chapter 13 Reaction of Carbanion
连锁反应英文版
Chain ReactionIntroductionChain reaction refers to a sequence of events that occurs as a result of a single initial action, causing a series of subsequent actions. It is a phenomenon that can be observed in various aspects of life, such as science, economics, and even human behavior. Understanding chain reactions and their impacts is crucial as they can have far-reaching consequences.ScienceIn the field of science, chain reactions are widely studied and observed. They occur when a single event triggers a series of subsequent events, often leading to a rapid and uncontrollable chain of reactions. One famous example is the nuclear chain reaction, where the fission of an atomic nucleus releases neutrons that go on to induce the fission of other nuclei in a self-sustaining manner. This process is the basis of nuclear power and atomic bombs.Another example of a chain reaction in science is the combustion of fuels. When a spark ignites a fuel, it releases energy which further raises the temperature and causes adjacent molecules to combust. This release of energy continues to propagate until the fuel source is exhausted or the reaction is somehow halted.EconomicsChain reactions also play a significant role in economics. A single event or policy change in one sector can have ripple effects on other sectors and the overall economy. For example, an increase in oil prices can lead to increased transportation costs, which in turn can raise the prices of goods and services. Higher prices can then result in reduced consumer spending, leading to decreased demand for products and services. This can have a domino effect on businesses, leading to layoffs, decreased investments, and ultimately a recession.On the other hand, positive chain reactions can occur in economics as well. An increase in consumer spending can lead to increased demand for products, prompting businesses to expand and hire more employees. This, in turn, leads to higher employment rates, increased incomes, and further boosts consumer spending, creating a cycle of economic growth.Human BehaviorChain reactions can also be observed in human behavior. An individual’s action can trigger a series of reactions in others, influencing their behavior and decisions. For example, a small act of kindness can inspire others to do the same, creating apositive chain reaction of goodwill. Similarly, negative behavior, such as aggression or hostility, can also trigger a chain reaction of negative responses.In social media platforms, chain reactions are prevalent. A single post can go viral and elicit a series of reactions from other users, often leading to debates, discussions, or even mass movements. The power of social media in spreading information and influencing public opinion has made chain reactions in human behavior even more significant in the modern age.ConclusionChain reactions are a fascinating phenomenon that can be observed in various aspects of life. Understanding how chain reactions occur and their potential impacts is essential in many fields, including science, economics, and human behavior. Whether it is a nuclear chain reaction, an economic ripple effect, or a series of actions influenced by human behavior, chain reactions have the power to shape our world in significant ways.By studying and carefully considering chain reactions, we can make informed decisions and harness their power for positive change. The awareness of these cascading actions allows us to anticipate their consequences and take appropriate measures to mitigate potential negative impacts. Ultimately, understanding chain reactions helps us navigate complex systems and facilitates progress in various aspects of life.Note: This document is created using Markdown, a lightweight formatting syntax that allows for easy conversion to other formats like HTML.。
酪蛋白肽锌螯合物的制备及体外消化分析
周桂成，肖珊，王波，等. 酪蛋白肽锌螯合物的制备及体外消化分析[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（23）：270−279. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023020002ZHOU Guicheng, XIAO Shan, WANG Bo, et al. Preparation and in Vitro Digestive Analysis of Casein-Derived Peptide-Zinc Chelates[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(23): 270−279. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023020002· 分析检测 ·酪蛋白肽锌螯合物的制备及体外消化分析周桂成1,2，肖 珊2，王 波2, *，王际辉2,*（1.大连工业大学生物工程学院，辽宁大连 116034；2.东莞理工学院生命健康技术学院，广东东莞 523808）摘 要：为开发安全高效且易吸收的补锌剂，利用碱性蛋白酶酶解和乳酸菌发酵相结合的方法制备生物活性肽，并以此多肽制备了酪蛋白肽锌螯合物。
采用光谱法对螯合物结构进行表征，利用体外消化模型和Caco-2细胞实验对其胃肠消化特性及生物安全性进行评价。
结果表明，制备酪蛋白肽的最优条件为酶解pH 为9、碱性蛋白酶添加量为0.3%（w/v ），乳酸菌发酵时间为12 h ，此时反应体系中多肽含量为142.39±0.95 mg/g ，对锌的螯合率为31.41%±0.97%。
与锌螯合后，酪蛋白肽表面的致密结构遭到破坏，形成疏松的状态；光谱学分析表明，Zn 2+能与酪蛋白肽上的活性基团进行结合，螯合位点为羧基氧、羟基氧和氨基。
体外模拟消化结果显示，酪蛋白肽锌螯合物在消化过程中锌溶解性优于硫酸锌；在胃肠消化后酪蛋白肽锌螯合物DPPH 和ABTS +自由基的清除能力分别提升了26.19%±3.30%和71.96%±7.06%，而铁还原力下降了36.26%±2.80%；同时，在消化过程中肽锌螯合物的β-转角与无规则卷曲含量减少，β-折叠结构增加，Zn 2+起到了维持多肽结构的作用。
碳负离子亲核取代反应的纵深思维导图
2019年第11期广东化工第46卷总第397期·217·碳负离子亲核取代反应的纵深思维导图庞韬，章超，付晨(安庆师范大学化学化工学院，安徽安庆246133)[摘要]亲核取代反应在有机化学中非常重要，已被广泛应用于有机合成尤其是在杂环化合物的合成等领域。
根据反应底物的不同，分为四类：以脂肪族氯代烃为代表的饱和碳原子上的亲核取代反应：S N1和S N2；以烯烃和芳环为底物的亲核取代反应；以苯炔中间体的亲核取代反应以及酰卤、酸酐、酯、酰胺等羧酸衍生物的亲核取代反应。
本论文重点阐述总结涉及碳负离子参与的亲核取代反应，找寻出反应的规律性，以帮助学生牢牢掌握该知识点。
[关键词]有机化学；碳负离子；亲核取代反应；思维导图[中图分类号]TQ[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1007-1865(2019)11-0217-02Deep Thinking Map of Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of CarbanionPang Tao,Zhang Chao,Fu Chen(Chemistry and Chemical Industry Chemistry,Anqing Normal University,Anqing246133,China)Abstract:As a critical part of organic chemistry,nucleophilic substitution reactions have seen wide application in the field of organic synthesis,especially inthe synthesis of heterocyclic compounds.Based on different reaction substrates,nucleophilic substitution reaction can be classified into four types-S N1and S N2 which are nucleophilic substitution reaction on saturated carbon atoms represented by aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons;nucleophilic substitution reaction with olefin and aromatic ring as substrate;nucleophilic substitution reaction on benzyne intermediate and nucleophilic substitution reaction on carboxylic acid derivative such as acid halide,acid anhydride,ester and amide.By focusing on the nucleophilic substitution reaction involving carbanion,this paper intends to find the regularity of such reactions,helping students to understand this knowledge more deeply.Keywords:organic chemistry；carbanion；nucleophile substitution reaction；mind map正文亲核取代反应在有机化学这门课程中有着举足轻重的地位，在有机合成尤其是杂环的制备中被广泛应用。
高中化学竞赛【合成试剂】
3、Still Modification
CF3CH2O- groups make the betaine less stable, giving more Z-olefin.
2、亲核取代与Arbzuov 重排
3、脱氧脱硫
R
R
OH
S
+
N OH
N
N N
(+)
P(OR)3
C2H5
R = CH2CH(CH2)3CH3
O Ph
O
Ph SePh
NaIO4
O
Ph
PhSe O
63%
80%
54%
氧化 产生烯丙醇
5. 锡试剂
还原
(80% ee) (99.5% ee)
烷基硼作还原剂的选择性优于乙硼烷. 乙硼烷能使 C=O, CN, CO2H, CONR2 还原.
§2、磷试剂
(1) Wittig Reagent and Wittig Reaction
The Wittig Reaction allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with the ylide generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.
