Connectivity Compression for Irregular Quadrilateral Meshes
经常不能按时吃饭英语作文
In todays fastpaced world,it has become increasingly common for individuals to struggle with maintaining a regular meal schedule.The reasons for this are multifaceted, ranging from demanding work schedules to the prevalence of fast food options that cater to the convenience of onthego eating.This essay will explore the various factors that contribute to the inability to eat meals on time and the potential consequences of this lifestyle choice.Firstly,one of the primary reasons people often miss their meal times is due to the pressures of work.In many professions,the demands of the job can lead to long hours and tight deadlines,leaving little room for breaks.This is particularly true for those in highstress environments such as finance,healthcare,or technology sectors.The need to meet targets and complete tasks often takes precedence over personal wellbeing,resulting in skipped meals or eating at irregular intervals.Secondly,the rise of technology and the internet has also played a role in disrupting meal times.With the ability to work remotely and the constant connectivity provided by smartphones and laptops,many individuals find themselves working through lunch breaks or eating while multitasking.This not only disrupts the digestive process but also diminishes the enjoyment of food,as attention is divided between eating and other tasks.Thirdly,the availability of fast food and takeout options has made it easier for people to opt for quick,convenient meals instead of sitting down for a proper meal.While these options may save time in the short term,they often lack the nutritional value of a homecooked meal and can lead to longterm health issues if consumed regularly.The consequences of not eating meals on time can be significant.Skipping meals or eating irregularly can lead to a range of health problems,including digestive issues, weight gain,and nutrient deficiencies.Moreover,it can also affect mental health,leading to increased stress,fatigue,and a decreased ability to concentrate.To mitigate these issues,it is essential to prioritize meal times and establish a routine. This can involve setting specific times for breakfast,lunch,and dinner,and making a conscious effort to avoid work during these periods.Additionally,preparing meals in advance or opting for healthier takeout options can help ensure that nutritional needs are met even when time is limited.In conclusion,the inability to eat meals on time is a widespread issue that stems from various societal and personal factors.By recognizing the importance of regular meal times and taking steps to incorporate them into daily life,individuals can improve their overall health and wellbeing.。
MMP-2,-VCAM-1-and-NCAM-1-expression-in-the-brain-of-rats-with-experimental-autoimmune-
MMP-2,VCAM-1and NCAM-1expression in the brain of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a trigger mechanismfor synaptic plasticity and pathologyKatica Jovanova-Nesic a ,Yehuda Shoenfeld b,⁎aImmunology Research Center,Department of Neuroimmunology,Belgrade,Serbia and MontenegrobDepartment of Medicine ‘B ’and Center for Autoimmune Diseases,Sheba Medical Center,Tel Hashomer 52621,Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv,IsraelReceived 29May 2006;received in revised form 16August 2006;accepted 28August 2006AbstractThe neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs),and vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAMs)that regulate cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion,and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs),modulating the extracellular matrix (ECM),are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).Clinical signs appearance and significant increases of MMP-2expression in CA1and CA3subdomains of the hippocampus and around the central canal of the cervical spinal cord,with the clusters of VCAM-1+immunoreactive cells localized in the choroid plexus epithelium and hypothalamo-hypophyses portal vessel system indicate an inflammation in acute EAE.Decreased NCAM-1expression in CA1and CA3fields of the hippocampus,and in a lesser degree in the basal ganglia,limbic structure and cervical spinal cord,support the concept that the demyelinating neuroinflammatory damage in an autoimmune brain affect synaptic organization of the brain,altering the balance between extracellular proteases and cell adhesion molecules which appears to be critical for both the brain plasticity and autoimmune processes.©2006Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:EAE;NCAM-1;VCAM-1and MMP-2expression;Brain plasticity;Autoimmunity1.IntroductionDynamic changes in the structure characteristics of the synapses are thought to underlie some forms of synaptic plasticity in the brain.These structural changes depending on rearrangement of cell-to-cell and extracellular-matrix-to-cell interactions (Bahr et al.,1997)are mediated by recognition of molecules in the brain encoded by transient physical changes in the sensory receptors (Wrght et al.,2002).The storage of information maintained by excitatory feedback connections between neurons (Fu et al.,2003),and specific cell-to-cell signaling events regulate synapse formation during brain development,and later in the adult brain (Fu et al.,2003;Fuxet al.,2003).The accuracy of this process is fundamental for normal brain function to occur.However,any aberrant neural connectivity leads to nervous system disorders (Cotman et al.,1998;Rubenstain and Merzenich,2003).Despite the overall precision by which neural synapse is formed into circuits,individual synapses and synaptic networks are also plastic and can be changed by adapting to external stimuli,leading to several trans-synaptic cell adhesion signaling which is as-sumed to play a role in at least only to hold a cell-to-cell contact (Newton et al.,1997;Scheiffele,2003).Therefore,the membrane-bound and extracellular cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)are major players in triggering of synapse formation (Biederer et al.,2002;Sytnyk et al.,2002).Then,for a long-term synaptic plasticity to occur,certain families of CAMs have to be present in the brain (Muller et al.,1996;Hofmann et al.,2002;Yamagata et al.,2003).However,only two classes of cell adhesion molecules are thought to contribute to separateJournal of Neuroimmunology 181(2006)112–121/locate/jneuroim⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+97235302652,+972526666120(Mobile);fax:+97235352855.E-mail address:shoenfel@post.tau.ac.il (Y .Shoenfeld).0165-5728/$-see front matter ©2006Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.08.013phases of the same function to occur.Specifically,nerve cell adhesion molecules(NCAMs)are involved in the initial phase of long-term potentiation(LTP)in the hippocampus(Cambon et al.,2004;Polo-Prada et al.,2004)learning process,while integrins are thought to be involved in a maintenance of the long-term potentiation in the same process(Engelhardt,2000; Alter et al.,2003).This is probably because integrins usually exist in a quiescent state that requires a triggering event for the adhesion properties to emerge(Newton et al.,1997).Changes in the synthesis and degradation of cell adhesion molecules,contributing to synapse stability and number of synapses(Biederer et al.,2002;Yamagata et al.,2003),are very important in the brain for learning and memory con-solidation in the hippocampus(Luthi et al.,1994;Ronn et al., 1995;Schuster et al.,1998).Little is known of how synaptic adhesion is modulated,and whether separate adhesive inter-actions,would differentially modulate synaptic specificity, producing a huge variety of possible synaptic connections and strengths(Echardt et al.,2000).Cell adhesion molecules can also reorganize the extracel-lular space and cause disturbances that drive the development of brain pathology(Teesalu et al.,2001;Wrght et al.,2002; Steinman,2001).In the brain tissue,their expression appears to be critical for both brain plasticity and autoimmune processes(Cotman et al.,1998;Raine and Cannella,1992; Raine,1994;Dopp et al.,1994).Although T cells are required for the initiation of inflammation in the brain(Hickey,2001; Bradi et al.,2005),in the absence of B cells,inflammation occurs without demyelination and without neurological dysfunction(Archelos et al.,2000;Alter et al.,2003).The role of B-lymphocytes and autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyeli-tis(EAE)remains heavily debated.While some have re-ported that B cells are irrelevant for the development of EAE and neurological autoimmune disorders,others have showed that antibodies(Abs)are central requirements(Shuguang, 1996;Archelos et al.,2000;Alter et al.,2003;Shoenfeld et al.,2003;Becher,2006).However,data indicating their role in the CNS-inflammation and demyelination in vivo are sparse.Among glia the oligodendrocytes are uniquely vulnerable to immunological injury in acute EAE(Compston et al.,1991;Bauer et al.,2002),and the understanding of the mechanism controlling synaptic plasticity and brain pathol-ogy are central to the recovery of the brain functions after injury(Wilson et al.,2006).We will furthermore assess the role of anti-myelin oligo-dendrocyte autoantibodies(anti-MOGabs)in the tissue destruc-tion and demyelinating processes seen in the brain tissue of acute EAE,induced by passive transfer of anti-MOGabs.2.Materials and methods2.1.SubjectMale and female DA rats(180–200g of body weight), were obtained from the Military Medical Academy(Bel-grade,Serbia and Montenegro).The protocols for animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the guide-lines(86/609/EEC)of the European Community Council Directives.Rats were housed in groups of four per cage, under12h light/dark cycle,and temperature(21±2°C) controlled,and food and water ad libitum.About10days after arrival,the rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally with Nembutal[(5-athyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbitursaure Na-salz, Pentobarbitalnatrium penton),SERV A,Heidelberg,Ger-many]at a dose of35mg/kg.A guide cannula(21G×11/2, Nipro Corporation,Osaka,Japan)was stereotactically (Stereotaxis-La precision cinematographique,Paris,France) implanted into the III ventricle of the brain at the position of 2.8mm posterior to bregma,along the central sagittal line and7.9mm deep,and fixed to the skull by using two screws and dental cement(Cegal®BV,ICN,CA,USA).After operation the animals were housed individually.2.2.Transfer of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte antibodiesIntracerebroventricular(i.c.v.)infusion cannula was at-tached to a10μl microsyringe(Exmire microsyringe,Roth, GmbH,ITO Corp.,Fuji,Japan)via polyurethane tubing (Shoenfeld et al.,2003),0.12mm in diameter(CMA,Mycro-dialysis AB,Stockholm,Sweden)for delivery of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody(anti-MOGabs)(af-finity-purified goat polyclonal antibody,sc-14525,200μg/ml, Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Inc.,CA,USA)or BSA(Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH,Steinheim,Germany),as irregular protein control.Infusion cannula was inserted into the guide cannula of un-anesthetized rat,and5μl of MOGabs(con-centration of200μg/ml in PBS,pH=7.4)or the same volume and concentration of BSA in PBS were infused at a rate of 1μl/min.2.3.Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)About2to4days after i.c.v.injection of MOGabs,visible clinical symptoms of EAE were detected.The degree of EAE severity were scored as follows:0°,no clinical signs;0.5°, incomplete tail paralysis;1°,complete tail paralysis;2°, unsteady gait or incomplete paraplegia;3°,complete paraplegia.2.4.Tissue collection and processing for histology and immunohistochemistryTo compare the brain tissue pathology in acute EAE and normal brain tissue,we collected brain and cervical spinal cord(CSC)tissue from three groups of DA rats:normal animals(intact control=ic,animals did not receive any-thing),with i.c.v.injected BSA in PBS(sham-EAE=smg) and animals with an acute EAE(passive transfer of anti-MOGabs=mg).On day5after MOGabs injection,when animals with acute EAE exhibited less clinical symptoms as113K.Jovanova-Nesic,Y.Shoenfeld/Journal of Neuroimmunology181(2006)112–121compared to the signs on the previous day,indicating the beginning of remission phase,all animals were sacrificed by intraperitoneal Nembutal injection,and then transcardially perfused with40ml of ice-cold0.1mol/l phosphate-buffered saline(PBS)and60ml of4%paraformaldehyde in PBS.The brains and cervical spinal cords were dissected out,postfixed in4%paraformaldehyde overnight and then in10%para-formaldehyde,later paraffin embedded and5μm transverse brain and CSC sections were prepared.For each animal,a part of the CNS tissue was snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at−70°C or in medium(Killik,embedding medium,Milan,Italy)for cryocut sections.The rest of CNS tissue was fixed with freshly prepared4%paraformaldehyde in PBS overnight at4°C,followed by10%formaldehyde on the next day for3weeks.The fixed tissues were dehydrated, paraffin-embedded,and sectioned at5μm thickness.Serial sections were mounted on Super Frost Plus microscope slides(Menzel-Glaser,Braunschweig,Germany).Part of sections was hematoxylin eosin stained for histo-pathological examinations.2.5.ImmunohistochemistryParaffin sections were deparaffinized in xylol and trans-ferred to90%,70%and50%of ethanol.Polyclonal anti matrix metalloproteinase-2(anti-MMP-2),anti-vascular cell adhesion molecule(anti-VCAM-1)and ant-neural cell adhe-sion molecule(anti-NCAM-1)antibodies at1:50dilutions were used for immunohistochemical staining(Hofmann et al.,2002).Briefly,tissue sections were incubated with5% bovine serum albumin to30min to block the background staining,and then incubated with primary antibodies (affinity-purified goat polyclonal anti-MMP-2,anti-VCAM-1and anti-NCAM-1antibodies of human origin with blocking peptides100μg/0.5ml PBS with0.1% sodium azide and100μg BSA)at4°C overnight.After rinsing,the sections were incubated with0.3%H2O2in PBS for15min to block the endogenous peroxidase activity,and then incubated with streptavidin–horsradish peroxidase (anti-goat IgG whole molecule,Sigma Inc.,Saint Louis, MO,USA)secondary antibody at1:200for1h at room temperature.Immunoreactivity was visualized by incubating in3,3′-diaminobenzedine(DAB-BD Bioscience Pharmin-gen,USA)for3–5min.The sections were then washed in distilled water,dehydrated in a graded series of alcohols, cleared by xylene,and coverslipped.2.6.Image analysis for determining the location of MMP-2+, VCAM-1+and NCAM-1+immunoreactivity in the brain and spinal cord sectionsTo analyze immunostaining results,image was captured under photomicroscope(Carl Zeiss,Germany)with CoolPix camera(Tokyo,Japan).The same light intensity and exposure(58ms)were applied to all photographs and the six neutral density filters were used.The linear property of the camera was confirmed by analyzing the mean gray values of the images(Zhu et al.,2003).To minimize the variability,all images were captured from the frontal cortical area,hippocampus,pons and spinal cord,and the microscope was focused on the examined area.Six to ten pictures were collected from the sections of seven rats with3°peak EAE and of3–4animals from each control group.All images were converted to grayscale and then analyzed with Micro-Image(the Windows version of ETF software,University of Belgrade).A fixed threshold range of0to160was chosen to better highlight the staining signals in the section,and the total area within this range was analyzed and saved on the disk and used later for digital offline analysis of the data.2.7.Cell profiles counting and statistical analysisZeiss photomicroscope was used to record data analysis. Immunostained cell profiles counts were done by using an ocular morphometric grid for two-dimensional images (Kawakami et al.,2005).Image analysis was done by visual inspection of the individual image sections.Image acquisition and online analysis performed by using of Micro-Image system(ETF,Belgrade)software and image stacks saved were digitally analyzed off-line by using an image resolution of1280×960pixels(picture elements with1μm=1.4mm)in x–y axes with field of view of190×190μm2.Cell trajectories and cell velocity number(n)was evaluated using SPSS-PC (SPSS rmation analysis system)statistical program. The results were expressed as means±S.E.M.Statistical comparisons were performed by ANOV A and post hoc LSD-test.Significance was tested at the⁎p b0.05,⁎⁎p b0.01and ⁎⁎⁎p b0.001levels.Each group consists of at least7animals.3.ResultsEnclosed the histopathological feature of the lesions and the kinetics of the clinical scores mean values in the acute phase of EAE,as well as the expressions of matrix metal-loproteinase-2(MMP-2;as a novel glia-released factor involved in synaptic plasticity),vascular cell adhesion mole-cules-1(VCAM-1)and nerve cell adhesion molecules-1 (NCAM-1)in the brain and spinal cord of rats with expe-rimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE)induced by passive transfer of anti myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies(anti-MOGabs)into the III ventricle.3.1.Kinetics of the clinical signs of EAE induced by anti-MOG antibodies in rat brain and spinal cord EAE was induced in DA rats by i.c.v.infusion of5μl of anti-MOG antibodies into the III ventricle of the brain(for details see Materials and methods).This model was highly expressed with clinical signs of acute monophasic disease at days2to4after anti-MOGabs injection.Severe clinical symptoms included ascending paralysis and even death in2 of the17animals,3days after injection.114K.Jovanova-Nesic,Y.Shoenfeld/Journal of Neuroimmunology181(2006)112–121The kinetics of the clinical scores which represent the severity of clinical signs of acute EAE is presented in Fig.1.Data are presented as mean values and standard errors (mean ±S.E.M.)of the mean scores from the 1st to 4th day following anti-MOGabs injection i.e.to the beginning of the remitting phase of acute EAE.Result shows the appearance of mild clinical signs (tail atony)next day after the i.c.v.injection with the rapid progression on the 2nd day and severe paralysis on 3rd and 4th day after anti-MOG antibody injection.On day 5we detected sudden improvement and inspected animals showed mainly 2°clinical signs,indicat-ing the beginning of the phase ofremission.Fig.2.The photomicroscopic image from the similar levels of the brain and spinal cord of rats with the 3°peak of acute EAE induced by the passive transfer of anti-MOG antibodies and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E):(A –C)histopathological features of acute EAE;(D)intact tissue.Arrows represent the characteristic changes seen in acute EAE.The histopathologic features of acute EAE (A to C)include hypercellularity and intensive perivascular infiltrations (black arrows in A and B)with parenchymal edema between the motor neurons in the spinal cord and loss of myelin with the widespread axonal damage (black arrows in C)vs.non-changed brain tissue from intact animal (D).Scale bars:50μm;20μm;10μm and 25μm.Fig.1.The kinetics of the clinical scores mean values in acute EAE of DA rats after i.c.v.injection of anti-MOG antibodies into the III ventricle of the brain.Data are presented as means±S.E.M.115K.Jovanova-Nesic,Y.Shoenfeld /Journal of Neuroimmunology 181(2006)112–1213.2.Histopathology of EAE lesionsThe photomicroscopic image shows a gross specimen from the similar level stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).In Panels A to D(Fig.2),lesions are present in the cerebral tissue(Panel A)and in the spinal cord(Panels B and C)gray and white matter.In Panels A and C(H&E),a section of acute lesions has numerous perivascular infiltrates (arrows).The perivascular cuff of cells is separated from the surround parenchyma of the central nervous system,and the acute lesions are ringed by cell infiltrates.In some parts of the cervical spinal cord white matter nerve tissue has undergone demyelination and an area with acute plaques is completely demyelinated and contains transected damaged axons that form spheroids(black arrows in Panel C). Enlarged photomicrograph analysis of acute EAE lesions in the cervical spinal sections(CSC),H&E staining shows a few large motoneurons(white arrows in Panel C)and some other neural cells and severe paravascular and parenchymal inflammation in the CSC.When EAE reached the3°peak, mild swelling occurs in some neural nuclei and dendrites in the gray matter of the spinal cord.However,the majority of gray matter dendrites had relatively normal morphology,and no pattern of alternating swelling and constructionswere Fig.3.The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2),vascular cell adhesion molecules-1(VCAM-1)and nerve cell adhesion molecules-1(NCAM-1) are showed in Panels A to F.Expression of the MMP-2in the hippocampus(arrows in A)and around the central canal of spinal cord(arrows in B)at the3°peak of acute EAE and the hippocampus from the intact control tissue(C)represents the results of the MMP-2immunoreactivity in EAE brain and spinal cord vs.in intact brain tissue.VCAM-1positive staining in the hypothalamus–hypophyseal portal vessel system is showed in Panel D(arrows)in the wall of the vessels (arrows in Panel D).NCAM-1+immunoreactivity on the neurons of intact spinal cord section(arrows in Panel E)vs.negative immunoreactivity to NCAM-1(F) showed in EAE brain(F).In this figure are presented the results of the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2,VCAM-1and NCAM-1adhesive molecules in acute EAE induced by passive transfer of anti-MOG antibodies into the III ventricle of the brain.Scale bar:50μm;25μm.116K.Jovanova-Nesic,Y.Shoenfeld/Journal of Neuroimmunology181(2006)112–121observed,suggesting local inflammation in the CSC at the peak of EAE.3.3.Image analysis and quantitation of the immunohisto-chemically stained(IHC)MMP-2+,VCAM-1+and NCAM-1+ cells3.3.1.Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2in EAE CNSA widespread expression of MMP-2(marker for gelati-nase A)in the hippocampal CA1and CA3subdomain (Fig.3A),and in the cervical spinal cord extracellular space around the central canal(Fig.3B)in rats with3°peak of EAE are shown.In contrast,there was no expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2in the hippocampus of the normal controls(Fig.3C).Comprehensive image analysis showed a higher expres-sion of MMP-2and along the meninges,and in the choroid plexus.Within the brain an increased MMP-2expression (but in a lesser degree)was also observed in the temporal region of the cerebral cortex,nucleus caudatus,amygdaloid complex,around the substantia grisea periventricularis cen-tralis,around the aqueductus in the mesencephalic–meten-cephalic areas in the rats with grade3of EAE.In the intact brain(Fig.3C)of adult DA rats,MMP-2+ profiles are rare.They are distributed throughout the brain tissue,but are more frequently located in the gray than in white matter and the immunoreactivity was exclusively limited to the vasculature.The significantly higher number of MMP-2+IHC cell profiles'expression(p b0.001)as presented in Fig.4(bottom)is showed in the CA3fieldsof Fig.5.The number of VCAM-1-positive cell profiles in the brain tissue and in the spinal cord(SpCord)of rats with acute EAE.The number of VCAM+cell profiles in the hippocampus(Hipp),pons and spinal cord(SpCord)are presented as means±S.E.M.Asterisks show statistically significant differences between EAE and intact groups at the level of95%confidence level(p b0.05to p b0.001),LSD-test of ANOV A.There were no differences between sham-EAE and intact control.Asterisks represent the differences between EAE and intact control.⁎p b0.05,⁎⁎p b0.01,⁎⁎⁎p b0.001.Fig.4.The distribution of MMP-2+trajectories and cell numbers in the frontal cortex(Fr.Cx.),CA3field of the hippocampus(CA3),hippocampus(Hipp),pons and spinal cord(SpCord)in the white and gray matter of DA rats with acute EAE.Data was digitally analyzed and presented as means±S.E.M.Asterisks show statistically significant differences between EAE and intact groups at the level of95%confidence level(⁎p b0.05to⁎⁎⁎p b0.001),LSD-test of ANOV A.117 K.Jovanova-Nesic,Y.Shoenfeld/Journal of Neuroimmunology181(2006)112–121the hippocampus and in the other parts of the hippocampus (p b0.01)as well as in the spinal cord(P b0.05).Analysis of variance and post-hoc LSD-test showed significant differences(at level p b0.05to p b0.001)of stained profiles in the brain tissue of the animals with acute EAE in comparison to both controls(sham-EAE and intact rats)(Fig.5).Due to the absence of expressed significant differences between two controls(sham-EAE=smg vs. intact control=ic),asterisks are shown above the column when the mean values are significantly different between EAE group vs.intact control.⁎p b0.05;⁎⁎p b0.01and ⁎⁎⁎p b0.001.3.3.2.Expression of VCAM-1+in EAE CNSAnti-VCAM-1gave a staining pattern that was similar to the pattern of MMP-2.Increased immunoreactivity for VCAM-1+cells was found in the choroids plexus and in the hypothalamic–hypophyseal portal vessel system(black arrows in Fig.3D)and along the meninges of the rat brain with clinical EAE symptoms.3.3.3.NCAM-1expression in EAE in the brain and spinal cord of DA ratsImmunostaining with NCAM-1antibody revealed only a weak NCAM-1expression in scattered NCAM-1positive neurons in the CA1regions of Amon's horn and CA3 subdomain of the hippocampus(Fig.3E)at3°peak of EAE and we obtained NCAM-1+cells everywhere within the brain and spinal cord of normal(intact)animals(Fig.3F). After quantitative analysis of the imaged sections(Fig.6, bottom)significant decreases of the number of positive stained cell profiles were detected in the frontal cortex(FrCx) (p b0.001),fimbria hippocampi(Fimbria)(p b0.001),in the hippocampus(Hipp)(p b0.001)and in the spinal cord (SpCord)(p b0.001)without significant differences between groups in the pons areas.4.DiscussionThis is the first study to demonstrate the in situ expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2),vascular cell ad-hesion molecule-1(VCAM-1)and neural cell adhesion molecule-1(NCAM-1)in acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE)induced by anti-MOG(myelin oligodendrocyte)antibodies.Our study was prompted by the recent discovery that inflammatory immune infiltrations in the brain in the absence of B cell and antibodies occur without demyelination so characteristic for multiple sclerosis(MS) and EAE.Demyelination seen in acute lesions(Fig.2A to C) (H&E)is probably due to anti-oligodendrocyte antibody-mediated phenomenon in which external myelin lamellas are transformed into vesicular networks and phagocytosed in the presence of complement by local macrophages(Genain et al., 1999),illustrating the dynamic nature of the disease pro-cesses.Therefore,the pathogenesis of the lesions of EAE similar to that in multiple sclerosis(Frohman et al.,2006)is heterogeneous(Trapp et al.,1998),and the pattern of the lesions appears to be unpredictable.Significantly increased expression of MMP-2in the hip-pocampus and spinal cord in acute EAE induced by anti-MOG antibodies could be associated with an accumulation of extracellular matrix(ECM)components around the blood vessels(Cuzner and Opdenakker,1999).This is due to the antibody–autoantigen(myelin oligodendrocyte protein)reac-tions in the brain.In acute EAE induced by anti-MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte)antibodies some cytokines released can also be able to activate the extracellular proteases which may degrade the surrounding matrix(Hotary et al.,2000; Bradi et al.,2005).But the concept that a single proteolytic enzyme is critical for the development of such a complex phenotype as EAE is probably flawed,and it is likely that a network of functionally redundant proteases is involved in EAE progression(Teesalu et al.,2001).Yet the expressionof Fig.6.The number of NCAM-1-positive cell profiles in the fimbria hippocampi(Fimbria),CA3subdomain of the hippocampus(CA3),hippocampus(Hipp),pons and the spinal cord(CpCord)of rats with acute EAE.Data are presented as means±S.E.M.Asterisks show statistically significant differences between EAEand intact groups at the level of95%confidence level(⁎p b0.05to⁎⁎⁎p b0.001),LSD-test of ANOV A.There are not significant differences between two controls(sham-EAE=smg vs.intact animals=ic).⁎p b0.05,⁎⁎p b0.01,⁎⁎⁎p b0.001.118K.Jovanova-Nesic,Y.Shoenfeld/Journal of Neuroimmunology181(2006)112–121membrane-type MMPs confers cells with the ability to activate MMP-2which also can act as extracellular matrix (ECM)metalloproteinase-remodeling agent(Teesalu et al., 2001).This may explain the significant increases of the MMP-2expression obtained in our experiments.Significant amount of MMP-2in CA1and CA3region of the hippo-campus showed in our study(Fig.3A)degrade extracellular matrix(ECM)by released enzymes and can produce proteolysis of myelin components as showed in our study (Fig.3C)and supported by findings of others(Cuzner and Opdenakker,1999;Teesalu et al.,2001).MMP-2affecting the activity within synaptic circuits(Yoshida and Shiosaka, 1999)can modulate the long-term potentiation(LTP)in the hippocampus(Xiao et al.,1991;Tsirka et al.,1996; Scheiffele,2003)necessary for the learning process to occur. The newly deposited MMP-2may also drive the inflamma-tory response,serving as substrates for immune cell adhesion and invasion in an autoimmune brain(Hotary et al.,2000; Wrght et al.,2002)and in the spinal cord(Bradi et al.,2005). Increased level of MMP-2expression in the spinal cord around the central canal(Fig.3B)of paralyzed animals in our model of acute EAE,may indicate that the enzyme is up-regulated in situ,similar to that in multiple sclerosis (Steinman,2001)and other models of EAE(Gijbels et al., 1993).Furthermore,the inhibition of MMPs in EAE has been shown to suppress the matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) induced in primed T cells upon adhesion to endothelial cells and this induction is mediated by the binding of T cell VLA-4 (very late antigen-4)to VCAM-1(Madri et al.,1996;Tanaka et al.,1993;Engelhardt,2000).These findings can explain the similar pattern of expression of VCAM-1and MMP-2+ immunoreactivity showed in the choroids plexus epithelium and in the perivascular space(Fig.3B and D)in the spinal cord.In this respect,T cell extravasations into the perivascular tissue in EAE inflammation involves transmi-gration through the endothelial cell layer and basal membrane,with complementary adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium surrounding EAE plaques(Verbeck et al.,1995),such as VCAM and intracellular adhesion molecules(ICAM)(Wingerchuk et al.,2001)and in the choroids plexus epithelium(Steffen et al.,1996).Primed immune cells in acute EAE accumulate in the brain where they encounter their target antigens(Kawakami et al., 2005),initiating their effectors'functions and recruiting inflammatory cells,such as macrophages(Alter et al.,2003; Engelhardt and Rausohoff,2005),responsible for the demyelination as well as synaptic disorganization in acute EAE.Therefore,the anti-MOG antibodies in EAE brain interacting with MOG autoantigens on the axons can affect nerve cell adhesion molecules(NCAM)on the neuronal membranes providing a repulsive force that drives neurons apart,thus destabilizing presynaptic–postsynaptic contact which can impair synaptic connections(Doyle et al.,1992). Besides,the NCAMs are well positioned to facilitate synaptic restructuring(Schuster et al.,1998;Dityatev et al.,2000; Echardt et al.,2000;Bukalo et al.,2004)suggesting an important role of NCAM as modulator of synaptic plasticity. Decreased NCAM-1expression in the CA1and CA3 subdomains of the hippocampus of rats with the acute EAE showed in our experiments(Fig.3E),support the idea that NCAMs play a critical role in both the inflammatory processes of the brain and in the synaptic plasticity(Yamagata et al.,2003;Washbourn et al.,2004).Taken together,it is not surprising that no single predominant mechanism of regula-tion of brain functions in acute EAE has emerged.Elevation of MMP-2within the hippocampus(CA1and CA3subdo-mains),choroids plexus and the spinal cord,VCAM-1on the endothelium of the blood vessels and choroids plexus epithelium and impaired expression of the NCAM-1 molecules in the hippocampal CA1and CA3fields and the cervical spinal cord,indicate changes in the balance between extracellular proteases and cell adhesion molecules in acute EAE,which may contribute synaptic remodeling and underlie a complex autoimmune process in the brain with acute EAE.AcknowledgementsWe thank Dr.Vladimir Lesnikov,MD,PhD,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center,Seattle,USA,for critical reading of the manuscript and Prof.B.Reljin and Nenad Stepanic,masters of informatics(Electrical Faculty, University of Belgrade)for technical support with imaging (photomicroscope-computing system),and software for image analysis and quantization of analyzed images.This work was supported by The Ministry of Science and Art,Serbia and Montenegro,Grant No.BR-M1239. ReferencesAlter,A.,Daddy,M.,Hebert,S.,Biernacki,K.,Prat,A.,Antel,J.P.,Yong, V.W.,Nuttall,R.K.,Pennington, C.J.,Drand Bar-Or, A.E.,2003.Determinants of human B cells migration across brain endothelial cells.J.Immunol.170,4497–4505.Archelos,J.J.,Storch,M.K.,Hartung,H.P.,2000.The role of B cells and autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis.Ann.Neurol.47,694(MEDLINE). Bahr,B.,Staubli,U.,Xiao,P.,Chun,J.,Esteban,E.,Lynch,G.,1997.Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser selective adhesion,and the characterization of a candidate matrix receptor.J.Neurosci.17,1320–1330.Bauer,J.,Bradi,M.,Klein,M.,Leisser,M.,Deckwerth,T.L.,Wekerle,H., Lassmann,H.,2002.Endoplasmic reticulum in PLP-overexpressing transgenic rats:gray matter oligodendrocytes are more vulnerable that white matter oligodendrocytes.J.Neuropathol.Exp.Neurol.61,12–22. Becher,B.The role of immunoglobulin and lymphocytes in the initiation and effectors phase of EAE,full text(2006)via PMID[M:14973228 [PubMed–index for MEDLINE]].Biederer,T.,Sara,Y.,Mozhayev,M.,Atasoy,D.,Liu,X.,Kavalali,E.T., Sudhov,T.C.,2002.SynCAM,a synaptic adhesion molecule that drives synapse assembly.Science297,1525–1531.Bradi,M.,Bauer,J.,Flugel, A.,Wekerle,H.,Lassmann,H.,2005.Complementary contribution of CD4and CD8T lymphocytes to T-cell infiltration of the intact and the degenerative spinal cord.Am.J.Pathol.166,1441–1450.Bukalo,O.,Fentrop,N.,Lee,A.,Salmen,B.,Law,J.W.S.,Wotjak,C.T., Schweizer,M.,Dityatev,A.,Schachner,M.,2004.Conditional ablation of the neural cell adhesion molecule reduces precision of spatial learning,long-term potentiation,and depression in the CA1subfield of mouse hippocampus.J.Neurosci.24,1565–1577.119K.Jovanova-Nesic,Y.Shoenfeld/Journal of Neuroimmunology181(2006)112–121。
