传播学经典理论英文版

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A First Look at Communication Theory(传播理论初探)

A First Look at Communication Theory(传播理论初探)

A First Look at Communication Theory(传播理论初探)Introduction(引言)Communication is an integral part of human life and plays a crucial role in our daily interactions. From verbal conversations to written exchanges, communication is the medium through which we express our thoughts, share information, and connect with others. To better understand the dynamics of communication and its impact on various aspects of our lives, scholars and researchers have developed theories that explore the underlying principles and processes involved. This document aims to provide an introductory overview of communication theory, exploring its key concepts, models, and applications.The Nature of Communication(传播的本质)At its core, communication involves the exchange of messages between individuals or groups. These messages can take various forms, including verbal and nonverbal cues, gestures, facial expressions, and written text. Communication is a complex process, influenced by factors such as culture, context, and individual differences. Understanding how these factors shape the way we communicate is crucial in comprehending the theory behind it.Key Concepts in Communication Theory(传播理论的关键概念)1.Sender-Receiver Model: One of the fundamentalconcepts in communication theory is the sender-receiver model. This model suggests that communication involves a sender who encodes a message and transmits it to areceiver who decodes and interprets the message. Thismodel helps us understand the linear flow ofcommunication and the factors that can impact theaccuracy and effectiveness of message transmission.2.Channels of Communication: Communication canoccur through various channels, including face-to-faceconversations, telephone calls, written letters, and digital platforms. Each channel has its own strengths andlimitations, and understanding which channel to use indifferent situations is crucial for effective communication.3.Noise: Noise refers to any factor that interferes withthe clear transmission or reception of a message. It can be external, such as background noise, or internal, such asdistractions or biases. Noise can significantly affect theaccuracy and clarity of communication, highlighting theimportance of minimizing its impact.4.Feedback: Feedback is an essential component ofeffec tive communication. It refers to the receiver’sresponse or reaction to the sender’s message. Feedback can be verbal or nonverbal and helps the sender gauge theeffectiveness of their communication and make necessary adjustments.Models of Communication(传播模型)Communication theories often rely on models to represent the different stages and elements involved in the communication process. Here are some commonly used models:1.Shannon-Weaver Model: The Shannon-Weavermodel of communication is a linear model that involves a sender, a message, a channel, a receiver, and noise. Thismodel emphasizes the role of information theory andprovides insights into the transmission and reception ofmessages.2.Berlo’s SMCR Model: Berlo’s model expands on theShannon-Weaver model by introducing the concept ofencoding and decoding. According to this model, effective communication depends on the sender’s ability to encode a message accurately and the receiver’s ability to decode and understand it.3.Transactional Model: The transactional model ofcommunication recognizes that communication is adynamic process that involves simultaneous encoding and decoding by both the sender and the receiver. This model emphasizes the importance of feedback, context, and the shared meaning between the participants.Applications of Communication Theory(传播理论的应用)Communication theory finds application in various fields, including:1.Mass Communication: Understandingcommunication theory is crucial in analyzing mass media messages, such as newspapers, television programs, andonline news articles. By applying communication theories, we can understand the impact of media on society andindividuals’ perceptions.2.Interpersonal Communication: Communicationtheory is also valuable in exploring the dynamics ofinterpersonal relationships. It helps explain the factors that influence effective communication between individuals,such as nonverbal cues, listening skills, and conflictresolution strategies.anizational Communication: In the context oforganizations, communication theory provides insights into how information flows, leadership styles, and groupdynamics affect productivity and employee morale.4.Intercultural Communication: Communicationtheory is essential in intercultural contexts to understand how different cultural norms, values, and communication styles influence interactions between people from different backgrounds.Conclusion(结论)Communication theory is a dynamic field of study that helps us understand the intricacies of human communication. By exploring key concepts, models, and applications, we can gain valuable insights into effective communication and its impact on various aspects of our lives. As technology continues to shape the way we communicate, studying communicationtheory becomes even more important for navigating this ever-evolving landscape.。

传播学专业英语-单词整理

传播学专业英语-单词整理

第⼀部分:基本传播学理论词汇媒介事件 Media Events民族志 Ethnography传播⽣态 Ecology of Communication真实/虚构 Reality/Fiction拟态环境 Pseudo-Environment刻板成见 Stereotyping晕轮效应 Halo Effects⼆元价值评判 Two-Valued Evaluation公共关系 Public Relation阐释理论 Interpretive Theory⾮语⾔符号 Nonverbal Sign⾮语⾔传播 Nonverbal Communication 意指 Signification话语理论 Theories of Discourse⽂化期待 Culture Expectations⽂化批判 Culture Criticizing范式 Paradigm叙事范式 Narrative Paradigm强语境 High Context弱语境 Low Context功能理论 Functionalism话语分析 Discourse Analysis传播的商品形式 the Commodity Forms of Communication受众商品 Audience Commodity商品化 Commodification空间化 Spatialization结构化 Structuration媒介集中化 Media Conglomeration传媒产业 Media Industry注意⼒经济 Attention Economy媒介竞争 Media Competition受众分割 Audience Segmentation媒介资本 Media Capital传播政治经济学 Political Economy of Communication传播研究 Communication Research抽样 Sampling 调查研究⽅法 Survey Research内容分析法 Content Analysis实验分析法 Experimental Research定性研究法 Qualitative Research Methods个案研究法 Case Study效度与信度 Validity/Reliability变量 Variables实地观察法 Field Observation虚拟社群 Virtual Community扩散研究 Diffusion Research传播 Communication内向/⾃我传播 Intrapersonal Communication ⼈际传播 Interpersonal Communication群体传播 Group Communication组织传播 Organization Communication⼤众传播 Mass Communication单向传播 One-Sided Communication双向传播 Two-Sided Communication互动传播 Interactive Communication媒介 Media⼤众传播媒介 Mass Media新媒介 New Media新闻洞 News Hold新闻价值 News Value传播者 Communicator主动传播者 Active Communicator受传者/受众/阅听⼤众 Audience受众兴坤 Audience Interest受众⾏为 Audience Activity信息 Information信号 Signal讯息 Message信息熵 Entropy冗余/冗余信息 Redundancy传播单位 Communication Unit奥斯古德模式 Osgood Model编码 Encoding解码 Decoding信源 Source传播的数学理论 Mathematical Theory of Communication传播渠道 Communication Channel有效传播 Effective Communication传播效果 Effects知识沟 Knowledge-Gap使⽤与满⾜模式 Uses and Gratifications Model 使⽤与依从模式 Uses and Dependencys Model ⼜传系统 System of Oral Communication地球村 Global Village内爆 Implosion全球化 Globalization本⼟化 Localization电⼦空间 Cyber Space数字化 Digitalization⽂化帝国主义 Culture Imperialism跨⽂化传播 Intercultural Communication守门⼈ Gatekeeper新闻采集者 News Gatherers新闻加⼯者 News Processors模式 Model有线效果模式 Limited Effects Model适度效果模式 Moderate Effects Model强⼤效果模式 Powerful Effects Model⼦弹论 Bullet Theory两级传播模式 Two-Step Flow Model多级传播模式 Multi-Step Flow Model沉默的螺旋模式 Spiral of Silence Model劝服传播 Persuasive Communication议程设置模式 the Agenda-Setting Model时滞 Time Lag最合适效果跨度 Optimal Effects Pan时间跨度 Time Span公众舆论 Public Opinion选择性接触 Selective Exposure选择性注意 Selective Attention选择性理解 Selective Perception选择性记忆 Selective Retention可信性提⽰ Credibility Heuristic喜爱提⽰ Liking Heuristic 共识提⽰ Consensus Heuristic市场驱动新闻学 the Market-Driven Journalism 意识形态 Ideology霸权 Hegemony权⼒话语 Power Discourse视觉⽂本 Visual Text⽂本 Text超级⽂本 Hypertext结构主义 Constructionism解构主义 Deconstructionism⽂化⼯业 Culture Industry⼤众⽂化 Mass Culture⽂化研究 Cultural Studies批判学派/批判理论 Critical Theory法兰克福学派 Frankfurt School⼥权主义/⼥性主义 Feminism符号学 Semiotics/Semiology符号 Sign能指与所指 Signified/SignifierFourth Estate 第四等级(新闻界的别称) freedom of the Press 新闻⾃由free-lancer n.⾃由撰稿⼈full position 醒⽬位置Good news comes on crutches. 好事不出门。

