publish or perish
中文How to write and publish a research paper
Follows international standards if possible（国际标准） If the procedure has been described in another paper, just cite the paper instead（引用已发表的论 文） Past tense, passive sentences, and third person（过 去式、被动语气、第三人称）
Why publish research papers
To make you work known to the scientific community（让你出名） To communicate with the top researchers in your area （结识名人） Publish or perish（发表或灭亡）
What to know before writing
What type of paper（确定论文类型）
Review, letter, or full research paper Uniqueness （新颖性或创新性） The literature（已有的文献） The results（你自己的结果）
Major issues
Compare your results with others’（比较） Tables and illustrations（图和表）
Format according to the sample paper（标准格
式） Be consistent: format, scale, and titles（一致性） Not too complicated or too much information in one table or graph（不要太复杂） Best quality possible（高质量）
Publish or Perish_作文3
Publish or PerishIt is well-known that Chinese have made great progress in science since the founding of new China, and it is no exaggeration to say that we are leaders in some realm. Of course, it is the achievement of thousands of hard-working scientists. However, I do not agree with the value system ‘Publish or Perish’.To begin with, there are some competitions in science, especially in some research hot-spots, such as the biotechnology. Sometimes, we may find some papers are identical with our researches in hand. Actually, we find the same results just several days later. Unfortunately, we could not publish it again and we have wasted all the time, energy and money. In order to publish a certain number of papers every year, scientists must work hard day and night, therefore, they have no time to do physical exercises. It has been proved that scientists are usually not in good physical conditions. Recently, to survive, some scientists have to plagiarize other's ideas or fabricate test data. Plagiarism is not only harmful to our academia but also detrimental to our society. Graduate student,primarily interested in academic and science, are expected to have at least one paper published tha n those who graduated ten years ago, and far more concerned with the problems of research. Firstly, publication is one of the few methods at a students' disposal to demonstrate their academic capabilities, and the attention that publications bring to scholars and their sponsoring institutions c an facilitate progress through the field and continued funding. Students who never publishedor who focus on activities which do not result in publications such as undergraduates, may find the mselves out of contention for available tenure-track positions. Secondly, Research-oriented univer sities may attempt to manage the unhealthy aspects of the publish-or-perish practices, but their ad ministrators often argue that some pressure to produce cutting-edge research is necessary to motiv ate students early in their careers to focus on research advancement, and learn to balance its achiev ement with the other responsibilities of the professorial role. Finally, in order to publish, graduate students will read more and more academic literature and acquire of the experience of publishing. Thus, I believe that it can make great contribution to us and improve scientific research ability.In a word, ‘Publish or Perish’ is not suitable for scientists.。
文献分析软件publish-or-perish
发布历史
Publish-or-Perish最初于2009年发布，经过多年的不断更新和完善，目前已经发展成为一款功能强大、用户友好的文献分析 工具。
该软件在学术界得到了广泛的应用和认可，为研究人员提供了一种高效、准确的文献分析方法，有助于推动学术研究的进步 和发展。
02
功能特点
文献检索
支持多种数据库检索
数据分析
软件提供多种数据分析工具，如 关键词分析、作者合作网络分析、 期刊影响力分析等。
图表生成
根据分析结果，自动生成多种可 视化图表，如饼图、柱状图、网 络图等。
进阶功能
自定义分析
支持用户自定义分析字段和参数，满足个性化分析需求。
数据导出
支持导出为多种格式，如Excel、CSV、PDF等，方便用户进一 步处理和分析数据。
Publish-or-Perish与Citespace、 VOSviewer等专门针对科学知识图谱分析的软件相比，虽然在科学 知识图谱分析方面表现稍逊一筹，但Publish-or-Perish在文献检索、筛选和统计方面更加全面和便捷 。
06
未来发展与展望
新功能展望
01
智能化文献筛选
通过机器学习技术，自动筛选出 与用户研究领域相关的文献，提 高文献筛选效率。
文献分析软件 Publish-or-Perish
目录
• 软件概述 • 功能特点 • 使用教程 • 常见问题与解决方案 • 评价与反馈 • 未来发展与展望
01
软件概述
软件简介
Publish-or-Perish是一款专门用于文献分析的软件，它可以帮助研究人员评估论 文的影响力、引用次数和h指数等指标，从而为学术研究提供有力的支持。
该软件具有直观的用户界面和强大的分析功能，能够快速、准确地分析大量文献 数据，为学术出版提供决策依据。
专八人文知识真题05-11年(附答案)
1。
______ is the capital city of Canada。
A。
VancouverB。
OttawaC. MontrealD。
York2。
U.S。
presidents normally serves a （an）_________term。
A。
two-yearB. four-yearC. six-yearD。
eight-year3。
Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U。
S。
？A。
Huston。
B. Boston。
C。
Baltimore。
D。
Philadelphia。
4。
________ is the state church in England.A. The Roman Catholic Church.B。
The Baptist ChurchC. The Protestant ChurchD. The Church of England5. The novel Emma is written byA。
Mary Shelley。
B. Charlotte BronteC。
Elizabeth C。
Gaskell.D. Jane Austen。
6. Which of following is NOT a romantic poet？A。
William Wordsworth.B。
George Elliot.C。
George G。
Byron。
D。
Percy B. Shelley.7。
William Sidney Porter, known as O. Henry，is most famous forA。
his poems.B。
his plays。
C. his short stories.D。
his novels8。
Syntax is the study ofA. language functions.B. sentence structures。
2005考研英语一真题2005历年考研英语一真题及答案详解考研英语一真题官方最全
