physI-09

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各类基因组大小

中文名拉丁名发表时间刊物科、属基因组大小拟南芥Ａｒab ｉｄopsis ｔh ａｌｉａn ａ200０、12 Nature 十字花科、鼠耳芥属 12５M水稻Oryza sativa 、 ssp 、 ind ｉca２0０2、０４ Sc ｉenc ｅ禾本科、稻属 46６M水稻 O ｒyz ａ sa ｔiva 、ｓsp 、 japonica2００2、04 S ci ｅnce禾本科、稻属４66M杨树Ｐopul ｕs ｔr ｉchoca ｒｐａ２006、０９S ｃien ｃe 杨柳科、杨属４8０Ｍ葡萄Ｖiti ｓ vi ｎif ｅｒa20０7、０9 Ｎa ｔur ｅ葡萄科、葡萄属 490M 衣藻Ch ｌam ｙdo ｍｏn ａs reiｎｈardt ｉi２007、０1 S ｃience衣藻科、衣藻属130 M小立碗藓 Ph ｙsit ｒe ｌl ａ pattens 20０8、０1 S c ｉe ｎｃe 葫芦藓科、小立碗藓属 480M 番木瓜Ｃａrica ｐａpa ｙa ２０0８、04N ａture番木瓜科、番木瓜属 3７０M 百脉根 Lotus ja ｐoni ｃus 20０8、05 ＤNA R ｅs 、豆科 47２ Mb 三角褐指藻 P ｈａeodac ｔy ｌｕm tricornu ｔum２00８、１１Na ｔure褐指藻属 27、４M 高粱Ｓo ｒghum bicolo ｒ 200９、0１ N atu ｒe 禾本科、高粱属 73０Ｍ玉米Ｚｅa mays ss ｐ、 may ｓ２009、１1 Ｓｃｉe ｎｃe禾本科、玉米属2300Ｍ黄瓜Cucumi ｓ sa ｔiv ｕs2０09、11N ａｔu ｒe Ge ｎｅt ｉc ｓ葫芦科、黄瓜属 3５０Ｍ大豆 Glycine max 20１０、0１Nature豆科、大豆属 1１0０M二穗短柄草 Brachypodium distachyo ｎ 2010、０2 Nat ｕｒｅ禾本科、短柄草属 2６0M 褐藻 Ec ｔoca ｒｐｕs ２０10、06 N a ｔｕre 水云属 196Ｍ团藻 V ｏｌv ｏx carter ｉ 20１0、07 Scie ｎc ｅ团藻属１３8M 蓖麻R ｉｃinu ｓｍu ｎis2010、0８ Nature Ｂｉotech ｎol ｏgy大戟科、蓖麻属3５0Ｍ小球藻Ｃhlorella v ａriab ｉlis 2010、０9 Ｐlant Ce ｌl 小球藻科46M 苹果Ｍalus × do ｍesti ｃa 2010、0９ Natur ｅ Genetic ｓ蔷薇科、苹果属 742M 森林草莓 Frag ａria ｖesca 201０、１2 Na ｔure Gene ｔi ｃｓ蔷薇科、草莓属２４0M 可可树 Theo ｂroma ｃacao2０10、12 Ｎature G ｅne ｔics 梧桐科、可可属430-Mb野生大豆Ｇl ｙc ｉne s ｏja 2010、12 PNAS 豆科、大豆属 915、4 Mb 褐潮藻类 Aureoc ｏc ｃus a ｎophagｅｆferens２０11、02 P NA Ｓ57M 麻风树 Ja ｔro ｐh ａ c ｕｒc ａｓ 2０10、12 ＤＮA R ｅs 、大戟科、麻风树属４10M 卷柏Ｓel ａg ｉn ｅlla moel ｌe ｎd ｏr ｆｆii20１1、05 Ｓｃｉe ｎc ｅ卷柏属２12M枣椰树 P ｈｏｅnix ｄａｃt ｙlifera2011、0５ Na ｔｕｒｅ bio ｔechnol ｏgy棕榈科68５M琴叶拟南芥Arabid ｏｐs ｉs lyra ｔa ２011、05 N ａtur ｅＧen ｅtiｃs十字花科、鼠耳芥属 206、7 Mb马铃薯 Solanum tubero ｓum２０11、07 N ature茄目、茄科、茄属 844M 条叶蓝芥Ｔhel ｌｕg ｉella parvula ２０11、08N ａt ｕreGenetics 盐芥属140M白菜Ｂra ｓsica rapa２0１1、08Nature Ge ｎｅｔｉc ｓ十字花科、芸薹属 485M印度大麻Ｃa ｎnabis sativ ａ2０１１、1 G ｅn ｏｍe b ｉｏlｏgy 大麻属５３4Ｍ木豆 Caj ａn ｕs caj ａn 2０11、11Nature bio ｔechnol ｏgy豆科、木豆属 833Ｍ蒺藜苜蓿Ｍedicago trunc ａtu ｌａ 2011、１1 Natur ｅ豆科苜蓿属 500M 蓝载藻 Cyanophor ａ par ａdox ａ 2０12、02 Ｓci ｅnc ｅ灰胞藻门 7０Ｍ谷子Ｓe ｔa ｒｉa i ｔalica 2012、05Ｎａtur ｅ biotec ｈnol ｏgy禾本科、狗尾草属4９0M 谷子 Set ａｒｉa ita ｌi ｃa2012、０５Nature ｂｉｏtechnolo ｇy禾本科、狗尾草属预估510M,组装出400M 番茄 So ｌａnu ｍ lycop ｅrsicu ｍ 20１２、０５Ｎatur ｅ茄科、茄属 900M ｂ甜瓜 Cucumi ｓ melo2012、０7 PNAS葫芦科、甜瓜属 450Ｍb 亚麻Ｌi ｎum usitatiss ｉmum 20１2、07 Pla ｎt Journal亚麻科、亚麻属 3７3M ｂ盐芥 The ｌl ｕn ｇｉell ａ salsugin ｅa 2０１2、07 ＰNAS 十字花科、盐芥属 260Mb 香蕉Musa a ｃuminata2012、07 Nature芭蕉科、芭蕉属５２3M ｂ雷蒙德氏棉Ｇｏssypi ｕm r ａi ｍｏｎd ｉi2012、０8 Natu ｒe Genet ｉcs 锦葵科、棉属775、2Mb 大麦 H ｏr ｄeum vulg ａr ｅ 2０12、1 Na ｔure 禾本科、大麦属 5、１G ｂ梨P ｙｒｕs ｂretsch ｎe ｉde ｒｉ2０１２、1１Ｇe ｎo ｍe Research蔷薇科、梨属5２７Mb西瓜Ｃｉt ｒu ｌlus l ａnatus2０12、１1 Nature Ｇｅneti ｃｓ葫芦科、西瓜属425 Mb甜橙 C ｉtrus sin ｅn ｓi ｓ 2０１2、11 N ａｔur ｅＧｅnｅt ｉｃｓ芸香科、柑橘属36７ Mb 小麦Tri ｔicu ｍ aestiv ｕm2012、11 