传播学经典理论英文翻译(可编辑修改word版)

传播学经典理论英文翻译(可编辑修改word版)

1.O pinion LeadersActive in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others.2.T he Spiral of SilenceFor a controversial issue, people will watch the "climate of opinion" before they make comments . judging their opinion whether the "majority opinion", when people feel that their views are "majority" or in the "advantage" , it will tend to boldly express this opinion; when found his views are "a few" or in a "disadvantage" they often remain "silent." The more people remain silent, the more feel that their views are not well accepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent. Repeated several times, they form representing "dominant" status views and more powerful, while holding "inferior" opinions of people sound more and more weak, such a cycle, forming a "one more loudly, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process. "3.GatekeeperLewin was first proposed this idea.The information was screened and filtered by communicator. Communicators decide what we can see and how we can see .4.Selective exposure hypothesisAudience in the contact information of the mass media is notindiscriminate, but more willing to choose the contents that are the same or similar to their opinion, and for the contents of this confrontation or conflict, there is a tendency to avoid.5.K nowledge Gap TheoryBecause the people who have higher economic status is usually much faster to get information than those of low socioeconomic status, therefore, the more information is transmitted by the mass media , the knowledge gap between the two types of people is more tend to expand.6.A genda Setting TheoryMass media report an issue or not directly affect people's perception on the subject.Mass media highlights an issue will cause people to pay more attention to the issue.Mass media on a range of topics give different levels of coverage according to a certain order of priority, it will affect people’s judgment about importance of these issues .7.M agic bullet theoryThe message sent by the mass media is like a magic bullet, but the audience as the target without protection ,so the audience can easily be knocked down by the message sent by the mass media.The theory is that mass media have powerful force which can directly affect audience.Text One An Introduction to Communicationii) Key Words & Expressions:communication n. 传播journalism n. 新闻学transfer n.& v. 传递,迁移information n. 信息circulation n. 流通,运行,循环,传播convey v. 传送,传递feedback n. 反馈,反应medium n. 媒体,媒介,中介II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW communication is an important word in our today’s academic study in journalism, sociology, psychology, economics & politics. It’s also heard more & more often in our daily life. So what is communication?Communication:The transfer of social information & the circulation of social information systems.Social:When we say “communication” in our study, we usually mean human communication, not animal communication; a “communication” happening in a society, not in other environments such as natural, physical or biological ones.Why we study “human communication”?Communication is the tool that makes societies possible. It is no accident that communication and community have the same word root.Without communication, there would be no communities; and without community, there could be no communication.The sociologist Charles Cooley called communication “the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop_ all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserv ing them in time”.Transfer of information:When “communication” happens, information flows from one person to another, and then the receiver may give some feedback to the giver. During this process, the information is shared, and the giver and receiver can play the opposite role.Also, communication needs some medium, which is something both parts of a communication can understand. For example, two or more people come together, trying to share some information. But they are from different countries and have different life experiences. So if they want to understand one another, they must use some medium such as English language, or even body language.In modern times, words are important tools or media for communication. But communication is not conducted entirely, or even mostly, in words. A gesture, a facial expression, a pitch pattern, a level of loudness, an emphasis, a kiss, a hand on the shoulder, a haircut or lack of one _ all these carry information.Text Two Types of Communicationii) Key Words & Expressions:mass media 大众传播媒体mass communication 大众传播intrapersonal communication 自我传播interpersonal communication 人际传播group communication 群体传播audience 受众,观众,听众encode 编码code 代码transmit 传输,传达,传播decode 解码internalize 使内在化II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW The communication in which the mass media engage is only one form of communication. One way to begin understanding the process of mass communication is to differentiate it from other forms of communication.Intrapersonal CommunicationWe engage in intrapersonal communication when we talk to ourselves to develop our thoughts and ideas. This intrapersonal communication precedes our speaking or acting.Intrapersonal communication is an exchange of information we have with ourselves, such as when we think over our next move in a video game or sing to ourselves in the shower. Typing into a computer is electronically mediated intrapersonal communication.Interpersonal CommunicationWhen people talk to each other, they are engaging in interpersonal communication. In this simplest form, interpersonal communication is between two people physically located in the same place. It can occur, however, if they are physically separated but emotionally connected, like lovers on cell phones.The difference between the prefixes intra- and inter- is the key difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. Just as intrasquad athletic games are within a team, intrapersonal communication is within one’s self. Just as intercollegiate games are between schools, interpersonal communication is between individuals.Interpersonal communication includes exchanges in which two or more people take part, but the term is usually reserved for situations in which just two people are communicating. Having a face-to-face conversation over lunch and writing a letter to a friend are everyday examples. When interpersonal communication is electronically mediated, as in a telephone conversation, the term point-to-point communication is sometimes used.Group CommunicationThere comes a point when the number of people involved reduces the intimacy of the communication process. That’s when the situation becomes group communication. A club meeting is an example. So is a speech to an audience in an auditorium.Mass CommunicationCapable of reaching thousands, even millions, of people is mass communication, which is accomplished through a mass medium like television or newspapers. Mass communication can be defined as the process of using a mass medium to send messages to large audiences for the purpose of informing, entertaining or persuading.In many respects the process of mass communication and other communication forms is the same: Someone conceives a message, essentially an intrapersonal act. The message then is encoded into a common code, such as language. Then it’s transmitted. Another person receives the message, decodes it and internalizes it. Internalizing a message is also an intrapersonal act.In other respects, mass communication is distinctive. Crafting an effective message for thousands of people of diverse backgrounds and interests requires different skills than chatting with a friend across the table. Encoding the message is more complex because a device is always used-for example, a printing press, a camera or a recorder.One aspect of mass communication that should not be a mystery is the spelling of the often-misused word communication. The word takes no “s” if you are using it to refer to a process. If you are referring to a communication as a thing, such as a letter, a movie, a telegram or a television program, rather than a process, the word is communication insingular form and communication in plural. When the term mass communication refers to a process, it is spelled without the “s”.Review:communication: Exchange of ideas,information.intrapersonal Communication: Talking to oneself.interpersonal Communication: Usually two people face to face.group Communication: More than two people; in person.mass Communication: Many recipients; not face to face; a process.Text Three Components of Mass CommunicationSTUDY PREVIEW Mass communication is the process that mass communicators use to send their mass messages to mass audiences. They do this through the mass media. Think of these as the Five Ms: mass communicators, mass messages, mass media, mass communication and mass audience.Mass CommunicatorsThe heart of mass communication is the people who produce the messages that are carried in the mass media. These people include journalists, scriptwriters, lyricists, television anchors, radio disc jockeys, public relations practitioners and advertising copywriters. The list could go on and on.Mass communicators are unlike other communicators because they cannot see their audience. David Letterman knows that hundreds of thousands of people are watching as he unveils his latest Top 10 list, but he can’t se e them or hear them chuckle and laugh. He receives no immediate feedback from his mass audience. This communicating with an unseen audience distinguishes mass communication from other forms of communication. Storytellers of yore told their vocabulary according to how they sensed they were being received. Mass communicators don’t have that advantage, although a studio audience.Mass MessagesA news item is a mass message, as are a movie, a novel, a recorded song and a billboard advertisement. The message is the most apparent part of our relationship to the mass media. It is for the messages that we pay attention to the media. We don’t listen to the radio, for example, to marvel at the technology. We listen to hear the music.Mass MediaThe mass media are the vehicles that carry messages. The primary mass media are books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, sound recordings, movies and the web. Most theories view media as neutral carriers of messages. The people who are experts at media include technicians who keep the presses running and who keep the television transmitters on the air. Media experts also are tinkers and inventors whocome up with technical improvements, such as compact discs, DVDs, AM stereo radio and newspaper presses that can produce high-quality color.Mass CommunicationThe process through which messages reach the audience via the mass media is called mass communication. This is a mysterious process about which we know far less than we should. Researchers and scholars have unraveled some of the mystery, but most of how it works remains a matters of wonderment. For example, why do people pay more attention to some messages than to others? How does one advertisement generate more sales than another? Is behavior, including violent behavior, triggered through the mass communication process? There is reason to believe that mass communication affects voting behavior, but how does this work? Which is most correct-to say that people can be controlled by mass communication? Or manipulated? Or merely influenced? Nobody has the answer.Mass AudiencesThe size and diversity of mass audiences add complexity to mass communication. Only indirectly do mass communicators learn whether their messages have been received. Mass communicators are never sure exactly of the size of audiences, let alone of the effect of their messages. Mass audiences are fickle. What attracts great attention one day may notthe next. The challenge of trying to communicate to a mass audience is even more complex because people are tuning in and tuning out all the time, and when they are tuned in, it is with varying degrees of attentiveness.Review:mass Communicators: Message crafters.mass Message: What is communicated.mass Media: Vehicles that carry messages.mass Audiences: Recipients of mass messages.Text Four Communication Modelsii) Key Words & Expressions:communication model 传播模式narrative model 线性模式system model 系统模式the SMCR model 施拉姆模式concentric circle model 同心圆模式Claude Shannon 香农Warren Weaver 韦弗Harold Lasswell 拉斯韦尔Wilbur Schramm 施拉姆Thomas Bohn 波恩II.Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW Scholars have devised models of thecommunication process in an attempt to understand how the process works. Like all models, these are simplifications and are imperfect. Even so, these models bring some illumination to the mysterious communication process.Role of Communication ModelsHobbyists build models of ships, planes, automobiles and all kinds of other things. These models help them see whatever they are modeling in different ways. Industrial engineers and scientists do the same thing, learning lessons from models before they actually build something to full scale. Communication models are similar. By creating a facsimile of the process, we hope to better understand the process.A reality about models is that they are never perfect. This reality is especially true when the subject being modeled is complex. An architect, for example, may have a model of what the building will look like to passersby, but there also will be models of the building’s heating system, traffic patterns, and electrical, plumbing and ventilation systems. None of these models is complete or accurate in every detail, but all nonetheless are useful.Communication models are like that. Different models illustrate different aspects of the process. The process itself is so complex that no single model can adequately cover it.Basic ModelTwo Bell telephone engineers, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, laid out a basic communication model in 1948. They were working on advanced switching systems. The model, fundamentally a simple diagram, gave them a reference point for their work. That model has become a standard baseline for describing the communication process. The Shannon-Weaver model identifies five fundamental steps in the communication process:○The human stimulation that results in a thought.○The encoding of the thought into a message.○The transmission of the message.○The decoding of the message by the recipient into a thought.○The internalization of the message by the recipient.Narrative ModelYale professor Harold Lasswell, an early mass communication theorist, developed a useful yet simple model that was all words-no diagram. Lasswell’s narrative model poses four questions: Who says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?You can easily apply the model. Pick any bylined story from the front page of a newspaper.○Who says what? The newspaper reporter tells a story, often quoting someone who is especially knowledgeable4 on the subject.○In which channel? In this case the story is told through thenewspaper, a mass medium.○To whom? The story is told to a newspaper reader.○With what effect? The reader decides to vote for Candidate A or B, or perhaps readers just add the information to their reservoir of knowledge.The SMCR ModelThe classic model that stresses the dominance of the media was developed by Wilbur Schramm (1982), often credited as the founder of mass communication studies. He created what is known as the Source- Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model.The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model describes the exchange of information as the message passes from the source to the channel to the receiver, with feedback to the source.The source is the originator of the communication.The message is the content of the communication, the information that is to be exchanged.An encoder translates the message into a form that can be communicated- often a form that is not directly interpretable by human senses.A channel is the medium or transmission system used to convey the message from one place to another.A decoder reverses the encoding process.The receiver is the destination of the communication.A feedback mechanism between the source and the receiver regulates the flow of communication.Noise is any distortion or errors that may be introduced during the information exchange.This model can be applied to all forms of human communication, but here we will just illustrate it with mass communication examples. When you are at home watching a television program, the television network (a corporate source) originates the message, which is encoded by the microphones and television cameras in the television studio. The channel is not literally the number on the television dial to which you are tuned, but rather the entire chain of transmitters, satellite links, and cable television equipment required to convey the message to your home. Although we sometimes call a TV set a “receiver,” it is really the decoder and the viewer is the receiver. Feedback from viewers is via television rating services. Electronic interference with the broadcast and the distractions of barking dogs are possible noise components in this situation. The source of a message, which the author encoded with the software she used to comp ose the page’s content. The channel is the Internet, including the computer that the Web page is stored on, and the network connections between that computer, called a server, and your own. Your computer acts as the decoder. It decodes the message with your browser software (such as Netscape or Internet Explorer), and youare the receiver.In this classic view, mass communication is one-to-many communication, and the mass media are the various channels through which mass communication is delivered. That is, through newspapers, radio, TV, or film, the message is communicated from a single source to many receivers at about the same time, with limited opportunities for the audience to communicate back to the source.Concentric Circle ModelThe Shannon-Weaver model can be applied to all communication, but it misses some things that are unique to mass communication. In 1974 scholars Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait and Thomas Bohn presented an important new model-a series of concentric circles with the encoding source at the center. One of the outer rings was the receiving audience. In between were several elements that are important in the mass communication process but less so in other communication processes.The concentric circle model is one of the most complete models for identifying elements in the mass communication process, but it misses many complexities. It takes only one message from its point of origin, but in reality thousands of messages are being issued simultaneously. Audiences receive many of these messages, but not all of them, and the messages are received imperfectly. Feedback resonates back to communicators unevenly, often ill-based. Gatekeeping too is uneven. Inshort, there are so many variables that it is impossible to track what happens in any kind of comprehensive way.III.Review:Claude Shannon: Devised a basic communication model, with Warren Weaver.Warren Weaver: Devised a basic communication model, with Claude Shannon.basic communication model: Shows sender, encoding, transmission, decoding, receiver.Harold Lasswell: Devised the narrative model.narrative model: Describes process in words, not schematic.Thomas Bohn: Devised the concentric circle model, with Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait.concentric circle model: Useful radiating model of the mass communication process.Text Five Fundamentals in the Processii) Key Words & Expressions:homophyly n. 类似性tabloid n. 小报stimulation n. 刺激encoding n. 编码transmission n. 传递decoding n. 解码internalization n. 内化STUDY PREVIEW Most models for mass communication as well asother communication forms share some fundamental elements. The elements are sequential, beginning with whatever stimulates a person to want to communicate and continuing through encoding and transmission. To complete the communication process, the recipient of the message must decode and internalize it.StimulationBoth the Shannon-Weaver model and the concentric circle model begin with a source who is stimulated to want to communicate a message. The stimulation can result from many things. Emotions can be stimuli, as can something that is sensed. The stimulation can be as diverse as seeing a beautiful panorama or hearing a child cry.EncodingThe second step is encoding. The source puts thoughts into symbols that can be understood by whomever is destined to receive the message. The symbols take many forms-for example, the written word, smoke signals or pictographs.TransmissionThe message is the representation of the thought. In interpersonal communication the message is almost always delivered face to face. In mass communication, however, the message is encoded so that it is suitable for the equipment being used for transmission. Shannon and Weaver, being telephone engineers in the 1940s, offered the example ofthe sound pressure of a voice being changed into proportional electrical current for transmission over telephone lines. In technical terms, telephone lines were channels for Shannon and Weaver’s messages. On a more conceptual basis the telephone lines were the media, in the same way that the printed page or a broadcast signal is.DecodingThe receiver picks up signals sent by the transmitter. In interpersonal communication the receiver is a person who hears the message, sees it, or both. An angry message encoded as a fist banging a table is heard and perhaps felt. An insulting message encoded as a puff of cigar smoke in the face is smelled. In mass communication the first receiver of the message is not a person but the equipment that picks up and then reconstructs the message from the signal. This mechanical decoding is necessary so that the human receiver of the message can understand it. As Shannon and Weaver put it: “The receiver ordinarily performs the inverse operation that was done by the transmitter. ”InternalizationIn mass communication a second kind of decoding occurs with the person who receives the message from the receiving equipment. This is an intrapersonal act, internalizing the message. For this second kind of decoding to work, the receiver must understand the communication form chosen by the source in encoding. Someone who reads only English willnot be able to decode a message in Greek. Someone whose sensitivities are limited to punk rock will not understand Handel’s “Water Music.” In other words, the source and the receiver must have enough in common for communication to occur. This common experience, which can be as simple as speaking the same tongue, is called homophyly. In mass communication the encoder must know the audience well enough to shape messages that can be decode accurately and with the intended effect.The audience and how it perceives a message are essential in the mass communication process. This is no better illustrated than in a front- page headline in the National Examiner, a sensationalizing weekly tabloid: “Cops Think Kato Did It!” Brain “Kato” Kaelin was a pal of O. J. Simpson and had been subjected to police interviewing off and on for months before the Simpson murder trial. Kaelin sued the Examiner over the headline. In court, the Examiner said the “it” in the headline didn’t refer to the murders but to possible perjury. The Examiner argued that “it” was expl ained in a secondary head on Page 1: “…He Fears They Want Him for Perjury. ”A three-judge federal appeals court sided with Kaelin, saying that Examiner readers were likely to infer that the police thought he was a murder. This was despite the fact that th e story made it clear that “it” was perjury, not murder, and also despite the secondary Page 1head.The judges noted that the headline came only a week after the widely reported Simpson acquittal and that, in the court’s opinion, people who h ad followed the trial reasonably could have interpreted “it” to be murder. The decision allowed Kaelin to pursue his $15 million legal action against the Examiner.For mass communicators the lesson is that strict, literal meanings are not always enough. Audience inferences, part of the intrapersonal decoding process, must also be considered.stimulation: Stirs someone to communicate.encoding: Putting something into symbols.transmission: Sending a message. decoding:Translating a symbolic message.internalization: Making sense of a decoded message.homophyly: A coding oneness that makes communication possible.。