英语作文出行方式
英语作文出行方式Title: Exploring Various Modes of Transportation in English。
When it comes to traveling, there is a plethora of transportation options available, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. In this essay, we will delve into various modes of transportation in English-speaking countries, analyzing their merits and drawbacks.Firstly, let's consider the most conventional mode of transportation: automobiles. Cars offer unparalleled convenience and flexibility, allowing individuals to travel from point A to point B with relative ease. They provide the freedom to explore remote areas and undertake spontaneous trips. However, automobiles contribute significantly to pollution and traffic congestion, posing environmental and societal challenges.On the other hand, public transportation systems suchas buses, trains, and subways offer a more sustainable alternative. These modes of transportation are often more cost-effective and environmentally friendly compared to private vehicles. Additionally, they can help alleviate traffic congestion in urban areas. Nevertheless, public transportation may be less convenient in terms offlexibility and scheduling, particularly in areas with limited coverage or irregular service.Another noteworthy mode of transportation is cycling. Cycling promotes physical activity, reduces carbon emissions, and offers a unique perspective of the surroundings. Moreover, bicycles are relatively inexpensive to maintain and provide an efficient means of transportation, especially for short distances. However, cycling may not be suitable for long journeys or inclement weather conditions, and safety concerns such as accidents and thefts persist.In recent years, ridesharing services like Uber andLyft have gained popularity as a convenient alternative to traditional taxis. These platforms utilize smartphone appsto connect passengers with drivers, offering on-demand transportation services at competitive prices. Ridesharing provides flexibility, accessibility, and often better customer experiences compared to conventional taxis. Nonetheless, concerns regarding safety, regulatory issues, and labor practices have been raised regarding these services.Aviation remains indispensable for long-distance travel, connecting distant destinations and facilitatinginternational mobility. Air travel offers unparalleledspeed and efficiency, enabling individuals to traverse vast distances in a matter of hours. However, the aviation industry is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. Moreover, airtravel can be expensive, subject to delays, and involve stringent security measures.Lastly, walking remains one of the most fundamental and environmentally friendly modes of transportation. Walking promotes physical health, enhances connectivity with the surroundings, and reduces reliance on motorized vehicles.Additionally, walking requires minimal infrastructure and incurs no direct cost. Nevertheless, walking may not be feasible for long-distance travel or in areas with inadequate pedestrian infrastructure.In conclusion, various modes of transportation offer diverse benefits and challenges in English-speaking countries. While automobiles provide convenience and flexibility, they contribute to pollution and congestion. Public transportation offers a sustainable alternative but may lack flexibility and coverage. Cycling promotes health and sustainability but has limitations in terms of distance and safety. Ridesharing services offer convenience but raise concerns regarding safety and regulation. Aviation enables long-distance travel but is environmentally impactful and costly. Walking remains a simple and eco-friendly option but may not be suitable for all situations. Ultimately, the choice of transportation depends on individual preferences, circumstances, and societal priorities.。
关于可穿戴技术的英文作文
关于可穿戴技术的英文作文Title: The Evolution and Impact of Wearable Technology。
Wearable technology has rapidly evolved over the past few decades, transforming from simple gadgets to sophisticated devices that seamlessly integrate into our daily lives. From fitness trackers to smartwatches and augmented reality glasses, wearables have become ubiquitous, offering convenience, connectivity, and new possibilities.In this essay, we will explore the evolution of wearable technology, its current status, and its potential future impact on society.Firstly, let's delve into the evolution of wearable technology. The concept of wearable devices dates back tothe 1960s and 1970s when early prototypes like the Hamilton Pulsar digital watch and the calculator watch were introduced. These devices, though rudimentary by today's standards, laid the groundwork for the development of more advanced wearables in the decades to come.The 21st century saw a surge in wearable technology innovation, driven by advancements in miniaturization, sensor technology, and wireless connectivity. One of the breakthroughs in this era was the introduction of fitness trackers, such as the Fitbit, which revolutionized the way people monitor their physical activity and health metrics. These devices could track steps taken, calories burned, heart rate, and even sleep patterns, empowering users to take control of their health and fitness goals.Another significant milestone in wearable technologywas the advent of smartwatches. Combining the functionality of traditional watches with smartphone-like features, smartwatches offer a wide range of capabilities, including notifications, voice commands, fitness tracking, and even mobile payments. Brands like Apple, Samsung, and Garminhave been at the forefront of this technological revolution, constantly pushing the boundaries of what wearables can do.In recent years, wearable technology has expanded beyond wrist-worn devices to include smart clothing,hearables, and augmented reality (AR) glasses. Smart clothing embedded with sensors can monitor biometric data, track movement, and even provide haptic feedback to enhance performance in sports and fitness activities. Hearables, such as wireless earbuds with biometric sensors, offer personalized audio experiences and health monitoring features. AR glasses, like Google Glass and Microsoft HoloLens, overlay digital information onto the physical world, opening up new possibilities in fields like education, healthcare, and enterprise.Now, let's consider the current status of wearable technology. As of today, wearables have become more than just gadgets; they are integral parts of our digital ecosystem. Smartwatches have evolved into sophisticated devices that not only tell time but also serve as personal assistants, health coaches, and communication hubs. Fitness trackers have become indispensable tools for health-conscious individuals, providing valuable insights into their physical well-being.Furthermore, wearable technology has made significantstrides in healthcare and medical applications. Remote patient monitoring devices allow healthcare providers to track patients' vital signs and manage chronic conditions from a distance. Wearable ECG monitors can detect irregular heart rhythms and potentially save lives by alerting users to cardiac abnormalities. Moreover, wearable devices equipped with fall detection and emergency response features offer peace of mind to seniors and their caregivers.Looking ahead, wearable technology holds immense potential to continue shaping the future of society. As technology advances, we can expect wearables to become even more sophisticated, seamlessly integrating into our lives and enhancing our capabilities. For instance, future smartwatches may incorporate advanced health sensors capable of detecting early signs of diseases such as cancer and diabetes. AR glasses could revolutionize how weinteract with the world around us, offering immersive experiences in gaming, education, and productivity.However, with great power comes great responsibility.As wearable technology becomes more pervasive, concerns regarding privacy, data security, and ethical implications arise. It is essential for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and consumers to work together to address these challenges and ensure that wearable technology is used ethically and responsibly.In conclusion, wearable technology has come a long way since its inception, evolving from simple gadgets to powerful tools that enhance our lives in myriad ways. With continued innovation and advancements, wearables have the potential to revolutionize industries, improve healthcare outcomes, and empower individuals to lead healthier, more connected lives. As we embrace the future of wearable technology, let us do so thoughtfully, mindful of the opportunities and challenges it presents.。
写智能家具的英语作文初一
写智能家具的英语作文初一Smart Furniture。