2016 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child littleto say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and gro om’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circleof happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: the divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry20 the woman must wait ten months.1. [A] by way of [B] on behalf of [C] as well as [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C] compete with [D] decided on3. [A] close [B] renew [C] arrange [D] postpone4. [A] Above all [B] In theory [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] since [B] but [C] or [D] so8. [A] copy [B] test [C] recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] passing [B] lighting [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] collection [C] association [D] union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D] live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] if [D] for14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D] avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A] whatever [B] however [C] whenever [D] wherever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C]shaped [D] pushed18. [A] withdrawn [B] invested [C] donated [D] divided19. [A] breaks [B] warns [C] shows [D] clears20. [A] so that [B] while [C] once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)T ext 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that ―i nci t e excessive thinnes s‖ by promoting ext r em e dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ul t ra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep –and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and sixmonths in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.I n contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: ―We are aware of and take responsibility for the im pact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young peopl e.‖ The char t er’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen FashionW eek(CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be thebest step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] New runways would be constructed.[B] Physical beauty would be redefined.[C] W ebsites about dieting would thrive.[D] The fashion industry would decline.22. The phrase ―impinging on‖(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?[A] New standards are being set in Denmark.[B] The French measures have already failed.[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure.[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for .[A] pursuing perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about model’s character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] setting a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?[A] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France[C] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryT ext 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. W hile polls show B r i t ons rate ―t he countrysi de‖alongside the royal f a m ily, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political traction.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save ―t he beauty of natural places for everyone forever‖.I t was specifically to provide ci t y dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience ―a refreshing air‖.H ill’s pr essur e later led to the creat ion of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any m or e, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising ―o f f-pl an‖building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Nigel Farage’s speech this year to the Campaign to Protec t Rural Engandstruck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that ―h ousing crisi s‖ equals ―c oncreted meadow s‖ is pure lobby talk. The issue i s not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. W e do not ruin urban conservation areas in this way. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, B r i t ai n is Europe’s m ost crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative –the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this ratherthan promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside _.[A] didn’t start till the Shakespearean age[B] has brought much benefit to the NHS[C] is fully backed by the royal family [D]is not well reflected in politics27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being .[A] gradually destroyed[B] effectively reinforced[C] largely overshadowed[D] properly protected28. which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.[B] The Conservatives may abandon ―off-plan‖building.[C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence. [D]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29. The author holds that George Osborne’sPreference .[A] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas[C] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis [D]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of .[A] the size of population in Britain.