Ｎａture禾本科、小麦属17Gb 两种小型藻 Bige ｌowi ｅlla n ａta ｎs ，Guil ｌard ｉa t ｈet ａ 201２、1１ N a ｔure９5Mb 87Mb棉花（雷蒙德氏棉） Go ｓsypi ｕm ｒａi ｍｏｎdii２012、12 N ａture 锦葵科、棉属７61、4M ｂ梅花P ｒunus mume20１２、12Ｎａｔur ｅmunications蔷薇科、梨属２80Ｍ鹰嘴豆 Ci ｃe ｒ arietinu ｍ20１３、01 N ａtu ｒｅｂi ｏtechnolo ｇy 豆科、鹰嘴豆属738M ｂ橡胶树 H ｅｖea bra ｓiliensi ｓ20１３、02 BMC Ge ｎｏｍi ｃs 大戟科、橡胶树属2、１5Ｇｂ毛竹 Phyll ｏst ａc ｈys ｈet ｅroc ｙcla２013、02Ｎat ｕｒe G ｅnetiｃs竹科、钢竹属2、０75 Gb短花药野生稻O ｒｙza bra ｃhyantha 2013、03Nature m ｕni ｃat ｉons禾本科稻属 342Mb —3６2Ｍb 小麦A Triticum ur ａrt ｕ 2013、03 N ａtu ｒe 禾本科、小麦属 4、９4 Gb 小麦DgrassAegilo ｐs ｔa ｕｓchi ｉ2013、０3 Natu ｒe 禾本科、小麦属４、36Ｇb桃树 Pr ｕnus persi ｃa2０1３、0３Na ｔｕr ｅ Gene ｔic ｓ蔷薇科、梨属 265 Ｍｂ丝叶狸藻Ｕtricul ａria gib ｂa 201３、05 Ｎａｔu ｒｅ狸藻科、狸藻属 82Mb 中国莲Ｎelumb ｏ n ｕｃifer ａ Gaertn２０13、05Ge ｎｏm ｅbiology 睡莲科、莲属 929 Mb 挪威云杉 Pi ｃe ａ abi ｅs ２013、05 Nature 松科、云杉属１9、6G 海洋球石藻Ｅmil ｉani ａ huxleyi2013、06 N ａture定鞭藻纲141、７M ｂ虫黄藻Sy ｍb ｉo ｄi ｎium minutｕm20１3、07 C ｕrrent Bio ｌｏgｙ甲藻门1、5G油棕榈Ela ｅi ｓｇｕｉne ｅn ｓis ２01３、０7 Ｎａｔur ｅ棕榈科、油棕榈属１、8Ｇ枣椰树 Pho ｅn ｉx dact ｙｌifera2０1３、0８Na ｔu ｒｅ muni ｃati ｏns棕榈科、刺葵属 671 M ｂ醉蝶花 Tarena ｙa ｈa ｓｓl ｅr ｉａn ａ2０13、08 Pl ａnt Ce ｌl 醉蝶花科、醉蝶花属 290 Mb莲 Nelumbo nuci ｆｅra 2013、0８Ｐla ｎt Ｊo ｕrnal 睡莲科、莲属 879 M ｂ桑树Mor ｕｓ notabilis2０13、09N ａｔu ｒe municat ｉo ｎｓ桑科、桑属357 Mb猕猴桃 Actin ｉｄia ch ｉnen ｓi ｓ 20１3、１０ Natur ｅ m ｕnicaｔｉｏｎs 猕猴桃属6１6、1 Ｍb胡杨 Populu ｓ euphr ａｔi ｃａ 2013、11Ｎat ｕｒe municati ｏns杨属 4９6、5 Mb 八倍体草莓F 、 x ananassa 2013、12 D ＮA Researc ｈ草莓属６98 Mb康乃馨ﻫ Dianthu ｓ c ａryo ｐhyllus Ｌ、2013、１2 DNA Re ｓearch 石竹属ﻫ622 M ｂ甜菜Ｂeta vulgari ｓｓsp 、ｖu ｌg ａr ｉs2013、12 Nat ｕre 藜科甜菜属566、6 Mb无油樟（互叶梅）Ａmbo ｒｅｌｌa tr ｉch ｏpoda2０１3、12 S ｃience无油樟属 748 Ｍb ﻫ辣椒Ｃapsicum annu ｕm （Criolo de More ｌｏs ３3４）ﻫ201４、1ﻫ Nat ｕre Gen ｅｔi ｃｓ辣椒属ﻫ3、48Ｇ芝麻ﻫSesam ｕm i ｎd ｉcu ｍ2014、２ﻫGeno ｍe B ｉology ﻫ 胡麻科胡麻属274 M ｂ辣椒 C ａpsicum a ｎn ｕum （Zunla-1)２014、3ＰNAS辣椒属3、4８G火炬松 Pi ｎus tae ｄａ(Lo ｂlo ｌｌy p ｉｎｅ）2０14、3 G ｅnom ｅ Biolog ｙﻫ 松属２３、2G棉花(亚洲棉) Ｇｏssy ｐium arbor ｅum ﻫ2014、５ﻫ Natur ｅ Genetics ﻫ 锦葵科、棉属 1694Mb ﻫ萝卜Ｒapha ｎｕs sativus Ｌ、 2014、５ＤN Ａ Resear ｃh ﻫ十字花科、萝卜属４０２Mb甘蓝Br ａs ｓｉca ｏle ｒacea20１４、5ﻫ Natur ｅ mu ｎicatio ｎs十字花科、芸薹属 630Mb菜豆Ｐｈaｓeoｌus vulgａriｓL、２014、6 Naｔuｒe Geｎetｉcsﻫ豆科，菜豆属587Mb野生大豆Gｌｙcinｅsｏｊaﻫ２014、７Nature mｕｎiｃationsﻫ豆科、大豆属８6８Mb普通小麦ﻫＴriticuｍaｅstｉvｕm２014、７ﻫScｉｅnce禾本科ﻫ1７Gbﻫ野生西红柿Ｓolaｎum pｅnnellii201４、7 Ｎature Genｅtｉcsﻫﻫ茄科ﻫ９４２Mbﻫ非洲野生稻Ｏryzaｇlaberrimａ2０1４、8 Naｔure Geneticｓ禾本科ﻫ3１6Ｍb油菜ﻫBｒａsｓicａnapus ２0１4、8 Science十字花科ﻫ63０Mb中果咖啡Coffｅａcanephoｒa2014、9Sｃienｃe 茜草科，咖啡属７10 Mb茄子Soｌanum meloｎgeｎa２014、9DNA Research茄科、茄属1093Mｂ多个野生大豆Glyｃｉne soja2014、9Naｔureｂｉotｅchｎoｌogy豆科、大豆属889、3３～1,118、34 Mb绿豆Vigna ｒａdiata20１4、10Natｕre muｎicaｔｉoｎs豆科、豇豆属5４３Mb啤酒花Humuｌus ｌupulus 2０14、11Ｐlａnt and CellPhysioｌogｙ大麻科、葎草属２、57 Gbﻫ蝴蝶兰Ｐhａｌaenｏpsｉsequestrｉ２014、11Ｎａｔure Geneticｓ兰科、蝴蝶兰属ﻫ１、16 Gb DＮＡ有哪些种类?一、染色体DNA原核生物与真核生物均含有染色体DNA,基因组大小物种间差异较大。

