ソーシャルワークとは何か-社工专业硕士外语考试题-2015
社会工作专业硕士真题集
社会工作专业硕士真题集考研专业课系列辅导之社会工作原理社会工作实务真题集全国考研专业课教研中心编（GH）光华职业教育咨询服务有限公司目录目录 (3)2011年中山大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (4)2011年厦门大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (5)2011年中国社会科学院社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (6) 2011年山东大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (7)2011年南京大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (8)2011年华东理工大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (9) 2011年复旦大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (12) 2011年武汉大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (13) 2011年南京大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (14) 2010年南京大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (15) 2010年中山大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (16) 2010年北京大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (17) 2010年广西师范大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (18) 2010年中国社会科学院社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (19) 2010年山东大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (20) 2010年武汉大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题 (21) 2011年中山大学社会工作专业硕士考研真题社会工作原理一名词解释8分每题1、专业关系2、社会角色3、社区4、同理5、专业社会工作二简答题10分每题1、社会工作的一般过程2、社会工作价值体系3、农村社区与城市社区的区别4、社会工作教育的意义5、社会互动的涵义和类型三论述题1、我国社会工作职业化30分2、西方社会互动理论论述30分社工实务一、1、社区工作的三大主要模式30分2、什么是社会工作契约关系。
并从社会工作某一基本原则说明案主与服务对象关系的重要性30分二、什么是“沟通障碍”，举例说明社会工作者如何正确出路好这种障碍45分三、假如你是一位青年服务社会工作者，你与街道办合作，针对社区十几户低保家庭开展一项集体活动。
2015年英语专四考试真题与答案解析
2015英语专四考试真题及答案2015年专业四级答案PART I DICTATIONMale and Female Roles in MarriageIn the traditional marriage, the man worked to earn money for the family. / The woman stayed at home to care for the children and herhusband. / In recent years, many couples continue to have a traditional relationship of this kind. / Some people are happy with it. But others think differently. /There are two major differences in male and female roles now. / One is that both men and women have many more choices. / They may choose to marry or stay single. / They may choose to work or to stay at home. / A second difference is that, within marriage many decisions are shared. / If a couple has children, the man may take care of them /some of the time, all of the time or not at all. / The woman may want to stay at home / or she may want to go to work. / Men and women now decide these things together in a marriage.听写指导：由题目可以判定，文章围绕男性和女性在婚姻中的角色展开，第一段介绍了传统婚姻中两性的角色，而第二段对当今社会中两性在婚姻中的角色进行了具体的论述。
2015年全国社会工作者职业水平考试社会工作师(初级)社会工作综合能力真题及答案
2015年全国社会工作者职业水平考试社会工作师(初级)社会工作综合能力试题(附答案及解析)一、单项选择题(共60题，每题1分。
每题的备选项中，只有1个最符合题意)1．某社会工作服务机构的社会工作者联系了街道辖区内某三甲医院的医生、护士、营养师、康复治疗师等，为老人提供医疗康复服务；协调辖区内某单位食堂为老人提供配餐服务。
上述做法最能体现社会工作（）的特点。
A．注重专业实践B．多方协同C．注重专业价值D．促进发展2．下列社会工作计划中．突出体现社会工作“促进发展目标”的是（）。
A．自闭症儿童音乐治疗计划B．青少年网络成瘾干预计划C．老年人自杀危机干预计划D．新居民子女成长向导计划3．某社会工作服务机构为在本市居住不满三年的家庭提供服务。
机构社会工作者一方面提供就业辅导服务，增强他们的就业能力；另一方面，开展社区教育等服务，建立社区支持网络。
上述服务体现出社会工作对服务对象的作用是（）。
A．建构社会资本B．促进人与社会环境的相互适应C．维持社会秩序D．促进社会和谐4．老伴去世半年后，李奶奶仍难以走出失去老伴的悲痛，经常自责，情绪十分低落。
鉴于李奶奶目前的状态。
社会工作者对李奶奶进行了哀伤辅导。
在上述服务中，社会工作者扮演的角色主要是（）。
A．治疗者B．关系协调者C．倡导者D．资源筹措者5．关于社会工作要素的说法。
正确的是（）。
A．社会工作价值观是通过社会工作专业教育养成的B．社会工作者的素质、经验和能力直接影响服务成效C．社会工作服务对象就是社会中需要帮助的贫困人群D．助人活动是社会工作者向服务对象提供的单向支持活动6．社会工作者根据服务对象个人的特殊需要．为其提供个案服务；针对服务对象的同质需要，为更多的人开展小组服务。
这表明有效支持社会工作者实践的是（）。
A．专业助人方法B．潜在服务对象C．个人的价值观D．社会工作服务机构7．学校社会工作者小高针对因迷恋上网而学业成绩下降的学生开展小组服务。
在小组活动中。
2015社会工作者综合能力考试真题及答案
2015社会工作者《综合能力》（中级）考试真题一、单项选择题(共60题，每题1分。
每题的备选项中，只有1个最符合题意)1．2006年10月．中共中央十六届六中全会在《中共中央关于构建社会主义和谐社会若干重大问题的决定》中提出要“建设宏大的社会工作人才队伍”。
2015年3月6日，李克强总理在《政府工作报告》中也提出要发展社会工作。
上述中央文件中提出的“社会工作”是指（）。
A．志愿性社会工作B．行政性社会工作C．专业社会工作D．社区管理工作2．下列做法中．能够促进社会工作服务对象实现自身发展的是（）。
A．社会工作者春节期间探访低收入家庭B．社会工作者雨雪天为流浪乞讨人员发放衣物C．社会工作者深夜在网吧开展青少年外展服务D．社会工作者为失业青年开办就业能力提升小组3．下列说法中．最能反映中国专业社会工作发展特点的是（）。
A．职业化发展先于专业化发展B．专业社会工作与行政性社会工作并存C．儒家思想对专业社会工作的产生具有决定性作用D．慈善组织对专业社会工作形成具有实质推动作用4．关于社会工作过程的说法，正确的是（）A．社会工作过程是服务对象自主、自决、自助的过程B．社会工作过程是社会工作者与服务对象平等互动的过程C．社会工作过程是社会工作者对主。
服务对象为辅的合作过程D．社会工作过程是服务对象为主．社会工作者为辅的合作过程5小李是某大型企业员工，去年贷款买房。
近期物价不断上涨，小李的家庭支出持续增加，而其所在企业目前没有加薪计划，使他感到生活压力倍增，情绪焦虑，为此向社会工作者求助。
从支持者角色出发，社会工作者首先应当（）。
A．鼓励小李积极面对困难B．认同小李的负面情绪C．劝说小李合理安排开支D．帮助小李借钱还房贷6．社会工作者小陈了解到住院患者王大爷生活贫困，与儿子多年不来往的情况后，一方面经常和王大爷聊天，鼓励他配合治疗；另一方面与医院协调，减免了他的部分医疗费用；还与王大爷的儿子联系，帮助改善父子关系。
2015年社会工作者《社会工作实务(初级)》考试真题及详解[视频讲解]【圣才出品】
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2015年社会工作者《社会工作实务（初级）》考试真题及详解[视频讲解]一、单项选择题（共60题，每题1分。
每题的备选项中，只有1个最符合题意）1．社会工作者小王接待了来机构求助的小李夫妇，在他们讲述问题后，小王介绍了机构的服务范围和要求，并且与小李夫妇协商问题解决的优先次序。
小王的上述做法属于社会工作实务过程中的（）。
A．接案B．预估C．计划D．评估【答案】A【考点】接案阶段会谈的主要任务【解析】在接案阶段，社会工作者经过与服务对象的初步接触后，就可以和服务对象达成一个初步的协议。
内容包括以下方面：①机构和社会工作者可以提供的服务；②对服务对象问题的初步界定；③相互的角色期望及暂定的工作时间长度。
2．张老师发现自己班上的学生小花最近总是闷闷不乐、情绪低落，于是带着小花来见社会工作者小江。
小江在询问的过程中观察到，小花一直低着头不说话，都是张老师在替她回答问题。
上述案例中，小花属于（）的服务对象。
A．潜在B．现有C．自愿D．外展【答案】A【考点】服务对象的类型【解析】那些主动求助和转介及外展而来的、已经使用社会工作者提供的资源或正在接受社会工作者协助的服务对象，被称为是现有服务对象；那些尚未使用或接受社会工作者协助和资源帮助，但未来可能需要服务资源和协助的服务对象，即是潜在服务对象。
题中，小花尚未使用或接受社会工作者协助和资源帮助，但可能需要协助，属于潜在服务对象。
3．小红因婚姻问题前来求助。
社会工作者小赵在仔细倾听了小红的叙述后，拟通过询问小红自己对问题的看法来明确问题。
小赵的下列提问中，恰当的是（）。
A．“您认为自己的婚姻困惑是怎么出现的？”B．“您认为自己的婚姻可以怎样改善？”C．“您做过哪些努力来改善自己的婚姻？”D．“您对自己的婚姻有哪些期待？”【答案】A【考点】会谈的任务中的界定服务对象的问题【解析】社会工作者要注意，服务对象自己对问题的看法是界定问题时最重要的起点，因此，在使用沟通技巧与服务对象会谈时，服务对象关心的问题、他们的困惑即是界定问题的入手点。
2015英语专四真题及答案