electrophillic character. Lactones may be effected by this reaction. Generally E stereoselectivity is observed when the ylide
常用化学反应英文单词
acetate 醋酸盐acid 酸Actinium(Ac) 锕aldehyde 醛alkali 碱,强碱alkalinity 碱性alkalinization 碱化alkaloid 生物碱alloy 合金Aluminium(Al) 铝Americium(Am) 镅ammonia 氨analysis 分解anhydride 酐anion 阴离子anode 阳极,正极Antimony(Sb) 锑apparatus 设备aqua fortis 王水Argon(Ar) 氩Arsenic(As) 砷asphalt 沥青Astatine(At) 砹atom 原子atomic mass 原子质量atomic number 原子数atomic weight 原子量Barium(Ba) 钡base 碱benzene 苯Berkelium(Bk) 锫Beryllium(Be) 铍Bismuth(Bi) 铋bivalent 二价body 物体bond 原子的聚合Boron(B) 硼Bromine(Br) 溴Bunsen burner 本生灯burette 滴定管butane 丁烷Cadmium(Cd) 镉Caesium(Cs) 铯Calcium(Ca) 钙Californium(Cf) 锎Carbon(C) 碳catalysis 催化作用catalyst 催化剂cathode 阴极,负极cation 阳离子caustic potash 苛性钾caustic soda 苛性钠Cerium(Ce) 铈chemical fiber 化学纤维Chlorine(Cl) 氯Chromium(Cr) 铬Cobalt(Co) 钴combination 合成作用combustion 燃烧compound 合成物compound 化合物Copper(Cu) 铜cracking 裂化crucible pot, melting pot 坩埚crude oil, crude 原油cupel 烤钵Curium(Cm) 锔derivative 衍生物dissolution 分解distillation column 分裂蒸馏塔distillation 蒸馏Dysprosium(Dy) 镝Einsteinium(Es) 锿electrode 电极electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electron 电子element 元素endothermic reaction 吸热反应Erbium(Er) 铒ester 酯Europium(Eu) 铕exothermic reaction 放热反应fatty acid 脂肪酸fermentation 发酵Fermium(Fm) 镄filter 滤管flask 烧瓶Fluorine(F) 氟fractional distillation 分馏fractionating tower 分馏塔fractionation 分馏Francium(Fr) 钫fuel 燃料fusion, melting 熔解Gadolinium(Gd) 钆Gallium(Ga) 镓gas oil 柴油gel 凝胶体Germanium(Ge) 锗Gold(Au) 金graduate, graduated flask 量筒,量杯gram atom 克原子Hafnium(Hf) 铪halogen 成盐元素Helium(He) 氦high-grade petrol, high-octane petrol 高级汽油,高辛烷值汽油Holmium(Ho) 钬hydracid 氢酸hydrate 水合物hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物,羟hydrocarbon 烃,碳氢化合物hydrochloric acid 盐酸hydrogen sulfide 氢化硫Hydrogen(H) 氢hydrolysis 水解hydrosulphuric acid 氢硫酸hydroxide 氢氧化物,羟化物Indium(In) 铟inorganic chemistry 无机化学Iodine(I) 碘ion 离子Iridium(Ir) 铱Iron(Fe) 铁isomer 同分异物现象isomerism, isomery 同分异物现象isotope 同位素kerosene, karaffin oil 煤油Krypton(Kr) 氪Lanthanum(La) 镧Lawrencium(Lr) 铹Lead(Pb) 铅Lithium(Li) 锂litmus paper 石蕊试纸litmus 石蕊LNG, liquefied natural gas 液化天然气LPG, liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气lubricating oil 润滑油Lutetium(Lu) 镥Magnesium(Mg) 镁Manganese(Mn) 锰matrass 卵形瓶Mendelevium(Md) 钔Mercury(Hg) 汞metal 金属metalloid 非金属methane 甲烷,沼气mixture 混合molecule 分子Molybdenum(Mo) 钼monovalent 单价natural gas 天然气Neodymium(Nd) 钕Neon(Ne) 氖Neptunium(Np) 镎Nickel(Ni) 镍Niobium(Nb) 铌nitric acid 硝酸Nitrogen(N) 氮Nobelium(No) 锘Nuclear Fusion 核聚变octane number 辛烷数,辛烷值olefin 烯烃organic acid 有机酸organic chemistry 有机化学Osmium(Os) 锇oxide 氧化物oxidization, oxidation 氧化Oxygen(O) 氧Palladium(Pd) 钯paraffin 石蜡petrol 汽油(美作:gasoline)PH indicator PH值指示剂,氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂phosphate 磷酸盐Phosphorus(P) 磷pipette 吸液管plastic 塑料Platinum(Pt) 铂Plutonium(Pu) 钚Polonium(Po) 钋polymer 聚合物polymerizing, polymerization 聚合potassium carbonate 碳酸钾Potassium(K) 钾Praseodymium(Pr) 镨precipitation 沉淀product 产物electrochemical analysis 电化学分析on-line analysis 在线分析macro analysis 常量分析characteristic 表征micro analysis 微量分析deformation analysis 形态分析semimicro analysis 半微量分析systematical error 系统误差routine analysis 常规分析random error 偶然误差arbitration analysis 仲裁分析gross error 过失误差normal distribution 正态分布accuracy 准确度deviation偏差precision 精密度relative standard deviation 相对标准偏差（RSD）coefficient variation 变异系数（CV）confidence level 置信水平confidence interval 置信区间significant test 显著性检验significant figure 有效数字standard solution 标准溶液titration 滴定stoichiometric point 化学计量点end point滴定终点titration error 滴定误差primary standard 基准物质amount of substance 物质的量standardization 标定chemical reaction 化学反应concentration浓度chemical equilibrium 化学平衡titer 滴定度general equation for a chemical reaction化学反应的通式proton theory of acid-base 酸碱质子理论acid-base titration 酸碱滴定法dissociation constant 解离常数conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对acetic acid 乙酸hydronium ion水合氢离子electrolyte 电解质ion-product constant of water 水的离子积ionization 电离proton condition 质子平衡zero level零水准buffer solution缓冲溶液methyl orange 甲基橙acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂phenolphthalein 酚酞coordination compound 配位化合物center ion 中心离子cumulative stability constant 累积稳定常数alpha coefficient 酸效应系数overall stability constant 总稳定常数ligand 配位体ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸side reaction coefficient 副反应系数coordination atom 配位原子coordination number 配位数lone pair electron 孤对电子chelate compound 螯合物metal indicator 金属指示剂chelating agent 螯合剂masking 掩蔽demasking 解蔽electron 电子catalysis 催化oxidation氧化catalyst 催化剂reduction 还原catalytic reaction 催化反应reaction rate 反应速率electrode potential 电极电势activation energy 反应的活化能redox couple 氧化还原电对potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾iodimetry碘量法potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾cerimetry 铈量法redox indicator 氧化还原指示oxygen consuming 耗氧量（OC）chemical oxygen demanded 化学需氧量(COD) dissolved oxygen 溶解氧(DO)precipitation 沉淀反应argentimetry 银量法heterogeneous equilibrium of ions 多相离子平衡aging 陈化postprecipitation 继沉淀coprecipitation 共沉淀ignition 灼烧fitration 过滤decantation 倾泻法chemical factor 化学因数spectrophotometry 分光光度法colorimetry 比色分析transmittance 透光率absorptivity 吸光率calibration curve 校正曲线standard curve 标准曲线monochromator 单色器source 光源wavelength dispersion 色散absorption cell吸收池detector 检测系统bathochromic shift 红移Molar absorptivity 摩尔吸光系数hypochromic shift 紫移acetylene 乙炔ethylene 乙烯acetylating agent 乙酰化剂acetic acid 乙酸adiethyl ether 乙醚ethyl alcohol 乙醇acetaldehtde 乙醛β-dicarbontl compound β–二羰基化合物bimolecular elimination 双分子消除反应bimolecular nucleophilic substitution 双分子亲核取代反应open chain compound 开链族化合物molecular orbital theory 分子轨道理论chiral molecule 手性分子tautomerism 互变异构现象reaction mechanism 反应历程chemical shift 化学位移Walden inversio 瓦尔登反转nEnantiomorph 对映体addition rea ction 加成反应dextro- 右旋levo- 左旋stereochemistry 立体化学stereo isomer 立体异构体Lucas reagent 卢卡斯试剂covalent bond 共价键conjugated diene 共轭二烯烃conjugated double bond 共轭双键conjugated system 共轭体系conjugated effect 共轭效应isomer 同分异构体isomerism 同分异构现象organic chemistry 有机化学hybridization 杂化hybrid orbital 杂化轨道heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物peroxide effect 过氧化物效应tvalence bond theory 价键理论sequence rule 次序规则electron-attracting grou p 吸电子基Huckel rule 休克尔规则Hinsberg test 兴斯堡试验infrared spectrum 红外光谱Michael reacton 麦克尔反应halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃haloform reaction 卤仿反应systematic nomenclatur 系统命名法eNewman projection 纽曼投影式aromatic compound 芳香族化合物aromatic character 芳香性rClaisen condensation reaction克莱森酯缩合反应Claisen rearrangement 克莱森重排Diels-Alder reation 狄尔斯-阿尔得反应Clemmensen reduction 克莱门森还原Cannizzaro reaction 坎尼扎罗反应positional