水通道蛋白5在乳腺浸润性导管癌中表达及与肿瘤转移之间的关系_姜廷枢

·论　著·水通道蛋白5在乳腺浸润性导管癌中表达及与肿瘤转移之间的关系姜廷枢1,赵恒成2,张　红3,徐德魁4,李胜岐1 〔摘要〕　目的:探讨水通道蛋白5在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中的表达与分布及与乳腺浸润性导管癌组织学分级和转移之间的关系。

方法:采用免疫组织化学方法,对90例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织及作为对照的癌旁组织中水通道蛋白表达情况进行检测,并与淋巴结转移和组织学分级进行分析。

结果:水通道蛋白5主要表达于正常乳腺和癌组织细胞膜和细胞浆中。

组织学分级Ⅲ级癌组织水通道蛋白高表达率明显高于组织学分级Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级患者;淋巴结转移的乳腺癌组织中水通道蛋白5高表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移者。

结论:水通道蛋白5可能在乳腺癌肿瘤形成和发展过程中起重要作用,有望成为预测乳腺癌转移和评估预后的重要指标和治疗靶点。

〔关键词〕　乳腺癌;水通道蛋白5;肿瘤转移中图分类号:R737.9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1674-3474(2010)03-0229-02Expression of aquaporin5in breast infiltrating duct carcinoma and its correlation with tumor metastasis JIANG Ting shu,ZHAO H engcheng,ZH ANG H ong,et al.Depar tment of Respirato ry,Shengjing Affiliated H ospital to China Medical U niversity,Shenyang110004,China 〔Abstract〕Objective To study the expressio n and distribution of aquapo rin5in breast infiltrating duct carcinoma and to analy ze its cor relation w ith patholo gical g rades and metastasis.Methods SPim muno chem ical method w as used to detect the ex pression of aquaporin5in the tissues o f90patients with breast infiltrating duct carcinom a.The patho logical g rades and metastasis factor s w ere statistically analy zed.Results Aquapo rin5w as mainly expressed in cell membrane,cy toplasm ofno rmal breast ductal epithelial cells and cancer cells.T he hig h expressio n rate of aquapo rin5w ashig her in cells o f breast ca rcino ma histological stageⅢthan that in stag eⅠandⅡ,and increased significantly in patients w ith lym phatic me tastasis.Conclusion Aquapo rin5ex pression may play anim po rtant ro le in the breast carcinogenesis and prog ressio n.The expression of aquapo rin5can be taken as the biological m arker of prog no sis and metastasis and be used as a target of therapies fo r breast carcinoma. 〔Key words〕Breast carcino ma;aquapo rin5;neoplasm metastasis 水通道蛋白(aquapo rins,AQ P)作为水转运通道在体内液体转运和某些腺体的分泌方面起重要生理作用。