[B] the political life in today’s Britain[C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[D] the town-and-country planning in BritainT ext 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of busines s,‖ wrote Mi l t on Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist. ―That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profit s.‖ B ut even if you accept F r i edman's premise and regard corporate soc i al responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate last year by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a ―s i gnal‖that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the go od causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse ―ha lo ef f ect‖,whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent paper attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCP A). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stance, that accounted for the leniency: companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the authors conclude that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do se em to be influenced by a company's record in C S R.―We estimate that ei t her eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign official s,‖ says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do -gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with _.[A ] tolerance [B] skepticism [C] uncertainty [D] approval32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by_ .[A] winning trust from consumers[B] guarding it against malpractices[C] protecting it from being defamed[D] raising the quality of its products33. The expression ―more lenient‖(Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to .[A] more effective[B] less controversial[C] less severe[D] more lasting34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a compa n y’s CSR record .[A] has an impact on their decision[B] comes across as reliable evidence[C] increases the chance of being penalized[D] constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?[A ] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[B] The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown.[C] Companies’financial capacity for it has been overestimated.[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.T ext 4There will eventually come a day when The New Y ork Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses, delivery trucks—isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online-only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though printad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation may be lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you."Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming.* "It was seen as a blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at The New Y ork Times? "I wouldn’t pick a year to end print," he said. "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product."The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it as a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."36. The New Y ork Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to .[A] the high cost of operation[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the increasing online ad sales37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should _.[A] seek new sources of readership[B] end the print edition for good[C] aim for efficient management[D] make strategic adjustments38. It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a ―l eg acy product‖.[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that, in a changing world _.[A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once[B] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Y our Hand[C] Make Y our Print Newspaper a Luxury Good[D] Keep Y our Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections：Read the following texts and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Have confidence in yourself[C] Decide if the time is right [D]Understand the context[E] W ork with professionals[F] Make it efficient[G] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between t oda y’s workplace and the ―d ress for succes s‖ era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress t-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to inves t in an upgrade?And what’s the bes t way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41.A s an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during t r ans i t i ons—when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’r e in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and pr of es sional s.Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and t hat’s OK.42.Get clear on what impact you’r e hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more―S o H o.‖(I t’s OK to use characterizations like t hat.)43.Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of yourenvironment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44.Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J·Crew·Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. I t’s not asexpensive as you might think.45.The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fuss ing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) W e don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. I t is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health a nd we don’t know how to gai n ac cess to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our ment al health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. I t’s a form of innate or un learned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and withunconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, inculture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49) Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. W e think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words, providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.Y ou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e ―L i Mi ng‖ i nst ead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part A52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.Y ou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2016 年考研英语一真题参考答案Use of English1. [C] as well as2. [D] decided on3. [C] arrange4. [B] In theory5. [C] After6. [A] into7. [B] but8. [C] recite9. [D] tying10. [A] passing11. [D] union12. [D] live13. [B] until14. [A] obtain15. [C] viewed16. [A] whatever17. [B] brought18. [D] divided19. [C] shows20. [B] whileReading ComprehensionPart AT ext 121. [B] Physical beauty would be redefined.22. [D] doing harm to23. [A] New standards are being set in Denmark.24. [C] showing little concern for health factors25. [A] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body IdealsT ext 226. [D] is not well reflected in politics27. [A] gradually destroyed28. [D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29. [D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. [D] the town-and-country planning in BritainT ext 331. [B] skepticism32. [A] winning trust from consumers33. [C] less severe34. [A] has an impact on their decision35. [B] The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown.T ext 436. [A] the high cost of operation37. [D] make strategic adjustments38. [B] is meant for the most loyal customers39. [C] aggressiveness better meets challenges40. [C] Make Y our Print Newspaper a Luxury GoodPart B41. [C] Decide if the time is right42. [G] Know your goals43. [D] Understand the context44. [E] W ork with professionals45. [F] Make it efficientPart C46. 我们并不必学习如何保持心理健康；它与生俱来，正如我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口和修复骨折一样。
自然社论 Publish or perish
send bulldozers to the Serengeti in 2012, repeating a campaign pledge that he made in 2005. Markers along parts of the proposed route are already in place.The president’s desire to push the road through the Serengeti is espe-cially puzzling given that an alternative route, farther south and outside the boundaries of the park, would bring many of the same economic benefits from increased trade and avoid the most serious effects.As the New York Times noted last month, Kikwete’s government is not keen for anyone to pursue its reasoning — especially Tanzanians. Conservation and politics are tightly bound, and in this case the poli-tics are opaque indeed. Ahead of coming elections in the country, there are rumours of favours to be repaid to the communities in the north and east of the Serengeti that would benefit the most from the road. Some observers claim that the Chinese government is set to fund the US$480 million project, to help extract raw materials such as minerals from its existing investments in east Africa. There has been no official explanation of the reasons for the decision or of where funds will come from. It is difficult for anyone outside the Tanzanian government to know anything for sure.Against this uncertain background, those pushing for the Serengeti road to be abandoned should proceed with caution to avoid exacer bating the situation. Thousands of people across the world have backed protest websites, and some in the US tourist industry mutter about a possible boycott of Tanzania — leading Kikwete to hit out at what he characterizes as pressure from ill-informed foreigners.A swell of well meaning but poorly targeted international criticism could strengthen the president’s position and allow him to promote the road as a way for Tanzania to stand up to meddling outsiders. Critics should also be careful not to overstate the case. The govern-ment has so far promised only a gravel road; predictions of the most serious ecological damage are based on an upgraded tarmac highway protected with fences, which would probably follow.The next step should be a comprehensive and independent assess-ment of the two routes and their respective merits. If the southern route proves as superior as its supporters promise, then those both outside and inside the Kikwete government will be able to present it as the wise environmental and political choice. That is the best way to stop the road taking this damaging and unnecessary route. ■Publish or perishChina needs to elaborate on