isomers 位置异构体unimolecular elimination reaction 单分子消除反应unimolecular nucleophilic substitution 单分子亲核取代反应benzene 苯functional grou 官能团pconfiguration 构型conformation 构象confomational isome 构象异构体electrophilic addition 亲电加成electrophilic reagent 亲电试剂nucleophilic addition 亲核加成nucleophilic reagent 亲核试剂nucleophilic substitution reaction亲核取代反应active intermediate 活性中间体Saytzeff rule 查依采夫规则cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构inductive effect 诱导效应tFehling’s reagent 费林试剂phase transfer catalysis 相转移催化作用aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物elimination reaction 消除反应Grignard reagent 格利雅试剂nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振alkene 烯烃allyl cation 烯丙基正离子leaving group 离去基团optical activity 旋光性boat confomation 船型构象silver mirror reaction 银镜反应Fischer projection 菲舍尔投影式Kekule structure 凯库勒结构式Friedel-Crafts reaction 傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应Ketone 酮carboxylic acid 羧酸carboxylic acid derivative 羧酸衍生物hydroboration 硼氢化反应bond oength 键长bond energy 键能bond angle 键角carbohydrate 碳水化合物carbocation 碳正离子carbanion 碳负离子alcohol 醇Gofmann rule 霍夫曼规则Aldehyde 醛Ether 醚Polymer 聚合物product 化学反应产物Promethium(Pm) 钷Protactinium(Pa) 镤purification 净化qualitative analysis 定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析chemical analysis 化学分析instrumental analysis 仪器分析titrimetry 滴定分析gravimetric analysis 重量分析法regent 试剂chromatographic analysis 色谱分析radical 基Radium(Ra) 镭Radon(Rn) 氡reagent 试剂reducer 还原剂refinery 炼油厂refining 炼油reforming 重整retort 曲颈甑reversible 可逆的Rhenium(Re) 铼Rhodium(Rh) 铑Rubidium(Rb) 铷Ruthenium(Ru) 钌salt 盐Samarium(Sm) 钐Scandium(Sc) 钪Selenium(Se) 硒separation 分离series 系列Silicon(Si) 硅Silver(Ag) 银soda 苏打sodium carbonate 碳酸钠Sodium(Na) 钠solution 溶解solvent 溶剂still 蒸馏釜stirring rod 搅拌棒Strontium(Sr) 锶structural formula 分子式Sulphur(S) 锍sulphuric acid 硫酸symbol 复合synthesis 合成synthetic rubber 合成橡胶Tantalum(Ta) 钽Technetium(Tc) 锝Tellurium(Te) 碲Terbium(Tb) 铽test tube 试管Thallium(Tl) 铊Thorium(Th) 钍Thulium(Tm) 铥Tin(Sn) 锡Titanium(Ti) 钛to calcine 煅烧to dehydrate 脱水to distil, to distill 蒸馏to hydrate 水合,水化to hydrogenate 氢化to neutralize 中和to oxidize 氧化to oxygenate, to oxidize 脱氧,氧化to precipitate 沉淀Tungsten(W) 钨Uranium(U) 铀valence, valency 价Vanadium(V) 钒vaseline 凡士林Xenon(Xe) 氙Ytterbium(Yb) 镱Yttrium(Y) 钇Zinc(Zn) 锌Zirconium(Zr) 锆理想气体状态方程Partial Pressures 分压Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Behavior 真实气体：对理想气体行为的偏离The van der Waals Equation 范德华方程System and Surroundings 系统与环境State and State Functions 状态与状态函数Process 过程Phase 相The First Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第一定律Heat and Work 热与功Endothermic and Exothermic Processes 吸热与发热过程Enthalpies of Reactions 反应热Hess’s Law 盖斯定律Enthalpies of Formation 生成焓Reaction Rates 反应速率Reaction Order 反应级数Rate Constants 速率常数Activation Energy 活化能The Arrhenius Equation 阿累尼乌斯方程Reaction Mechanisms 反应机理Homogeneous Catalysis 均相催化剂Heterogeneous Catalysis 非均相催化剂Enzymes 酶The Equilibrium Constant 平衡常数the Direction of Reaction 反应方向Le Chatelier’s Principle 列·沙特列原理Effects of V olume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalysts 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响Spontaneous Processes 自发过程Entropy (Standard Entropy) 熵（标准熵）The Second Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第二定律Entropy Changes 熵变Standard Free-Energy Changes 标准自由能变Acid-Bases 酸碱The Dissociation of Water 水离解The Proton in Water 水合质子The pH Scales pH值Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry 酸和碱Proton-Transfer Reactions 质子转移反应Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量Formation of Complex Ions 配离子的形成Solubility 溶解度The Solubility-Product Constant Ksp 溶度积常数Precipitation and separation of Ions 离子的沉淀与分离Selective Precipitation of Ions 离子的选择沉淀Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 氧化还原反应Oxidation Number 氧化数Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations 氧化还原反应方程的配平Half-Reaction 半反应Galvani Cell 原电池V oltaic Cell 伏特电池Cell EMF 电池电动势Standard Electrode Potentials 标准电极电势Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 氧化剂和还原剂The Nernst Equation 能斯特方程Electrolysis 电解The Wave Behavior of Electrons 电子的波动性Bohr’s Model of The Hydrogen Atom 氢原子的波尔模型Line Spectra 线光谱Quantum Numbers 量子数Electron Spin 电子自旋Atomic Orbital 原子轨道The s (p, d, f) Orbital s（p，d，f）轨道Many-Electron Atoms 多电子原子Energies of Orbital 轨道能量The Pauli Exclusion Principle 泡林不相容原理Electron Configurations 电子构型The Periodic Table 周期表Row 行Group 族Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 同位素，原子数，质量数Periodic Properties of the Elements 元素的周期律Radius of Atoms 原子半径Ionization Energy 电离能Electronegativity 电负性Effective Nuclear Charge 有效核电荷Electron Affinities 亲电性Metals 金属Nonmetals 非金属Valence Bond Theory 价键理论Covalence Bond 共价键Orbital Overlap 轨道重叠Multiple Bonds 重键Hybrid Orbital 杂化轨道The VSEPR Model 价层电子对互斥理论Molecular Geometries 分子空间构型Molecular Orbital 分子轨道Diatomic Molecules 双原子分子Bond Length 键长Bond Order 键级Bond Angles 键角Bond Enthalpies 键能Bond Polarity 键矩Dipole Moments 偶极矩Polarity Molecules 极性分子Polyatomic Molecules 多原子分子Crystal Structure 晶体结构Non-Crystal 非晶体Close Packing of Spheres 球密堆积Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallic Bond 金属键Alloys 合金Ionic Solids 离子晶体Ion-Dipole Forces 离子偶极力Molecular Forces 分子间力Intermolecular Forces 分子间作用力Hydrogen Bonding 氢键Covalent-Network Solids 原子晶体Compounds 化合物The Nomenclature, Composition and Structure of Complexes 配合物的命名，组成和结构Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries 电荷数、配位数、及几何构型Chelates 螯合物Isomerism 异构现象Structural Isomerism 结构异构Stereoisomerism 立体异构Magnetism 磁性Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes 八面体构型配合物的电子分布Tetrahedral and Square-planar Complexes 四面体和平面四边形配合物General Characteristics 共性s-Block Elements s区元素Alkali Metals 碱金属Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属Hydrides 氢化物Oxides 氧化物Peroxides and Superoxides 过氧化物和超氧化物Hydroxides 氢氧化物Salts 盐p-Block Elements p区元素Boron Group (Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium) 硼族（硼，铝，镓，铟，铊）Borane 硼烷Carbon Group (Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead) 碳族（碳，硅，锗，锡，铅）Graphite, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide 石墨，一氧化碳，二氧化碳Carbonic Acid, Carbonates and Carbides 碳酸，碳酸盐，碳化物Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon 硅的存在和制备Silicic Acid，Silicates 硅酸，硅酸盐Nitrogen Group (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) 氮族（磷，砷，锑，铋）Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Phosphoric Acid 氨，硝酸，磷酸Phosphorates, phosphorus Halides 磷酸盐，卤化磷Oxygen Group (Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium) 氧族元素（氧，硫，硒，碲）Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide 臭氧，过氧化氢Sulfides 硫化物Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine) 卤素（氟，氯，溴，碘）Halides, Chloride 卤化物，氯化物The Noble Gases 稀有气体Noble-Gas Compounds 稀有气体化合物d-Block elements d区元素Transition Metals 过渡金属Potassium Dichromate 重铬酸钾Potassium Permanganate 高锰酸钾Iron Copper Zinc Mercury 铁，铜，锌，汞f-Block Elements f区元素Lanthanides 镧系元素Radioactivity 放射性Nuclear Chemistry 核化学Nuclear Fission 核裂变analytical chemistry 分析化学。