In recent years, the development of technology has brought about significant changes in various aspects of our lives. One of the most notable advancements is the emergence of smart furniture. Smart furniture refers to household items that are equipped with advanced technology, allowing them to perform various functions and enhance our living experience. In this essay, we will explore the concept of smart furniture, its benefits, and its potential impact on our daily lives.To begin with, smart furniture encompasses a wide range of products, including sofas, beds, tables, and cabinets, among others. These items are embedded with sensors, microchips, and wireless connectivity, which enable them to interact with users and perform tasks autonomously. For example, a smart sofa may have built-in sensors that detect the user's body temperature and adjust the heating orcooling accordingly. Similarly, a smart bed can monitor sleep patterns and adjust the mattress firmness to provide optimal comfort.One of the main advantages of smart furniture is its ability to enhance convenience and efficiency in our daily routines. For instance, a smart kitchen table can recognize the ingredients placed on its surface and provide recipe suggestions based on the available items. It can alsodisplay nutritional information and cooking instructions, making meal preparation easier and more enjoyable. Moreover, smart cabinets can detect when supplies are running low and automatically place orders for restocking, ensuring that essential items are always available.In addition to convenience, smart furniture also contributes to energy efficiency and sustainability. Many smart devices are designed to optimize energy consumptionby adjusting settings based on usage patterns and environmental conditions. For instance, a smart lighting system can automatically adjust brightness levels according to natural light availability, reducing energy wastage.Furthermore, smart furniture can be integrated with home automation systems, allowing users to control various household appliances remotely. This feature enables better management of energy consumption and reduces unnecessary use of resources.Furthermore, smart furniture has the potential to revolutionize healthcare and improve the quality of life for individuals with specific needs. For example, smart chairs can be equipped with sensors that monitor body posture and provide feedback to promote better spinal alignment. This is particularly beneficial for individuals with back problems or those who spend long hours sitting. Additionally, smart beds can detect irregular sleeping patterns and alert caregivers or medical professionals in case of emergencies, such as sleep apnea or sudden changes in heart rate.Despite the numerous benefits, there are some concerns surrounding the use of smart furniture. One major concern is privacy and data security. Since smart furniture relies on sensors and connectivity, there is a possibility ofunauthorized access to personal information. Manufacturers need to ensure robust security measures are in place to protect user data from potential breaches. Additionally, there is a risk of overdependence on technology, which may lead to a lack of basic skills or physical activity. It is crucial to strike a balance between the convenience offered by smart furniture and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.In conclusion, smart furniture represents a significant technological advancement that has the potential to transform our daily lives. With its ability to enhance convenience, energy efficiency, and healthcare, smart furniture offers numerous benefits. However, it isessential to address concerns related to privacy and overdependence on technology. As smart furniture continues to evolve, it will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of our homes and lifestyles.。
成表配件中英文对照
不光边no polishing.['pɔliʃ]幼砂fine sand太阳砂radiation brushing.[reidi'eiʃən]打字stamped.[stæmp]光令mirror finishing光滑表面smooth surface光边polishing光边直砂6—12polished brushing光边圆砂circular polished brushing防水度water-resistant level直砂6-12 brushing砂纹sand brushing涂油add grease .[ɡri:s]镀黑black chrome plating .[krəʊm]填黑油black filled鱼鳞纹armor brushing.['ɑ:mə]圆砂circular brushing蚀字chemical etching .['etʃɪŋ]喷砂sand brushing横砂3-9brushing镭射字体laser二、表面（Dial）分位字尾minute struck日历窗date frame .[freim]字印marking字钉index.['indeks表面surface表面加工ackground finishing面底色background color面厚dial thickness面窗dial ring时位字尾hour struck牌子名brand name点dot镶唛applied logo钻石diamond钻石托diamond bushings三、表针（Hand）山型顶faceted分针minute hand平顶flat百分秒针chromo second hand .['krəuməu]夜光luminous .['lu:minəs]秒针second hand针高hand height四、底盖（Caseback）刀口位opening slot内字印inside marking外字印outside marking波子底back snap底保护贴back protective sticker .['st i kə]底匙眼back key slot底盖caseback螺丝screw螺丝牙screw thread .[θred]米底point snap湾形底curved caseback .[kə:v]五、表带（caseband /wristket /band）中珠center link皮带strap/leather皮带扣利口tongue皮带环loop扣制buckle ['bʌkl]尾珠end piece拆生珠removable link/adjustable link表带caseband /wristket /band潜水扣dive buckle单接皮带扣deploy .[di'plɔi]边珠side link实心珠solid link珠宝扣jewellery buckle蝴蝶扣butterfly buckle双开蝴蝶扣hidden butterfly pushed button头珠starting piece壳:Case表胚：watch blank表圈：watch bezel表面：dial晌圈：springed metal ring内影：metal case decoratiue ring不锈钢实心表带：stainless steel semi-solid band包边带：side-wrapped band包边不锈钢表带：side-wrapped stainless steel band 织网表带：mesh band芯片：chip钨钢：tungsten steel皮表带：leather strap皮带扣：buckle forstap霸的：crown霸管：crown tube霸芯及驳管：stem and stem extension胶内影：housing/movement holder蓝宝石玻璃：sapphire crystal普通玻璃：ordinary glass凸晶玻璃：eye glass底盖：back cover生耳：spring bar生耳杆：T-bars with studs orscrews拆生钢枝：s/s pins and shafts拆生锣丝：removable screwed pin搓花钢枝：s/s knurled pins弹簧扣：spring buckel龟壳扣：clasps蝴蝶扣：folding clasps /butterfly style buckle 鸭嘴扣：duck-mouth buckle圆头饰钉：cabochon机芯：movement移印：padprinting吸塑包装：blister&packaging真空镀膜：vacuum coating蚀麦：etchedtrade mark單卜:dome len雙卜:curved len箭咀arrow .['ærəu]六、配件电池battery螺丝的头screw crown螺钉screw pin螺丝耳杆screw spring bar单胶圈的头single o-ring crown双胶圈的头double o-ring crown按的push button八角线octagon thread .['ɔktə,gɔn]八角形的octagon六角形的hexagon填夜光油luminous filled机芯movement实配机芯casing针pin软O-Ring soft o-ring硬o-ring rigid o-ring软胶I令soft plastic I-ring硬胶I令rigid I-ring白色I令white I-ring半透明I令semi-transparent I-ring发夹hair pin贴纸tape双面胶double side tape大头针friction pin字母通capsa pin-pipe（tube）压罩compression on holder[kəm'preʃən]内罩movement holder螺丝巴管screw tubeT行巴管T-tube巴芯stem湾生耳banded spring bar生耳spring bar无托生耳free stand spring bar单托生耳single stand spring bar双托生耳dual stand spring bar ['dju:əl]平头连斜巴flat head with chamfer平头巴的flat head圆头巴的round headT形巴的T-crown丝印玻璃silk screen glass镀膜玻璃plating glass单卜玻璃one side curved glass双卜玻璃both side curved glass蓝宝石水晶sapphire crystal .['sæf,aɪə]玻璃glass白板玻璃mineral glass水晶玻璃crystal glass七、组立（装配）不防水water proof failed不动formfit加防水油add silicon oil半跌half drop全跌full drop玻璃不配壳glass not fitting on case装配assembly配合fitting配带caseband fitting壳带配合不良poor fitting for case band 八、性能（function）拉力pull force顶力retention force.[ri'tenʃən]横拉力horizontal pull force .[,hɔri'zɔntəl]防水测试不合格water test failed防潮water resist退return九、结构面平flat surface镶石圈stone top ringO-ring 坑o-ring ditch/ groove刀口位开在opening notch at .[nɔtʃ]刀口位opening slot大身3-9case side wall大身面3-9case surface细身面6-12case surface细身6-12case side wall开面opening开粗roughing内耳款inner lug width内映reflector内影圈erflector ring丝吼inside diameter .[dai'æmitə]圈bezel弹珠结构ball structure止口高position for snap胶水glue展开长度open-up length压缩长度compressed length外耳款outer lug width避针为hand clearance夜光luminescent顶圈top ring壳耳case lug单卜upper curve bottom .[kə:v]石拓stone bushing巴孔crown opening圆壳round case方壳square case异形壳irregular case底平flat bottom企身为standing point字深=0.5depth of text=0.50有电池托w/battery strop没电池托w/o battery strop耳长lug diameter叉耳fork legs耳吼lug hole耳底lug case耳面lug surface耳脚lug stand耳款lug width检验尺寸inspection size加工尺寸production size按的位position for push button 玻璃位glass position石爪prong假螺钉decorating screw十、缺陷不足够insufficient [ɪnsə'fɪʃənt]磨罍over polishing电镀不良poor plating车线不良poor stitching ['stitʃiŋ]太长too long太短too short太小too small污物dirts利边sharp edge批锋burr.[bɜ:]甩字钉index fall out松loose花scratched表面脱色dial discolor欠缺missing出问题found problems打磨不良poor polishing砂孔sand hole砂过界over brushing打磨错误wrong polishing突出protruded.[prəʊ'tru:d]振刀纹rough turning mark氧化斑点oxidize spot.['ɔksɪ,daɪz]破裂crack起泡bubble崩dented脱落come off倾斜poor printing损坏damaged紧tight轻微minor胶水过多excessive glue断裂broken蜡屎wax严重major变形deformed十一、其它反面图reversed view正常normal名称title制图drafter注意打磨caution on finishing待定T.B.A玻璃外围尺寸outer glass diameter要点remark规格format标准/正规standard检查/签名checker进出口import/export时装表fashion watch经典表classic watch运动表sports watch女/男装women/man model女/男装lady /gents model童装kids watch电子表digital watch日本/瑞士机芯Japan or Swiss movement 日本石英Japan quartz唛头logo/marking士啤spare parts大/小尺寸big/small size抛光polishing/shiny电镀plating防水water resistant功能function皮料/色卡material collection目录catalogue/catalog参考reference附上的附件attached/attachment图片/相片picture/photo方形/圆形square/round shaped椭圆oval .['əuvəl]有/无按的with/ without pusher产品/生产production/product彩图colourful drawing表面设计dial design确认/再次确认conform/double confirm 取消/保留cancel/keep订单order翻单repeat order新订单new order新款new model原始订单original order同样板一样same as sample样品sample出货样shipment sample确认样approval sample假版dummy sample .['dʌmi:]包装packing装箱单packing list发票invoice毛重/净重gross or net weight艺术字artwork单词/字母，信word /letter纸盒paper box小贴纸small sticker标签label吊牌hangtagPP胶袋polybag气泡袋bubble bag详细资料details间电tow-tone透明的transparent时间time多功能计时chrono中间middle左边left右边right1>表壳加工处理电镀（Electro-plating）电染（Anode-oxidizing）蚀字（Acid Etching）镶石（Stone setting/mounting）丝印（Silk printing）烧焊（Solder/Braze）烧青（Epoxy）线切割（Wire-Cut）2>表面内影(Inner Ring)太阳纹底纹(Sunray)油压底纹(Deep press pattern/texture pattern)搪瓷面(Enamel)半消光(Semi-Glossy)镶钉（植钉/真钉/铆钉）(Applied Index Riveted)贴钉（UP钉）(UP labeling)车CD纹（眼钉）(Circular /CD pattern)啤凸(Emboss)3>表针(Hands)时针(Hour hand)分针(Minute hand)长秒针(Second hand)小秒针(small hand)浅绿色夜光(Light green luminous)白夜光(White Luminous)4>表带（Watch band）不锈钢带(S/S band )(Bracelet)实芯钢带(Solid S/S band)包边钢带(Rolled S/S band)片钢带(Folded S/S band)弹弓带（Spring buckle）保险带(Safety buckle)实芯蝴蝶扣(Solid butterfly buckle)成表配件中英文对照1>成表(Completed Watch)石英表(Quartz Watch)计时码表(Chronograph watch)自动表(Automatic Watch)跳字行针表(Analogical Digital Watch)2>表壳壳胚(Blank)玻璃(Glass)普通玻璃(Mineral Glass)蓝宝石玻璃（Sapphire Glass）半蓝宝石玻璃(Semi-sapphire glass)I令(I ring)霸的（表冠）(Crown)霸的管（Crown Tube）按的(Pusher)壳圈（Bezel）分圈(Top Ring)锑片(Aluminium foil)机芯罩(Movement Holder)底盖(Case Back)铜底盖(S/S case back)透视底盖(See-through case back)锁底盖(Screw back)O令(O-ring)(Gasket)生耳/钢闩（End-piece/pin）3>表壳打磨拉沙（Hair Brushed）12/6H方向直沙(912/6H vertical brushed) 3/9H方向横沙(3/6H horizontal brushed)圆沙(Circle brushed)喷沙(Fine Sand Blasted)光令（Satin/Polish）。
提高工作绩效的10种方法!Improve Work Performance 英语作文
提高工作绩效的10种方法！10 Ways to Improve WorkPerformance today!Hello! Readers, we all know that an organization needs productivity and efficiency from its employees to achieve the set targets. Lack of Productivity at the workplace is one of the major problems that the companies continue to face. The causes of such laid-back attitude could be boredom and lack of motivation at the office. Moreover, the struggle to be innovative every day may fall hard on the new employees leading them to lose interest in their performance. A job needs dedication and commitment from you to be fruitful at the end of every month. In thisarticle, I am going to share my views on various factors and ways to improve work performance.This article will be providing the following contents:Reasons for poor performance. How to choose the best workplace? Why improving your work performance is necessary? 