传播学经典理论

传播学经典理论

传播学经典理论
传播学经典理论是指在传播学中的重要理论,它们对当代传播学有着深远的影响。

其中最著名的有:
1. 关系媒体理论(Interpersonal Media Theory):这一理论由美国传播学家Arnold Lasswell提出,他认为媒体可以通过创造社会联系和社会关系来产生影响,进而影响读者或观众的行为和态度。

2. 社会资本理论(Social Capital Theory):这是Robert Putnam提出的理论,他认为,社会媒体可以创造社会资本,即人们之间的信任、协作和友谊,这样才能有效的沟通和文化传播。

3. 效应理论(Effects Theory):这是Habermas提出的理论,他认为,传播媒体可以产生不同的效果,如影响人们的思想、行为和心理,从而影响社会发展。

4. 传播视角理论(Communication Perspective Theory):这是Ralph Lerner提出的理论,他认为,传播研究应该从多种视角,如政治、文化、社会、历史、心理学等视角去理解传播,这样才能真正理解传播的本质和作用。

传播学专业英语

传播学专业英语

Chapter One Introduction to Mass Communication♦Key Termscommunication 传播,交通:mass communication, be in communication with,feedback 反馈: asked the students for feedback on the new curriculum.interpersonal communication 人际传播:interpersonal relationshipsencoding 编码: audio encoding, hybrid encodingdecoding 解码: adaptive decodingpublic relations 公共关系noise 噪音,响声,无用数据,吸引注意的言行medium 媒介(media),手段,mass medium 大众媒介,大众传播工具,影响大量观众的一种公众媒介mass communication 大众传播,大众传播工具inferential feedback 推断性反馈reciprocal messages 交互讯息:(reciprocal互惠的,彼此相反的)cultural definition of communication 传播的文化定义dominant culture (mainstream culture)主流文化bounded culture (co-culture) 亚文化: bounded functiontechnological determinism 技术决定论: (determinism决定论,宿命论)visual communication 视觉传播third participant 第三方:(participant 参与者,参与的)concentration of ownership 所有权集中convergence 融合,会合点,集中,收敛conglomeration 集团化,混合物,凝聚:The state of being conglomeratedeconomies of scale 规模经济;因经营规模扩大而得到的经营节约oligopoly 寡头式的垄断,求过于供的市场情况(oligopolies)globalization 全球化:globalizeaudience fragmentation 受众分析:(audience:听众,观众,读者。

传播学英文文献pdf

传播学英文文献pdf

传播学英文文献pdfAs an AI language model, I'm sorry but I cannotdirectly provide or share PDF files. However, I can offer some guidance on how to find English literature on the subject of communication studies or mass communication.Here are a few steps you can follow:1. Academic Databases: Access reputable academic databases like JSTOR, Google Scholar, or IEEE Xplore. These databases contain a vast collection of scholarly articles, including those related to communication studies. You can search for specific keywords such as "communication studies" or "mass communication" to find relevant articles. Some articles may have a PDF version available for download.2. University Libraries: Check your local university library's website or visit in person if possible. Most university libraries provide access to various online databases and subscriptions, which include a wide range of academic journals and articles. You may be able to find PDFversions of the articles you need through their resources.3. ResearchGate: ResearchGate is a social networking site for researchers and scientists. Many researchers upload their papers and publications on this platform. You can search for specific topics or authors related to communication studies and explore the available PDFs.4. Requesting from Authors: If you come across a specific article that you cannot find in PDF format, you can try reaching out to the author directly. Authors often have preprints or PDF versions of their work that they may be willing to share upon request.5. Online Forums and Communities: Engage with online forums or communities focused on communication studies. These platforms often have discussions where members share resources and recommend relevant literature. You may find recommendations for PDFs or even links to downloadable files.Remember, when accessing academic literature, it'simportant to respect copyright laws and the terms of use for each resource. Additionally, make sure to critically evaluate the sources you find to ensure their reliability and relevance to your research.。

传播学概论英文版

传播学概论英文版

External Communication
Explore strategies for managing public relations and maintaining a positive organizational image.
Leadership Communication
Discover the role of communication in effective leadership and management practices.
Organizational Communication and Management
Internal Communication
Learn how effective communication can enhance productivity and collaboration within organizations.
Privacy and Ethics in Social Media
Examine the ethical challenges and privacy implications of social media use.
Explore how social media platforms shape individual and collective identities.
Explore the dynamics of interpersonal communication and how it influences personal and professional relationships.
Intercultural Communication and Diversity

传播学经典理论英文翻译(最新整理)

传播学经典理论英文翻译(最新整理)