化学SUB的准备
化学SUB的准备经验今天SUB很受打击，倒不是题目出的很难，主要是自己复习的不好或是说学的不好了，题目的回忆别人已经做的差不多了，我想起来什么再补充吧。
主要说一下复习的一些心得，我已经提前说了考的很不好，所以化学的XDJM们暂且一听吧。
wien师姐两周就可以考一perfect的成绩，但是我想给我两个月我也做不到。
谁让我学的时候太不扎实，最后又迟迟不愿意碰化学的东西，而sub本身的特点就是广，这个广的程度真是无法形容，所以有时间的话还是把书彻彻底底的看一遍为好（我觉得是），比如有机今天考了一个什么磷酸酯，我根本没见过只好瞎蒙，可是回来后发现就在有机书上最后几页，我没有看到是因为老师没讲那个部分，所以也就懒的看了。
可能有人觉得没有必要把书全看了，可以理解，因为现在也正好是申请的时候，没人能拿出两个月的时候来专心看书，毕竟考到的东西就那么136道题，没考到的知识点比考到的要多得多，这又要看个人衡量了，呵呵原则上说Practice book上的范围绝对是最好最全的，但是看完之后你会觉得它什么都没说，比如有机部分，它用两行大约20个单词说考哪些物质的性质和反应，我们却要把500多页的有机书细细看一遍，而且它经常提到什么东西的应用，这个真的太难去找了。
所以只能结合题目来看书。
我手头上有四套题目，估计现在能找到的也就这些了，现在一一说一下model test 共5套，好像是ETS给的题，年代好像比较久远，而且题目跟现在的考试有了很多区别，比如那里有好多非常陌生的人名试剂和人名反应，害我整理了一大堆东西，结果考的时候一个也没涉及到，当然我也最后也没记住几个，呵呵。
还有这里的有机物往往是给英文名，而不是给分子式的，所以要掌握很多单词，但是今天考试时我观察了一下好像大部分反应都给分子式了，所以能记住最好，象我一样记不住的话就算了，呵呵。
之所以把这套题目放第一位是因为它的后面有比较详细的解释，有的甚至在其他的任何地方都查不到的，所以先做会比较容易上手，也比较省时间。
二氯环己烷消去反应方程式
二氯环己烷消去反应方程式Answer: The elimination reaction of 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane can be represented by the following equation:1,2-dichlorocyclohexane -> cyclohexene + 2HCl.This reaction involves the removal of two chlorine atoms from the cyclohexane ring, resulting in the formation of cyclohexene and two molecules of hydrochloric acid.The mechanism of this reaction involves the use of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, which abstracts a proton from one of the adjacent carbon atoms, leading to the formation of a carbanion intermediate. This carbanion then undergoes an E2 elimination reaction, where the two chlorine atoms are removed as a leaving group, resulting in the formation of the double bond in cyclohexene.Overall, this elimination reaction is an importantmethod for the synthesis of alkenes from alkyl halides, and it is widely used in organic synthesis.中文回答：1,2-二氯环己烷的消去反应可以用以下方程式表示：1,2-二氯环己烷 -> 环己烯 + 2HCl.这个反应涉及从环己烷环中去除两个氯原子，导致环己烯和两分子盐酸的形成。
化学中英文对照表
有机化学英文名汉文名Angular methyl group 角甲基Alkylidene group 亚烷基Allyl group 烯丙基Allylic 烯丙型[的] Phenyl group 苯基Aryl group 芳基Benzyl group 苄基Benzylic 苄型[的] Activating group 活化基团Chromophore 生色团Auxochrome 助色团Magnetically anisotropic group 磁各向异性基团Smally ring 小环Common ring 普通环Medium rimg 中环Large ring 大环Bridged-ring system 桥环体系Spiro compound 螺环化合物Helical molecule 螺旋型分子Octahedral compound 八面体化合物Conjugation 共轭Conjugated-system 共轭体系Acyl cation 酰[基]正离子Benzylic cation 苄[基]正离子Arenirm ion 芳[基]正离子Ketyl radical 羰自由基Radical ion 自由基离子Radical cation 自由基正离子Radical anion 自由基负离子Isomerism 异构[现象]Aci form 酸式Fluxional structure 循变结构Stereochemistry 立体化学Optical activity 光学活性Dextro isomer 右旋异构体Laevo isomer 左旋异构体Tetrahedral configuration 四面体构型Stereoisomerism 立体异构[现象] Asymmetric atom 不对称原子Asymmetric carbon 不对称碳Pseudoasymmetric carbon 假不对称碳Phantom atom 虚拟原子Homotopic 等位[的] Heterotopic 异位[的] Enantiotopic 对映异位[的] Diastereotopic 非对映异位[的] Configuration 构型Absolute configuration 绝对构型Chirality 手性Chiral 手性[的]Chiral center 手性中心Chiral molecule 手性分子Achiral 非手性[的] Fischer projection 费歇尔投影式Neoman projection 纽曼投影式D-L system of nomenclature D-L命名体系R-S syytem of nomenclature R-S命名体系Cahn-Ingold-Prelon sequence 顺序规则Symmetry factor 对称因素Plane of symmetry 对称面Mirror symmetry 镜面对称Enantiomer 对映[异构]体Diastereomer 非对映[异构]体Epimer 差向异构体Anomer 端基[差向]异构体Erythro configuration 赤型构型Erythro isomer 赤型异构体Threo configuration 苏型构型Threo isomer 苏型异构体Trigonal carbon 三角型碳Cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构E isomer E异构体Z isomer Z异构体Endo isomer 内型异构体Exo isomer 外型异构体Prochirality 前手性Pro-R group 前R基团Pro-S proup 前S基团Re face Re面Si face Si面Racemic mixture 外消旋混合物Racemic compound 外消旋化合物Racemic solid solution 外消旋固体溶液Meso compound 内消旋化合物Quasi recemate 准外消旋体Conformation 构象Conformational 构象分析Torsion angle 扭转角Rotamer 旋转异构体Anti conformation 反式构象Bisecting conformation 等分构象Anti periplanar conformation 反叠构象Synperiplanar conformation 顺叠构象Synclinal conformation 反错构象Synclinal conformation 顺错构象Eclipsed conformation 重叠构象Gauche conformation, skew con-formation 邻位交叉构象Staggered conformation 对位交叉构象Steric effect 空间效应Steric hindrance 位阻Atropismer 阻转异构体Puckered ring 折叠环Conformational inversion 构象反转Chair conformation 椅型构象Boat conformation 船型构象Twist conformation 扭型构象Skew boat conformation 扭船型构象Half-chair conformation 半椅型构象Pseudorotation 假旋转Envelope conformation 信封[型]构象Axial bond 直[立]键Equatorial bond 平[伏]键Cisoid conformation 顺向构象Transoid conformation 反向构象Retention of configuration 构型保持Regioselectivity 区域选择性Regiospecificity 区域专一性Stereocelectivity 立体选择性Stereospecificty 立体专一性Conformer 构象异构体Conformational effect 构象效应Cram’s rube 克拉姆规则Prelog’rule 普雷洛格规则Stereochemical orientation 立体[化学]取向Conformational transmission 构象传递Homolog 同系物Ipso position 本位Ortho position 邻位Meta position 间位Para position 对位Amphi position 远位Peri position 近位Trigonal hybridization 三角杂化Molecular orbiral method 分子轨道法Valence bond method 价键法Delocalezed bond 离域键Cross conjugation 交叉共轭Vinylog 插烯物Mesomeric effect 中介效应Resonance 共振Resonance effect 共振效应Hyperconjugation 超共轭Isovalent hyperconjugation 等价超共轭No-bond resonance 无键共振Aromaticity 芳香性Aromatic sexter 芳香六隅Huckel’rule 休克尔规则Paramagnetic ring current 顺磁环电流Diamagnetic ring cruuent 抗磁环电流Homoaromaticity 同芳香性Antiaromaticity 反芳香性Alternant hydrocarbon 交替烃Non-alternant hydrocarbon 非交替烷Pericyclic reaction 周环反应Electrocyclic rearrangement 电环[化]重排Conrotatory 顺旋Disroatatory 对旋Cycloaddition 环加成Symmetry forbidden-reaction 对称禁阻反应Synfacial reaction 同面反应Antarafacial reaction 异面反应Mobius system 默比乌斯体系Leois structure 路易斯结构Coordinate-covalent bond 配位共价键Banana bond 香蕉键Pauling electronegativity scale 鲍林电负性标度Polarizability 可极化性Inductive effect 诱导效应Field effect 场效应Electrical effect 电场效应tautomerism 互变异构Tautomerization 互变异构化Keto-enol tautomerism 酮-烯醇互变异构Phenol-keto tautomerism 酚-酮互变异构Imine-enamine atutomerism 亚胺-烯胺互变异构Ring-chain tautomerism 环-链互变异构Valence tautomerism 价互变异构Ambident 两可[的]Solvent effect 溶剂效应Acid-base catalyxed reaction 酸性溶剂Basic solvent 碱性溶剂Dielectric constant 介电常数Solvated electron 溶剂化电子Acid-base catalyzed reaction 酸碱催化反应Conjugate base 共轭酸Conjugate base 共轭碱Therm odynamic acidity 热力学酸度Kinetic acidity 动力学酸度Electron donof-acceptor complex,EDAcomplex电子给[体]受体络合物Host 主体Guest 客体Primary isotope effect 一级同位素效应Secondary isotope effect 二级同位数效应Inverse isotope effect 逆同位素效应Kinetic control 动力学控制Thermodynamic control 热力学控制Substrate 底物Intermediate 中间体Reactive intermediate 活泼中间体Microscopic reversibility 微观可逆性Hammond