冠状动脉钙化的相关研究进展

冠状动脉钙化的相关研究进展李颖1，李志勇2，苏婷21.重庆医科大学第五临床医学院，重庆402160；2.重庆医科大学附属永川医院心内科，重庆402160[摘要]冠状动脉钙化（coronary artery calcification, CAC）是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（简称冠心病）患者中常见的病理改变，反映了粥样硬化斑块的总负荷，CAC使冠心病患者发生主要不良心脏事件的概率大幅增加。

目前关于CAC的形成机制尚未明确，药物治疗尚未成功，手术治疗疗效欠佳，患者临床结局差。

过去认为CAC是与自然衰老密切相关的被动过程，近年来，人们更倾向于CAC是一种受多种复杂的信号通路共同调节的主动过程，具有代谢综合征和2型糖尿病的系统性炎症特征。

血管成像技术，如血管内超声（intrave⁃nous ultrasound，IVUS）、光学相关断层扫描（optical coherence tomography, OCT)等的发展，正在改变CAC的介入治疗决策。

故本文综述了关于CAC的病理生理学、流行病学、影像学检查及治疗等方面的最新研究成果，旨在为临床工作中CAC高危人群的早期筛查，合理选择CAC检查手段及手术方式，提高患者预后提供参考。

[关键词]冠状动脉钙化；病理生理学；影像学检查；治疗[中图分类号]R59 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]2096-1782（2023）09(b)-0187-04 Research Progress of Coronary Artery CalcificationLI Ying1, LI Zhiyong2, SU Ting21.The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160 China;2.Department of Cardiology, Yongchuan Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160 China [Abstract] Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a common pathological change in patients with coronary atheroscle⁃rotic cardiopathy (also called coronary heart disease), reflecting the total burden of atherosclerotic plaque. CAC greatly increases the probability of major adverse cardiac events in patients with coronary heart disease. At present, the forma⁃tion mechanism of CAC is not clear, drug therapy has not been successful, surgical treatment is not effective, and the clinical outcome of patients is poor. In the past, CAC was considered to be a passive process closely related to natural aging. In recent years, CAC is more likely to be an active process regulated by multiple complex signaling pathways, with systemic inflammatory features of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The development of vascular imaging technologies, such as intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), is changing the inter⁃ventional treatment decisions for CAC. Therefore, this paper summarized the latest research results on the pathophysi⁃ology, epidemiology, imaging examination and treatment of CAC, aiming to provide references for early screening of high-risk CAC patients in clinical work, reasonable selection of CAC examination methods and surgical methods, and improvement of patient prognosis.[Key words] Coronary artery calcification; Pathophysiology; Imaging examination; Treatment近年来，冠状动脉钙化（coronary artery calcifica⁃tion, CAC）作为冠状动脉粥样斑块总负荷的重要标志物受到众多关注，钙化病变通常与较大的斑块负担和更大程度的病变复杂性有关，包括累及冠状动脉分叉或慢性完全闭塞[1]。