1.Opinion LeadersActive in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others.2.The Spiral of SilenceFor a controversial issue, people will watch the "climate of opinion" before they make comments . judging their opinion whether the "majority opinion", when people feel that their views are "majority" or in the "advantage" , it will tend to boldly express this opinion; when found his views are "a few" or in a "disadvantage" they often remain "silent." The more people remain silent, the more feel that their views are not well accepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent. Repeated several times, they form representing "dominant" status views and more powerful, while holding "inferior" opinions of people sound more and more weak, such a cycle, forming a "one more loudly, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process. "3.GatekeeperLewin was first proposed this idea.The information was screened and filtered by communicator. Communicators decide what we can see and how we can see .4.Selective exposure hypothesisAudience in the contact information of the mass media is notindiscriminate, but more willing to choose the contents that are the same or similar to their opinion, and for the contents of this confrontation or conflict, there is a tendency to avoid.5.Knowledge Gap TheoryBecause the people who have higher economic status is usually much faster to get information than those of low socioeconomic status, therefore, the more information is transmitted by the mass media , the knowledge gap between the two types of people is more tend to expand.6.Agenda Setting TheoryMass media report an issue or not directly affect people's perception on the subject.Mass media highlights an issue will cause people to pay more attention to the issue.Mass media on a range of topics give different levels of coverage according to a certain order of priority, it will affect people’s judgment about importance of these issues .7.Magic bullet theoryThe message sent by the mass media is like a magic bullet, but the audience as the target without protection ,so the audience can easily be knocked down by the message sent by the mass media.The theory is that mass media have powerful force which can directly affect audience.Text One An Introduction to Communicationii) Key Words & Expressions:communication n. 传播journalism n. 新闻学transfer n.& v. 传递,迁移information n. 信息circulation n. 流通,运行,循环,传播convey v. 传送,传递feedback n. 反馈,反应medium n. 媒体,媒介,中介II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW communication is an important word in our today’s academic study in journalism, sociology, psychology, economics & politics. It’s also heard more & more often in our daily life. So what is communication?Communication:The transfer of social information & the circulation of social information systems.Social:When we say “communication” in our study, we usually mean human communication, not animal communication; a “communication” happening in a society, not in other environments such as natural, physical or biological ones.Why we study “human communication”?Communication is the tool that makes societies possible. It is no accident that communication and community have the same word root.Without communication, there would be no communities; and without community, there could be no communication.The sociologist Charles Cooley called communication “the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop_ all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserving them in time”.Transfer of information:When “communication” happens, information flows from one person to another, and then the receiver may give some feedback to the giver. During this process, the information is shared, and the giver and receiver can play the opposite role.Also, communication needs some medium, which is something both parts of a communication can understand. For example, two or more people come together, trying to share some information. But they are from different countries and have different life experiences. So if they want to understand one another, they must use some medium such as English language, or even body language.In modern times, words are important tools or media for communication. But communication is not conducted entirely, or even mostly, in words. A gesture, a facial expression, a pitch pattern, a level of loudness, an emphasis, a kiss, a hand on the shoulder, a haircut or lack of one _ all these carry information.Text Two Types of Communicationii) Key Words & Expressions:mass media 大众传播媒体mass communication 大众传播intrapersonal communication 自我传播interpersonal communication 人际传播group communication 群体传播audience 受众,观众,听众encode 编码code 代码transmit 传输,传达,传播decode 解码internalize 使内在化II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW The communication in which the mass media engage is only one form of communication. One way to begin understanding the process of mass communication is to differentiate it from other forms of communication.Intrapersonal CommunicationWe engage in intrapersonal communication when we talk to ourselves to develop our thoughts and ideas. This intrapersonal communication precedes our speaking or acting.Intrapersonal communication is an exchange of information we have with ourselves, such as when we think over our next move in a video game or sing to ourselves in the shower. Typing into a computer is electronically mediated intrapersonal communication.Interpersonal CommunicationWhen people talk to each other, they are engaging in interpersonal communication. In this simplest form, interpersonal communication is between two people physically located in the same place. It can occur, however, if they are physically separated but emotionally connected, like lovers on cell phones.The difference between the prefixes intra- and inter- is the key difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. Just as intrasquad athletic games are within a team, intrapersonal communication is within one’s self. Just as intercollegiate games are between schools, interpersonal communication is between individuals.Interpersonal communication includes exchanges in which two or more people take part, but the term is usually reserved for situations in which just two people are communicating. Having a face-to-face conversation over lunch and writing a letter to a friend are everyday examples. When interpersonal communication is electronically mediated, as in a telephone conversation, the term point-to-point communication is sometimes used.Group CommunicationThere comes a point when the number of people involved reduces the intimacy of the communication process. That’s when the situation becomes group communication. A club meeting is an example. So is a speech to an audience in an auditorium.Mass CommunicationCapable of reaching thousands, even millions, of people is mass communication, which is accomplished through a mass medium like television or newspapers. Mass communication can be defined as the process of using a mass medium to send messages to large audiences for the purpose of informing, entertaining or persuading.In many respects the process of mass communication and other communication forms is the same: Someone conceives a message, essentially an intrapersonal act. The message then is encoded into a common code, such as language. Then it’s transmitted. Another person receives the message, decodes it and internalizes it. Internalizing a message is also an intrapersonal act.In other respects, mass communication is distinctive. Crafting an effective message for thousands of people of diverse backgrounds and interests requires different skills than chatting with a friend across the table. Encoding the message is more complex because a device is always used-for example, a printing press, a camera or a recorder.One aspect of mass communication that should not be a mystery is the spelling of the often-misused word communication. The word takes no “s” if you are using it to refer to a process. If you are referring to a communication as a thing, such as a letter, a movie, a telegram or a television program, rather than a process, the word is communication insingular form and communication in plural. When the term mass communication refers to a process, it is spelled without the “s”.Review:communication: Exchange of ideas,information.intrapersonal Communication: Talking to oneself.interpersonal Communication: Usually two people face to face.group Communication: More than two people; in person.mass Communication: Many recipients; not face to face; a process.Text Three Components of Mass CommunicationSTUDY PREVIEW Mass communication is the process that mass communicators use to send their mass messages to mass audiences. They do this through the mass media. Think of these as the Five Ms: mass communicators, mass messages, mass media, mass communication and mass audience.Mass CommunicatorsThe heart of mass communication is the people who produce the messages that are carried in the mass media. These people include journalists, scriptwriters, lyricists, television anchors, radio disc jockeys, public relations practitioners and advertising copywriters. The list could go on and on.Mass communicators are unlike other communicators because they cannot see their audience. David Letterman knows that hundreds of thousands of people are watching as he unveils his latest Top 10 list, but he can’t see them or hear them chuckle and laugh. He receives no immediate feedback from his mass audience. This communicating with an unseen audience distinguishes mass communication from other forms of communication. Storytellers of yore told their vocabulary according to how they sensed they were being received. Mass communicators don’t have that advantage, although a studio audience.Mass MessagesA news item is a mass message, as are a movie, a novel, a recorded song and a billboard advertisement. The message is the most apparent part of our relationship to the mass media. It is for the messages that we pay attention to the media. We don’t listen to the radio, for example, to marvel at the technology. We listen to hear the music.Mass MediaThe mass media are the vehicles that carry messages. The primary mass media are books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, sound recordings, movies and the web. Most theories view media as neutral carriers of messages. The people who are experts at media include technicians who keep the presses running and who keep the television transmitters on the air. Media experts also are tinkers and inventors whocome up with technical improvements, such as compact discs, DVDs, AM stereo radio and newspaper presses that can produce high-quality color.Mass CommunicationThe process through which messages reach the audience via the mass media is called mass communication. This is a mysterious process about which we know far less than we should. Researchers and scholars have unraveled some of the mystery, but most of how it works remains a matters of wonderment. For example, why do people pay more attention to some messages than to others? How does one advertisement generate more sales than another? Is behavior, including violent behavior, triggered through the mass communication process? There is reason to believe that mass communication affects voting behavior, but how does this work? Which is most correct-to say that people can be controlled by mass communication? Or manipulated? Or merely influenced? Nobody has the answer.Mass AudiencesThe size and diversity of mass audiences add complexity to mass communication. Only indirectly do mass communicators learn whether their messages have been received. Mass communicators are never sure exactly of the size of audiences, let alone of the effect of their messages. Mass audiences are fickle. What attracts great attention one day may notthe next. The challenge of trying to communicate to a mass audience is even more complex because people are tuning in and tuning out all the time, and when they are tuned in, it is with varying degrees of attentiveness.Review:mass Communicators: Message crafters.mass Message: What is communicated.mass Media: Vehicles that carry messages.mass Audiences: Recipients of mass messages.Text Four Communication Modelsii) Key Words & Expressions:communication model 传播模式narrative model 线性模式system model 系统模式the