DictationMale and Female Roles in MarriageIn the traditional marriage, the man worked to earn money for the family. / The woman stayed at home to care for the children and her husband. / In recent years, many couples continue to have a traditional relationship of this kind. / Some people are happy with it. But others think differently. /There are two major differences in male and female roles now. / One is that both men and women have many more choices. / They may choose to marry or stay single. / They may choose to work or to stay at home. / A second difference is that, within marriage many decisions are shared. / If a couple has children, the man may take care of them /some of the time, all of the time or not at all. / The woman may want to stay at home / or she may want to go to work. / Men and women now decide these things together in a marriage.Listening ComprehensionSection A ConversationConversation one1. Why is the trip to Mars a one-way trip?A. The return trip is too expensive.B. There is no technology to get people back.C. People don ' t want to return.D. The return trip is too risky.2. According to the man, what is more important for those recruits?A. Intelligence.B. Health.C. Skills.D. Calmness.3. What is the last part of the conversation about?A. The kind of people suitable for the trip.B. Interests and hobbies of the speakers.C. Recruitment of people for the trip.D. Preparation for the trip to Mars.Conversation Two4. What is showrooming?A. Going to the high street.B. Visiting everyday shops.C. Buying things like electrical goods.D. Visiting shops and buying online.5. According to the conversation, the man had bought all the following things online EXCEPTA. shoesB. CDsC. cameraD. Food6. According to the conversation, the percentage of people who showroomed whileChristmas shopping wasA. 3%B. 33%C. 42%D. 24%7. One reason for people to showroom is that theyA. want to know more about pricingB. can return the product laterC. want to see the real thing firstD. can bargain for a lower shop priceConversation Three8. What is the conversation mainly about?A. How to avoid clashes of exams.B. How to schedule exams.C. How to use the faculty lounge.D. How to choose the courses.9. What does the student have to do first in order to take the exams?A. To choose a date on the draft schedule.B. To find the information on the bulletin board.C. To draw up the final schedule.D. To arrange an invigilator.10. According to the conversation, the Dean willA. sign the sheet in the faculty loungeB. take care of the bulletin boardC. consult the studentsD. finalize the exam scheduleSection B PASSAGESPassage One11. Which of the following cities has the oldest Chinatown in North America?A. New York.B. San Francisco.C. Boston.D. San Diego.12. The Chinatown in San Francisco attracts tourists a year.A. 20 ,000B. 100 ,000C. 7 millionD. 17 million13. Where can tourists see the fish markets?A. In Stockton Street.B. In Grant Avenue.C. In Portsmouth Square.D. In Bush Street.Passage Two14. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. Obesity can damage one 's health.B. Obesity is a growing problem all over the world.C. Obesity is directly related to one 's habit.D. Obesity has affected both boys and girls.15. The purpose of the three-year study is toA. find out why some children find it difficult to go to sleepB. learn more about the link between sleep and weightC. identify the ways parents reduce their kids ' weightD. see if there is difference in sleep patterns over the period16. According to the study, the daily healthy sleep time for the 3rd to 6th graders should be around ___________ hours.A. 8B. 9C. 10D. 1117. According to the passage, obesity is most likely related to ___ .A. sleep timeB. genderC. raceD. ParentsPassage Three18. According to a number of students, ___ is the main factor for early-age smoking.A. genderB. personalityC. environmentD. Money19. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Very few continue smoking throughout their teenage years.B. Most early-age smokers soon stop experimenting.C. Some early-age smokers never go beyond experimenting.D. Children quickly become regular smokers by carrying cigarettes.20. All the following are features of smokers EXCEPT ___ .A. strong peer influenceB. low sense of achievementC. high sense of rebellionD. close family relationshipSection C NEWS BROADCASTNews Item 121. Why were some children offered only fruit and milk for lunch?A. The school stopped providing school lunch.B. Their parents failed to pay for school lunch.C. Some parents preferred fruit and milk for lunch.D. These children chose to have something different.22. How did parents react to the school 's way of handling the situation?A. They were upset.B. They were furious.C. They were surprised.D. They were sad.News Item 223. According to the news, what is the main advantage of the digital key?A. Guests can pay without going to the front desk.B. Guests can go direct to their rooms.C. Guests can check out any time.D. Guests can make room reservations.24. The hotel company intends to have the system in ____ of its hotels inthe next three months.A. 2B. 3C. 100D. 150News Item 325. According to the court ruling, Shrien Dewani ____ .A. will return to the U.K. for medical treatmentB. will remain in South Africa for medical treatmentC. will stand trial in South Africa once proved fitD. will be extradited even if he is unfit to stand trial26. What was Dewani accused of?A. Having his wife killed.B. Killing his wife in the U.K.C. Being invo Ived in a taxi accide nt.D. Hiri ng a crew of hit men.News Item 427. The U.N. new vote would allow all the followi ng EXCEPT _____ .A. the use of force by European Union troopsB. the suspension of an existing arms embargoC. the extension of U.N. peacekeeping missionD. the ban on travel and freeze of assetsNews Item 528. What is the news mainly about?A. Causes of early death in Russia.B. Behavior of alcoholics.C. Causes of alcohol pois oning.D. Number of death over 10 years.News Item 629. The total investment in film-making in Britain in 2012 was _____ .A. .945 millionB. 1.07 billio nC. 500,000D. 87,00030. Hollywood studios prefer to make films in Brita in because ___A. The UK is a good film locati onB. The cast usually comes from Britai nC. Hollywood emphasizes qualityD. Product ion cost can be reducedCloseElectricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much take n for gran ted nowadays31 we rarely think twice when we switch on the light or turn on the TV set. At night, roads are brightly lit, enabling people and 32 to move freely. Neon lighting used in advertising has become part of the 33 of every modern city. In the home, many 34 devices are powered by electricity. 