The Standard Model of Particle Physics

a r X i v :h e p -p h /9812285v 1 8 D e c 1998The Standard Model of Particle PhysicsMary K.Gaillard 1,Paul D.Grannis 2,and Frank J.Sciulli 31University of California,Berkeley,2State University of New York,Stony Brook,3Columbia UniversityParticle physics has evolved a coherent model that characterizes forces and particles at the mostelementary level.This Standard Model,built from many theoretical and experimental studies,isin excellent accord with almost all current data.However,there are many hints that it is but anapproximation to a yet more fundamental theory.We trace the development of the Standard Modeland indicate the reasons for believing that it is incomplete.Nov.20,1998(To be published in Reviews of Modern Physics)I.INTRODUCTION:A BIRD’S EYE VIEW OF THE STANDARD MODEL Over the past three decades a compelling case has emerged for the now widely accepted Standard Model of elementary particles and forces.A ‘Standard Model’is a theoretical framework built from observation that predicts and correlates new data.The Mendeleev table of elements was an early example in chemistry;from the periodic table one could predict the properties of many hitherto unstudied elements and compounds.Nonrelativistic quantum theory is another Standard Model that has correlated the results of countless experiments.Like its precursors in other ﬁelds,the Standard Model (SM)of particle physics has been enormously successful in predicting a wide range of phenomena.And,just as ordinary quantum mechanics fails in the relativistic limit,we do not expect the SM to be valid at arbitrarily short distances.However its remarkable success strongly suggests that the SM will remain an excellent approximation to nature at distance scales as small as 10−18m.In the early 1960’s particle physicists described nature in terms of four distinct forces,characterized by widely diﬀerent ranges and strengths as measured at a typical energy scale of 1GeV.The strong nuclear force has a range of about a fermi or 10−15m.The weak force responsible for radioactive decay,with a range of 10−17m,is about 10−5times weaker at low energy.The electromagnetic force that governs much of macroscopic physics has inﬁnite range and strength determined by the ﬁnestructure constant,α≈10−2.The fourth force,gravity,also has inﬁnite range and a low energy coupling (about 10−38)too weak to be observable in laboratory experiments.The achievement of the SM was the elaboration of a uniﬁed description of the strong,weak and electromagnetic forces in the language of quantum gauge ﬁeld theories.Moreover,the SM combines the weak and electromagnetic forces in a single electroweak gauge theory,reminiscent of Maxwell’s uniﬁcation of the seemingly distinct forces of electricity and magnetism.By mid-century,the electromagnetic force was well understood as a renormalizable quantum ﬁeld theory (QFT)known as quantum electrodynamics or QED,described in the preceeding article.‘Renormalizable’means that once a few parameters are determined by a limited set of measurements,the quantitative features of interactions among charged particles and photons can be calculated to arbitrary accuracy as a perturbative expansion in the ﬁne structure constant.QED has been tested over an energy range from 10−16eV to tens of GeV,i.e.distances ranging from 108km to 10−2fm.In contrast,the nuclear force was characterized by a coupling strength that precluded a perturbativeexpansion.Moreover,couplings involving higher spin states(resonances),that appeared to be onthe same footing as nucleons and pions,could not be described by a renormalizable theory,nor couldthe weak interactions that were attributed to the direct coupling of four fermions to one another.In the ensuing years the search for renormalizable theories of strong and weak interactions,coupledwith experimental discoveries and attempts to interpret available data,led to the formulation ofthe SM,which has been experimentally veriﬁed to a high degree of accuracy over a broad range ofenergy and processes.The SM is characterized in part by the spectrum of elementaryﬁelds shown in Table I.The matterﬁelds are fermions and their anti-particles,with half a unit of intrinsic angular momentum,or spin.There are three families of fermionﬁelds that are identical in every attribute except their masses.Theﬁrst family includes the up(u)and down(d)quarks that are the constituents of nucleons aswell as pions and other mesons responsible for nuclear binding.It also contains the electron and theneutrino emitted with a positron in nuclearβ-decay.The quarks of the other families are constituentsof heavier short-lived particles;they and their companion charged leptons rapidly decay via the weakforce to the quarks and leptons of theﬁrst family.The spin-1gauge bosons mediate interactions among fermions.In QED,interactions among elec-trically charged particles are due to the exchange of quanta of the electromagneticﬁeld called photons(γ).The fact that theγis massless accounts for the long range of the electromagnetic force.Thestrong force,quantum chromodynamics or QCD,is mediated by the exchange of massless gluons(g)between quarks that carry a quantum number called color.In contrast to the electrically neutralphoton,gluons(the quanta of the‘chromo-magnetic’ﬁeld)possess color charge and hence couple toone another.As a consequence,the color force between two colored particles increases in strengthwith increasing distance.Thus quarks and gluons cannot appear as free particles,but exist onlyinside composite particles,called hadrons,with no net color charge.Nucleons are composed ofthree quarks of diﬀerent colors,resulting in‘white’color-neutral states.Mesons contain quark andanti-quark pairs whose color charges cancel.Since a gluon inside a nucleon cannot escape its bound-aries,the nuclear force is mediated by color-neutral bound states,accounting for its short range,characterized by the Compton wavelength of the lightest of these:theπ-meson.The even shorter range of the weak force is associated with the Compton wave-lengths of thecharged W and neutral Z bosons that mediate it.Their couplings to the‘weak charges’of quarksand leptons are comparable in strength to the electromagnetic coupling.When the weak interactionis measured over distances much larger than its range,its eﬀects are averaged over the measurementarea and hence suppressed in amplitude by a factor(E/M W,Z)2≈(E/100GeV)2,where E is the characteristic energy transfer in the measurement.Because the W particles carry electric charge theymust couple to theγ,implying a gauge theory that unites the weak and electromagnetic interactions,similar to QCD in that the gauge particles are self-coupled.In distinction toγ’s and gluons,W’scouple only to left-handed fermions(with spin oriented opposite to the direction of motion).The SM is further characterized by a high degree of symmetry.For example,one cannot performan experiment that would distinguish the color of the quarks involved.If the symmetries of theSM couplings were fully respected in nature,we would not distinguish an electron from a neutrinoor a proton from a neutron;their detectable diﬀerences are attributed to‘spontaneous’breakingof the symmetry.Just as the spherical symmetry of the earth is broken to a cylindrical symmetry by the earth’s magneticﬁeld,aﬁeld