第十章 被动语态

第十章被动语态一、被动语态的结构[高考试题传真]1. In some parts of the world, tea ______with milk and sugar.(1993)A. is servingB. is servedC. servesD. served2. The water will be further polluted unless some measures______. (1992,上海)A. will be takenB. are takenC. were takenD. had been taken3. I need one more stamp before my collection ____. (1994)A. had completedB. completesC. has been completedD. is completed4. Doctors ________ in every part of the world. (1986)A. needB. are needingC. are neededD. wilt need5. I ________ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.(1989)A. gaveB. was givenC. was givingD. has given6. If city noises_______from increasing, people________ shout to be heard even at dinner table20 years from now.(1992)A. are not kept; will have toB. are not kept; have toC. do not keep; will have toD. not keep; have to7. Visitors________not to touch the exhibits. (2001)A.will requestB.requestC.are requestingD.are requested被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

被动语态是由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成的。

被动语态主要用于两种情况:1.不知道动作的执行者，或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时;2.需要强调动作的执行者时。

教你巧学巧记:当说话人强调或特别关心的是行为对象，即主动句中的宾语，或没有必要说出行为者是谁就用被动语态。

其构成是用助动词be加上动词的过去分词。

在被动句中语法上的主语是行为的承受者，而实际上的主语可用介词by来引导。

据此编成如下顺口溜：（1）动作谁做的不知道，说出谁做的不必要，接受动作者要强调，用被动语态最为妙。

（2）被动特点强调宾（语），用be加上过去分（词），行为对象做主语，逻辑主语by引。

（3）被动不离“be”“p.p.”，主谓一致莫忘记，句中时态要留意，“进行”易漏一个“be”。

例如：(1)Such books are written for children.→A new railway is being built.(2)We love the Party. →The Party is loved by us.(3) They were cleaning their classrooms. →Their classrooms are being cleaned by them.英语中的五个基本句型中，只有三个可以用于被动语态。

(一)单宾语及物动词的被动语态在一般情况下，将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为助的宾语，但时短语可以不要。

如:They found a wallet in the car.他们在车中捡到一个钱包。

→A wallet was found in the car.钱包是在车中捡到的。

(二)双宾语及物动词的被动语态有些动词（如：give,tell,buy等）在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），又称双宾语。

含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。

一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。

当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词to（有时可以省去）或for。

如：My mother gave me a pencil.→I was given a pencil by my mother.或:A pencil was given(to)me by my mother.（介词to可以省略）Father bought me a new coat. →I was bought a new coat.或：A new coat was bought for me.（介词for不可省略）注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词to不可省略。

如：This apple is given to me,not to you.这个苹果时给我的，不是给你的。

(三)复杂宾语及物动词的被动语态有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构，这种结构被称作复合宾语。

含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不动，这时它就成了主语补足语。

可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。

如：They call her Xiao Gao. →She is called Xiao Gao(by them).He told me to wait for you. →I was told to wait for you(by him).I found him lying on the floor. →He was found lying on the floor(by me).We painted the wall blue.→The wall was painted blue.注意：在主动句中，动词不定式做感官动词（see,watch,hear等）和使役动词（make,have）的宾语补足语，通常省去动词不定式符号to。

但改为被动结构后，要把省略了to再加上。

但当动词是let时，其被动结构中不定式仍不带to。

如：They made him go there alone. →He was made to go there alone.They let John go. →John was let go.(四)带有情态动词的被动语态如果主动句带有情态动词，在变为被动句时，情态动词不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。

如:We must prevent him from going.我们必须阻止他去。

→He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。

(五) 主动句如果是带有宾语从句的复合句，也可改为被动语态，且有两种改法。

如：We believed that he was ill. →He was believed to be ill.或It was believed that he was ill.一为不定式结构，二是从句结构。

通常以简洁看，最好改成不定式结构，但如果主从句中的时态先后关系不能得到反映时，就宜使用从句结构了。

如：We know he will make much progress. →He is known to make much progress.该句中的to make much progress不能体现原句中的将来时，如果使用从句结构，矛盾就迎刃而解了。

二、by短语在被动语态中的用法从主动句变为被动句以及被动句的使用，都须涉及“by+行为者”(即by短语)的问题，by 短语有时可省略或不用，有时却不可省略。

By短语究竟在哪些情况下使用，却很难用一两条规则加以概括。

兹分述如下：(一)一般说来，下列情况常常省略by短语。

1.主动句是“主+谓+宾+状”结构时。

如：They built the school in 1962. →The school was built in 1962.2.主动句中含有双宾语时。

如：Tom gave me a book. →A book was given(to)me.3.主动句中含有复合宾语。

如：They heard him come. →He was heard to come.4.主动句中含有宾语从句时。

如：We expect that Mary will win. →Mary is expected to win.或:It is expected that Mary will win.(二)一般说来，下面几种不用by短语。

1.当动作的施事者不可知或不易说出时。

如：A greater number of new books will be published next year.明年将有更多的新书出版。

2.在特定的语境或上下文中，施事者为双方所共知，没有必要说出来时。

如：He was made monitor of the class.他被选为班长。

3.说话人本身是行为者，但出于某种考虑（如为了表示礼貌、措辞婉转等），不愿说出自己是动作的行为者时。

如：You have been told many times not to touch the pictures.已经多次告诉你不要触摸这些照片。

(三)一般地说，下面几种情况不省略by短语。

1.主动句中的主语是句子的强调成分时。

如：Even a child can answer this question. →This question can be answered even by a child.甚至小孩都能回答出这个问题。

2.如果省去by短语，句子意思就不完整或含混不清时。

如：Mr Brown wrote the letter. →The letter was written by Mr Brown.布朗先生写了那封信。

3.汉译英时，用英语表达汉语的“被、由、为……所……”等意思时。

如：美洲为哥伦布于1492所发现。

America was discovered by Columbus in 1492.电话是由贝尔发明的。

The telephone was invented by Bell.4.主动句是以疑问代词作主语的问句时。

如：谁发现了美洲？Who discovered America? →Who was America discovered by?三、by短语在被动句中的位置主动句改为被动句后，原主动句的主语变成了介词by的宾语，与by构成介词短语，即by 短语，在被动句里作方式状语。