35 when we turn off the bedside lamp and are36 asleep, electricity is working for us, 37our refrigerators, heating our water, or keep ing our rooms air-c on diti on ed. Every day, trains, buses and subways take us to and from work. We rarely 38 to consider why or how they run 39 something goes wrong. In the summer of 1959, something 40 go wrong with the power-plant that provided New York with electricity. For a great many hours, life came almost to a 41. Trains refused to move and the people in them sat in the dark42 to do anything; liftsstopped work ing, so that 43 you were lucky eno ugh not to be 44 betwee n two floors youhad the unpleasant task of finding your way down 45 of stairs. Famous streets like Broadway and Fifth Avenue in a(n) 46 became as gloomy and uninviting 47 the most remote back streets. People were afraid to leave their houses, 48 although thepolice had bee n ordered to 49 in case of emerge ncy, they were just as con fused andGrammar and vocabulary51. When you have finished with that book,don' t forget to pUback on the shelf,?A. will youB. do youC. don 'youD. won 'you52. Mary is ___ hardworking than her sister, but she failed in the exam.A. no soB. no moreC. not lessD. no less53. Which of the followi ng stateme nts is in correct?A. Five miles seem like a long walk to me.B. Ten dollars was stolen from the cash register.C. Either my sister or my brother is coming.D. Only one out of six were prese nt at the meeti ng.54. Which of the italicized parts expresses a future ten?A. My friend teacheschemistry in a school.B. I 'll give it to you after I return.C. What is the matter with you?D. London sta nds on the River Thames55. It is not so much the Ianguage___ the cultural background that makes the film difficult to un dersta nd.A. butB. norC. likeD. as56. There is no doubt ____ t he committee has made the right decisi on on the hous ing project.A. whyB. thatC. whetherD. whe n57. All the Preside nt's Men _____ one of the importa nt books for the stude nts who study the Watergate Scan dal.A. remai nB. rema inedC. remai nsD. is remai ning58. If you explained the situation to your lawyer, he ____ able to advise you much better tha n I can.A. will beB. would beC. wasD. were59. Which of the following is a stative verb（静态动词）?A. DrinkB. CloseC. RainD. Belo ng60. Which of the followi ng italicized parts in dicates a subject-verb relatio n?A. The man has a large family to support.B. She had no wish to quarrel with her brother.C. He was the last guest to leave.D. Mary n eeds a frien d to talk to.61. The following are all correct responsesto Who told the news to the teacher? EXCEPT ______ .A. Bob did thatB. Bob did soC. Bob did thisD. Bob did62. Which of the following is INCORRECT?A. A bit of flowersB. Few wordsC. This workD. Ano ther two girls63. Which of the following italicized words does NOT indicate willingness ?A. What will you do when you graduate?B. They will be home by now.C. Who will go with me?D. Why will you go there alone?64. When one has good health,_ should feel fortunate.A. youB. sheC. heD. we65. There ___ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.A. to beB. to have bee nC. beingD. be66. Two of her brothers were __ during the Second World War.A. called onB. called upC. called forD. called out67. Bottles from this region sell _ at about$50 a case.A. wholesaleB. totallyC. en tirelyD. together68. The product contains n — colours, flavours, or preservatives.A. fakeB. falseC. artificialD. wrong69. Davis accepted the defeat in the semi-finial with good grace. The underlined partis closest in meaning to ___ .A. cheerfullyB. wholeheartedlyC. politelyD. quietly70. ____ a nd bus in ess leaders were delighted at the decisi on to hold the n ati onalmotor fair in the city.A. CivilB. CivilizedC. Civilia nD. Civic71. The city coun cil is pla nning a huge road-buildi ng programme to ease con gesti on. The underlined part mean ____ .A. clamB. relieveC. comfortD. still72. His unfortun ate appeara nee was offset by an attractive pers on ality. The un derl ine part means all the followi ng EXPECT ____.A. improvedB. made up forC. bala needD. compe nsated for73. The doctor said that the gash in his cheek required ten stitches. The underlinedpart mean _____ .A. lumpB. depressi onC. swelli ngD. cut74. During the economic crisis, they had to cut back production and_ workers.A. lay intoB. lay offC. lay dow nD. lay aside75. The university consistently receives a high _ for the quality of its teaching and research.A. sta ndardB. evaluati onC. comme ntD. rat ing76. To mark its one hundredth anniversary, the university held a series of activitiesin cludi ng conferen ces, film shows, etc. The un derl ine part means .A. celebrateB. sig nifyC. symbolizeD. suggest77. His fertile mind keeps turning out new ideas. The underlined part means .A. abundantB. un believableC. productiveD. gen erative78. The local n ewspaper has a_of 100.000 copies a day.A. spreadB. circulati onC. motio nD. flow79. These issues were discussed at length during the meeting. The underlined partmea ns .A. eve ntuallyB. subseque ntlyC. lastlyD. fully80. A couple pf young people were giving out leaflets in front of the departme nt store.The un derl ine part mean __ .A. distribut ingB. han dli ngC. dividi ngD. arrangingRead ing comprehe nsionTEXT AInun dated by more in formatio n tha n we can possibly hold in our heads, we are in creas in gly handing off the job of rememberi ng to search engines and smart phones. Google is eve n reportedly work ing on eyeglasses that could one day recog nize faces and supply details about whoever you are look ing at. But new research shows that outsourcing our money- and expecting that information will continually and in sta ntan eously available- is cha nging oucog nitive