is reflected in two poems: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”and “Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abby”.As far as prose is concerned, those of Scott enjoyed the appreciation of a wide-ranged reading audience. The novels of Austen were gradually accepted and appreciated by the public.Ⅵ. Literature in the Victorian AgeThe Victorian Age (1832-1902) was a time of profound change. Expansion of national economy and colonial territory transferred England into a world empire of immense strength. The pivotal city of Western civilization moved Paris to London at this time.Literature flourished during this period. Poetry continued to be produced. Two poets rank among the greatest: Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) and Robert Browning (1812-1889). Tennyson wrote a wonderful variety of verse, in which he expressed in exquisite melody the voice of the people, their doubts and their faith, their grieves and their triumphs. Browning’s poems are dramatic in form, which express some strong personal emotions, or describe some dramatic episodes in human life.This period is an age of prose. The vitality of the Industrial Revolution brought the Victorian age into a great period of novel in Britain. Out of the vast hosts of novelists, the most prominent include Charles Dickens(1812-1870), William Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1902), George Eliot(1819-1880), and the Bronte Sisters. Charles Dickens was acknowledged as the greatest novelist of England. Among his many novels, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, and Great Expectations tell the stories of orphans, which reflect the author’s own boyhood and family. In A tale of Two Cities, with its scene lain in London and Paris at the time of the French Revolution, Dickens reproduced a picture of Victorian English society. William Makepeace Thackeray was another great novelist of the age. His masterpiece, Vanity Fair, tells the story of Becky Sharp climbing up the social ladder by every possible means, through which the author attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world. Also outstanding in the literature of this age were the Bronte Sisters: CharlotteBronte(1816-1855), Emily Bronte(1818-1848), and Anne Bronte(1820-1849). Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre tells the story of a heroine who struggles strenuously in the men’s world to achieve her freedom and independence. Emily Bronte’s best-known work Wuthering Heights, with its mystery and horror, is a powerful and fascinating story of love and suffering, passion and grief. George Eliot, the penname of Mary Ann Evans, wrote The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner, and Middlemarch which reflect the country life in England. With her representatation of the inner struggle, the motives and impulses of characters, she was claimed as the forerunner of the modern psychological novel.Beginning from the 1870s, a sharp decline occurred with the economic depression, agricultural failures, and the flooding of Australian wool and American wheat. Domestic balance of power was also threatened with the growth of labor as a political and economic force. Class struggle was intensified in the last two decades of the 19th century. Thomas Hardy’s (1840-1926) early novels present vivid description of the rural people in the south of England. But his late novels are darkened by his gloomy view in the face of modern social conditions. Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure tell the tragic stories of rural youth in their desperate situation.Ⅶ. Twentieth Century LiteratureIn the period of transition between the 19th and 20th centuries, the British empire in the reign of Queen Victoria fell into a decline from the summit of its worldwide supremacy. The Boer War of 1899-1902, between the British colonialists in South Africa and two independent republic Dutch settlers, marked the rapid decline in Britain’s prestige and prosperity. The bankruptcy of British rural economy beginning from the 1870s grew more acute in the early years of the 20th century. In the meantime, the contradictions between the imperialist countries grew into such great tension that it finally led to the outbreak of the devastating First World War (1914-1918).The war ended in immense losses on both sides, and the people were disillusioned, distrustful of their leaders and dissatisfied with the shape of society.As in the Victorian age, literature in the 20th century followed highly diverse courses and strongly reflected the political, social and scientific events of the age. The pessimism of the last few decades in the 19th century was seen in Thomas Hardy (1840-1928). The decadence of Victorian life was best reflected in the works of Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), who advocated the theory of “art for art’s sake”. The two World Wars left marks of disillusionment and despair, not without severe criticism, in many literary works of the time. T. S. Eliot’s (1887-1965) Waste Land is a spiritual wasteland.The twenty years after about 1912 saw a transition of the traditional novels to the modern novel. Vitality and interest in