10 Ways to improve work performance at your workplace.Reasons behind a poor performanceThe employees join an organization with a motto of working passionately and earning decent wages. But all of this gradually falls apart when the boiling corporate pressure topped off with a monotonous work life strikes them. This leads to lack of motivation which affects the quality ofwork which then causes irregular salary every month. Due to the undesirable salary, the employees feel utterly unappreciated and continues providing the poor quality of work. This becomes a continuous cycle which the employees fail to realize and keeps working the whole life halfheartedly. Some of the employees do not even understand where they are going wrong. Similarly, they fail to find out the ways to improve work performance.Here are few of the reasons causing work dissatisfaction among the employees:Lack of resource optimizationThere might be cases when the employees have ample time and skills to deliver a project but fail to do so. It happens due to lack of resourceoptimization skills. Learning a skill will not take you too far if you do not know how and when to employ it. The biggest problem is still the time management in most of the companies. Employees especially the ones who are freshers struggle to deliver the end to end projects. The pressure of the work gets overwhelming for them which then affects their performance.HurdlesThis happens when your fate is not on your side. You may have all the skills and resources but not sufficient time to complete your tasks. For example, completing the assignments just before the deadlines. What actually holds you back are hurdles like the problem in seeking permission of any official, power cuts and lost internet connectivity etc. As random as thesehurdles may seem, they can become major difficulties when you are running on the deadlines. Though you might not be responsible your performance will be measured as an inferior one. For such unavoidable circumstances, there are nearly no ways to improve work performance. All you can do is stay honest and increase your efficiency as much as possible.Lack of skillsThis is the most common problem in employees today. They apply for high paying jobs with no relevant skill set. This undoubtedly results in a shabby performance. Hence, it is better to opt for the suitable job and not just run after numbers. By using your learned skills, you canimprove your quality of work and explore new related skills as well.Miscommunication in the teamThis can be a game changer if you do not know your exact role in the team. Communication is the key to success when you are working in a group. If any individual fails to perform, it may take down the whole team. It is necessary to be clear about each other’s roles and not be misguided by anyone. One must verify all the details and requirements of an assignment to ensure its completion with perfection.No appreciationWith 100s of employees and clients to cater, a company sometimes may take its employees forgranted. Their efforts are just paid off and not rewarded. Salary is just not enough to keep the motivation high in employees. If the constant efforts are not recognized enough employees may lose the interest in the job and give the lowest preference to the performance.No fear of consequencesAn employee may once commit a mistake and the company ignores it for being the first time. But what if this becomes a habit? Lazy employees can start committing mistakes to waste time and delay the project. As the company does not put any charges against them, they become lazier. Hence, their performance is always inconsistent.LazinessThis is not only a curse for the individuals but for the companies as well. There are sadly no ways to improve work performance if this is the case. Lazy individuals are like parasites to a company. Neither they want to grow nor do they let the company make any profits. Such employees should first become active before becoming part of an organization.Clashing personalitiesEverybody must be on the same page for an organization to run smoothly. If all the employees think differently, it may become challenging to establish cordial relationships. The difference in perspectives may lead to distraction from work and more tension in personal relations.AnxietyThis is a big factor which stops most of the employees from delivering their best at work. They always look lost in their thoughts and stay distracted. This results in delayed and incomplete assignments. They lose the ability to work under pressure and follow the deadlines. Their lost attitude does not let them grow and show the true potential at work.Fail at multitaskingThere are many students who take up part-time jobs after college to earn a living. However, the crisis begins when they fail to focus on either of them. To complete the assignments they do not do their best at work and rush home without meeting the targets and vice versa. However, asimple solution to this problem could be getting some assignment help. In this way, the students will be able to manage both the boats.Lack of trustEmployees may not trust each other despite being on the same team. This slows down the pace of work as they do not share any information with each other.How to choose the best workplace?Choose a workplace which embraces free stream of thoughts inside the group wherein the people are allowed to exchange ideas and thoughts for the overall advancement. The organization must respect the free most creative thoughts. Respect could be as valuable rewardsfor some of the employees. This motivation can, in turn, be one of the ways to improve work performance.The organization has to have the capacity to benefit enough finances, asset and time to encourage the exploration, outline, testing, and usage of their employees. The organization must urge the employees not to surrender and take risks with thoughts. It also motivates the teams to gain from its slip-ups before.As much as the employees must have the capacity to take the challenges, the organization must have the capacity to educate them how to pick between the dangers and the advantages.Why improving your work performance is necessary?Better growthImproved performance can make it easier for you to grow faster. By fulfilling the departmental objectives, you can increase the chances of promotion and compensation. For example, high sales can get you higher commissions and incentives.No absenteeismIt is a fact that if you enjoy your work you would not feel like going idle for a day. By making necessary improvements you will be able to analyze your work better. This may motivate you to learn more skills and perform better at your job.Successful teamworkIf all the employees who work in a team establish like-mindedness, the project will be delivered faster. With all the successful projects in the bag, the team gets benefitted mutually and earn the perks together.Personal satisfactionAfter working with all the ways to improve work performance you become a valuable employee to the organization. As your improved quality of work is improved and rewarded. This helps in building a very strong relationship with the company. The company values you and you will value yourself. You will feel much more confident and always happy to work.10 Ways to improve work performance at your workplaceIt all comes down to the fact that we all need appreciation to grow. Appreciation and performance are two sides of the same coin. You need an appraisal to motivate you to work harder and hard work to get you the envied appraisal. Here, I have listed a few ways to improve work performance which you can easily follow and see the results gradually.Clarity about vision and goalsYou need to have a clear vision and idea of your strengths. So, that you do not end up taking challenges you are unable overcome.Planning and getting the priorities rightYou may get a lot of targets to achieve at once but do not go into the panic mode. Sit down,relax, take a deep breath and then start planning. Prioritize your targets and then start working on them one by one. Avoid getting confused by doing everything at once.FocusYou need to be focused on what you do. Be it writing an essay or making a presentation. Focus can help you attend the little details to ensure perfection.Do not try too hardThere is no need to be too hard on yourself. Significant change takes time but pays off well in the end. Take tiny steps towards the long journey and cherish the little rewards. To start off you must aim for something achievable. If theaims are too high then it is hard to catch them and if they are too easy, then it would not help us to learn anything new. Whenever you feel like you are unable to show your true potential, it is necessary to reflect and identify the problem. That is the first step. Then all it needs are your constant efforts and patience.Be creative, not just perfectionistDo not shy away from sharing your views and ideas with your colleagues. You never know which idea can fair off as a winning stroke in the project.Open to learningLearn new skills from your co-workers and teach them yours for better results. You can get tolearn something new each day. Moreover, you can establish your leadership skills.Encourage open communicationCommunication is vital to understand the targets and maintain transparency.Appreciate othersAppreciate your teammates to motivate them as well for better results. It also brings forward your team player spirit.Develop positive attitudeDo not let the negative thoughts take over you. Be confident and positiveBe spontaneousShow your true potential by always being on your toes. Increase your efficiency, work harder and keep brainstorming.Final WordsIn the end, it is all about learning and experiencing. Learn from the mistakes and take necessary steps to correct them. All these ways to improve work performance go through the trial and error process. Nobody succeeds at the first go, but with gradual attempts, you can get closer to your aim every time. Whether you are an employee or the employer you should find out the best ways to improve work performance. Then identify the areas of improvement for faster improvement. This process can seem a bit time consuming to you. But the results are worthhustling for. All you need to have is the determination of knowledge and success.。
五金英文
GLOSSARYAabrasive grinding 强力磨削L 3 abrasive[☜'breisiv] a.磨料的, 研磨的L2,3 absence ['✌bs☜ns] n.. 不在，缺席L17 accesssory[✌k'ses☜ri] n.附件L10 accommodate[☜'k m☜deit] v. 适应L 5 accordingly[☜'k :di☠li] adv.因此,从而,相应地L7,13 accuracy['✌kjur☜si] n精度,准确性L1,3 actuate['✌ktjueit] vt.开动(机器), 驱动L8 adequate['✌dikwit] a. 足够的L13 adhesive[☜d'hi:siv] n. 粘合剂L22 adjacent[☜'d✞eisnt] a. 邻近的L13 adopt[☜'d pt] vt. 采用L 4 advance [☜d'v✌:ns] n.进步L7 advisable [☜d'vaizbl] adj. 可取的L20 agitate['✌d✞iteit] v. 摇动L 2 a large extent 很大程度L4,13 algorithm ['✌l♈☜ri❆☜m] n. 算法L 6 align [☜'lain] v 定位，调准L17 alignment[☜'lainm☜nt] n. 校直L11 all-too-frequent 频繁L17 allowance[☜'l☜uens] n. 容差, 余量L5 alternate[' :lt☜nit]v.交替,轮流L 1 alternative[ :l't☜:n☜tiv] n. 替换物L 3 alternatively[ :l't☜:n☜tivli] ad. 做为选择, 也许L 5 aluminiun[ ✌lju'minj☜m] n.铝L 2 ample['✌mpl] adj. 充足的L20 analysis [☜'n✌l☜sis] n. 分析L 6 ancillary['✌nsil☜ri] a.补助的, 副的L 4 angular ['✌♈jul☜] adj. 有角的L20 annealing[☜'li:li☠] n.退火L 2 aperture ['✌p☜t☞☜] n.孔L17 applied loads 作用力L 1 appropriate [☜'pr☜uprieit] a. 适当的L6,20 arc[a:k] n.弧, 弓形L10 arise[☜'raiz] vi. 出现, 发生L21 arrange[☜'reid✞] v. 安排L12 article['a:tikl] n.制品, 产品L21 ascertain[ ✌s☜'tein] vt. 确定, 查明L 1 assemble[☜'sembl] vt.组装L 4 attitude ['✌titju:d] n 态度L17 auxiliary [ :♈'zilj☜ri]adj. 辅助的L8 avoid[☜'v id] v.避免L7 axis['✌ksis] n.轴L 5 axle['✌ksl] n.轮轴, 车轴L 1Bbackup['b✌k ✈p] n. 备份L9 batch [b✌t☞] n 一批L17 bearing['b☪☜ri☠] n.轴承,支座L21 bed[bed] n. 床身L 5 behavior[bi'heivj☜] n. 性能L 1 bench-work 钳工工作L 4 bend[bend] v.弯曲L 1 beneath[bi'ni: ] prep在···下L 4 bin [bin] n. 仓，料架L19 blank [bl✌☠k] n. 坯料L20 blank [bl✌☠k] v. 冲裁,落料L17 blanking tool 落料模L17 blast [bl✈st] n.一阵（风）L18 blemish['blemi☞] n. 缺点, 污点L13 bolster['b☜ulst☜] n. 模座,垫板L4,5boost[bu:st] n. 推进L9 boring['b :ri☠] n.镗削, 镗孔L4,5 bracket ['br✌kit] n. 支架L19 brass [br✌s] n.黄铜L 2 break down 破坏L 1 breakage ['breikid✞] n.破坏L17121bridge piece L16 brine[brain] n. 盐水L 2 brittle['britl] adv.易碎的L 1 buffer [b✈f☜] n.缓冲器L8 built-in 内装的L9 bulging [b✈ld✞i☠] n. 凸肚L22 burr [b☜:] n. 毛刺L17 bush [bu☞] n. 衬套L17 bush[bu☞]n. 