SMCR model 施拉姆模式concentric circle model 同心圆模式Claude Shannon 香农Warren Weaver 韦弗Harold Lasswell 拉斯韦尔Wilbur Schramm 施拉姆Thomas Bohn 波恩II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW Scholars have devised models of thecommunication process in an attempt to understand how the process works. Like all models, these are simplifications and are imperfect. Even so, these models bring some illumination to the mysterious communication process.Role of Communication ModelsHobbyists build models of ships, planes, automobiles and all kinds of other things. These models help them see whatever they are modeling in different ways. Industrial engineers and scientists do the same thing, learning lessons from models before they actually build something to full scale. Communication models are similar. By creating a facsimile of the process, we hope to better understand the process.A reality about models is that they are never perfect. This reality is especially true when the subject being modeled is complex. An architect, for example, may have a model of what the building will look like to passersby, but there also will be models of the building’s heating system, traffic patterns, and electrical, plumbing and ventilation systems. None of these models is complete or accurate in every detail, but all nonetheless are useful.Communication models are like that. Different models illustrate different aspects of the process. The process itself is so complex that no single model can adequately cover it.Basic ModelTwo Bell telephone engineers, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, laid out a basic communication model in 1948. They were working on advanced switching systems. The model, fundamentally a simple diagram, gave them a reference point for their work. That model has become a standard baseline for describing the communication process. The Shannon-Weaver model identifies five fundamental steps in the communication process:○The human stimulation that results in a thought.○The encoding of the thought into a message.○The transmission of the message.○The decoding of the message by the recipient into a thought.○The internalization of the message by the recipient.Narrative ModelYale professor Harold Lasswell, an early mass communication theorist, developed a useful yet simple model that was all words-no diagram. Lasswell’s narrative model poses four questions: Who says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?You can easily apply the model. Pick any bylined story from the front page of a newspaper.○Who says what? The newspaper reporter tells a story, often quoting someone who is especially knowledgeable4 on the subject.○In which channel? In this case the story is told through thenewspaper, a mass medium.○To whom? The story is told to a newspaper reader.○With what effect? The reader decides to vote for Candidate A or B, or perhaps readers just add the information to their reservoir of knowledge.The SMCR ModelThe classic model that stresses the dominance of the media was developed by Wilbur Schramm (1982), often credited as the founder of mass communication studies. He created what is known as the Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model.The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver(SMCR) model describes the exchange of information as the message passes from the source to the channel to the receiver, with feedback to the source.The source is the originator of the communication.The message is the content of the communication, the information that is to be exchanged.An encoder translates the message into a form that can be communicated-often a form that is not directly interpretable by human senses.A channel is the medium or transmission system used to convey the message from one place to another.A decoder reverses the encoding process.The receiver is the destination of the communication.A feedback mechanism between the source and the receiver regulates the flow of communication.Noise is any distortion or errors that may be introduced during the information exchange.This model can be applied to all forms of human communication, but here we will just illustrate it with mass communication examples. When you are at home watching a television program, the television network (a corporate source) originates the message, which is encoded by the microphones and television cameras in the television studio. The channel is not literally the number on the television dial to which you are tuned, but rather the entire chain of transmitters, satellite links, and cable television equipment required to convey the message to your home. Although we sometimes call a TV set a “receiver,” it is really the decoder and the viewer is the receiver. Feedback from viewers is via television rating services. Electronic interference with the broadcast and the distractions of barking dogs are possible noise components in this situation. The source of a message, which the author encoded with the software she used to compose the page’s content. The channel is the Internet, including the computer that the Web page is stored on, and the network connections between that computer, called a server, and your own. Your computer acts as the decoder. It decodes the message with your browser software (such as Netscape or Internet Explorer), and youare the receiver.In this classic view, mass communication is one-to-many communication, and the mass media are the various channels through which mass communication is delivered. That is, through newspapers, radio, TV, or film, the message is communicated from a single source to many receivers at about the same time, with limited opportunities for the audience to communicate back to the source.Concentric Circle ModelThe Shannon-Weaver model can be applied to all communication, but it misses some things that are unique to mass communication. In 1974 scholars Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait and Thomas Bohn presented an important new model-a series of concentric circles with the encoding source at the center. One of the outer rings was the receiving audience. In between were several elements that are important in the mass communication process but less so in other communication processes.The concentric circle model is one of the most complete models for identifying elements in the mass communication process, but it misses many complexities. It takes only one message from its point of origin, but in reality thousands of messages are being issued simultaneously. Audiences receive many of these messages, but not all of them, and the messages are received imperfectly. Feedback resonates back to communicators unevenly, often ill-based. Gatekeeping too is uneven. Inshort, there are so many variables that it is impossible to track what happens in any kind of comprehensive way.III.Review:Claude Shannon: Devised a basic communication model, with Warren Weaver.Warren Weaver: Devised a basic communication model, with Claude Shannon.basic communication model: Shows sender, encoding, transmission, decoding, receiver.Harold Lasswell: Devised the narrative model.narrative model: Describes process in words, not schematic.Thomas Bohn: Devised the concentric circle model, with Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait.concentric circle model: Useful radiating model of the mass communication process.Text Five Fundamentals in the Processii) Key Words & Expressions:homophyly n. 类似性tabloid n. 小报stimulation n. 刺激encoding n. 编码transmission n. 传递decoding n. 解码internalization n. 内化STUDY PREVIEW Most models for mass communication as well asother communication forms share some fundamental elements. The elements are sequential, beginning with whatever stimulates a person to want to communicate and continuing through encoding and transmission. To complete the communication process, the recipient of the message must decode and internalize it.StimulationBoth the Shannon-Weaver model and the concentric circle model begin with a source who is stimulated to want to communicate a message. The stimulation can result from many things. Emotions can be stimuli, as can something that is sensed. The stimulation can be as diverse as seeing a beautiful panorama or hearing a child cry.EncodingThe second step is encoding. The source puts thoughts into symbols that can be understood by whomever is destined to receive the message. The symbols take many forms-for example, the written word, smoke signals or pictographs.TransmissionThe message is the representation of the thought. In interpersonal communication the message is almost always delivered face to face. In mass communication, however, the message is encoded so that it is suitable for the equipment being used for transmission. Shannon and Weaver, being telephone engineers in the 1940s, offered the example ofthe sound pressure of a voice being changed into proportional electrical current for transmission over telephone lines. In technical terms, telephone lines were channels for Shannon and Weaver’s messages. On a more conceptual basis the telephone lines were the media, in the same way that the printed page or a broadcast signal is.DecodingThe receiver picks up signals sent by the transmitter. In interpersonal communication the receiver is a person who hears the message, sees it, or both. An angry message encoded as a fist banging a table is heard and perhaps felt. An insulting message encoded as a puff of cigar smoke in the face is smelled. In mass communication the first receiver of the message is not a person but the equipment that picks up and then reconstructs the message from the signal. This mechanical decoding is necessary so that the human receiver of the message can understand it. As Shannon and Weaver put it: “The receiver ordinarily performs the inverse operation that was done by the transmitter. ”InternalizationIn mass communication a second kind of decoding occurs with the person who receives the message from the receiving equipment. This is an intrapersonal act, internalizing the message. For this second kind of decoding to work, the receiver must understand the communication form chosen by the source in encoding. Someone who reads only English willnot be able to decode a message in Greek. Someone whose sensitivities are limited to punk rock will not understand Handel’s “Water Music.” In other words, the source and the receiver must have enough in common for communication to occur. This common experience, which can be as simple as speaking the same tongue, is called homophyly. In mass communication the encoder must know the audience well enough to shape messages that can be decode accurately and with the intended effect.The audience and how it perceives a message are essential in the mass communication process. This is no better illustrated than in a front-page headline in the National Examiner, a sensationalizing weekly tabloid: “Cops Think Kato Did It!” Brain “Kato” Kaelin was a pal of O. J. Simpson and had been subjected to police interviewing off and on for months before the Simpson murder trial. Kaelin sued the Examiner over the headline. In court, the Examiner said the “it” in the headline didn’t refer to the murders but to possible perjury. The Examiner argued that “it” was explained in a secondary head on Page 1: “…He Fears They Want Him for Perjury. ”A three-judge federal appeals court sided with Kaelin, saying that Examiner readers were likely to infer that the police thought he was a murder. This was despite the fact that the story made it clear that “it” was perjury, not murder, and also despite the secondary Page 1head.The judges noted that the headline came only a week after the widely reported Simpson acquittal and that, in the court’s opinion, people who had followed the trial reasonably could have interpreted “it” to be murder. The decision allowed Kaelin to pursue his $15 million legal action against the Examiner.For mass communicators the lesson is that strict, literal meanings are not always enough. Audience inferences, part of the intrapersonal decoding process, must also be considered.stimulation: Stirs someone to communicate.encoding: Putting something into symbols.transmission: Sending a message.decoding: Translating a symbolic message.internalization: Making sense of a decoded message.homophyly: A coding oneness that makes communication possible.。