technical experimentation with the novel marked this period. The technique of “stream of consciousness” developed, whereby the authors tried to directly depict events in the continuous and unedited flow of the character’s conscious experience through the mind. Virginia Woolf’s (1882-1930) Mrs.Dalloway and To the Lighthouse are two notable examples. D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) seemed to concentrate in his fiction on human relationships, especiallyon those between a man and woman with the themes of love and marriage. His major novels Sons and Lovers,The Rainbow and Women in Love, combining sexual relations with social criticism, severely attack the industrialized capitalism. Under the influence if Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, these novelists demonstrated an increased awareness of the inner workings of the mind. A new view of time developed, coupled with a deeper understanding of the subconsciousness. One’s present was believed to be the sum of his past. Time was no longer presented by the novelist in sequence, bur as a continuous flow in the consciousness of the individual. James Joyce (1882-1941) is acknowledged as the greatest English writer after Shakespeare. His brilliant work Ulysses, through a detailed study of the intricate workings of the hero’s conscious and subconscious mind, explores the inmost thought by a man that existed in Dublin on June 16, 1904, thereby presenting to us the very essence of our life and our spiritual world.The 20th century was also an era of high achievements in the fields of poetry and drama. W. B. Yeats (1865-1939) and T. S. Eliot, both Nobel Prize winners, were the two greatest British poets of the century. Since the 1890s, there was a revival of English drama. Several important playwrights were part of a movement known as the Irish Literary Renaissance, which sought to revitalize Irish art and culture. However, the dominant figure in the early 20th century drama was George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1925.。
旅游景点行程介绍模板
1 Taiwan
2 Hainan
A brief introduction of Hainan
A brief uction of Hainan A brief introduction of Hainan A brief introduction of Hainan A brief introduction of Hainan A brief introduction of Hainan A brief introduction of Hainan A brief introduction of Hainan
2 Hainan
Sanya
Character of the attraction.
Sansha
Character of the attraction.
Seaside
Character of the attraction.
3 Nepal
A brief introduction of Nepal
A brief introduction of Nepal A brief introduction of Nepal A brief introduction of Nepal A brief introduction of Nepal A brief introduction of Nepal A brief introduction of Nepal A brief introduction of Nepal
Things To Bring Cities To Travel Tour Route
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1 Taiwan
A brief introduction of Taiwan
Chapter 1.A Brief Introduction to the UK
Chapter I. A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1.1国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国( The United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland)国歌：《上帝保佑女王》“god save the queen”（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为"god save the king"）国花：玫瑰花国鸟：红胸鸽国石：钻石国家政要：女王伊丽莎白二世(Queen Elizabeth II) ，１９５２年２月６日即位，１９５３年６月２日加冕；首相：2007年6月27日，布莱尔正式辞去首相职务，工党领袖布朗顺利接任英国第52任首相。
1.2 Scenic Spots in Britain1.3 A Brief Description to the UKThe United Kingdom is a small nation in physical size. At 244,820 sq km. Like the rest of northern Europe, it is warmed by the Gulf Stream flowing out of the South Atlantic Ocean. The climate, in general, is mild, chilly, and often wet. Rain or overcast skies can be expected for up to 300 days per year. These conditions make Britain lush and green, with rolling plains in the south and east and rough hills and mountains to the west and north.Despite its relatively small size, Britain is highly populated, with an estimated population 59.6 million. It is highly developed economically, outstanding in the arts and sciences, sophisticated in technology, and highly prosperous and peaceful. In general, British subjects belong to one of richest states of Europe and enjoy a high standard of living compared to the rest of the world. Many nations around the world have been influenced by British history and culture. With each passing year, English comes closer to being a world language for all educated people, as Latin once was. Some parts of the world received substantial numbers of British emigrants and developed into what were called daughter nations. These colonies eventually became self-governing areas called dominions自治领. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand fit this pattern，which constitute the Commonwealth of nations.英联邦The UK has been the member of The European Union since 1973.1.4 Different ElementsThe UK includes 4 parts within the one nation-state: the island of the Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales, and Northern Ireland.1.4.1 England•Population: 48.7 million•Area: 130423 sqkm•Capital: London•History: a series of invasions.1. Before the 1st c ADCeltic people from central Europe2. 43 ADthe Roman Empire3. 