衬套L 5 by far (修饰比较级, 最高级)···得多, 最L 3 by means of 借助于L 5Ccabinet ['k✌binit] n.橱柜L7 call upon 要求L17 carbide['ka:baid] n.碳化物L10 carburzing['ka:bjureti☠] n. 渗碳L 2 carriage['k✌rid✞] n.拖板, 大拖板L 5 carry along 一起带走L18 carry down over 从···上取下L2 1 carry out 完成L17 case hardening 表面硬化L 2 case[keis] n. 壳, 套L 2 cast steel 铸钢L17 casting['ka:sti☠] n. 铸造,铸件L 3 category['k✌t☜♈☜uri] n. 种类L6,15 caution ['k :☞☜n] n. 警告，警示L17 cavity and core plates 凹模和凸模板L11 cavity['k✌viti] n.型腔, 腔, 洞L4,10 centre-drilling 中心孔L 5 ceramic[si'r✌mik] n.陶瓷制品L 3 chain doted line 点划线L11 channel['t☞✌nl] n.通道, 信道L8 characteristic[k✌r☜kt☜'ristik] n.特性L 1 check[t☞ek] v.核算L21 chip[t☞ip] n.切屑, 铁屑L 3 chuck [t☞✈k] n.卡盘L5,8 chute [☞u:t] n. 斜道L19 circa ['s☜k☜:] adv. 大约L7 circlip['s☜:klip] n.(开口)簧环L22 circuit['s☜:kit] n. 回路, 环路L13 circular supoport block L 5 circulate['s☜:kjuleid] v.(使)循环L13 clamp [kl✌mp] vt 夹紧L17 clamp[kl✌mp] n.压板L1 2 clay[klei] n. 泥土L2,7 clearance ['kli☜r☜ns] n. 间隙L17 clip [klip] vt. 切断，夹住L19 cold hobbing 冷挤压L 4 cold slug well 冷料井L12 collapse[k☜'l✌ps] vi.崩塌, 瓦解L22 collapsible[k☜'l✌ps☜bl] adj.可分解的L22 combination [k mbi'nei☞☜n] n. 组合L18 commence[k☜'mens] v. 开始, 着手L16 commence[k☜'mens]v. 开始L21 commercial [k☜'m☜:☞☜l] adj. 商业的L7 competitive[k☜m'petitiv] a. 竞争的L9 complementary[ k mpli'ment☜ri] a. 互补的L 5 complexity [kem'pleksiti] n.复杂性L8 complicated['k mpl☜keitid] adj.复杂的L2 complication [k mpli'kei☞☜n] n. 复杂化L5,20 compression [k☜m'pre☞☜n] n.压缩L 1 comprise[k☜m'prais] vt.包含L16 compromise['k mpr☜maiz] n. 妥协, 折衷L1 3 concern with 关于L 6 concise[k☜n'sais] a. 简明的, 简练的L9 confront[k☜n'fr✈nt] vt. 使面临L14 connector[k☜'nekt☜] n. 连接口, 接头L14 consequent['k nsikw☜nt] a. 随之发生的, 必然的L 3 console ['k nsoul] n.控制台L8 consume [k☜n'sjum] vt. 消耗, 占用L7 consummate [k☜n's✈meit] vt. 使完善L 6122container[k☜n'tein☜] n. 容器L11 contingent[ken'tind✞☜nt] a.可能发生的L9 contour['k☜ntu☜] n.轮廓L5,21 conventional[k☜n'ven☞☜nl] a. 常规的L4 converge[k☜n'v☜:d✞] v.集中于一点L21 conversant[k n'v☜:s☜nt] a. 熟悉的L15 conversion[k☜n'v☜:☞☜n] n 换算, 转换L7 conveyer[ken'vei☜] n. 运送装置L12 coolant['ku:l☜nt] n. 冷却液L1 3 coordinate [k☜u' :dnit] vt. (使)协调L8 copy machine 仿形(加工)机床L4 core[k :] n. 型芯, 核心L2,4 corresponding [ka:ri'sp di☠] n.相应的L7 counteract [kaunt☜'r✌kt] vt. 反作用,抵抗L20 couple with 伴随L20 CPU (central processing unit) 中央处理器L9 crack[kr✌k ] v.（使）破裂，裂纹L1,17 critical['kritikl] adj.临界的L 2 cross-hatching 剖面线L16 cross-section drawn 剖面图L1 1 cross-slide 横向滑板L 5 CRT (cathoder-ray tube) 阴极射线管L9 crush[kr✈☞]vt.压碎L 1 cryogenic[ krai☜'d✞enik ]a.低温学的 L 1 crystal['kristl] adj.结晶状的L 1 cubic['kju:bik] a. 立方的, 立方体的L 3 cup [k✈p] vt (使)成杯状, 引伸L18 curable ['kjur☜bl] adj. 可矫正的L20 curvature['k☜:v☜t☞☜] n.弧线L21 curve [k☜:v] vt. 使弯曲L20 cutter bit 刀头, 刀片L 3 cyanide['sai☜naid] n.氰化物L 2Ddash [d✌☞] n. 破折号L 6 daylight ['deilait] n. 板距L12 decline[di'klain] v.下落,下降,减少, L3,9 deform[di'f :m] v. (使)变形L1, 3 demonstrate['dem☜streit ] v证明L21 depict[di'pikt ] vt 描述L18 deposite [di'p zit] vt. 放置L20 depression[di'pre☞☜n] n. 凹穴L12 descend [di'sent] v. 下降L20 desirable[di'zair☜bl] a. 合适的L 2 detail ['diteil] n.细节，详情L17 deterioration[diti☜ri:☜'rei☞☜n] n. 退化, 恶化L12 determine[di't☜:min] v.决定L1 6 diagrammmatic[ dai☜gr☜'m✌tik].a.图解的，图表的L10 dictate['dikteit] v. 支配L12 die[dai] n.模具, 冲模, 凹模L 2 dielectric[daii'lektrik] n. 电介质L10 die-set 模架L19 digital ['did✞itl ] n.数字式数字, a.数字的L3, 6 dimensional[dddi'men☞☜nl] a. 尺寸的, 空间的L 3 discharge[dis't☞a:d✞] n.v. 放电, 卸下, 排出L 3 discharge[dis't☞a:d✞] v.卸下L8 discrete [dis'cri:t] adj. 离散的,分立的L7 dislodge[dis'l d✞] v. 拉出, 取出 L1 2 dissolution[dis☜'lu:☞☜n] n.结束L9 distinct [dis'ti☠kt] a.不同的，显著的L 6 distort [dis'd :t] vt. 扭曲L20 distort[dis't :t] vt. (使)变形, 扭曲L 1 distributed system 分布式系统L9 dowel ['dau☜l] n. 销子L19 dramaticlly [dr☜'m✌tikli] adv. 显著地L7 drastic ['dr✌stik] a.激烈的L17 draughting[dra:fti☠] n. 绘图L1 6 draughtsman['dr✌ftsm☜n] n. 起草人L16123drawing['dr :i☠] n. 制图L11 drill press 钻床L8 drum [dr✈m] n.鼓轮L8 dual ['dju:☜l] adv. 双的，双重的L18 ductility [d✈k'tiliti ] n.延展性L1,21 dynamic [dai'n✌mik ] adj 动力的L 6Eedge [ed✞] n .边缘L20 e.g.(exempli gratia) [拉] 例如L12 ejector [i'd✞ekt☜] n.排出器，L18 ejector plate 顶出板L16 ejector rob 顶杆L 5 elasticity[il✌'stisiti] n.弹性L 1 electric dicharge machining 电火花加工L3 electrical discharge machining电火花加工L10 electrochemical machining 电化学加工L3 electrode[i'lektr☜ud] n. 电极L10 electro-deposition 电铸L 4 elementary [el☜'ment☜ri] adj.基本的L 2 eliminate[i'limineit] vt. 消除, 除去L10 elongate[i'l ☠♈et] vt. (使)伸长, 延长L 1 emerge [i'm☜:d✞] vi. 形成, 显现L20 emphasise['emf☜saiz] vt. 强调L 4 endeavour[en'dev☜] n. 尽力L17 engagement[in'♈eid✞ment] n. 约束, 接合L2 2 enhance[in'h✌ns] vt. 提高, 增强L9 ensure [in'☞u☜] vt. 确保，保证L17 envisage[in'vizid✞] vt.设想L15 erase[i'reis] vt. 抹去, 擦掉L16 evaluation[i'v✌lju ei☞☜n] n. 评价, 估价L 1 eventually[i'v☜nt☞u☜li ] adv.终于L2 1 evolution[ev☜'lu:☞☜n] n.进展L16 excecution[eksi'kju:☞☜n] n. 执行, 完成L9 execute ['ekskju:t] v. 执行L8 exerte [i♈'z☜:t] vt. 施加L20 experience[iks'piri☜ns] n. 经验L16 explosive[iks'pl☜usiv]adj.爆炸(性)的L22 extend[eks'tend] v. 伸展L 2 external[eks't☜:nl] a. 外部的L5,11 extract[eks'tr✌kt] v. 拔出L14 extreme[iks'tri:m] n. 极端L13 extremely[iks'tri:mli] adv. 非常地 L1 2 extremity[iks'tmiti] n. 极端L13 extrusion[eks'tru:✞☜n] n. 挤压, 挤出L 3FF (Fahrenheit)['f✌r☜nhait]n.华氏温度L2 fabricate ['f✌brikeit] vt.制作,制造L7 facilitate [f☜'siliteit] vt. 帮助L 6 facility[f☜'siliti] n. 设备L 4 facing[feisi☠] n. 端面车削L 5 fall within 属于, 适合于L15 fan[f✌n] n.风扇L7 far from 毫不, 一点不, 远非L9 fatigue[f☜'ti♈] n.疲劳L 1 feasible ['fi:z☜bl] a 可行的L18 feature ['fi:t☞☜] n.特色, 特征L7,17 feed[fi:d] n.. 进给L 5 feedback ['fi:db✌k] n. 反馈L8 female['fi:meil] a. 阴的, 凹形的L11 ferrule['fer☜l] n. 套管L1 4 file system 文件系统L9 fitter['fit☜] n.装配工, 钳工L 4 fix[fiks] vt. 使固定, 安装, vi. 固定L11 fixed half and moving half 定模和动模L1 1 flat-panel technology 平面(显示)技术L9 flexibility[fleksi'biliti] n. 适应性, 柔性L9 flexible['fleks☜bl] a. 柔韧的L13 flow mark 流动斑点L13124follow-on tool 连续模L18 foregoing ['f :'♈☜ui☠]adj. 在前的,前面的L8 foretell[f :'tell] vt. 预测, 预示, 预言L9 forge[f :d✞] n. v. 锻造L 3 forming[f :mi☠] n. 成型L 3 four screen quadrants 四屏幕象限L9 fracture['fr✌kt☞☜] n.破裂L21 free from 免于L21Ggap[♈✌p] n. 裂口, 间隙L10 gearbox['♈i☜b ks] n.齿轮箱L 5 general arrangement L16 govern['♈✈v☜n] v.统治, 支配, 管理 L13 grain [♈rein] n. 纹理L20 graphic ['♈r✌fik] adj. 图解的L 6 grasp [♈r✌sp] vt. 抓住L8 grid[♈rid] n. 格子, 网格L16 grind[♈raind] v. 磨, 磨削, 研磨L 3 grinding ['♈raindi☠] n. 磨光,磨削L3,20 grinding machine 磨床L 5 gripper[♈rip☜] n. 抓爪, 夹具L9 groove[♈ru:v] n. 凹槽L12 guide bush 导套L 5 guide pillar 导柱L 5 guide pillars and bushes 导柱和导套L11Hhandset['h✌ndset] n. 电话听筒L 4 hardness['ha:dnis] n.硬度L1,2 hardware ['ha:dw☪☜] n. 硬件L 6 headstock['hedst k] n.床头箱, 主轴箱L5 hexagonal[hek's✌♈☜nl] a. 六角形的, 六角的L11 hindrance['hindr☜ns] n.障碍, 障碍物L11 hob[h b] n. 滚刀, 冲头L 4 hollow-ware 空心件L21 horizontal[h ri'z ntl] a. 水平的L16 hose[h☜uz] n. 软管, 水管L13 hyperbolic [haip☜'b lik] adj.双曲线的L7Ii.e. (id est) [拉] 也就是L12 identical[ai'dentikl] a同样的L16 identify [ai'dentifai] v. 确定, 识别L7 idle ['aidl] adj.空闲的L8 immediately[i'mi:dj☜tli] adv. 正好, 恰好L1 2 impact['imp✌kt] n.冲击L 1 impart [im'pa:t] v.给予L11,17 implement ['implim☜nt] vt 实现L 6 impossibility[imp s☜'biliti] n.不可能L21 impression[im'pre☞☜n] n. 型腔L11 in contact with 接触L 1 in terms of 依据L 1 inasmuch (as)[in☜z'm✈t☞] conj.因为, 由于L 3 inch-to-metric conversions 英公制转换L7 inclinable [in'klain☜bl] adj. 可倾斜的L20 inclusion [in'klu☞☜n] n. 内含物L19 inconspicuous[ink☜n'spikju☜s] a. 不显眼的L1 4 incorporate [in'k :p☜reit] v 合并,混合L17 indentation[ inden'tei☞☜n ] n.压痕L 1 indenter[in'dent☜] n. 压头L 1 independently[indi'pein☜ntli] a. 独自地, 独立地L1 6 inevitably[in'evit☜bli] ad. 不可避免地 L14 inexpensive[inik'spensiv]adj. 便宜的L 2 inherently [in'hi☜r☜ntli] adv.固有的L7 injection mould 注塑模L11 injection[in'd✞ek☞☜n] n. 注射L11 in-line-of-draw 直接脱模L14 insert[in's☜:t] n. 嵌件L16 inserted die 嵌入式凹模L19 inspection[in'spek☞☜n] n.检查,监督L9 installation[inst☜'lei☞☜n] n. 安装125L10 integration [inti'♈rei☞☜n] n.集成L 6 intelligent[in'telid✞☜nt]a. 智能的L9 intentinonally [in'ten☞☜n☜li] adv 加强地，集中地L17 interface ['int☜feis] n.. 界面L 6 internal[in't☜:nl] a. 内部的L1,5 interpolation [int☜p☜'lei☞☜n] n.插值法L7 investment casting 熔模铸造L 4 irregular [i'regjul☜] adj. 不规则的，无规律L17 irrespective of 不论, 不管L1 1 irrespective[iri'spektiv] a. 不顾的, 不考虑的L1 1 issue ['isju] vt. 发布，发出L 6Jjoint line 结合线L14Kkerosene['ker☜si:n] n.煤油L10 keyboard ['ki:b :d ] n. 健盘L 6 knock [n k] v 敲，敲打L17Llance [la:ns] v. 切缝L19 lathe[lei❆] n. 车床L 4 latitude ['l✌titju:d] n. 自由L17 lay out 布置L1 3 limitation[limi'tei☞☜n] n.限度,限制,局限(性)L 3 local intelligence局部智能L9 locate [l☜u'keit] vt. 定位L18 logic ['l d✞ik] n. 逻辑L7 longitudinal['l nd✞☜'tju:dinl] a. 纵向的L5 longitudinally['l nd✞☜'tju:dinl] a. 纵向的L1 3 look upon 视作, 看待L17 lubrication[lju:bri'kei☞☜n ] n.润滑L21Mmachine shop 车间L 2 machine table 工作台L8 machining[m☜'☞i:ni☠] n. 加工L 3 made-to-measure 定做L15 maintenance['meintin☜ns] n.维护,维修L7 majority[m☜'d✞a:riti] n.多数L21 make use of 利用L 2 male[meil] a. 阳的, 凸形的L1 1 malfunction['m✌l'f✈☠☞☜n] n. 故障L9 mandrel['m✌dtil] n.心轴L22 manifestation[m✌nif☜s'tei☞☜n] n. 表现, 显示L9 massiveness ['m✌sivnis ] 厚实，大块L19 measure['me✞☜] n. 大小, 度量L 1 microcomputer 微型计算机L9 microns['maikr n] n.微米L10 microprocessor 微处理器L9 mild steel 低碳钢L17 milling machine 铣床L 4 mineral['min☜r☜l] n.矿物, 矿产L 2 minimise['minimaiz] v.把···减到最少, 最小化L13 minute['minit] a.微小的L10 mirror image 镜像L16 mirror['mir☜] n. 镜子L16 M I T(M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f Technology) 麻省理工学院L7 moderate['m d☜rit]adj. 适度的L1,2 modification [m difi'kei☞☜n ] n. 修改, 修正L 6 modulus['m djul☜s] n.系数L 1 mold[m☜uld] n. 模, 铸模, v. 制模, 造型L 3 monitor ['m nit☜ ] v. 监控L 6 monograph['m n☜♈ra:f] n. 专著L 4126more often than not 常常L20 motivation[m☜uti'vei☞☜n] n. 动机L9 mould split line 模具分型线L12 moulding['m☜udi☠] n. 注塑件L5,11 move away from 抛弃L17 multi-imprssion mould 多型腔模L12Nnarrow['n✌r☜u] a. 狭窄的L12 NC (numerical control ) 数控L7 nevertheless[ nev☜❆☜'les] conj.,adv.然而,不过L11 nonferrous['n n'fer☜s] adj.不含铁的, 非铁的L 2 normally['n :mli]adv.通常地L22 novice['n vis] n. 新手, 初学者L16 nozzle['n zl] n. 喷嘴, 注口L1 2 numerical [nju'merikl] n. 数字的L 6Oobjectionable [☜b'd✞ek☞☜bl] adj. 有异议的，讨厌的L17 observe[☜b'z☜:v] vt. 观察L 2 obviously [' bvi☜sli] adv 明显地L17 off-line 脱机的L 6 on-line 联机L9 operational [ p☜'rei☞☜nl] adj.操作的, 运作的L8 opportunity[ p☜'tju:niti] n. 时机, 机会L1 3 opposing[☜'p☜uzi☠] a.对立的, 对面的L12 opposite[' p☜zit] n. 反面L1a.对立的,对面的L12 optimization [ ptimai'zei☞☜n] n.最优化L6 orient [' :ri☜nt] vt. 确定方向L8 orthodox [' : ☜d ks] adj. 正统的，正规的L19 overall['☜uv☜r :l] a.全面的,全部的L8,13 overbend v.过度弯曲L20 overcome[☜uv☜'k✈m] vt.克服, 战胜L10 overlaping['☜uv☜'l✌pi☠] n. 重叠L 4 overriding[☜uv☜'raidi☠] a. 主要的, 占优势的L11Ppack[p✌k] v. 包装L 2 package ['p✌kid✞] vt.包装L7 pallet ['p✌lit] n.货盘L8 panel ['p✌nl] n.面板L7 paraffin['p✌r☜fin] n. 石蜡L10 parallel[p✌r☜lel] a.平行的L 5 penetration[peni'trei☞☜n ] n.穿透L 1 peripheral [p☜'rif☜r☜l] adj 外围的L 6 periphery [p☜'rif☜ri] n. 外围L18 permit[p☜'mit] v. 许可, 允许L16 pessure casting 压力铸造L 4 pillar['pil☜] n. 柱子, 导柱L5,17 pin[pin] n. 销, 栓, 钉L5,17 pin-point gate 针点式浇口L12 piston ['pist☜n] n.活塞L 1 plan view 主视图L16 plasma['pl✌zm☜] n. 等离子L9 plastic['pl✌stik] n. 塑料L 3 platen['pl✌t☜n] n. 压板L12 plotter[pl t☜] n. 绘图机L9 plunge [pl✈nd✞] v翻孔L18 plunge[pl✈nd✞] v.投入L 2 plunger ['pl✈nd✞☜ ] n. 柱塞L19 pocket-size 袖珍L9 portray[p :'trei] v.描绘L21 pot[p t] n.壶L21 pour[p :] vt. 灌, 注L22 practicable['pr✌ktik☜b] a. 行得通的L14 preferable['pref☜r☜bl] a.更好的, 更可取的L 3 preliminary [pri'limin☜ri] adj 初步的，预备的L19 press setter 装模工L17127press[pres] n.压,压床,冲床,压力机L2,8 prevent [pri'vent] v. 妨碍L20 primarily['praim☜rili] adv.主要地L 4 procedure[pr☜'si:d✞☜] n.步骤, 方法, 程序L2,1 6 productivity.[pr☜ud✈k'tiviti] n. 生产力L9 profile ['pr☜ufail] n.