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传播学经典理论英文版[中文批注]目录一、 Opinion Leaders意见领袖 _____________________________________________ 2二、 5W Box 5w 理论_____________________________________________________ 2三、The Bias of munication 传媒偏向论__________________________________ 2四、 The Spiral of Silence 沉默得螺旋________________________________________ 3五、 Gatekeeper 把关人理论 _______________________________________________4六、 Selective exposure hypothesis 选择性接触假说 _____________________________ 4七、Knowledge Gap Theory 知识沟假说______________________________________ 5八、 Agenda Setting Theory 议程设置理论____________________________________ 5九、Magicbullet theory 魔弹论_____________________________________________ 5十、 Information(Innovation)Diffusion Theory 信息(创新)扩散论 ____________6十一、 Uses and gratifications theory (UGT)使用与满足理论 ______________________ 7十二、 Cultivation theory 教养理论____________________________________________ 8十三、Limited-Effects Theory 有限效果论 ______________________________________ 8十四、 Marshall Mcluhan Media Theory 麦克卢汉得媒介理论_______________________ 92 / 11一、 Opinion Leaders 意见领袖Active in information networks, havemany information channels,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can in fluence others、意见领袖就是指在人际传播网络中经常为她人提供信息,同时对她人施加影响得“活跃分子",她们在大众传播效果得形成过程中起着重要得中介或过滤得作用,由她们将信息扩散给受众,形成信息传递得两级传播.二、5W Box 5w 理论1、 Who municates to whom?(sources and receivers)2、 Why municate?(function and purposes)3、 How does munication take place?(channels,languages,codes) 4、 What about?(content,references,types of information)5、 What are the outes of munication (intend or unintended ),for information,understandings, action the Rise of Mass Mdia美国学者H·拉斯维尔于1948年在《传播在社会中得结构与功能》一篇论文中,首次提出了构成传播过程得五种基本要素,并按照一定结构顺序将它们排列,形成了后来人们称之“五W模式”或“拉斯维尔程式”得过程模式。