400 years laterGermanic people: the Angles & the SaxonKing Arthur and his round table knights4. The later 8th c ADthe Vikings from ScandinaviaKing Alfred the GreatNortherners: less sophisticatedVs. Southerners: rich, arrogant and unfriendly5. Normans: descendants of VikingsWilliam the Conqueror Vs. King Haroldthe Legend of Robin Hood6. 1640sCharles I’s attempt to overrule parliament led to a civil war. Finally parliament succeeded and the king was executed.Oliver Cromwell7. 1371 The Scottish house of Stuart8. 1688 The Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious RevolutionWhen JamesⅡthreatened to restore the old absolute monarchy, the bourgeoisie took a decisive action, that is, to have him expelled and invite William, prince of Orange, form Holland to be king of England in 1688. This is called This bloodless event completed the bourgeoisie revolution. So, modern England was firmly established and capitalism would develop freely within the state structure of modern England, constitutional monarchy.1.4.2 Scotland•Population: 5.111 million•Area: 7.8822 sqkm•Capital: Edinburgh•The largest city: Glasgow•Language: Gaelic 盖尔语Scotland is the second largest both in population and area. It is the most rugged崎岖part of the UK, with areas of rarely populated mountains and lakes in the north (the Highlands) and in the south (the Southern Uplands).1603 Queen Elizabeth I died childless and James VI of Scotland became James I of England.1314The Scots, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English army and got 300 years of full independence.1707By the agreement of the English and Scotland Parliament, Scotland joined the union.1.4.3 Wales•Population: 2.9 million•Area: 20776 sqkm•Capital: Cardiff•Language: Welsh•Natural resource: rich coal deposites•Industries: coal and steeltourism•The Prince of Wales:Edward I named his son the Prince of Wales, and the first son of the monarch has held that title ever since (Prince Charles) to try to bring Wales into the British nation.1.4.4 Northern Ireland•Population: 1.642 million•Area: 14139 sq km•Capital: BelfastGeographyIt is mostly rural, with low hills, a beautiful lake district in the south-west, and a rugged coastline.* Giant’s Causeway: a rocky promontory海角made up of black hexagonal 六边形的columns formed by cooling lava millions of years agoLegend goes that the giant Finn Macool built it to cross the sea to Scotland.Political Trouble•Cause: About 1/3 of the population in the Northern Ireland was Roman Catholic, most of whom resented the North’s separation from the South.They found it harder to get jobs, or to benefit from social programmes under the Protestant-controlled parliament. Catholics were regularly harnessed by a Protestant Police force and any indication of nationalist sentiment was ruthlessly repressed. Therefore, the armed conflict known as “troubles” developed.•IRA (Irish Republican Army)In 1919, a group calling IRA expanded the fighting with armed terror activities.•The Good Friday AgreementAs a result of multi-party negotiation, the Good Friday Agreement known as Belfast Agreement emerged in 10 April, 1998. It assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland “remains part of the UK and shall not cease to be so without the consent of the majority of the people of Northern Ireland.”1.5 Race1.5.1Early Ethnic人种的GroupsBritain‘s predominant historical stock is called Anglo-Saxon. Germanic peoples from Europe-the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes-arrived in Britain in massive numbers between the 5th and 7th centuries AD. These people tended to be tall, blond, and blue-eyed. Their language became the foundation of the basic, short, everyday words in modern English. Native Britons fought the great flood of Germanic peoples, and many Britons who survived fled west to the hill country. These refugees难民and native Britons were Celts who had absorbed the earliest peoples on the island, the prehistoric people known as Iberians伊比利亚人. Celts tended to be shorterthan Anglo-Saxons and have rounder heads. Most had darker hair, but a strikingly high percentage of Celts had red hair.In 1066 the Normans, French-speaking invaders of Norse origin, conquered England, adding yet another ethnic component. Although the Normans were the last major group to add their stock to the British population, waves of other foreigners and refugees have immigrated to Britain for religious, political, and economic reasons. Protestant French sought refuge in the 17th century, sailors of African ancestry came in the 18th century, and Jews from central and eastern Europe immigrated in the late 19th century and during the 1930s and late 1940s.1.5.2 Immigration After World War IIMost British people attribute their origins to the early invaders: 81.5 percent call themselves English, 9.6 percent Scottish, 2.4 percent Irish, 1.9 percent Welsh, and 1.8 percent Ulsterites北爱尔兰人. The remaining 2.8 percent of the population are minorities who arrived, for the most part, in the decades following the end of World War II in 1945. These minorities-Chinese, Asian Indians, Pakistanis, Africans, and Caribbean people of African ancestry-came to Britain in substantial numbers after 1945.1.5.3 Class“Class” seems more important in UK than in other countries.•Criteria for class division:1.Economical differences.2.Cultural differences.cational differences.4.Whether-aristocracy differences.Division of classes.•Upper class _ Queen_aristocrats(Duke公爵, Marquis侯爵, Earl伯爵, Viscount子爵, Baron男爵)•Middle class (White Collar ) _ upper middle class(doctors or lawyers and so on with high income and high-status profession)_ lower middle class (unskilled office work or skilled, well-paid manual work)•Working class _ Manual workers (Blue Collar)。