postulate 哈蒙德假说Linear free energy 线性自由能Non-bonded interaction 非键相互作用Torsional effect 扭转效应Pitzer strain 皮策张力Restricted rotation 阻碍旋转Eclipsing effect 重叠效应Eclipsing strain 重叠张力Small-angle strain 小角张力Large angle strain 大角张力Transannular interaction 跨环相互作用Transannular strain 跨环张力I strain 内张力 F strain 前张力 B strain 后张力 Anomeric effect 端基异构效应 Walden inversion 瓦尔登反转 Racemization 外消旋化 Isoinversion 等反转 Isoracemization 等消旋 Homochiral 纯手性[的] Mechanism机理Unimolecular nucleophilic单分子亲核取代 Bimolecular nucleophilic sub-stitution双分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic substi-tution(with allylic rearrange-ment) 双分子亲核取代（含烯丙型重排） Internal nucleophilic substiru-tion 分子内亲核取代 Aromatic nucleophilic substitu-tion 芳香亲核取代 Unimolecular electrophilic sub-stitution 单分子亲电取代 Bimolecular electrophilic substi-tution双分子亲电取代Nucleophile-assisted unimolecu-lar electrophilic substitution 亲核体协助单分子亲电取代 Unimolecular elimination 单分子消除 Bimolecular elimination双分子消除Unimolecular elimination through the conjugate base单分子共轭碱消除 Bimolecular elimination through the conjugate base双分子共轭碱消除 Bimolecular elimination with for-mation of a carbonyl group双分子羰基形成消除 Unimolecular acid-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage单分子酸催化酰氧断裂 Bimolecular base-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage双分子碱催化酰氧断裂 Unimolecular acid-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cleavage单分子酸催化烷氧断裂 Bimllecular base-catalyzed al- kyl-oxygen cleavage双分子碱催化烷氧断裂 π-allyl complex mechanism π烯丙型络合机理 Borderline mechanism 边理机理 Homolysis 均裂 Heterolysis异裂 Heterolytic michanism 异裂机理 Counrer[gegen]ion 反荷离子 Ion pair离子对Carbocation 碳正离子Nonclassical carbocation 非经典碳正离子Carbanion 碳负离子Masked carbanion 掩蔽碳负离子Carbenoid 卡宾体Carbene 卡宾Nitrene 氮宾Carbine 碳炔Electrophilic addition 亲电加成Electrophile 亲电体Diaxial addition 双直键加成Markovnikov’s rube 马尔科夫尼科规则Anti-Markovnikov addition 反马氏加成Michael addition 迈克尔加成Substitution 取代Electrophilic substitution 亲电取代Addition-elimination mechanism 加成消除机理Electrophilic aromatic substitu-tion 亲电芳香取代Electron transfer 电子转移Electron-donating group 给电子基团Electron-Withdrawing group 吸电子基团Deactivating group 钝化基团Orinentation 取向Ortho-para directing group 邻对位定位基Meta directing group 间位定位基Ortho effect 邻位效应Partial rate factor 分速度系数Nucleophilic reaction 亲核反应Internal return 内返Nucleophilicity 亲核体Nucleophilicity 亲核性α-effect α-效应Backside attack 背面进攻Inversion 反转Umbrella effect 伞效应Push-pull effect 推拉效应Leaving group 离去基团Electrofuge 离电体Nucleofuge 离核体Phase-transfer catalysis 相转移催化Neighboring group participation 邻基基参与邻助作用Neighboring proup assistance,anchimericassistanceNeighboring group effect 邻基效应Apofacial reaction 反面反应Briddgehead displacement 桥头取代Aryl action 芳正离子Benzyne 苯炔Zaitsev rule 札依采夫规则Anti-Zaitsev orientation 反札依采夫定向Hofmann’s rule 霍夫曼规则Bredt rule 布雷特规则Initiation 引发Anionic cleavage 负离子裂解Partial bond fixation 键[的]部分固定化02．3有机化学反应Alkylation 烷基化C- alkylation C-烷基化O- alkylation O-烷基化N-alkylation N-烷基化Silylation 硅烷[基]化Exhaustive methylation 彻底甲基化Seco alkylation 断裂烷基化Demethylation 脱甲基化Ethylation 乙基化Arylation 芳基化Acylation 酰化Formylation 甲酰化Carbalkoxylation 烷氧羰基化Carboamidation 氨羰基化Carboxylation 羧基化Amination 氨基化Bisamination 双氨基化Cine substitution 移位取代Transamination 氨基交换Hydroxylation 羟基化acyloxyation 酰氧基化Decarboxylative nitration 脱羧卤化Allylic halogenation 烯丙型卤化Dehalogenation 脱卤Nitration 硝化Decarboxylative nitration 脱羧硝化Nitrosation 亚硝化Sulfonation 磺化Chlorosulfonation 氯磺酰化Desulfonation 脱磺酸基Sulfenylation 亚磺酰化Sulfonylation 磺酰化Chlorosulfenation 氯亚磺酰化Chlorocarbonylation 氯羰基化Diazotization 重氮化Diazo transfer 重氮基转移Coupling reaction 偶联反应Diazonium coupling 重氮偶联Cross-coupling reaction 交叉偶联反应1,4-addition 1，4-加成Conjugate addition 共轭加成Dimerization 二聚Trimefization 三聚Additive dimerization 加成二聚sulfurization 硫化Selenylation 硒化Hydroboration 硼氢化Oxyamination 羟氨基化Insertion 插入carbonylation 羧基化Hydroformylation 加氢甲酰基化Hydroacylation 加氢酰化Oxo process 羰基合成Decarbonylation 脱羰Hydrocarboxylation 氢羧基化Homologization 同系化Cyanoethylation 氰乙基化Decyanoethylation 脱氰乙基Ring clsure 环合Diene synthesis 双烯合成Dienophile 亲双烯体Endo addition 内型加成Exo addition 外型加成Diels-Alder reaction 第尔斯-尔德反应Retro Diels-Alder reaction 逆第尔斯-阿尔德反应Ene synthesis 单烯合成Anionic cycloaddition 负离子环加成Dipolar addition 偶极加成- elimination -消除- elimination -消除- elimination -消除-elimination -消除Dehydrohalogenation 脱卤化氢Deamination 脱氨基Pyrolytic elimination 热解消除Elimination-addition 消除-加成Decarboxylation 脱羧Decarboxamidation 脱酰胺Decyanation 脱氰基Alkylolysis,alkyl cleavage 烷基裂解Acylolysis,acyl cleavage 酰基裂解Flash pyrolysis 闪热裂Fragmentation 碎裂Chiletropic reaction 螯键反应Chelation 螯环化Esterification 酯化Transesterification 酯交换Saponification 皂化Alcoholysis 醇解Ethanolysis 乙醇解Cyanomethylation 氰甲基化Aminomethylation 氨甲基化Hydroxymethylation 羟甲基化Hydroxyalkylation 羟烷基化Cholromethylation 氯甲基化Haloalkylation 卤烷基化Transacetalation 缩醛交换Enolization 烯醇化Haloform reaction 卤仿反应Condensation 缩合Aldol condensation 羟醛缩合Cross aldol condensation 交叉羟醛缩合Retrograde aldol condensation 逆羟醛缩合Acyloin condensation 偶姻缩合Cyclization 环化Annulation,annelation 增环反应Spiroannulation 螺增环Autoxidation 自氧化Allylic hydroperoxylation 烯丙型氢过氧化Epoxidation 环氧化Oxonolysis 臭氧解Electrochemical oxidation 电化学氧化Oxidative decarboxylation 氧化脱羧Aromatization 芳构化Catalytic hydrogenation 催化氢化Heterogeneous hydrogenation 多相氢化Homogeneous hydrogenation 均相氢化Catalytic dehydrogenation 催化脱氢Transfer hydrogenation 转移氢化Hydrogenolysis 氢解Dissolving metal reduction 溶解金属还原Single electron transfer 单电子转移Bimolecular reduction 双分子还原Electrochemical reduction 电化学还原Reductive alkylation 还原烷基化Reductive acylation 还原酰化Reductive dimerization 还原二聚Deoxygenation 脱氧Desulfurization 脱硫Deselenization 脱硒Mitallation 金属化Lithiation 锂化Hydrometallation 氢金属化Mercuration 汞化Oxymercuration 羟汞化Aminomercuration 氨汞化Abstraction 夺取[反应] Internal abstraction 内夺取[反应] Rearrangement 重排Prototropic rearrangement 质了转移重排Double bond migration 双键移位Allylic migration 烯丙型重排Allylic migration 烯丙型迁移Ring contraction 环缩小[反应] Ring expansion,ring enlargement 扩环[反应]-ketol rearrangement -酮醇重排Pinacol rearrangement 频哪醇重排Retropinacol rearrangement 逆频哪醇重排Semipinacol rearrangement 半频哪醇重排Benzilic rearrangement 二苯乙醇酸重排Acyl rearrangement 酰基重排Migratory aptitude 迁移倾向Transannular insertion 跨环插入Transannular rearrangement 跨环重排Migration 迁移Prototropy 质子转移Cationotropic rearrangement 正离子转移重排Anionotropy 负离子转移Anionotropic rearrangement 负离子转移重排Sigmatropic rearrangement -迁移重排Homosigmatropic rearrangement 同迁移重排Electrophilic rearrangement 亲电重排Photosensitization 光敏化Forbidden transition 禁阻跃迁photooxidation 光氧化Photoisomerization 光异构化Photochemical rearrangement 光化学重排2．