这五个W分别就是英语中五个疑问代词得第一个字母,即:Who (谁) Says What(说了什么) In Which Channel (通过什么渠道) To Whom (向谁说) With What Effect (有什么效果)。

三、 The Bias of munication 传媒偏向论Innis' central focus is the social history of munication media; he believed tha t the relative stability of cultures depends on the balance and proportion of their media、To begin our inquiry into this area, he suggests we ask three basic questions: Howdo specific munication technolo gies operate? What assumptions do they take from and contribute to society? What forms of power do they encourage?For Innis, a key to social change is found in the development of munication media、 He claims that each medium embodies a bias in terms of the or ganization andcontrol of information、Any empire or society is generace、Time-biasedmedia, such as stone and clay, are durable and heavy、Since they are difficultto move, theydo not encourage territorial exp ansion; however, since they have a long life, they do encourage the extension of empireover time、 Innis associated these mediawit h the customary, thesacred, and the moral、Time-biasedmedia faci litate the development of social hierarchies, as archetypally exemplified by ancient Egypt、 For Innis, speech is atime—biased medium、Space-biased media are light and portable; they canbe transported over large distances、 They are associated with secular and territorial societies; they facilitate the expansion of empire over space、 Pape r is such a medium; it is readily transported, but has a relatively short lifespan、伊尼斯发现,媒介可以分为两大类,两者有一个基本得区别:有利于空间上延伸得媒介与有利于时间上延续得媒介。

比如,石版文字与泥版文字耐久,它们承载得文字具有永恒得性质,容易传承。

但就是,它们不容易运输,不容易生产,不容易使用,因而不利于空间上得传播。

相反,莎草纸与纸张轻巧,容易运输,使用方便,能够远距离传播迅息,然而它们传播得迅息却限于当下,就比较短暂。

她认为,传播与传播媒介都有偏向,大体上分为:口头传播得偏向与书面传播得偏向,时间得偏向与空间得偏向。

下面这段话,痛快淋漓地阐明伊尼斯“传播偏向论”得意旨、要害,说明媒介得性质与偏向,并且说明媒介为何有这些偏向.她说:“倚重时间得媒介,其性质耐久,羊皮纸、黏土与石头即为其例……倚重空间得媒介,耐久性比较逊色,质地比较轻.后者适合广袤地区得治理与贸易……倚重空间得材料,有利于集中化……我们考虑大规模得政治组织,比如帝国时,必须立足在空间与时间两个方面.我们要克服媒介得偏向,既不过分倚重时间,也不过分倚重空间。

”强调媒介偏向、时间偏向与空间偏向得关系,并指出媒介与国家僚体制与宗教得关系。

她说:“一个成功得帝国必须充分认识到空间问题,空间问题既就是军事问题,也就是政治问题;它还要认识到时间问题,时间问题既就是朝代问题与人生寿限问题,也就是宗教问题。

又说:“国家得官僚体制倚重空间,忽略时间。

相反,宗教却倚重时间,忽略空间。

"四、 The Spiral of Silence沉默得螺旋The spiral of silence is a political science and mass munication theory propounded by the German political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neum ann、 Spiral of silence theory describes the process bywhich one opinion bees dominant as those who perceive their opinion to be in the minoritydo not speak up because society threatensindividuals w ith fear ofisolation、 The assessment of one's socialenvironment may not always correlate with reality、For a controversial issue,people will watch the "climate of opinion" before they make ments 、judging their opinion whether the ”majority opinion", when people feel that their views are "majority" or in the "advantage” , it will tend to boldly express this opinion;when foundhis views are ”a few” or ina"disadvantage" they often remain "silent、" The more people remain silent, the more feel that their views are notwellaccepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent、Repeated several times, they form representing "dominant” status views and more powerful, while holding ”inferior” opinions of peopy, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process、”沉默得螺旋理论提供了一种考虑问题得视角:团队意见得形成不一定就是团队成员“理性讨论"得结果,而可能就是对团队中“强势”意见得趋同后得结果.需要注意得就是:“强势”意见所强调得东西,不一定就就是正确得.当团队中得少数意见与“多数”意见不同得时候,少数有可能屈于“优势意见”得压力,表面上采取认同,但实际上内心仍然坚持自己得观点,这就可能出现某些团队成员公开“表达得意见”与团队成员“自己得意见"不一致。

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