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2 Hainan
Sanya
Character of the attraction.
Sansha
Character of the attraction.
Seaside
Character of the attraction.
3 Nepal
A brief introduction of Nepal
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4 Tibet
Barkhor Street Market
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Namsto
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1 Taiwan
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A brief introduction of Hainan
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Lesson 1 A Brief Introduction to Letters
Englsih Practical Writing
5) Could you please forgive me for having lost the dictionary you lent me a week ago?
___ from a letter of complaint
___ from a letter to a friend with personal news
Englsih Practical Writing
6) You have no idea how happy I was when I learnt you were admitted by Beijing University. Congratulations! And I am so proud to have a friend like you.
___ from a letter of complaint
√ ___ from a letter to a friend with personal news
___ from a letter of invitation ___ from a letter to apply for a job ___ from a letter of congratulations
Abriefintroduction
Lead Commissioning – a brief introduction1. Lead commissioning is an arrangement via which statutory bodies as currently configured contract for the commissioning of services for a defined population. Contracting in this way allows Partnerships to pool their respective resources for the population of interest, into a single integrated budget for the commissioning of services. In many cases staff also transfer from one body to another to allow integrated service provision for the target population, which may be based on age (such as older people), or care groups. Lead commissioning is used elsewhere – Torbay and North East Lincolnshire, for example – with some reported success in terms of better outcomes for services users and more efficient use of resources. Further details on Torbay and North East Lincolnshire are provided below.2. In effect, lead commissioning enables integration across statutory bodies in response to the needs of targeted population groups – partners can integrate in response to older people’s requirements without embarking on wholesale structural change, for example. Although some staff may move from one organisation to the other under the new commissioning arrangement, this is a level of reorganisation in which form follows function. So, for example, if adult social care services were commissioned from the health board by the local authority, some adult social care staff might move from local authority employment to health board employment. The key point is that it is the service to be supported, and its clinical/care outcomes, that is the prime factor in determining who goes where, rather than reorganisation taking the lead in the hope that better integration will follow.3. In Scotland, under a lead commissioning arrangement, local authorities could for example commission adult social care from health boards; health boards could commission health improvement from local government; and health and social care budgets could be delegated to the Community Health Partnership (CHP), which would be responsible for the joint resource.Plans in Highland4. In Highland, plans are under development for the local authority to commission adult social care from the health board, and for children’s services to be commissioned by the NHS from the local authority.5. Current legislation (the Community Care and Health (Scotland) Act 2002) provides permission for these arrangements. We are working with colleagues in Highland to establish draft governance arrangements and clarify specific questionsrelating to employment of Mental Health officers (which is required by statute to be within the local authority) and provision of health services for “young” children (which falls within the definition of maternity services and is a statutory responsibility of the health board). This guidance will be available to other partnerships in Scotland who may wish to put in place similar arrangements in future.6. Highland are building on work towards better integration that has taken place over the last several years, including the development, initially locally and subsequently nationally, of the Integrated Resource Framework, which provides a model for integration of resources (money and use of people’s time). Highland is one of the four IRF test sites – the others are Lothian, Tayside and Ayrshire and Arran. This development also builds on their experience as a Getting It Right For Every Child (GIRFEC) pathfinder site. The move is also coherent with the principles for pooling resource around population requirements that underpin the Change Fund for older people’s