habits.Research con ducted by Betsy Sparrow, an assista nt professor of psychology at Columbia University, has identified three new realities about how we process information in the Internet age. First, her experiments showed that when we don't know the an swer to a questi on, we now th ink about where we can find the n earest Web conn ecti on in stead of the subject of the questi on itself. A sec ond revelati on is that when we expect to be able to find information again later on, we dontremember it as well as when we think it might become unavailable. And then there us the researchers final observati on: the expectati on that we'll be able to locate in formatio n down the line leads us to form a memory not of the fact itself but of where we will be able to find it.But this handoff comes with a downside. Skills like critical thinking and analysis must develop in the con text of facts: we n eed somethi ng to think and reas on about, after all. And these facts can't be Googled as we go; they n eed to be stored i n the original hard drive, our Iong-term memory. Especially in the case of children, factual knowledge must precede skill” says Daniel Willingham, a professor of psychology, at the University of Virginia-meaning that the days of drilling the multiplication table and memoriz ing the n ames of the Preside nts arenover quite yet. Adults, too, n eed to recruit a supply of stored knowledge in order to situate and evaluate new information they encoun ter. Youca'Google con test.Last, there's the possibility, in creas in gly terrifyi ng to con template, that our machines will fail us. As Sparrow puts it, The experienee of losing our Internet connection becomes more and more like losing a friend.” If you are going to keep your memory on your smart phone, better make sure ' fully charged.81. Google'seyeglasses are supposed to ____ .A. improve our moneyB. fun cti on like memoryC. help us see faces betterD. work like smart phones82. According to the passage, cognitive habits” refers to _____ .A. how we deal with in formatio nB. functions of huma n memoryC. the amount of in formati onD. the availability of in formatio n83. Which of the followi ng stateme nts about Sparrows research is CORRECT?A. We remember people and things as much as beforeB. We remember more Internet connections tha n beforeC. We pay equal attention to location and content of informationD. We tend to remember locati on rather tha n the core of facts84. What does the author mean by con text”？A. It refers to Ion g-term memoryB. It refers to a new situati onC. It refers to a store of kno wledgeD. It refers to the search engine85. What is the implied message of the author?A. Web conn ecti ons aid our memoryB. People differ in what to rememberC. People n eed to exercise their memoryD. People keep memory on smart phonesTEXT BI was a sec on d-year medical stude nt at the uni versity, and was on my sec ond day of rounds at a nearby hospital. My university ' philosophy was to get students seeing patie nts early in their educatio n. Nice idea, but it overlooked one detail: sec on d-year stude nts know n ext to nothing about medici ne.Assigned to my team that day was attending -a senior faculty member who was there mostly to make patie nts feel they were n't in the hands of amateurs. Many atte ndings were researchers who didnthave much rece nt hospital experie nee. Mine was actually an arthritis specialist. Also along was a reside nt (the real boss, with a staggering mastery of medicine, at least to a rookie likes myself). In addition, there were in terns. These guys were just as gree n as I was, but in a scarier way; they had rece ntly graduated from the medical school, so they were tech ni cally MDs.I bega n the day at 6:30 am. An intern and I did a quick check of our eight patie nts; later, we were to present our findings to the residents and then to the attending. I had three patie nts and the in tern had the other five-piece of cake.But when I arrived in the room of 71-year-old Mr. Adams, he was sitting up in bed, sweating heavily and panting. He'd just had a hip operation and looked terrible. I listened to his lungs with my stethoscope, but they sounded clear. Next I checked the log of his vital sig ns and saw that his respirati on and hear rate had bee n climb ing, but his temperature was steady.It didn 'tseem like heart failure, nor did it appear to be pn eum onia. So I asked Mr. Adams what he thought was going on.ft 'really hot in here, Doc ” he replied.So I attributed his condition to the stuffy room and told him the rest of the team would return in a few hours. He smiled and feebly waved goodbye.At 8:40am, during our team meeting, Code Blue Room 307!” blared from the loudspeaker.I froze.That was Mr. Adams s room.Whe n we arrived, he was moti onl ess.The autops（尸体解剖）later found Mr. Adams had suffered a massive pul monary embolism（肺部栓塞）.A blood clot had formed in his leg, worked its way to his lungs, and cut his breathing capacity in half. His symptoms had been textbook: heavy perspiration and shortness of breath despite clear lungs. The only thing was: I hadnt read that chapter in thetextbook yet. And I was too scared, in secure, and proud to ask a real doctor for help.This mistake has haunted me for nearly 30 years, buwhat' particularly frustrating is that the same medical education system persists. Who knows how many people have died or suffered harm at the hands of stude nts as na?as I, and how many more will?86. Why was the author doing rounds in a hospital?A. He himself wan ted to have practiceB. Stude nts of all majors had to do soC. It was part of his medical trainingD. He was on a research team87. We lear n that the authoisteam members had _.A. some professi onal deficie ncyB. much practical experie neeC. adequate kno wledgeD. long bee n work ing there88. While the author was examining Mr. Adams, all the following symptoms