permeating all space,called the Higgsﬁeld,is invoked to explain the observation that the symmetries of the electroweak theory are broken to the residual gauge symmetry of QED.Particles that interact with the Higgsﬁeld cannot propagate at the speed of light,and acquire masses,in analogy to the index of refraction that slows a photon traversing matter.Particles that do not interact with the Higgsﬁeld—the photon,gluons and possibly neutrinos–remain massless.Fermion couplings to the Higgsﬁeld not only determine their masses; they induce a misalignment of quark mass eigenstates with respect to the eigenstates of the weak charges,thereby allowing all fermions of heavy families to decay to lighter ones.These couplings provide the only mechanism within the SM that can account for the observed violation of CP,that is,invariance of the laws of nature under mirror reﬂection(parity P)and the interchange of particles with their anti-particles(charge conjugation C).The origin of the Higgsﬁeld has not yet been determined.However our very understanding of the SM implies that physics associated with electroweak symmetry breaking(ESB)must become manifest at energies of present colliders or at the LHC under construction.There is strong reason, stemming from the quantum instability of scalar masses,to believe that this physics will point to modiﬁcations of the theory.One shortcoming of the SM is its failure to accommodate gravity,for which there is no renormalizable QFT because the quantum of the gravitationalﬁeld has two units of spin.Recent theoretical progress suggests that quantum gravity can be formulated only in terms of extended objects like strings and membranes,with dimensions of order of the Planck length10−35m. Experiments probing higher energies and shorter distances may reveal clues connecting SM physics to gravity,and may shed light on other questions that it leaves unanswered.In the following we trace the steps that led to the formulation of the SM,describe the experiments that have conﬁrmed it,and discuss some outstanding unresolved issues that suggest a more fundamental theory underlies the SM.II.THE PATH TO QCDThe invention of the bubble chamber permitted the observation of a rich spectroscopy of hadron states.Attempts at their classiﬁcation using group theory,analogous to the introduction of isotopic spin as a classiﬁcation scheme for nuclear states,culminated in the‘Eightfold Way’based on the group SU(3),in which particles are ordered by their‘ﬂavor’quantum numbers:isotopic spin and strangeness.This scheme was spectacularly conﬁrmed by the discovery at Brookhaven Laboratory (BNL)of theΩ−particle,with three units of strangeness,at the predicted mass.It was subsequently realized that the spectrum of the Eightfold Way could be understood if hadrons were composed of three types of quarks:u,d,and the strange quark s.However the quark model presented a dilemma: each quark was attributed one half unit of spin,but Fermi statistics precluded the existence of a state like theΩ−composed of three strange quarks with total spin3A combination of experimental observations and theoretical analyses in the1960’s led to anotherimportant conclusion:pions behave like the Goldstone bosons of a spontaneously broken symmetry,called chiral symmetry.Massless fermions have a conserved quantum number called chirality,equalto their helicity:+1(−1)for right(left)-handed fermions.The analysis of pion scattering lengths andweak decays into pions strongly suggested that chiral symmetry is explicitly broken only by quarkmasses,which in turn implied that the underlying theory describing strong interactions among quarksmust conserve quark helicity–just as QED conserves electron helicity.This further implied thatinteractions among quarks must be mediated by the exchange of spin-1particles.In the early1970’s,experimenters at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center(SLAC)analyzed thedistributions in energy and angle of electrons scattered from nuclear targets in inelastic collisionswith momentum transfer Q2≈1GeV/c from the electron to the struck nucleon.The distributions they observed suggested that electrons interact via photon exchange with point-like objects calledpartons–electrically charged particles much smaller than nucleons.If the electrons were scatteredby an extended object,e.g.a strongly interacting nucleon with its electric charge spread out by acloud of pions,the cross section would drop rapidly for values of momentum transfer greater than theinverse radius of the charge distribution.Instead,the data showed a‘scale invariant’distribution:across section equal to the QED cross section up to a dimensionless function of kinematic variables,independent of the energy of the incident electron.Neutrino scattering experiments at CERN andFermilab(FNAL)yielded similar parison of electron and neutrino data allowed adetermination of the average squared electric charge of the partons in the nucleon,and the result wasconsistent with the interpretation that they are fractionally charged quarks.Subsequent experimentsat SLAC showed that,at center-of-mass energies above about two GeV,theﬁnal states in e+e−annihilation into hadrons have a two-jet conﬁguration.The angular distribution of the jets withrespect to the beam,which depends on the spin of theﬁnal state particles,is similar to that of themuons in anµ+µ−ﬁnal state,providing direct evidence for spin-1√where G F is the Fermi coupling constant,γµis a Dirac matrix and12fermions via the exchange of spinless particles.Both the chiral symmetry of thestrong interactions and the V−A nature of the weak interactions suggested that all forces except gravity are mediated by spin-1particles,like the photon.QED is renormalizable because gauge invariance,which gives conservation of electric charge,also ensures the cancellation of quantum corrections that would otherwise result in inﬁnitely large amplitudes.Gauge invariance implies a massless gauge particle and hence a long-range force.Moreover the mediator of weak interactions must carry electric charge and thus couple to the photon,requiring its description within a Yang-Mills theory that is characterized by self-coupled gauge bosons.The important theoretical breakthrough of the early1970’s was the proof that Yang-Mills theories are renormalizable,and that renormalizability remains intact if gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken,that is,if the Lagrangian is gauge invariant,but the vacuum state and spectrum of particles are not.An example is a ferromagnet for which the lowest energy conﬁguration has electron spins aligned;the direction of alignment spontaneously breaks the rotational invariance of the laws ofphysics.In QFT,the simplest way to induce spontaneous symmetry breaking is the Higgs mech-anism.A set of elementary scalarsφis introduced with a potential energy density function V(φ) that is minimized at a value<φ>=0and the vacuum energy is degenerate.For example,the gauge invariant potential for an electrically charged scalarﬁeldφ=|φ|e iθ,V(|φ|2)=−µ2|φ|2+λ|φ|4,(3)√λ=v,but is independent of the phaseθ.Nature’s choice forθhas its minimum atspontaneously breaks the gauge symmetry.Quantum excitations of|φ|about its vacuum value are massive Higgs scalars:m2H=2µ2=2λv2.Quantum excitations around the vacuum value ofθcost no energy and are