services.Evidence for lead commissioning from England7. SG officials have visited Torbay Care Trust and North East Lincolnshire Care Trust Plus, which have both introduced lead commissioning arrangements and report evidence of improvement in services as a result.Torbay Care Trust8. Torbay Care Trust was established in October 2005 by Torbay PCT (Primary Care Trust) and the co-terminous Torbay Council. The PCT was dis-established, and the Care Trust established with adult social care services transferred from the local authority.9. The Care Trust has integrated the following activities within a single organisation:•Commissioning of healthcare (primary, community, acute and tertiary) and adult social care; and•Provision of community healthcare and adult social care.10. This diagram illustrates the integrated arrangements in Torbay; the red dotted line represents the flow of resources and the blue solid line represents accountability:Figure 1: Torbay Care Trust11. Governance of the Care Trust is provided by the Care Trust Board, membership of which includes two Councillors nominated by the local authority. Attendance by the latter is required for the Board to be quorate.12. Key learning points from the experience of planning and delivering integrated care across the Care Trust are reported by senior managers in Torbay around the following broad themes:•Local solutions: at the time the reorganisation took place, local authority social care services were assessed as performing poorly, providing a good opportunity to capitalise on the need for change;•Leadership: success in Torbay is repeatedly reported as the product of exceptionally strong, consistent leadership and the ongoing strength of the relationship between senior managers at the Care Trust and the sole local acute hospital, which is run as a separate NHS Foundation Trust;•Shared culture and objectives: the symbolic significance of transferring all staff – NHS and Council – to the new Care Trust was important, helping to reassure social care staff that the reorganisation was not simply a takeover of social services by the NHS;•Effective and appropriate financial arrangements: the Care Trust was originally established as a pooled NHS and local authority fund. However, the arrangement has proved confusing – with the partners sometimes operating as equal partners, and sometimes as provider and commissioner. New arrangements are now being implemented to put in place an explicit lead commissioning arrangement instead;•Progress despite central Government: in common with the Audit Commission’s findings, our discussions with Torbay managers suggested that integration has been achieved despite lack of central Government commitment to consistent, sustained direction and guidance.13. Improved performance was reported within two years of the Care Trust being established. Achievements reported so far are:•Introduction of a single point of access to community care, with significant improvement in waiting times for assessment;•Reduction in waiting times for packages of care;•Named social workers for each GP practice, with social workers inputting to GP systems;• Integrated occupational therapy service;•District nurses commissioning packages of care;• A long overdue review of in-house services;• A review and closure plan for care homes;• A review of home care including re-shaping of in-house home care provision and tender for external home care services;•Development of specialist intermediate care support workers;•Reduced unplanned emergency admissions and acute length of stay among the older population;•No delayed discharges.North East Lincolnshire Care Trust Plus14. In North East Lincolnshire, the partnership between the co-terminous Local Authority and PCT created a Care Trust in September 2007. The integration model in North East Lincolnshire has three components:•The establishment of a Care Trust to commission and provide adult health and social care services from a pooled budget.•An integrated Public Health and Wellbeing function managed by the LA.• A Children’s Trust hosted by the Council.15. This diagram illustrates the integrated arrangements in North East Lincolnshire; again, the red dotted line represents the flow of resources and the blue solid line represents accountability:Figure 2: North East Lincolnshire Care Trust16. Senior managers in NE Lincolnshire report that integrated working across teams has taken root at strategic, tactical and individual levels, which, combined with very strong community engagement, is yielding a range of benefits:•Use of co-production models for health and personal care, with stronger ownership by patients and service users;•Broader set of standards in contracts in place reflecting total care issues;•No cost shunting between the NHS and social care;•Single point of access to integrated community health and social teams;•NHS funding of some care substitution services – helping to “turn off the tap”before an admission to hospital becomes inevitable;•Better – more effective, innovative and less expensive – management of winter pressures.17. Lead commissioning models do not fit neatly into the organisational relationships described in recently published Department of Health plans to integrate General Practice within the NHS and put in place GP commissioning. We understandfrom contacts in the Care Trusts in England that this is a cause for concern there, and that they are in discussion with DH to look for ways of retaining the flexibilities and improvements achieved to date, whilst at the same time accommodating greater involvement of General Practice.Scottish GovernmentJanuary 2011For further information contact:Kathleen Bessos (****************************)Alison Taylor (**************************)Paul Leak (**********************)Brian Slater (*************************)Colin Blyth (************************)。