4 有机化合物类名Aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物Hpdrocarbon 碳氢化合物Alkane 烷Wax 蜡Paraffin wax 石蜡Alkene 烯Alkyen 炔Acetylide 炔化物Active hydrogen compounds 活泼氢化合物Carbon acid 碳氢酸Super acid 超酸Diene 双烯Triene 三烯Allene 丙二烯Ccumulene 累积多烯Enyne 烯炔Diyne 二炔Alkyl halide 卤代烷Alcohol 醇Homoallylic alcohol 高烯丙醇Ether 醚Epoxide 环氧化物Cellosolve 溶纤剂Crown ether 冠醚Netro compound 硝基化合物Amine 胺Quaternaryammonium com-pound 季铵化合物Amine oxide 氧化胺Diazoalkane 重氮烷Mercaptan 硫醇Sulfonic acid 磺酸Sulfoxide 亚砜Sulfone 砜Aldehyde 醛Detone 酮Aldehyde hydrate 醛水合物Ketone hydrate 酮水合物Hemiacetal 半缩醛Acetal 缩醛Ketal 缩酮Dithiane 二噻烷Aminal 缩醛胺imine 亚胺Aldimine 醛亚胺Oxime 肟Aldimine 醛肟Oxime 亚硝基化合物aldoxime 硝酮Hydrazone 腙Azine 嗪Semicarbazone 缩氯基脲Cyanohydrin 羟腈Pinacol 频哪醇Enol 烯醇Enol ether 烯醇醚Enol ester 烯醇酯Enamine 烯胺Ynamine 炔胺Mannich base 曼尼希碱Carboxylic acid 羧酸Ester 酯orthoester 原酸酯Acyl halide 酰卤Acyl fluoride 酰氟Acyl chloride 酰氯Acyl rtomide 酰溴Acyl iodide 酰碘Carbobenzoxy chloride 苄氧甲酰氯Acyl tosylate 酰基对甲苯磺酸酐Ketene 乙烯酮Peracid 过酸Perester 过酸酯Acyl peroxide 酰基过氧化物Nitrile 腈Nitrile oxide 氧化腈Isonitrile 异腈Amide 酰胺Imide 二酰亚胺N-bromo compound N-溴化物Hydrazide 酰肼Acyl azide 酰叠氮Amidine 脒Keto ester 酮酸酯Acyl cyanide 酰腈Carbon suboxide 二氧化三碳Glycidic acid 环氧丙酸Carbammic acid 氨基甲酸Carbamate 氨基甲酸酯Urea 脲Cyanamide 氨腈Carbodiimide 碳二亚胺Allophanate 脲基甲酸酯Thioester 硫代酸酯Thiol acid 硫羰酸Lactone 内酯Lactol 内半缩醛Macrolide 大环内酯Amino acid 氨基酸Zwitterions 两性离子Inner salt 内盐Betaine 甜菜碱Lactam 内酰胺Hydantion 乙内酰脲Peptide 肽Glycol 二醇Aldol 羟醛Acyloin 偶姻Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Aldose 醛糖Ketose 酮糖Furanose 呋喃糖Pyranose 吡喃糖Glycoside 糖苷Glucoside 葡[萄]糖苷Aglycon 苷元Saccharide 糖类Oligosaccharide 寡糖Polysaccharide 多糖Alditol 糖醇Osazone 脎Alicyclic compound 脂环化合物Cycloalkene 环烷Spirane 环烯Cage compound 螺烷Propellane 笼型化合物Rotazane 螺桨烷Catenane 轮烷Rused ring 索烃Aromatic compound 稠环化合物Arene 芳香化合物Alkylbenzene 芳烃Bibenzyl 烷基苯Aiaryl 联苄Biphenyl 联芳Biphenyl 联苯Indene 茚Fluorene 芴fulvene 富烯cyclophane 环芳Acene 并苯Helicene 螺旋烃Aryne 芳炔Annulene 烨烯Dewar benzene 杜瓦苯Benzvalene 盆苯Barrelene 桶烯Azulene ？Diazo compound 重氮化合物diazonium salt 重氮盐Diazohydroxide 重氮氢氧化物Azo cimpound 偶氮化物Hydrazo compound 氢化偶氮化物Azoxy compound 氧化偶氮化合物Phenol 酚Hydroquinone 氢醌Quinhydrone 醌Quinhydrone 醌氢醌Semiquinone 半醌Benzoin 苯偶姻Benzil 偶苯酰Heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物Furan 呋喃Pyrrole 吡咯Thiophene 噻吩Porphyrin 卟啉Pyridene 吡啶Piperidine 哌啶Oxazole ？唑Azlactone 二氢？唑酮Pyrazole 吡唑Imidazole 咪唑Thiazole 噻唑Oxazine ？嗪Diazine 二嗪Diketopiperazine 哌嗪二酮Sydnone 悉尼酮Triazole 三唑Triazine 三嗪Indole 吲哚Quinoline 喹啉Isoquinoline 异喹啉Flavone 黄酮Isoflavone 异黄酮Chalcone 查耳酮Azepine 氮杂？Addition compound 加合化合物Organometallic 有机金属化合物Grignard reagent 格氏试剂Ferocene 二？铁Sandwich compound 夹心化合物Chloroborane 氯硼烷Phosphine 膦Phosphonium salt ？盐Arsine 胂Ylide 叶立德Nitrogen ylide 氮叶立德Sulfur ylide 硫叶立德Phosphorus ylide 磷叶立德Arsenic ylide 砷叶立德Lipid 类脂Phospholipid 磷脂Essential oil 精油Terpene 萜Monoterpene 单萜Sesquiterpene 倍半萜Diterpene 二萜Triterpene 三萜carotene 胡萝卜素Steroid 甾族化合物Sex hormone 性激素Pheromone 信息素Phytohormone 植物激素Alkaloid 生物碱2．5 有机化学分析和方法Charge-transfer spectrum 电荷转移光谱Chemical shift reagent 化学位移试剂Polarized light 偏振光Specific rotation 比旋光Molar rotation 摩尔旋光Circularly polarized light 圆偏振光Optical rotatory dispersion 旋光色散Circular dichroism 圆二色性Octant rule 八区规则Cotton effect 卡滕效应Plain curve 平坦曲线Resolution 拆分Optical purity 光学纯度Enantiomeric excess,ee 对映体过量Diasteromeric excess,de 非对映体过量Synthesis 合成Retrosynthesis 逆合成Total synthesis 全合成Formal synthesis 中继合成Partial synthesis 部分合成Relay synthesis 接替合成Tandem reaction sequence 连续反应过程Synthon 合成子Chiron,chiral building block 手性子Asymmetric synthesis 不对称合成Asymmetric induction 不对称诱导Optical induction 光学诱导Chiral induction 手性诱导Chiral reagent 手性试剂Chiral catalyst 手性催化剂Chiral solvent 手性溶剂Chiral auxiliary [reagent] 手性助剂Topochemistry 拓扑化学Biomimetic synthesis 仿生合成Protecting group 保护基Umpolung 极反转Linear synthesis 线性合成Convergent synthesis 汇集合成03．分析化学03．1 一般术语Qualitative analysis 定性分析Quantitative analysis 定量分析Chemical analysis 化学分析Instrumental analysis 仪器分析Classical analysis 经典分析Systematic analysis 系统分析Routine analysis 常规分析Referee analysis,arbitration ana-lysis 仲裁分析Macro analysis 常量分析Semimicro analysis,meso analysis 半微量分析Mcro analysis 微量分析Ultramicro analyisis,submicro analysis 超微量分析Trace analysis 痕量分析Ultratrace analysis 超痕量分析Wet method,wet way 湿法Dry mithod,dry way 干法Indirect mithod 间接法Reagent 试剂Reagent grade 试剂级别Guaranteed reagent,G.R. 保证试剂Analytical reagent,A.R. 分析纯Chimically pure,C.P. 化学纯Identification 鉴定Detection 检出Confirmatory test 证实试验Determination 测定Measurement 测量Separation 分离Calibration 校准Correction 校正Recovery 回收Mesh [筛]目Sampling 取样Quartering 四分[法] Sample 试样Reference material,RM 标准物质Primary standard 一级标准Secondary standard 二级标准Selectivity 选择性Selective reagent 选择[性]试剂Specific reagent 特效试剂Mole 摩尔Stock solution 储备溶液Test solution 试液Fusion 熔融Rlux 熔剂Air drying 风干Weighing 称量Constant weight 恒量Aliquot 等分部分Residue 残渣Ash 灰分Misture content 含湿量Cleaning solution 洗涤液Mauor constituent 主成分Minor constituent 少量成分Trace constituent 痕量成分Trial-and error method 尝试法Analytical balance 分析天平Single pan balance 单盘天平Air-damped balance [空气]阻尼天平Electronic balance 电子天平Semimicro [analytical]balance 半微量天平Micro[analytical]balance 微量天平Ultramicro[analytical ]balance 超微量天平Torsion balance 扭力天平Weights 砝码Rider 游码Filter paper 滤纸Test paper 试纸PH paper PH试纸Erlenmeyer flask 锥形瓶V olumetric flask [容]量瓶Weighing bottle 称量瓶Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗Sintered-glass filter crucible [烧结]玻璃砂[滤]？锅Iven,drying over 烘箱Water bath 水浴Hot plate 电热板Magnetic stirrer 洗瓶Iodine flask [电]磁搅拌器Iodine flaski 碘瓶Reagent bottle 试剂瓶03．2 化学计量学Chemometrics 化学计量学Accuracy 准确度Sensitivity 灵敏度Precision 精密度Repeatability 重复性Reproducibility 再现性Detection limit 检出限Determination limit 测定限Signal-noise ratio 信噪比Background 背景Blank 空白Uncertainty 不确定度Tolerance limitc 容许限Confidence limit 置信限Confidence interval 置信区间Confidence coefficient 置信系数Population 总体Sample 样本individual 个体Random variable 随机变量Fixed variable 固定变量Standardization 标准化Friquency 频数Histogram 直方图Frequency distribution 频数分布Class interval 组距Probability 概率Probability density 概率密度Nirmal distribution 正态分布Nonnormal distribution,abnormal distribution 非正态分布Log transformation 对数变换Normalization 正态化F-distribution F分布t-distribution T分布X2-distribution X2分布Binomial distribution 二项式分布Poisson’s distribution 泊松分布Uniform distritution 均匀平布True value 真值Value of expectation 期望值Observed value,measured value 观测值Unbiased estimator 无偏估计值Sample value 样本值Population mena 总体[平] 均值Sample mean 样本[平]均植Veighted mean 加权[平]均植Median 中位值Variability 变异性Variation within laboratory 组内变异性Variation between alboratories 组间变异性Error 误差Random error 随机误差Systematical error 系统误差Bias 偏倚Gross 过失误差Absolute error 绝对误差Relative error 相对误差Standard eror 标准误差Deviation 偏差Residual 残差Population deviation 总体偏差Sample deviation 样本偏差Arithmetic average deviation [算术]平均偏差Standardard