caughthis atte ntion EXCEPT. .A. steady temperatureB. faster heart rateC. breath ing problemD. moving difficulty89. His symptoms had been textbook means that his symptoms were __A. part of the textbookB. expla ined in the textbookC. no Ion ger in the textbookD. rece ntly in eluded in the textbook90. A t the end of the passage, the author expresses about the medical educati on system.A. optimismB. hesitati onC. supportD. concernTEXT CThe war on smoking, now five decades oldcounting, is one of the nation' greatest public health success stories-but not for every one.As a whole, the country has made amazing progress. In 1964, four in ten adults in the US smoked; today fewer than ten in ten do. But some states-Kentucky, South Dakota and Alabama, to name just a few-seem to have missed the messagethat smok ing is deadly.Their failure is the greatest disappointment in an effort to save lives that was started on Jan. 11, 1964, by the first Surge on Gen era' Report on Smok ing and Health. Its finding that smoking is a cause of lung cancer and other diseaseswas major n ews the n. The hazards of smok ing were just starti ng to emerge.The report led to cigarette warning labels, a ban on TV ads and eventually and an ti-smok ing moveme nt that shifted the n atio n' attitude on smok ing. Then, smokers were cool. Today, many are outcasts, rejected by restaura nts, bars, public buildi ngs and eve n their own workplace. Milli ons of lives have bee n saved.The formula for success is no Ion ger guesswork: Adopt tough warmi ng labels, air public service ads, fund smok ing cessati on programs and impose smoke-free laws. But the surest way to preve nt smok ing, particularly among price-se nsitive tee ns, is to raise taxes. If you can stop them from smok ing, youve won the war. Few people start smok ingafter tur ning 19.The real-life evide nee of tax ing power is powerful. The 10 states with the lowest adult smoking rates slap an average tax of $ 2.42 on every pack-three times the average tax in the states with the highest smok ing rates.New York has the highest cigarette tax in the coun try, at $4.35 per pack, and just 12 perce nt of tee ns smoke -ar below the n ati onal average of 18 perce nt. Compare that with Ken tucky, where taxes are low (60 cen ts), smok ing restrictio ns are weak and the teen smoking rate is double New York '. Other low-tax states have similarly dismal records.Enemies of high tobacco taxes cling to the tired argument that they fall disproportionately on the poor. True, but so do the deadly effects of smoking- far worse than a tax. The effect of the taxes is amplified further when the revenue is used to fund in itiatives that help smokers quit or persuade tee ns not to start.An ti-smok ing forces have ple nty to celebrate this week, hav ing helped avoid 9 million premature deaths in the past 50 years. But as long as 3,000 adolescents and teens take their first puff each day, the war is not won.91. What does coun ti ng” mean in the con text?A. I ncludi ngB. Calculati ngC. Relying onD. Con ti nuing92. Accord ing to the con text, Their failure ” refers to .A. those adults who continue to smokeB. those states that missed the messageC. finding of the reportD. hazards of smok ing93. T he following are all efforts that led to the change of attitude on smoking EXCEPTA. cigarette warni ng labelsB. rejectio n by the publicC. an ti-smok ing campaig nsD. an ti-smok ing legislati on94. Accord ing to the author, raisi ng tax on cigarettes .A. is un fair to the poorB. is an effective measureC. in crease public reve nueD. fails to solve the problem95. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to stage an ti-smok ing campaig nsB. The effects of the report on smok ing and healthC. The efforts to cut dow n on tee nage smok ingD. Tax as the surest path to cut smok ingTEXT DAttachme nt Pare nting is not In dulge nt Pare nting. Attachme nt pare nts do no t§poil” their children. Spoiling is done when a child is given everything that they want regardless of what they n eed and regardless of what is practical. I ndulge nt pare nts gives toys for tantrums（发脾气）,ice cream for breakfast. Attachment parents don't give their children everything that they want, they give their children everything that they n eed. Attachme nt pare nts believe that love and comfort are free and n ecessary. Not sweets or toys.Attachment parenting is not afraid of tears' parenting. Our kids cry. The difference is that we understand that tantrums and tears come from emotions and not man ipulatio n. And our childre n un dersta nd this too. They cry and have tan trums sometimes, of cause. But they do this becausetheir emoti ons are so overwhel ming that they need to get it out. Theydo not expect to be rewarded" for their strong n egative emoti ons; they simply expect that we will liste n. We pick up our babies whe n they cry, and we resp ond to the tears of our older childre n because we believe firmly that comfort is free, love is free, and that whe n a child has n eed for comfort and love, it is our job to provide those thin gs. We are not afraid of tears. We don 'avoid them. We hold our children through them and teach them that when they are hurt or frustrated we are here to comfort them and help them work through their emoti ons.Attachment parenting is not Clingy Parenting. I do not cling to my children. In fact, I "m pretty free-range. As soon as they can move they usually move away from me and let me set up a chase as they crawl, r un, skip and hop on their merry way to explore the world. Sure, I carry them and hug them and chase them and kiss them and rock them sleep with them. But this is not me following them everywhere and pulling them back to me. This is me being a home base. The attachmen” comes from their being allowed to attach to us, not from us attaching to them like parental leeches.Attachment parenting is not Selfish