国际通用SAMPA修改版090412

国际通用SAMPA（2009-4-12整理）1.附加符号XS IPA （字母） IPA （图） Description_" centralized _+ advanced _- retracted _/ ˇrising tone _0 voiceless_<implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives) = (or _=) syllabic _> ʼejective _?\ ˤ pharyngealized _\ ˆfalling tone _^non-syllabic _}no audible release`˞rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants(IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example) ~ (or _~)nasalization _Aadvanced tongue root_B extra low tone_B_L low rising tone_c less rounded_d dental_e velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5<F> global fall_F falling tone_G ˠvelarized_H high tone_H_T high rising tone_h ʰaspirated_j (or ') ʲpalatalized_k creaky voice_L low tone_l ˡlateral release_M mid tone_m laminal_n ⁿnasal release_O more rounded_o lowered_q retracted tongue root<R> global rise_R rising tone_R_F rising falling tone_r raised_T extra high tone_t breathy voice_v voiced_w ʷlabialized_X extra-short_x mid-centralized2. 元音分布格局Vowelsfront near-front central near-back back close i• y 1 • }M • u near-close I • Y Uclose-mid e• 2@\• 87• o mid@open-mid E• 93• 3\V• O near-open{6open a• &A• QVowel modifiers:∙[ ~, _~ ] after a vowel indicates that it is nasalised (e.g. French bon [bO~] ).∙[ : ] after a vowel indicates that it is lengthened (e.g. Japanese shōshō [So:So:], English see [si:] ).∙[ ` ] after a vowel indicates rhoticity (e.g. US English bird [b3`d] ).∙[ _^ ] non syllabic vowel (IPA subscript arch)3. 元音符号Stress is indicated by ["]for primary stress, and [%]for secondary stress, placed before the stressed syllable.4. 小写符号XS IPA I PA D escription Examplesa a open front unrounded vowel French d a me [dam], Spanish p a dre ["paD4e]b b voiced bilabial plosive English b ed [bEd], French b on [bO~]b_< ɓvoiced bilabial implosivec c voiceless palatal plosive H ungarian la ty ak ["lAcAk]d d voiced alveolar plosive English d ig [dIg], French d oigt [dwa]d` ɖvoiced retroflex plosive Swedish ho rd [hu:d`]d_< ɗvoiced alveolar implosivee e close-mid front unroundedvowelFrench s e s [se]f f voiceless labiodentalfricativeEnglish f ive [faIv], French f emme [fam]g ɡ voiced velar plosive English g ame [geIm], French lon gu e [lO~g]g_< ɠvoiced velar implosiveh h voiceless glottalfricativeEnglish h ouse [haUs]h\ ɦvoiced glottal fricativei i close front unroundedvowelEnglish b e [bi:], French ou i [wi],Spanish s i [si]j j palatal approximant English y es [jEs], French y eux [j2]j\ ʝvoiced palatal fricative Greek γειά [j\a]k k voiceless velar plosive English c at [k{t], Spanish c arro ["kar:o]l l alveolar lateralapproximantEnglish l ay [leI], French ma l [mal]l` ɭretroflex lateralapproximantSvealand Swedish so rl [so:l`]l\ ɺalveolar lateral flap Japanese phoneme /r/m m bilabial nasal English m ouse [maUs], French ho mm e [Om]n n alveolar nasal English n ap [n{p], French n on [nO~]n` ɳretroflex nasal Swedish hörn [h2:n`]o o close-mid back roundedvowelFrench gr o s [gRo]p p voiceless bilabial plosive English lea p [li:p], French p ose [poz], Spanish p erro ["per:o]p\ ɸvoiceless bilabialfricativeJapanese f uku [p\M_0kM]q q voiceless uvular plosive Arabic q asbah ["qQs_Gba]r r alveolar trill Spanish pe rr o ["per:o]r` ɽretroflex flapr\ ɹalveolar approximant English r ed [r\Ed]r\` ɻretroflex approximants s voiceless alveolarfricativeEnglish s eem [si:m], French s e ss ion[se"sjO~]s` ʂvoiceless retroflexfricativeSwedish ma rs [mas`]s\ ɕvoiceless alveolo-palatalfricativePolish świerszcz [s\v'ErStS]t t voiceless alveolar plosive English t oo [tu:], French ra té [Ra"te], Spanish t uyo ["tujo]t` ʈvoiceless retroflexplosiveSwedish mört [m2t`]u u close back rounded vowel English b oo m [bu:m], Spanish s u [su]v v voiced labiodental English v est [vEst], French v oix [vwa]5. 