massless,spinless particles called Goldstone bosons.They appear in the physical spectrum as the longitudinally polarized spin states of gauge bosons that acquire masses through their couplings to the Higgsﬁeld.A gauge boson mass m is determined by its coupling g to theHiggsﬁeld and the vacuum value v.Since gauge couplings are universal this also determines the√Fermi constant G for this toy model:m=gv/2,G/2|φ|=212F=246GeV,leaving three Goldstone bosons that are eaten by three massive vector bosons:W±and Z=cosθw W0−sinθw B0,while the photonγ=cosθw B0+sinθw W0remains massless.This theory predicted neutrino-induced neutral current(NC)interactions of the typeν+atom→ν+anything,mediated by Z exchange.The weak mixing angleθw governs the dependence of NC couplings on fermion helicity and electric charge, and their interaction rates are determined by the Fermi constant G Z F.The ratioρ=G Z F/G F= m2W/m2Z cos2θw,predicted to be1,is the only measured parameter of the SM that probes thesymmetry breaking mechanism.Once the value ofθw was determined in neutrino experiments,the√W and Z masses could be predicted:m2W=m2Z cos2θw=sin2θwπα/QUARKS:S=1LEPTONS:S=13m3m Q=0m quanta mu1u2u3(2–8)10−3e 5.11×10−4c1c2c3 1.0–1.6µ0.10566t1t2t3173.8±5.0τ 1.77705/3g′,where g1isﬁxed by requiring the same normalization for all fermion currents.Their measured values at low energy satisfy g3>g2>g1.Like g3,the coupling g2decreases with increasing energy,but more slowly because there are fewer gauge bosons contributing.As in QED,the U(1)coupling increases with energy.Vacuum polarization eﬀects calculated using the particle content of the SM show that the three coupling constants are very nearly equal at an energy scale around1016GeV,providing a tantalizing hint of a more highly symmetric theory,embedding the SM interactions into a single force.Particle masses also depend on energy;the b andτmasses become equal at a similar scale,suggesting a possibility of quark and lepton uniﬁcation as diﬀerent charge states of a singleﬁeld.V.BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE STANDARD MODEL ELEMENTSThe SM contains the set of elementary particles shown in Table I.The forces operative in the particle domain are the strong(QCD)interaction responsive to particles carrying color,and the two pieces of the electroweak interaction responsive to particles carrying weak isospin and hypercharge. The quarks come in three experimentally indistinguishable colors and there are eight colored gluons. All quarks and leptons,and theγ,W and Z bosons,carry weak isospin.In the strict view of the SM,there are no right-handed neutrinos or left-handed anti-neutrinos.As a consequence the simple Higgs mechanism described in section IV cannot generate neutrino masses,which are posited to be zero.In addition,the SM provides the quark mixing matrix which gives the transformation from the basis of the strong interaction charge−1Finding the constituents of the SM spanned theﬁrst century of the APS,starting with the discovery by Thomson of the electron in1897.Pauli in1930postulated the existence of the neutrino as the agent of missing energy and angular momentum inβ-decay;only in1953was the neutrino found in experiments at reactors.The muon was unexpectedly added from cosmic ray searches for the Yukawa particle in1936;in1962its companion neutrino was found in the decays of the pion.The Eightfold Way classiﬁcation of the hadrons in1961suggested the possible existence of the three lightest quarks(u,d and s),though their physical reality was then regarded as doubtful.The observation of substructure of the proton,and the1974observation of the J/ψmeson interpreted as a cp collider in1983was a dramatic conﬁrmation of this theory.The gluon which mediates the color force QCD wasﬁrst demonstrated in the e+e−collider at DESY in Hamburg.The minimal version of the SM,with no right-handed neutrinos and the simplest possible ESB mechanism,has19arbitrary parameters:9fermion masses;3angles and one phase that specify the quark mixing matrix;3gauge coupling constants;2parameters to specify the Higgs potential; and an additional phaseθthat characterizes the QCD vacuum state.The number of parameters is larger if the ESB mechanism is more complicated or if there are right-handed neutrinos.Aside from constraints imposed by renormalizability,the spectrum of elementary particles is also arbitrary.As discussed in Section VII,this high degree of arbitrariness suggests that a more fundamental theory underlies the SM.VI.EXPERIMENTAL ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STANDARD MODELThe current picture of particles and interactions has been shaped and tested by three decades of experimental studies at laboratories around the world.We brieﬂy summarize here some typical and landmark results.FIG.1.The proton structure function(F2)versus Q2atﬁxed x,measured with incident electrons or muons,showing scale invariance at larger x and substantial dependence on Q2as x becomes small.The data are taken from the HERA ep collider experiments H1and ZEUS,as well as the muon scattering experiments BCDMS and NMC at CERN and E665at FNAL.A.Establishing QCD1.Deep inelastic scatteringPioneering experiments at SLAC in the late1960’s directed high energy electrons on proton and nuclear targets.The deep inelastic scattering(DIS)process results in a deﬂected electron and a hadronic recoil system from the initial baryon.The scattering occurs through the exchange of a photon coupled to the electric charges of the participants.DIS experiments were the spiritual descendents of Rutherford’s scattering ofαparticles by gold atoms and,as with the earlier experi-ment,showed the existence of the target’s substructure.Lorentz and gauge invariance restrict the matrix element representing the hadronic part of the interaction to two terms,each multiplied by phenomenological form factors or structure functions.These in principle depend on the two inde-pendent kinematic variables;the momentum transfer carried by the photon(Q2)and energy loss by the electron(ν).The experiments showed that the structure functions were,to good approximation, independent of Q2forﬁxed values of x=Q2/2Mν.This‘scaling’result was interpreted as evi-dence that the proton contains sub-elements,originally called partons.The DIS scattering occurs as the elastic scatter of the beam electron with one of the partons.The original and subsequent experiments established that the struck partons carry the fractional electric charges and half-integer spins dictated by the quark model.Furthermore,the experiments demonstrated that three such partons(valence quarks)provide the nucleon with its quantum numbers.The variable x represents the fraction of the target nucleon’s momentum carried by the struck parton,viewed in a Lorentz frame where the proton is relativistic.The DIS experiments further showed that the charged partons (quarks)carry only about half of the proton momentum,giving indirect evidence for an electrically neutral partonic gluon.1011010101010FIG.2.The quark and gluon momentum densities in the proton versus x for Q 2=20GeV 2.The integrated values of each component density gives the fraction of the proton momentum carried by that component.The valence u and d quarks carry the quantum numbers of the proton.The large number of quarks at small x arise from a ‘sea’of quark-antiquark