Parenting. I donthover. I supervise, I follow, I teach, I dem on strate, I expla in. I don't slap curious hands away. I show how to do things safety. I let my child do the things that my child wishes to do, first with help and the n with supervisi on and fin ally with trust. I don 'ti nsist that my 23 month old hold my hand where we walk on the sidewalk because I know that I can recall him with my voice because he trusts me to allow him to explore and he trusts me to explain when something is dangerous and to help him satisfy his curiosities safely.Most of the negative thing that I hear about attachment parent§ are completely off-base and describe something that is entirely unlike Attachment parenting. Attachment parenting is child-centric and focuses on the needs of the child. Children n eed structure, rules, and boun daries, Attachme nt pare nts simply believe that the child and the pare nt are allies, not adversaries. And that childre n are taught, not train ed.96. What makes attachment parents different from indulgent parents is thatthey ____ .A. show more love to their childre nB. thi nk love is more importa ntC. prefer both love and toys in pare nti ngD. dislike ice cream or sweets97. Accord ing to the author, what should pare nts do when their kids cry?A. Reward ing kids with toysB. Trying to stop kids cryingC. Holding them till they stopD. Provid ing comfort and love98. What dose free-rang6' mean according to the passage?A. Willi ng to give kids freedom of moveme ntB. Ready to play games with my kidsC. Curious to watch what games they playD. Fond of provid ing a home base99. Which of the followi ng is NOT attachi ng pare nti ng?A. Fosteri ng their curiosityB. Help ing them do the right thingC. Show ing them how thi ngs are doneD. Standing by and protect ing。
2015北师大社会工作考研真题
2015北师大社会工作考研真题社会工作原理一、名词解释（5*6=30）1.社会性别2.社会群体3.社会分层4.基线调查5.社工行政6.社会支持网络二、简答题（10*3=30）1.中国社会工作理论体系中的专业伦理中社会工作者对案主的责任。
2.简述矫正社会工作的内容与方法3.社区照顾模式和机构养老模式的比较三、论述题（30*3=90）1.简述后现代思潮对传统社会工作方法的影响2.针对政府向社会工作机构购买社会服务的现象，请从程序和效果两个方面进行评估3.请用治理理论来论述我国社会工作发展前景及障碍社会工作实务一、名词解释（5*6=30）1.社会福利2.社区照顾模式3.行为修正模式个案工作4.问卷调查5.非概率抽样6.焦点小组二、简答题（10*3=30）1.社区发展的模式2.操作化的主要作用及步骤3.研究报告的分类及作用三、方案设计（20*3=60）1.某社区附近有一棉织厂，它的噪音嘈杂，纤棉随风飘至家庭中，影响居民的生活，他们向相关部门反应，无果，一些居民打算使用激烈手段来处理，作为社区工作者，应如何与这些局面开展服务？2.某女青年，曾在外国留学，学历不高，呆在外国的时间较长，回国后没有找到工作，其家境一般，父母想让其找工作，因此她与父母的关系很紧张，她找到社工并且求助，请问社工应该如何介入？3.某社区以退休干部为主，文化水平都比较高，精神要求也比较高，并且要求更高的物质。
社区内一般的社区活动，他们都不积极参加，请问社工如何在社区开展活动？四、志愿者对志愿服务的理念的认识（15*2=30）（一）设计一个问卷，了解不同背景下的志愿者对志愿服务的理解（二）设计一个培训计划，让志愿者短期内了解志愿服务的理念。
2015年考研英语(二)真题 .doc
2015年考研英语（二）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。
Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)In our contemporary culture，the prospect of communicating with-or even looking at-a stranger is virtually unbearable Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones，even without a 1 undergroundIt's a sad reality-our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings-because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the strange r standing by you. But you wouldn't know it，3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 ："Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach We fear rejection，or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as"creep,"We fear we'IIbe 7 We fear we'II be disruptive Strangers are inherently 8 to us，so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones."Phones become our security blanket，"Wortmann says."They are our happyglasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 ."But once we rip off the bandaid，tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up，it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment，behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr.Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 withthe experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C]signall [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C]another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C]plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C]notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterprete [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungreatful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resis [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predictl [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C]In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] Iogical [D] rareSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys. People art actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortntlol. Which is it at stress marker. While they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge."Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers. Sarah Damaske, In fact women say they feel better at work. She notes. "it is men not women. Who report being bappicr at home than at work," Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with childrcn and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why pcoplc who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they' re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playingcatch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it' s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order todraw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they' re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they' re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Pa ragraph 1，most previous su rveys found that home___________[A]was an un realistic place for relaxation[B]generated more stress than the workplace[C]was an ideal place for stress measurement[D]offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.According to Damaske，who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A]Working mothers[B]Childless husbands[C] Childless wives[D]Working fathers23 The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact thay___________[A]they