大写符号XS IPA （字母） IPA （图） Description ExampleA ɑopen back unrounded vowel English f a ther ["fA:D@(r\)](RP and Gen.Am.) B β voiced bilabial fricative Spanish la v ar [la"Ba4] B\ʙbilabial trillReminiscent of shivering ("brrr")C çvoiceless palatalfricativeGerman i ch [IC], Englishh uman ["Cum@n] (broadtranscription uses [hj-]) D ð voiced dental fricativeEnglish th en [DEn]Eɛopen-mid front unrounded vowel French m ême [mEm], English m e t [mEt]F ɱlabiodental nasal English e m phasis ["EFf@sIs](spoken quickly, otherwiseuses [Emf-]) G ɣ voiced velar fricative Greek γωνία [Go"nia], Danish væl g e ["vElG@] G\ ɢvoiced uvular plosive G\_< ʛ voiced uvular implosiveHɥlabial-palatal approximant French h u it [Hi]H\ ʜvoiceless epiglottal fricativeI ɪnear-close near-front unrounded vowelEnglish k i t [kIt] I\ ƗImage:Xsamp a-Islash.pn g central lax closeunrounded vowel, not in IPAJ ɲpalatal nasal Spanish a ño ["aJo], English ca ny on ["k{J@n] (broadtranscription uses [-nj-]) J\ ɟvoiced palatal plosive Hungarian e gy [EJ\] J\_< ʄ voiced palatal implosiveK ɬvoiceless alveolarlateral fricative Welsh ll aw [KaU_^]K\ɮvoiced alveolarlateral fricativeL ʎpalatal lateral approximantItalian fami gli a [fa"miLa], Castilian ll amar [La"mar], English mi lli on ["mIL@n] (broad transcription uses [-lj-])L\ ʟ velar lateral approximantEnglish phoneme /5/M ɯclose backunrounded vowelKorean 으 (eu)M\ ɰ velar approximant Spanish fue g o ["fweM\o] N ŋ velar nasal English thi ng [TIN] N\ɴuvular nasal Japanese sa n [saN\] O ɔopen-mid back rounded vowel British English th ou ght [TO:t], American English o ff [O:f] O\ ʘbilabial clickP (or v\) ʋlabiodental approximantDutch w est [PEst]/[v\Est], allophone of English phoneme /r\/Q ɒ open back roundedvowel British English l o t [lQt]Rʁvoiced uvular fricativeFrench r oi [Rwa]R\ ʀuvular trill German phoneme /r/S ʃvoiceless postalveolar fricativeEnglish sh ip [SIp]T θvoiceless dentalfricativeEnglish th in [TIn]U ʊnear-closenear-back rounded vowelEnglish f oo t [fUt] U\ ʊImage:Xsamp a-Uslash.pn g central lax closerounded vowel, not in IPA V ʌopen-mid backunrounded vowel English str u t [str\Vt]W ʍvoiceless labial-velar fricativeScots wh en [WEn]X χvoiceless uvularfricative Welsh ba ch [baX]X\ ħvoiceless pharyngeal fricativeArabic h a’ [X \?]Y ʏnear-closenear-front rounded vowel German h übsch [hYpS] Z ʒvoicedpostalveolar fricativeEnglish vi s ion ["vIZ@n]6. 其他符号XS IPA I PA D escription Example. . syllable break" ˈprimary stress% ˌsecondary stress' (or_j)ʲpalatalized: ːlong:\ ˑhalf long Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths- separator@ əschwa English a ren a [@"r`i:n@]@\ ɘclose-mid central unrounded vowel{ æ near-open front unrounded vowel English tr a p [tr\{p]} ʉclose central rounded vowel Swedish sj u [x\}:]1 ɨclose central unrounded vowel Welsh t u [t1], American English ros e's ["r\oUz1z]2 ÷ close-mid front rounded vowel Danish k÷be ["k2:b@], French d eu x [d2]3 ɜopen-mid central unrounded vowel English n ur se [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)3\ ɞopen-mid central rounded vowel4 ɾalveolar flap Spanish pe r o ["pe4o], American English be tt er ["bE4@`]5 ɫvelarized alveolar lateralapproximant; also see _eEnglish mi l k [mI5k]6 ɐnear-open central vowel German bess er ["bEs6], Australian English m u d [m6d]7 ɤclose-mid back unrounded vowel Estonian kõik [k7ik], Occurs in Vietnamese8 ɵclose-mid central rounded vowel Swedish b u ss [b8s]9 œ open-mid front rounded vowel French n eu f [n9f], Danish dr÷mme [dR9m@]& ɶopen front rounded vowel? ʔglottal stop Danish st÷d [sd2?], Cockney English bo tt le ["bQ?l]?\ ʕvoiced pharyngeal fricative Arabic ‘ayn* undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor", used by some conlangers instead of \/ indeterminacy in French vowels< begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA)<\ ʢvoiced epiglottal fricative > end nonsegmental notation>\ ʡepiglottal plosive^ ↑ upstep! ↓ downstep!\ ǃpostalveolar click| minor (foot) group|\ ǀdental click|| major (intonation) group|\|\ ǁlateral alveolar click=\ ǂpalatal click-\ linking mark。