a brief description
a brief descriptionA Brief DescriptionIntroductionIn today's fast-paced world, information is constantly being generated and disseminated. With the vast amount of content available, it is essential to be able to convey information concisely and effectively. A brief description serves as a summary or overview of a topic, providing the reader with a snapshot of the subject matter at hand. In this document, we will explore the concept of a brief description and its significance in various contexts.Defining a Brief DescriptionA brief description is a concise summary that effectively captures the essence and key points of a subject. It is typically used to provide an overview or introduction to a topic, allowing the reader to quickly grasp the main ideas without having to delve into extensive details. The length of a brief description can vary but is generally kept to a few sentencesor paragraphs, ensuring that the content remains focused and to the point.Purpose and SignificanceThe purpose of a brief description is to provide the reader with a clear and concise understanding of a subject. It aims to capture the attention of the audience and quickly communicate the main points, enabling them to decide whether they want to explore the topic further. In addition to serving as an introduction or summary, a brief description also facilitates efficient information retrieval. In today's fast-paced world, people often skim through content, so a well-crafted brief description helps them quickly identify relevant information and prioritize their reading.ApplicationsThe use of brief descriptions is prevalent across various fields and industries. Let's take a look at some areas where brief descriptions play a crucial role:1. Marketing and Advertising: In the world of marketing and advertising, capturing the attention of potential customersquickly is paramount. A brief description is often used in promotional materials, such as product brochures or advertisements, to convey the unique features and benefits of a product or service. It serves as a snapshot that entices consumers to learn more.2. Web Content: With the rise of the internet, web content has become increasingly important. Brief descriptions are commonly found in search engine results, meta descriptions, and website summaries. They help users decide if a webpage contains the information they are looking for, improving overall browsing efficiency.3. Academic Abstracts: In academic research, brief descriptions known as abstracts serve as concise summaries of scholarly articles, conference papers, or theses. Abstracts allow researchers to quickly evaluate the relevance and significance of a study, enabling them to determine whether further investigation is warranted.4. Book Blurbs: Publishers use brief descriptions, often referred to as book blurbs, to entice potential readers. These condensed summaries provide a taste of the plot, main characters, and overall theme of the book, helping readers decide if it is worth their time and investment.Tips for Writing an Effective Brief DescriptionCrafting a compelling brief description requires careful consideration of the subject matter and the intended audience. Here are some tips for creating an effective brief description:1. Identify the main points: Determine the most critical aspects you want to convey and prioritize them in your description.2. Keep it concise: Stick to the essential information and avoid unnecessary details. Be mindful of the word count or character limit, if applicable.3. Use clear and concise language: Choose words and phrases that are easily understandable to the target audience. Avoid jargon or complex terminology.4. Highlight the benefits: If applicable, emphasize the benefits or unique features of the subject to capture the reader's interest.5. Spark curiosity: Create intrigue by leaving out some details, encouraging readers to explore further.ConclusionIn a world inundated with information, a brief description serves as a valuable tool to summarize and convey key points concisely. It plays a crucial role in various contexts, from marketing and advertising to academic research. Crafting an effective brief description requires careful consideration of the subject matter and the intended audience. By following the tips provided, one can create a succinct and impactful summary that captures the reader's attention and prompts further exploration of the topic at hand.。
中国风旅游景点行程介绍PPT模版
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