are both bread winners and housewives[B]their home is also a place for kicking back[C]there is often much housework left behind[D]it is difficult for them to leave their office24.The word"moola"(Line 4，Para 4)most probably means___________[A]energy[B]skills[C]earnings[D]nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____________[A]home is hardly a cozier working environment[B]division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[C]household tasks are generally more motivating[D]family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students-those who do not have a parent with a college degree-lag other students on a range of educationachievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created "a paradox" in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has "continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close" achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Sciense.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach(which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors asgrades)between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findins are based on a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed private unive rsity．First generation was defined as not having a parent with a fou r-year college degree Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal g rant for undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degreeTheir thesis-that a relatively modest inte rvention could have a big impact-was based on the view that first-gene ration students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students They cite past resea rch by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be na rrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-gene ration students"struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education，learn the'rules of the game，'and take advantage of college resou rces," they write And this becomes more of a problem when collages don't talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students' educational expe rience，many first-gene ration students lack sight about why they a re struggling and do not unde rstand how students' like them can improve26. Recruiting more first-generation students has[A]reduced their d ropout rates[B]narrowed the achievement gao[C] missed its original pu rpose[D]depressed college students27 The author of the research article are optimistic because[A]the problem is solvable[B]their approach is costless[q the recruiting rate has increased[D]their finding appeal to students28 The study suggests that most first-gene ration students[A]study at private universities[B]are from single-pa rent families[q are in need of financial support[D]have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students[A]a re actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]can have a potential influence on othe r students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for resea rch projects[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30.We mayinfer from the last paragraph that--[A]universities often r~ect the culture of the middle-class[B]students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C]social class g reatly helps en rich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText3Even in traditional offices，"the lingua franca of corporate America has gottenmuch more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago，" said Ha rva rd Business School professor Nancy Koehn She sta rted spinning off examples."If you and I pa rachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990，we would see much less frequent use of terms like Journey, mission,passion. There were goals，there were strategies，there were objectives，but we didn't talk about energy；we didn't talk about passion."Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabula ry is very"team"-oriented-and not by coincidence."Let's not forget sDorts-in male-dominated corporate America，it's still a big deal. It's not explicitly conscious；it's the idea that I'm a coach，and you're my team，and we're in this togethec. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies，but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win".These terms a re also intended to infuse work with meaning-and，as Khu rana points out，increase allegiance to the firm."You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations：Terms like vision，values，passion，and purpose，"saidKhurana This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance The "mommy wars" of the 1990s a re still going on today, prompting arguments about whywomen still can'thave it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In，whose title has become abuzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug，offline，life-hack，bandwidth，andcapacity are all about setting boundaries betweenthe office and the home But ifyour work is your "passion," you'II be more likely to devote yourself to it，even ifthat means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bedBut this seems to be the irony of office speak：Everyone makes fun of it，butmanage rs love it，companies depend on it，and regular people willingly absorb itAs Nunberg said，"You can get people to think it's nonsense at the same timethat you buy into it." In a workplace that's fundamentally indiffe rent to your lifeand its meaning office speak can help you figu re out how you relate to yourwork-and how your work defines who you are31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become________[A]more e motional[B]more objective[C]less energetic[D]less energetic[E]less strategic32."team"-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to________[A]historical incidents[B]gender difference[C]sports culture[D]athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to________[A]revive historical terms[B]promote company image[C]foster corporate cooperation[D]strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In_________[A]voices for working women[B]appeals to passionate workaholics[C]triggers dcbates among mommies[D]praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A]Managers admire it but avoid it[B]Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C]Companies find it to be fundamental[D]Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reporled for Jure, along with the drop in the unemployment take to 6 J percent. at good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have along way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However there is another important part of the jobs picture that was targely ovedookcd. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000（4,4 percent）above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from its year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is "yes."they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only elassified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare becanse one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?A. The prospect of a thriving job market.B. The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.C. The possibility of full employment.D. The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because theyA. prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobsB. feel that is enough to make ends meetC. cannot get their hands on full-time jobsD. haven' t seen the weakness of the market38. Involuntary part-time employment in the USA. is harder to acquire than one year agoB. shows a general tendency of declineC. satisfies the real need of the joblessD. is lower than before the recession39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, .A. it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insuranceB. employment is no longer a precondition to get insuranceC. it is still challenging to get insurance for family membersD. full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses.A. employment in the USB. part-timer classificationC. insurance through MedicaidD. Obamacare's troubleSome Old Truths to Help You Overcorne Toucgh TimesUefortunately, life is not a bed of roses, We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a rontantic relatlonshlp of a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time,but you should remember that they won't last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventally move as toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I've learned along the way.41.Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor will smith once said, "Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice." I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42 .If you are ??? by ??? and43. .Sometimes it is casy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things youhave. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44..No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people, You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives. Try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and cncouragement.45 .Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your of own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that's very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it's easy tolose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can't remember the journey well because we didn't pay much attention to it. So we assume it wasshorter.Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47.Direerions:Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to1)briefly introduce the camp activities, and2)call for volunteers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address.(10 points)Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, your should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comment.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.2015年考研英语二真题答案（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。
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ソーシャルワークとは何か？
現在、「社会福祉」という言葉は、いろいろな意味で使われています。
ひとつは、「社会福祉」を制度・政策として捉える考え方があります。
これは、最近の言葉では社会福祉サービスと呼ばれるものです。
たとえば、在宅老人に対するホームヘルプ・サービスや、デイ・サービス、ショートステイ・サービスがあります。
また、特別養護老人ホームや障害者を持つ人が入所したり、通って利用したりする施設もあります。
もうひとつ、これらの社会福祉サービスを実際に利用者に提供するときに、必要となる社会福祉援助技術を指す場合があります。
この場合を、ソーシャルワークといい、日本語では社会福祉援助技術と呼びます。
援助をする人をソ－シャルワーカーと呼びます。
ソーシャルワークには、大きくは、直接的に人と接して行う援助と、そうではないものに分かれます。
また、直接的に人と接して行う援助のうち、個人を対象に行う援助技術をケースワークと呼び、集団を対象に行う援助技術をグループワークと呼びます。
以前は、それぞれの技術は分けて考えられていましたが、最近は双方を状況に応じて使うことが要求されています。
ソーシャルワークの特徴は何か？
今日の社会生活を送る上では、さまざまな問題があります。
これらの問題を解決するときの方法のひとつがソーシャルワークです。
高齢になったり、障害を抱えたりすることにより社会的な活動ができなくなります。
これらの問題を解決するときに、ソーシャルワークでは、単に社会の側に問題があるとも考えません。
では、どのように考えるのかということが重要です。
ソーシャルワークの歴史を見ると、個人の問題と社会の問題の両方を行きつ戻りつしながら発展してきました。
そして、現在では、個人と社会の関係性に注目をするようになっています。
つまり、個人の問題と社会の問題は互いに影響をしあっているという考え方です。
この関係性を、ソーシャルワークでは、「人と状況の相互関連性」、「状況内存在としての人」という表現をします。
個人の側に焦点を当てた対応法としては、面接を手段としたカウンセリングの技術が用いられます。
また、さまざまな社会福祉サービスを利用することによって、それまでと同様の生活を続けることができるように、いろいろなサービスを組み合わせていくという方法、介護保険で有名になったケースマネジメントという方法も使います。
高齢者に対するソーシャルワーク
高齢者に対するソーシャルワークを例に考えると、次のようになります。
１）高齢者の抱える問題を、面接を通して知り、何が問題なのかをはっきりさせたり、高齢者本人の不満を受け止めたりする。
必要に応じて、心のケアも行う。
２）問題を解決するために、さまざまな社会福祉サービスを活用し、それまでと同様の社会生活を送れるように援助する。
どのような社会福祉サービスがあるのかを説明したり、どのように組み合わせていくのかを一緒に考えたりする。
また、実際に利用している社会福祉サービスが、効果的に行われているのかについても、本人の側に立ちフォローする。
３）本人のニーズを充足するために不足する社会福祉サービスができるように、活動を通じて作ったり、変えたりする。
ソーシャルワーカーが一番大切にすること
人は，自分のことは自分で決めたいという欲求をもっています。
この欲求を尊重し，本人に知らせ，一緒に考え，本人が納得し，そして選択するということが重要なのです。
このことは，「インフォームドコンセント（説明を受けて，納得する）」，「インフォームドチョイス（説明を受けて自分で選ぶ）」，「インフォームドディシジョン（説明をうけて自分で決める）」と言われています。
ソーシャルワーカーが一番大切にすることに，「自己決定」というものがあります。
これは，結局，先にあげたことと同じことを指しています。
ガンになった人の望みや意見をきちんと聞き，周囲の人たちに伝え，それらが実現できるようにするためには，専門のソーシャルワーカーという存在は重要です。
なぜなら，それぞれの人たちは，自分の立場で意見を言うからです。
それは当然のことです。
だからこそ，意見を言いにくい，そして言っても受け入れてもらいにくい本人の立場に立って，当事者の代弁（アドボカシー）を行うための専門職としてのソーシャルワーカーはチームアプローチに重要かつ不可欠なのです。