deviation 标准[偏]差Absolute deviation 绝对偏差Relative deviation 相对偏差Relative standard deviation 相对标准[偏]差Pooled standard deviation 合并标准[偏]差Tolerance error 容许误差Variance 方差Population Variance 总体方差Sample variance 样本方差Pooled variance 合并方差Variance within laboratory 组内方差Variance between laboratories 组间方差Residual variance 残余方差Covariance 协方差Range 极差Statistical test 统计检验Hypothesis Test 假设检测Significance test 显著性检验Significance level 显著性水平Significant difference 显著性差异One-tailed test 单侧检验Two-atailed test 双侧检验Test statistic 检验统计量Parameter test 参数检验Nonparameter test 非参数检验Parameter estimation 参数估计Point estimation 点估计Interval estimation 区间估计Null hypothesis 零假设Alternative hypothesis 备择假设Critical value 临界值Acceptance region 接受域Rejection region 舍弃域Statistical inference 统计推断Error of the first kind,type 1error 第一类错误Error of the second kind,type 2error 第二类错误Extremum value 极值Outlier 异常值Sing test 符号检验Dixon’s test method 狄克松检验法Grubbs’test method 格鲁布斯检验法Cochrane’s test method 柯奇拉检验法t-test T检验F-test F检验X2-test,chi-square test X2检验Homoscedasticity,homogeneity of variance 方差齐性Sum of squares of residues,resi dual sum of残差平方和squaresRegression sum of squares 回归平方和Additivity of sum of squares 平方和加和性Analysis of variance,ANOV A 方差分析Cross classification 交叉分组Multiple comparisons 多重比较Paired comparison 成对比较Random factor 随机因素Fixed factor 固定因素Controllable factor 可控因素Level of factor 因素水平Pseudo leval 拟水平Factorial effect 因素效应Main effect 主效应Two-factor interaction,simple interaction 二因子交互效应Positive correlation 正相关Negative correlation 负相关Correlation test 相关性检验Correlation analysis 相关分析Correlation coefficient 相关系数Total correlationCorrelation 全相关系数Partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数Regression analysis 回归分析Curve fitting 曲线拟合Least square fitting 最小二乘法拟合Weighted least square method 加权最小二乘法Goodness of fit 拟合优度Regression equation 回归方程Regression curve 回归曲线Regression surface 回归曲面Regression coefficient 回归系数Partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数Standar4dized regression coeffi-cient 标准回归系数Linear regression 线性回归Non-linear regression 非线性回归Stepwise regression 逐步回归Weighted regression 加权回归Polynomial regression 多项式回归Parallel displacement of curve 曲线平移Calibration curve 校正曲线Linearity range 线性范围Experimental design 实验设计Randomized blie 随机区组设计Factorial experiment 析因实验Latin square design 拉丁方设计Orthogonal table,orthogonal layout 正交表Homogeneous design 均匀设计Simplex oqtimization 单纯形优化Simple simplex 基本单纯形Modified simplex 改进单纯形Step sixe,step width 步长Variable step size 可变步长Reflection 反射Expansion 扩展Whole contraction 整体收缩Optimal estimate 量优估计Optimal value 最优值Optimal block design 最优区组设计Local optimization 局部优化Constrained optimization 有约束优化Constrained condition 约束条件Sequential search 序贯寻优Gradient search 梯度寻优Steepest ascent 最速上升法Steepest descent 最速下降法Holeen cut method 黄金分割法Mimimum residual method 最小残差法Iterative method 迭代法Recurrence method 递推法Successive approximate method 逐次近似法Monte Carlo method 蒙特卡罗法Quality control 质量控制Control chart 控制图Central line,CL 中心线X-control chart 平均值控制图R-control chart 极差控制图Upper alarm limit 上警告限Lower alarm limit 下警告限Upper control limit,UCL 下控制限Lower control limit,LCL 下控制限Rankom sampling 随机抽样Proportional sampling 比例抽样Systematic sampling 系统抽样Sequential sampling 序贯抽样Sequential sampling 序贯分析Sampling inspection 抽样检验Sample size,sample capacity 样本[容]量Random sample 随机样本Randomization 随机化Raw data 原始数据Coded data 编码数据Array 数组Data handling,data processing 数据处理Flow chart,flow diagram 程序框图Significant figrue 有效数字Rounding off method 修约方法Round-off error 修约误差Cluster analysis 聚类分析Discriminant analysis 判别分析Factor analysis 因子分析Generalized standard addition 广义标准加入法Method 模式识别Pattern recognition 矩阵Correlation matrix 相关矩阵Eigenvector 特征向量Eigenvalue 特征值Information 信息Information content 信息容量Information efficiency 信息效率Information profitability 信息效益Specific information price 信息比价0．33 化学分析Gravimetry,gravimetric analysis 重量分析法Titrimetry,titrimetric analysis 滴定[分析]法Titration 滴定Visual titration 目视滴定[法] Stepwise titration 分步滴定[法]Back titration 返滴定[法] Replacement titration 置换滴定[法]Linear titration 线性滴定[法] Logarithmic titration 对数滴定[法]Non-aqueous titration 非水滴定[法] Aquametry 测水[滴定]法Karl Fischer titration 卡尔·费歇尔滴定[法] Acid-base titration 酸碱滴定[法] Acidimetry 酸量法Alkalimetry 碱量法Precipitation titration 沉淀滴定[法] Compleximetry,complexometry,complexometric络合滴定[法] ietrationChil[at]ometry,chel[at]ometric 螯合商定[法]Redox titration 氧化还原滴定[法] Mohr mithod 莫尔法V olhard method 福尔哈德法Fajans method 法扬斯法Clear point 澄清点Argentimetry 银量法Mercurimetry 汞量法Cyanometric titration 氰量法Permanganate titration 高猛酸钾[滴定]法Dichromate titration 重铬酸钾[滴定]法Cerimetry,cerimetric titration 铈（IN）量法Iodimetry,iodometry 碘量法Bromometry 溴量法Priodate titration 高碘酸钾[滴]法Thermometric 热滴定[法] Thermometric titration 气体分析Elemental analysis 元素分析Flow in jection analysis,FIA 流动注射分析Vilatilization method,evolution method 挥发法Kjedahl determination 凯氏定氮法Automatic titration 自动滴定Ringoven method 环炉法Drop method 点滴法Spot test 斑点试验Brown ting test 棕环试验Blowpipe test 吹管试验Borax-bead test 吹管试验Borax-bead test 硼砂珠试验Flame test 焰色试验Bead test 熔珠试验Marsh test 马什试验Gutzeit test 古蔡试验Griess test 格里斯试验Silver mirror test 银镜试验Iodoform test 碘仿试验Organic reagent 有机试剂Eriochrome cyanine R 铬花青R Chromotropic acid 变色酸Diantipyrylmethane,4,4’-dianti-pyrinylmethane 二安替比林甲烷Diphenylcar bazide 二苯卡巴肼Diphenylcarbazone 二苯卡巴脘dithizone 二硫腙Cadion 镉试剂Chrome azurol S 铬天青S Chlorosulfophenol s 氯磺酚S2,2’-biquinoline,biquinolyl 联喹啉2,2’-bipyridine,2,2’-bipyridyl 联吡啶brilliant green 亮绿Chloranilic acid 氯冉酸Aluminon 铝试剂Arsenazo Ⅰ偶氮胂ⅠArsenazo Ⅲ偶氮胂ⅢChlorophosphonazo Ⅲ偶氮氯膦ⅢAlizarin 茜素Alizarin complexan,alizarin 茜素红S Neocupferron 新铜铁试剂Neocuproine 新亚铜试剂Bromopyrogallol red 溴[代]邻苯三酚红Cuproine 亚铜试剂Acetylacetone 乙酰丙铜Nessler reagent 奈斯勒试剂Organic precipitant 有机沉淀剂Arsonic acid 胂酸-benzoinoxime -安息香肟Benzotriazole 苯并三唑Tannin,tannic acid 单宁Isatinoxime 靛红肟Mandelic acid 苦杏仁酸8-quinolinecarboxylic acid,8-carboxyquinoline 8-喹啉羧酸Quinaldic acid 喹哪啶酸Benzidine 联苯胺Pyrogallol 连苯三酚Anthranilic acid 邻氨基苯甲酸5,6-naphthoquinoline 5，6-萘喹啉Tetraphenylarsonium chloride 氯化四苯砷8-hydroxyquinoline,oxine 8-羟基喹啉Metcaptobenzothiazole 巯基喹啉8-mercaptoquinoline 8-巯基喹啉Salicylaldoxime 四苯硼钠水杨醛肟Sodium tertraphenylborate,sodium tetraphenylboronCupferron 铜铁试剂Nitron 硝酸试剂Cinchonine 辛可宁1-nitroso-2-naphthol 1-亚硝基-2-萘酚N-N-benzoyl-N-phenyl hydroxylamine N-苯甲酰-N-苯基羟胺Diacetyldioxime,dimethylg-lyoxime 丁二酮肟Indicator 指示剂Acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂Adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂Metal indicator ,metallochromic indicator 金属指示剂Oxidation-reduction indicator,redox indicator 氧化还原指示剂Mixed indicator 混合指示剂External indicator 外[用]指示剂Fluorescent indicator 荧光指示剂Metalfluorescent indicator 金属荧光指示剂Chemiluminescent indicator 化学发光指示剂Siloxene indicator 硅氧烯指示剂Litmus paper 石蕊试纸Turmeric paper 姜黄试纸Indicator constant 指示剂常数Indicator constant 指示剂空白Thymol blue,thymolsulfonphthal-ein 百里酚蓝Thymolphthalein 百里酚酞Phenol red ,phenolsulfonphthalein [苯]酚红Phenolphthalein 酚酞Cresol purple 甲酚紫Methyl orange 甲基橙Methyl red 甲基红Methyl yellow 甲基黄Chlorophenol red 氯酚红Alizarin yellow 茜素黄Bromothymol blue 溴百里酚蓝Btomophenol blue 溴酚蓝Btomocresol green 溴甲酚绿Neutral red 中性红Methyl violet 甲基紫Crystal violet 结晶紫Quinaldine red 喹哪啶红Malachite green 孔？