plans to modernize its flagging academic journals.S cientific publishing in China is in a quandary. Many articles in the country’s 5,000-plus science and technology journals go unread and uncited, calling into question the value of the research. It also raises doubts over the effectiveness of China’s scien-tific publishing — which, after all, is to disseminate details of research for others around the world to build on. One Chinese scientist has referred to the majority of China’s publications as “pollution”.Yet when it comes to publishing in international journals in English, Chinese scientists are second by volume only to those in the United States. Now, librarians and government officials in China are beginning to question why their own journals publish so few of these quality papers. The country’s General Administration of Press and Publication (GAPP), which regulates all publishing, is to make reforms to strengthen its home-grown industry. This makes sense. And publishers in China could no doubt beat their Western counter-parts at their own game. But GAPP has so far given few details of the reforms, causing confusion among the people most closely involved: the publishers. How should it be done?GAPP should be aggressive — as it has promised (see page 261) — in evaluating its journals, improving the strong and killing off the weak. The resources and publishing rights currently allotted to elimi-nated journals could be transferred to the growing number of scien-tists and publishers who are familiar with the international publishing landscape and are finding niche areas for new products. Many of these journals will be in English, and additional resources will be needed to help ensure that articles read well and are peer-reviewed fairly. Clearly, there is a strong demand for more information on the best science in China. This is especially true in fields in which the country excels, such as optics and materials, but also in areas such as public health, where data from China have been overlooked (see Nature430, 955; 2004). If done well, these new journals could bridge a gap between the stronger Chinese literature and foreign scientists. A publisher of optics and photonics journals at the Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, for example, already plans an English-lan-guage publication to replace its weakest optics journal. It is a response to increasing demand from those researchers who have read abstracts in English and want a full translation. The journal will publish reviews that put Chinese experiments into the wider context of global trends. The best opportunity to revive Chinese publishing, whether in Chi-nese or English, probably lies in an open-access platform — increas-ingly popular in Western journals. Many Chinese journals already charge authors a publication fee, so should be able to make a smooth transition to the open-access model, in which they are supported by fees rather than by subscription revenues. Making content freely available would help to popularize journals, and would encourage them to develop an online presence. Too many operate without one, enjoying a captive audience at their home institutions and lacking any competitive spur to bring themselves up to speed on Internet pub-lishing. The government could provide the interest, investment and expertise to bring these publishers into the twenty-first century.It would, however, be a mistake for government agencies to give themselves too strong a role in this transition. GAPP has mentioned the creation of five to ten strong publishing houses that would con-centrate on science and technology. This could work well, provided that they are able to move freely and openly, and can compete both with each other and with foreign publishers.Most importantly, GAPP needs to consult quickly with its pub-lishers if reform measures are to be put in place by next January, as intended. The lack of details mean that resistance to the reforms from publishers seems unavoidable. GAPP needs to make its expectations and evaluation methods transparent and bring in its reforms consist-ently. So far, that does not seem to be happening. ■252NATURE|Vol 467|16 September 2010EDITORIALS© 20 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved10。
2023届高考英语阅读技法讲义：文章大意题讲义
2023届高考英语阅读技法讲义：文章大意题精讲题型概览（一）一般会直接问这篇文章主要是关于什么的，或者是主要讲了什么，非常直接。
比如“in discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______”“Which of the following is the text mainly about ?”（二）出题人不会直接问文章的主旨大意是什么，而是换个角度，考察这篇文章的标题是什么。
常见的问法比如“What would be the best title for the text?”。
这里需要注意的是，英文里面，尤其是高考阅读的文章中，这些文章的标题，一定是文章的主旨大意所涉及的东西，不会像中文的一些文章那样，标题和文章主题看起来没有什么关联。
在高考阅读的文章里，题目和文章的主旨大意，是可以直接划等号的。
解题策略一、最传统做法流传最广的一种常规解法，看文章的第一二段和最后一段。
看看这些部分有没有首尾呼应。
要是有，大概率就是文章的主旨大意了，毕竟英文文章一般来讲还是比较讲究逻辑结构的。
但是，这种解法有一点问题，那就是有的文章，并不是这样的总分总结构，现在出题人也很聪明，也学会了反套路，第一段不一定就直接点题，有的时候也会作为一个引子，例如讲点故事之类的来引出主题。
最后一段，也不一定会来一个总结。
因此，光看首尾部分，并不能百分百把这个题做出来。
三、最适用做法最适用的解法。
在讲这个解法之前，首先要树立这样一个观念：一篇好的英文文章，各个段落的主旨句串联在一起的话，也会构成一个相对完整的段落。
写作如此，阅读的文章同样也是如此，在做此类题的时候，可以把每一段的中心句找出来，将中心句串联在一起，看看这些串联在一起之后的一堆中心句讲了什么，什么样的内容占主体，那么这个占主体的内容，就是文章的主旨大意或者是段落标题了。