轮廓L10 progressively[pr☜'♈resiv] ad.渐进地L15 project[pr☜'d✞ekt] n.项目L 2 project[pr☜'d✞ekt] v. 凸出L11 projection[pr☜'d✞ek☞☜n] n.突出部分 L21 proper['pr p☜] a. 本身的L10 property['pr p☜ti] n.特性L 1 prototype ['pr☜ut☜taip] n. 原形L7 proximity[pr k'simiti] n.接近L9 prudent['pru:d☜nt] a. 谨慎的L16 punch [p✈nt☞] v. 冲孔L 3 punch shapper tool 刨模机L17 punch-cum-blanking die 凹凸模 L18 punched tape 穿孔带L 3 purchase ['p☜:t☞☜s] vt. 买，购买L 6 push back pin 回程杆L 5 pyrometer[pai'n mit☜] n. 高温计L 2Qquality['kwaliti] n. 质量L1,3 quandrant['kw dr☜nt] n. 象限L9 quantity ['kw ntiti] n. 量，数量L17 quench[kwent☞] vt. 淬火L 2Rradial['reidi☜l] adv.放射状的L22 ram [r✌m] n 撞锤. L17 rapid['r✌pid]adj. 迅速的L 2 rapidly['r✌pidli]adv. 迅速地L 1 raster['r✌st☜] n. 光栅L9 raw [r :] adj. 未加工的L 6 raw material 原材料L 3 ream [ri:m] v 铰大L17 reaming[ri:mi☠] n. 扩孔, 铰孔L8 recall[ri'k :l] vt. 记起, 想起L13 recede [ri'si:d] v. 收回, 后退L20 recess [ri'ses] n. 凹槽,凹座,凹进处L4,18 redundancy[ri'd✈nd☜nsi] n. 过多L9 re-entrant 凹入的L12 refer[ri'f☜:] v. 指, 涉及, 谈及L1,12 reference['ref☜r☜ns] n.参照,参考L21 refresh display 刷新显示L9 register ring 定位环L11 register['red✞st☜] v. 记录, 显示, 记数L2 regrind[ri:'♈aind](reground[ri:'gru:nd]) vt. 再磨研L12 relative['rel☜tiv] a. 相当的, 比较的L12 relay ['ri:lei] n. 继电器L7 release[ri'li:s] vt. 释放L1 relegate['rel☜geit] vt. 把··降低到L9 reliability [rilai☜'biliti] n. 可靠性L7 relief valves 安全阀L22 relief[ri'li:f] n.解除L22 relieve[ri'li:v ]vt.减轻, 解除L 2 remainder[ri'meind☜] n. 剩余物, 其余部分L 4 removal[ri'mu:vl] n. 取出L14 remove[ri'mu:v] v. 切除, 切削L 4 reposition [rip☜'zi☞☜n] n.重新安排L17 represent[ repri'zent☜] v 代表,象征L11 reputable['repjut☜bl] a. 有名的, 受尊敬的L1 5 reservoir['rez☜vwa: ] n.容器, 储存器L22 resident['rezid☜nt] a. 驻存的L9 resist[ri'zist] vt.抵抗L 1 resistance[ri'zist☜ns] n.阻力, 抵抗L1 resolution[ rez☜'lu:☞☜n] n. 分辨率L9 respective[ri'spektiv] a.分别的,各自的L11 respond[ris'p nd] v.响应, 作出反应L9 responsibility[risp ns☜'biliti] n.责任L13 restrain[ris'trein]v.抑制L21128restrict [ris'trikt] vt 限制，限定L18 restriction[ris'trik☞☜n] n. 限制L12 retain[ri'tein] vt.保持, 保留L2,1 2 retaining plate 顶出固定板L16 reveal [ri'vil] vt.显示，展现L17 reversal [ri'v☜sl] n. 反向L1,20 right-angled 成直角的L20 rigidity[ri'd✞iditi] n. 刚度L 1 rod[r d] n. 杆, 棒L1,5 rotate['r☜uteit] vt.(使)旋转L 5 rough machining 粗加工L 5 rough[r✈f] a. 粗略的L5,21 routine [ru:'ti:n] n. 程序L7 rubber['r✈b☜] n.橡胶L3,22 runner and gate systems 流道和浇口系统L1 1Ssand casting 砂型铸造L 3 satisfactorily[ s✌tis'f✌ktrili] adv. 满意地L 1 saw[a :] n. 锯子L 4 scale[skeil]n. 硬壳L 2 score[sk :] v. 刻划L14 scrap[skr✌p] n.废料, 边角料, 切屑L2,3 screwcutting 切螺纹L 4 seal[si:l] vt.密封L22 secondary storage L9 section cutting plane 剖切面L16 secure[si'kju☜] v.固定L22 secure[si'kju☜] vt.紧固,夹紧,固定L5,22 segment['se♈m☜nt] v. 分割L10 sensitive['sensitiv]a.敏感的L1,7 sequence ['si:kw☜ns] n. 次序L 6 sequential[si'kwen☞☜l] a.相继的L16 seriously['si☜ri☜sli] adv.严重地L 1 servomechanism ['s☜:v☜'mek☜nizm] n.伺服机构L7 Servomechanism Laboratoies 伺服机构实验室L7 servomotor ['s☜:v☜m☜ut☜] n.伺服马达L8 setter ['set☜] n 安装者L17 set-up 机构L20 sever ['sev☜] v 切断L17 severity [si'veriti] n. 严重L20 shaded[☞✌did] adj.阴影的L21 shank [☞✌☠k] n. 柄. L17 shear[☞i☜]n.剪,切L 1 shot[☞t] n. 注射L12 shrink[☞ri☠k] vi. 收缩L11 side sectional view 侧视图L1 6 signal ['si♈nl] n.信号L8 similarity[simi'l✌riti] n.类似L1 5 simplicity[sim'plisiti] n. 简单L12 single-point cutting tool 单刃刀具L 5 situate['sitjueit] vt. 使位于, 使处于L11 slide [slaid] vi. 滑动, 滑落L20 slideway['slaidwei] n. 导轨L 5 slot[sl t] n. 槽L 4 slug[sl✈♈] n. 嵌条L12 soak[s☜uk] v. 浸, 泡, 均热L 2 software ['s ftw☪☜] n. 软件L 6 solid['s lid] n.立体, 固体L9 solidify[s☜'lidifai] vt.vi. (使)凝固, (使)固化L1 3 solution[s☜'lu:☞☜n] n.溶液L 2 sophisiticated [s☜'fistikeitid] adj.尖端的,完善的L8 sound[saund] a. 结实的, 坚固的) L 1 spark erosion 火花蚀刻L10 spindle['spindl] n. 主轴L5,8 spline[splain] n.花键L 4 split[split] n. 侧向分型, 分型L12,14 spool[spu:l] n. 线轴L14 springback n.反弹L20129spring-loaded 装弹簧的L18sprue bush 主流道衬套L11 sprue puller 浇道拉杆L12 square[skw☪☜] v. 使成方形L 4 stage [steid✞] n. 阶段L16,19 standardisation[ st✌nd☜dai'zei☞☜n] n. 标准化L15 startling['sta:tli☠] a. 令人吃惊的L10 steadily['sted☜li ] adv. 稳定地L21 step-by-step 逐步L8 stickiness['stikinis] n.粘性L22 stiffness['stifnis] n. 刚度L 1 stock[st k] n.毛坯, 坯料L 3 storage tube display 储存管显示L9 storage['st :rid✞] n. 储存器L9 straightforward[streit'f :w☜d]a.直接的L10 strain[strein] n.应变L 1 strength[stre☠] n.强度L 1 stress[stres] n.压力,应力L 1 stress-strain应力--应变L 6 stretch[stret☞] v.伸展L1,21 strike [straik] vt. 冲击L20 stringent['strind✞☜nt ] a.严厉的L22 stripper[strip☜] n. 推板L15 stroke[strouk] n. 冲程, 行程L12 structrural build-up 结构上形成的L11 sub-base 垫板L19 subject['s✈bd✞ikt] vt.使受到L21 submerge[s☜b'm☜:d✞] v.淹没L22 subsequent ['s✈bsikwent] adj. 后来的L20 subsequently ['s✈bsikwentli] adv. 后来, 随后L 5 substantial[s☜b'st✌n☞☜l] a. 实质的L10 substitute ['s✈bstitju:t] vt. 代替,.替换L7 subtract[s☜b'tr✌kt] v.减, 减去L15 suitable['su:t☜bl] a. 合适的, 适当的L5 suitably['su:t☜bli] ad.合适地L15 sunk[s✈☠k](sink的过去分词) v. 下沉, 下陷L1 1 superior[s☜'pi☜ri☜] adj.上好的L22 susceptible[s☜'sept☜bl] adj.易受影响的L7 sweep away 扫过L17 symmetrical[si'metrikl] a. 对称的L1 4 synchronize ['si☠kr☜naiz] v.同步,同时发生L8Ttactile['t✌ktail] a. 触觉的, 有触觉的L9 tailstock['teilst k] n.尾架L 5 tapered['teip☜d] a. 锥形的L12 tapping['t✌pi☠] n. 攻丝L8 technique[tek'ni:k] n. 技术L16 tempering['temp☜r☠] n.回火L 2 tendency['tend☜nsi] n. 趋向, 倾向L1 3 tensile['tensail] a.拉力的, 可拉伸的L2 拉紧的, 张紧的L 1 tension ['ten☞☜n] n.拉紧,张紧L 1 terminal ['t☜:m☜nl ] n. 终端机L 6 terminology[t☜:mi'n l☜d✞i ] n. 术语, 用辞L1 1 theoretically [ i:☜'retikli ] adv.理论地L21 thereby['❆☪☜bai] ad. 因此, 从而L15 thermoplastic[' ☜:m☜u'pl✌stik] a. 热塑性的, n. 热塑性塑料L 3 thermoset[' ☜:m☜set] n.热固性L12 thoroughly[' ✈r☜uli] adv.十分地, 彻底地L 2 thread pitch 螺距L 5 thread[ red] n. 螺纹L 5 thrown up 推上L17 tilt [tilt] n. 倾斜, 翘起L20 tolerance ['t l☜r☜ns] n..公差L17 tong[t ☠] n. 火钳L 2 tonnage['t✈nid✞] n.吨位, 总吨数L 3130glossary131 tool point 刀锋 L 3 tool room 工具车间 L 10 toolholder['tu:lh ☜uld ☜] n.刀夹,工具柄 L5 toolmaker ['tu:l'meik ☜] n 模具制造者 L17 toolpost grinder 工具磨床 L 4 toolpost['tu:l'p ☜ust] n. 刀架 L 4 torsional ['t :☞☜nl] a 扭转的 . L 1 toughness['t fnis] n. 韧性 L 2 trace [treis] vt.追踪 L 7 tracer-controlled milling machine 仿形铣床 L 4 transverse[tr ✌ns'v ☜:s] a. 横向的 L 5 tray [trei] n. 盘，盘子，蝶 L 19 treatment['tri:tm ☜nt] n.处理 L 2 tremendous[tri'mend ☜s] a. 惊人的, 巨大的 L 9 trend [trend] n.趋势 L 7 trigger stop 始用挡料销 L 17 tungsten['t ✈☠st ☜n] n.钨 L 10 turning['t ☜:ni ☠] n.车削 L 4, 5 twist[twist ] v.扭曲，扭转 L 1 two-plate mould 双板式注射模 L 12Uultimately['✈ltimitli] adv 终于. L 6 undercut moulding 侧向分型模 L 1 4 undercut['✈nd ☜k ✈t] n. 侧向分型L 1 4 undercut['✈nd ☜k ✈t] n.底切L 1 2 underfeed['✈nd ☜'fi:d] a, 底部进料的 L 15 undergo[✈nd ☜'♈☜u] vt.经受 L 1 underside['✈nd ☜said] n 下面,下侧 L 11 undue[✈n'dju:] a.不适当的, 过度的 L4,10 uniform['ju:nif :m] a.统一的, 一致的 L 12 utilize ['ju:tilaiz] v 利用 L 17 Utopian[ju't ☜upi ☜n] adj.乌托邦的, 理想化的 L 21 V valve[v ✌lv] n.阀 L 2 2 vaporize['veip ☜raiz] vt.vi. 汽化, (使)蒸发 L 10 variation [v ☪☜ri'ei ☞☜n] n. 变化 L 20 various ['v ☪☜ri ☜s] a.不同的,各种的 L1,20 vector feedrate computation 向量进刀速率计算 L 7 vee [vi:] n. v 字形 L 20 velocity[vi'l siti] n.速度 L 1 versatile['v ☜s ☜tail] a.多才多艺的,万用的 L 5,8 vertical['v ☜:tikl] a. 垂直的 L 16 via [vai ☜] prep.经,通过 L 8 vicinity[v ☜'siniti] n.附近 L 13 viewpoint['vju:p int] n. 观点 L 4 W wander['w nd ☜] v. 偏离方向 L 13 warp[w :p] v. 翘曲 L 2 washer ['w ☞☜] n. 垫圈 L 18 wear [w ☪☜] v.磨损 L 7 well line 结合线 L 13 whereupon [hw ☪☜r ☜'p n] adv. 于是 L 19 winding ['waindi ☠] n. 绕, 卷 L 8 with respect to 相对于 L 1,5 withstand[wi ❆'st ✌nd] vt.经受,经得起 L1 work[w ☜:k] n. 工件 L 4 workstage 工序 L 19 wrinkle['ri ☠kl] n.皱纹vt.使皱 L 21 Y yield[ji:ld] v. 生产 L 9 Z zoom[zu:] n. 图象电子放大 L 9。
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Connectivity Compression for Irregular Quadrilateral Meshes
Davis King, Andrzej Symczak, Jarek Rossignac GVU Center, Georgia Institute of Technology
Many 3D model
u
ed in engineering, cientific, and vis ualization applications are repres ented by an irregular mes h of bounding quadrilaterals (quads ). The s imple s
t repre entation of uch a me h tore a table of the coordinates of its V vertices and a connectivity table o f quads , each repres ented by four vertex indices of log 2(V)bits each. Vertex coordinates may be compressed down to 4 or 5 bits each u ing vertex quantization, geometric predictor , and variable length encoding of corrective vectors [1]. Connectivity information may be compressed down to 4 bits per vertex or les s by s plitting each quad into two triangle and by u ing one of the recently developed algorithms for compressing triangle meshes (see survey in [2]). We propose here a new strategy for splitting the quads. Our approach reduces the file size an additional 25-45% and preserves the original pairing of the triangles.
Our approach i s an exten s ion of the Edgebreaker compre s s
ion approach [2] and of the Wrap&Zip decompression technique [3]. Edgebreaker vis its the entire mesh by applying the following transformations:
where green identifies the current triangle, yellow identifies
a triangle to be put on the stack of future current triangles popped after each E, red identifies previous ly proces s ed triangles , white identifies triangles not yet proces s ed, and blue identifies previously processed vertices. The resulting sequence of C, L, R, E, or S labels suffices to capture the
connectivity of all triangle meshes that are homeomorphic
to a sphere. Vertices are compressed in the order in which they are first encountered. A simple encoding of the labels guarantees 4 bits per vertex. A more elaborate encoding,which exploits the fact that CL and CE combinations are impos s ible, reduces the expected s torage cos t to 3.2 bits per vertex. For very large meshes, an entropy code reduces
the cost to an average of 2.6 bits per vertex [3].
By splitting each quad as shown below, we ensure that the
first label in each pair is not an R.
This obs ervation may be exploited to develop a better encoding for the 13 po s s
ible combination s
of label s
pos s ible in a pair: CR, CC, LE, CS, SC, LC, SE, LL,LR, LS, SL, SR, and SS, each corresponding to the two triangles of a quad. An entropy encoding of these restricted pairs yields compressed formats ranging from 0.26 to 1.7bits per vertex, depending on the regularity of the mesh.Our experiments show that this format is cons is tently at least 45% more compact than the format obtained by the s ame label encoding technique, when applied to triangle meshes produced by randomly splitting quads.
Wrap&Zip decompre ion [3] decode and u e the e labels to decide where to append each new triangle to a previou ly recon tructed one. The re ult i a imply connected topological polygon. To correctly glue the corresponding pairs of its bounding edges, Wrap&Zip uses the labels to orient the bounding edges counter-clockwise for L, R, and E, and clockwise for C triangles. A recursive procedure res tores the complete incidence information by gluing pairs of adjacent edges whos e orientations point towards their common vertex. Vertices are decoded in the order in which they are first encountered.
Bibliography
[1] Geometric Compression through Topological Surgery,G. Taubin, J. Rossignac, ACM Transactions on Graphics,Volume 17, Number 2, pp. 84-115, April 1998.
[2] Edgebreaker: Connectivity compre ion for triangle meshes, J. Rossignac, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Vol. 5, No. 1, January - March 1999.
[3] Wrap&zip: Linear decoding of planar triangle graphs, J.Ros s ignac, A. Szymczak, GVU Center, Georgia Ins titute of Technology, Tech Report: GIT-GVU-99-08, January 1999. /~jarek/abs tracts .html。