[石]绿Nile blue A 尼罗蓝A Orange IV [酸性]四号橙p-ethoxychrysoidine 对乙氧基菊橙Diphenylamine blue 二苯胺蓝Dichlorofluorescein 二氯荧光黄Phenosafranine 酚藏花红Congo red 刚果红Rhodamine 6G 罗丹明6G Rose Bengal 玫瑰红Eosin 曙红Thorin 钍试剂Fluorescein 荧光黄Xylenol orange 二甲酚橙Calmagite 钙黄绿素Calconcarboxylic acid 钙指示剂Calcon 钙试剂Eriochrome black A 铬黑A Eriochrome black T 铬黑T Eriochrome blue black B 铬蓝黑B Eriochrome blue black F 铬蓝黑R Eriochrome violet B 铬紫B Methylthymol blue 甲基百里酚蓝Metaqlphthalen 金属酞Pyrocatechol violet 邻苯二酚紫1-(2-pyridylazo)-2napthol, PAN 1-（2-吡啶基偶氮）-2-蔡酚4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol, PAN 4-（2-吡啶基偶氮）间苯二酚Zincon 锌试剂Murexide 紫脲酸铵Sulfosalicylic acld 磺基水杨酸Tiron 钛试剂Vaariamine blue 变胺蓝Indigo monosulfonate 靛蓝一磺酸盐Indigo tetrasulfonate 靛蓝四磺酸盐p-nitrodiphenylamine 对硝基二苯胺Sodium diphenylaminesulfonate 二苯胺磺酸钠Forroin 邻菲咯啉亚铁离子Nitroferroin 硝基邻菲咯啉亚铁离子Methylene blue 亚甲蓝Erioglaucine A 罂红AN-phenylanthranilic acid N-苯基邻氨基苯甲酸Complexone 氨羧络合剂Chelating reahent,chelant 螯合试剂Ethylenediamineterraacetic acid,EDTA 乙二胺四乙酸Nitrilotriacetic acid,NTA 氨三乙酸Cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid,CyDTA 环已二胺四乙酸Ethyleneglycolbis(2-aminoethyl-ether)tetraacetic acid,EGTA 乙二醇双（2-氨基乙醚）四乙酸2-hydroxyethylethylenediamine-triaceticacid,HEDTA2-羟乙基乙二胺三乙酸Solvent 溶剂Non-apueous solvent 非水溶剂N,N-dimethylformamide,DMF 二甲基甲酰胺Sulfolane 环丁砜Inert solvent 惰性溶剂Apolar aprotic solvent 非极性非质子溶剂Non-polar solvent 非极性溶剂Aprotic solvent 非质子溶剂Differentiating solvent 区分溶剂Protogenic solvent 给质子溶剂Polar solvent 极性溶剂Leveling solvent 拉平溶剂Vaterlike solvent 类水溶剂Ionixing solvent 离子化溶剂Ionogen 可离子化基团Amphiprotic 两性的Amphiprotic solvent 两性溶剂Ampholyte 两性物Dipolar aprotic solvent 偶极非质子溶剂Dipolar protophilic solvent 偶极亲质子溶剂Dipolar protophobic solvent 偶极疏质子溶剂Protophilic solvent 亲质子溶剂Solvated proton 溶剂化质子Protophobic solvent 疏质子溶剂Protic solvent 质子溶剂Protolyte 质子传递物Protolysis 质子传递作用Neutral solvent 中性溶剂Muffle furnace 马弗炉Blast burnet 喷灯Meker burner 麦克灯Bunsen burner 本生灯Tirril burner 提利灯Desiccator 干燥器Desiccant,drying agent 干燥剂Hygrostat 恒湿器Ascarite,soda asbestos 烧碱石棉Combustion tube 燃烧管Boat 舟皿Crucible 坩埚Gooch crucible 古氏坩埚Mortar 研钵Evaporating dish 蒸发皿Vatch glass 表面皿Buret 滴定管Weighing buret,weight buret 称重滴定管Pipet,transfer pipet 称液管Measuring pipet 吸量管Titration thief 滴定阱Spot plate 点滴板Ring oven 环炉Policeman 淀帚Analyte 分析物Dry basis 干基Wet basis 湿基Parallel determination,replicate 平行测定Duplicate 双份Triplicate 三份。
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ClCH2COONa
NaCN
H3O
HOOCCH2COOH
C2H5OH H3O
H2C
CO2C2H5 CO2C2H5
NaOC2H5
HC
CO2C2H5 RX CO2C2H5
CO2C2H5 CO2C2H5
O H5C2OCCH2
O C OC2H5
CO2C2H5 R CH NaOC2H5 CO2C2H5
C N OH
O C C NH C N OH N C OH
tautomerism-racemate (互变异构-消旋化)
O CH2CH CH2 CH3 10%KOH EtOH OK CH2CH CH2 CH3 O CH2CH CH2 CH3
>95%
C6H5 O H C C CH3 H3C
EtO EtOH
C4H9-n
Synthesis of dione
O O ClCH2Cl C2H5ONa CH3CCHCHO2C2H5 2CH3CCH2CO2C2H5
O O H2 O C CHCCH3 a. OH / H2O CH3CCH CH3CCH2 CO2C2H5 b. H3O CO2C2H5
O CH2CCH3
very strong base
(C6H5)3CNa
α-H and no α-H
O O C H C OC2H5 + H3C C OC2H5 1. 2H5ONa 2. H3O O C2H5O C OC2H5 + C6H5CH2 O C OC2H5 C 1. 2H5ONa C6H5CH(COOC2H5)2 2. H3O O O HC CH2C OC2H5
C6H5 O C C CH3 H3C
EtO EtOH
C6H5 O H3C C C CH3 H
(S)-
(R)-
(II). The aldol condensation-----β-hydroxyaldehyde
and
OH H O C C H C H CH3
ketone
H3CH2C O C H + H3CHC H O C H OH H3CH2C
con. OH
O CH3CCH CO2C2H5 C O O R X C R
dil. OH
con. OH
O HOCCH2
O C R
Using
O H O O 2 R-X NaOC2H5 H3C C C C OC2H5 H3C C CHCO2C2H5
O R H3C C CHCO2C2H5
a. OH / H2O + b . H3O
Preparation of acid
1. substituted acetic acid
H2C CO2C2H5 CH3(CH2)2CH(CO2C2H5)2 CO2C2H5 b. CH3(CH2)2Br CH2COOH a. OH / H2O (CH2)2 CH3(CH2)2 CH2COOH b. H3O/ CH2COOH
CH(CO2C2H5)2 b. H5C2O2CCHBr H3C CHCO2C2H5 CH3
a. NaOC2H5
CH2COOH a. OH / H2O H3C CHCOOH b. H3O/
VI. 烯胺的烷化和酰化（Reaction with secondary amine ）
C O H
O HNR2 > N H N H > N H
couple properties: ketone: HCN, NaHSO3, NH2OH, C6H5NHNH2 enol form: Br2/ CCl4 , FeCl3
keto form decomposition and acid form decomposition(酮式分解和酸式分解 )
H2 H3C C C C OC2H5 O O
dil. NaOH O
H3C C CH3
con. NaOH
O H3C C OH
Mechanism
alkylation and acylation of α-carbon
O CH3CCH2 R O HOCCH2 R O O CH3CCH2 C R
O CH3CCH CO2C2H5 R RX
dil. OH
O
+ (CH3CO)2O CH3COONa CHO 150oC 7h
O
C CHCOOH H
Knoevenagel： Condensation of aldehyde/ketone with active CH2
R C O R' + H2C Y Y' B Y R C C R' Y'
Y or Y'=COR, COOR, COOH, CN,NO2 etc Mechanism:
CH2
Cyclic ketone
O CH2CH2CO2C2H5 CH2CH2CO2C2H5 a. C2H5ONa b. H3O CO2C2H5 a. C H ONa 2 5 b. C2H5Br
O CO2C2H5 C2H5 a. OH / H2O b. H3O/
O C2H5
Using of diethyl malonate
CH3COONH4
H3C H3C
CN COOC2H5
O C
+ H2C
COOC2H5
H3C C C COOH H3C H
(III). Darzen Reaction
O RCR'(H) + ClCH2CO2C2H5 C2H5ONa R (H)R' O CO2C2H5
O
+
ClCH2CO2C2H5
KOC(CH3)3
H3C
O C CH3
+
H3C
O C CH3
OH H3C
OH H2 C C CH3
O C CH3
Condensation of aryl aldehyde
Perkin
:aryl aldehyde/anhydride
CHO + (CH3CO)2O CH3COONa 180oC 5h
H C CHCOOH 55%
Dickman Condensation
intramolecular
CO2C2H5 CO2C2H5
C 1. 2H5ONa 2. H3O
O CO2C2H5
intermolecular O CO2C2H5 CO2C2H5 C2H5O2C + CHOC 2 5 2 1.C2H5ONa C2H5O2C 2. H3O O CO2C2H5
R C
R'X
R C R'CO2C2H5
CO2C2H5
a. OH / H2O b. H3O/ R CH2 CO2H
CO2C2H5 H2C CO2C2H5 b. Br(CH2)4Br a. NaOC2H5
H R C CO2H R'
CO2C2H5 CO2C2H5
a. OH / H2O b. H3O/
a. OH / H2O CO2H b. H3O/
78%
CHO + CH3COCH2COOC2H5
Et2NH 0oC
CH CCOOC2H5 COCH3
78%
CHO
H2C COOH COOH
H3CO H3CO
H C CHCOOH H3CO H3CO
H C CHCONH
OCH3 OCH3
Py/piperidine
HOOC
抗变态药物：曲尼司特
CH3 CH3 CN
H O a. OH/H2O C6H5 H3C b. H
O C O C6H5
OH C CH CH3 C6H5
H C CH CH3
O
II. 酯缩合--Claisen Condensation
O 2 H3C C OC2H5 1. NaOC2H5 2. H3O H3C O O
CCH2 C OC2H5
Mechanism
NaOC2H5
O R H3C C CCO2C2H5
O R H3C C CH2
O R H3C C CCO2C2H5 R'
R'-X
O HC C CH3
a. OH / H2O b . H+O 3
O R H3C C CH R'
O O O a. C2H5ONa CH CCHCO C H a. NaOH / H2O CH3CCH2CO2C2H5 CH3CCH2 3 2 2 5 b. n-C4H9Br b. H3O C4H9-n
O CO2C2H5
Mechanism
H ClCHCO2C2H5 RO O H R C R'(H) R C C CO2C2H5 ClCHCO2C2H5 Cl (H)R' R (H)R' O CO2C2H5 O
Using
O C6H5 C CH3 + Br CH2CO2C2H5 NaOC2H5 C6H5 O H3C CO2C2H5
CO2C2H5 CO2C2H5
CO2C2H5 + CO2C2H5
1. C2H5ONa 2.H3O
C2H5O2C C2H5O2C
O O
ketone and ester O O O 1.C2H5ONa C6H5CCH2CC6H5 C6H5CO2C2H5 + CH3CC6H5 2. H3O
O COCH3 1. C2H5ONa CO2C2H5 2. H3O O
Chapter 13 Reactions of Carbanion
Keto Form-Enol Form Tautomerism