这个方法比第一个方法使用范围要宽广很多，可以说是最正规的解法。
历年考研英语真题及答案
历年考研英语真题及答案【篇一：2013年考研英语真题及答案(完整版)】icture [d] moment4.[a] for example [b] on average [c] in principle [d] above all5.[a] fond [b]fearful [c] capable [d] thoughtless6.[a] in [b] on [c] to [d] for7.[a] if [b]until [c] though [d] unless8.[a] promote [b]emphasize [c] share [d] test9.[a] decision [b] quality [c] status [d] success10.[a] chosen [b]stupid [c]found [d] identified11.[a] exceptional [b] defensible [c] replaceable [d] otherwise12.[a] inspired [b]expressed [c] conducted [d] secured13.[a] assigned [b]rated [c] matched [d] arranged14.[a] put [b]got [c]gave [d] took15.[a]instead [b]then [c] ever [d] rather16.[a]selected [b]passed [c] marked [d] introduced17.[a]before [b] after [c] above [d] below18.[a] jump [b] float [c] drop [d] fluctuate19.[a]achieve [b]undo [c] maintain [d]disregard20. [a] promising [b] possible [c] necessary [d] helpful答案：1-5: adcab6-10: badda11-15: dcbdb16-20: cacbc答案详解：2013年的完型填空是一篇选自《经济学人》名为a question of judgment的文章。
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Originality/innovation Motivation, relevance
Presentation/exposure
Writing a quality manuscript
Preparation
Preparation
Originality
Key objectives
Nature of study (fundamental, experimental, case study, eels of abstraction (concept, numeric values used in experiments…)
Results
The main findings of the research
DO
•Use figures and tables to summarize data •Show the results of statistical analysis •Compare “like with like”
Introduction
Provide the necessary background information to put your work into context
It should be clear from the introduction:
•Why the current work was performed –aims –significance •What has been done before •What was done (in brief terms) •What was achieved (in brief terms)
Focus on part of the content only
Title
Slower learning in multilayer neural networks is correlated with numerous inputs of diversified ranges, high level of noise, and nonstationary nature of data
Title
A good title should contain the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of a paper DON‟T Use unnecessary jargon Use uncommon abbreviations Use ambiguous terms Use unnecessary detail
Publish or Perish:
An effective dissemination of research results
Witold Pedrycz wpedrycz@ualberta.ca
July, 2012
Agenda
•From research to dissemination of research results •Writing a quality manuscript •Preparation •Constructing the paper •Language •Technical details •Revisions and response to reviewers •Ethical issues
Surnames: Middle Initial: Use consistently or not at all
First Names: e.g., Mike/ Michael
Affiliation:
Abstract
Types:
Indicative (descriptive) abstracts outline the topics covered in a piece of writing so the reader can decide whether or not to read on. Often used in review articles and conference reports Informative abstracts summarize the article based on the structure, but without section headings Structured abstracts follow headings required by the journal. Often used in medical journals Check carefully which type fits the journal of your choice
Why ? How ? When? Research Knowledge dissemination
Type of research
Journals Conference proceedings Internet Internal reports …
Dissemination of research results
Keywords Main text Introduction Methods Results Discussion (Conclusion) Acknowledgements
Each has a distinct function
References Supplementary material (optional)
Graphics
Figures and tables are the most effective way to present results
BUT:
•Captions should be able to stand alone, such that the figures and tables are understandable without the need to read the entire manuscript
Introduction
DO •Consult the Guide for Authors for word limit
•“Set the scene”
•Outline “the problem” and hypotheses •Ensure that the literature cited is balanced, up to date and relevant •Define any non-standard abbreviations and jargon
Results
The main findings of the research
DON‟T
•Duplicate data among tables, figures and text
•Use graphics to illustrate data that can easily be summarized with text
Possible submission vis-à-vis scope of journal
Writing a quality manuscript
Article construction
Article structure
Title Authors Abstract
Need to be accurate and informative for effective indexing and searching
•The data represented should be easy to interpret
•Colours should only be used when necessary; not to be overused
Graphics
Illustrations should only be used to present essential data
Title
A good title should contain the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of a paper DO Convey main findings of research Be specific Be concise Be complete Attract readers
•Cites no references
Keywords
Keywords are important for indexing: they enable your manuscript to be more easily identified and cited Check the Guide for Authors for journal requirements •Keywords should be specific •Avoid uncommon abbreviations and general terms
Abstract
The quality of an abstract strongly impacts the editor‟s decision
A good abstract:
•Is precise and honest •Stand alone entity •Uses no technical jargon •Is brief and specific