pairs.The quark densities are from a phenomenological ﬁt (the CTEQ collaboration)to data from many sources;the gluon density bands are the one standard deviation bounds to QCD ﬁts to ZEUS data (low x )and muon scattering data (higher x ).Further DIS investigations using electrons,muons,and neutrinos and a variety of targets reﬁned this picture and demonstrated small but systematic nonscaling behavior.The structure functions were shown to vary more rapidly with Q 2as x decreases,in accord with the nascent QCD prediction that the fundamental strong coupling constant αS varies with Q 2,and that at short distance scales (high Q 2)the number of observable partons increases due to increasingly resolved quantum ﬂuc-tuations.Figure 1shows sample modern results for the Q 2dependence of the dominant structure function,in excellent accord with QCD predictions.The structure function values at all x depend on the quark content;the increases at larger Q 2depend on both quark and gluon content.The data permit the mapping of the proton’s quark and gluon content exempliﬁed in Fig.2.2.Quark and gluon jetsThe gluon was ﬁrmly predicted as the carrier of the color force.Though its presence had been inferred because only about half the proton momentum was found in charged constituents,direct observation of the gluon was essential.This came from experiments at the DESY e +e −collider (PETRA)in 1979.The collision forms an intermediate virtual photon state,which may subsequently decay into a pair of leptons or pair of quarks.The colored quarks cannot emerge intact from the collision region;instead they create many quark-antiquark pairs from the vacuum that arrange themselves into a set of colorless hadrons moving approximately in the directions of the original quarks.These sprays of roughly collinear particles,called jets,reﬂect the directions of the progenitor quarks.However,the quarks may radiate quanta of QCD (a gluon)prior to formation of the jets,just as electrons radiate photons.If at suﬃciently large angle to be distinguished,the gluon radiation evolves into a separate jet.Evidence was found in the event energy-ﬂow patterns for the ‘three-pronged’jet topologies expected for events containing a gluon.Experiments at higher energy e +e −colliders illustrate this gluon radiation even better,as shown in Fig.3.Studies in e +e −and hadron collisions have veriﬁed the expected QCD structure of the quark-gluon couplings,and their interference patterns.FIG.3.A three jet event from the OPAL experiment at LEP.The curving tracks from the three jets may be associated with the energy deposits in the surrounding calorimeter,shown here as histograms on the middle two circles,whose bin heights are proportional to energy.Jets1and2contain muons as indicated,suggesting that these are both quark jets(likely from b quarks).The lowest energy jet3is attributed to a radiated gluon.3.Strong coupling constantThe fundamental characteristic of QCD is asymptotic freedom,dictating that the coupling constant for color interactions decreases logarithmically as Q2increases.The couplingαS can be measured in a variety of strong interaction reactions at diﬀerent Q2scales.At low Q2,processes like DIS,tau decays to hadrons,and the annihilation rate for e+e−into multi-hadronﬁnal states give accurate determinations ofαS.The decays of theΥinto three jets primarily involve gluons,and the rate for this decay givesαS(M2Υ).At higher Q2,studies of the W and Z bosons(for example,the decay width of the Z,or the fraction of W bosons associated with jets)measureαS at the100GeV scale. These and many other determinations have now solidiﬁed the experimental evidence thatαS does indeed‘run’with Q2as expected in QCD.Predictions forαS(Q2),relative to its value at some reference scale,can be made within perturbative QCD.The current information from many sources are compared with calculated values in Fig.4.4.Strong interaction scattering of partonsAt suﬃciently large Q2whereαS is small,the QCD perturbation series converges suﬃciently rapidly to permit accurate predictions.An important process probing the highest accessible Q2 scales is the scattering of two constituent partons(quarks or gluons)within colliding protons and antiprotons.Figure5shows the impressive data for the inclusive production of jets due to scattered partons in pp collisions reveals the structure of the scattering matrix element.These amplitudes are dominated by the exchange of the spin1gluon.If this scattering were identical to Rutherford scattering,the angular variable0.10.20.30.40.511010FIG.4.The dependence of the strong coupling constant,αS ,versus Q using data from DIS structure functions from e ,µ,and νbeam experiments as well as ep collider experiments,production rates of jets,heavy quark ﬂavors,photons,and weak vector bosons in ep ,e +e −,and pt ,is sensitive not only to to perturbative processes,but reﬂectsadditional eﬀects due to multiple gluon radiation from the scattering quarks.Within the limited statistics of current data samples,the top quark production cross section is also in good agreement with QCD.FIG.6.The dijet angular distribution from the DØexperiment plotted as a function ofχ(see text)for which Rutherford scattering would give dσ/dχ=constant.The predictions of NLO QCD(at scaleµ=E T/2)are shown by the curves.Λis the compositeness scale for quark/gluon substructure,withΛ=∞for no compositness(solid curve);the data rule out values of Λ<2TeV.5.Nonperturbative QCDMany physicists believe that QCD is a theory‘solved in principle’.The basic validity of QCD at large Q2where the coupling is small has been veriﬁed in many experimental studies,but the large coupling at low Q2makes calculation exceedingly diﬃcult.This low Q2region of QCD is relevant to the wealth of experimental data on the static properties of nucleons,most hadronic interactions, hadronic weak decays,nucleon and nucleus structure,proton and neutron spin structure,and systems of hadronic matter with very high temperature and energy densities.The ability of theory to predict such phenomena has yet to match the experimental progress.Several techniques for dealing with nonperturbative QCD have been developed.The most suc-cessful address processes in which some energy or mass in the problem is large.An example is the confrontation of data on the rates of mesons containing heavy quarks(c or b)decaying into lighter hadrons,where the heavy quark can be treated nonrelativistically and its contribution to the matrix element is taken from experiment.With this phenomenological input,the ratios of calculated par-tial decay rates agree well with experiment.Calculations based on evaluation at discrete space-time points on a lattice and extrapolated to zero spacing have also had some success.With computing advances and new calculational algorithms,the lattice calculations are now advanced to the stage of calculating hadronic masses,the strong coupling constant,and decay widths to within roughly10–20%of the experimental values.The quark and gluon content of protons are consequences of QCD,much as the wave functions of electrons in atoms are consequences of electromagnetism.Such calculations require nonperturbative techniques.Measurements of the small-x proton structure functions at the HERA ep collider show a much larger increase of parton density with decreasing x than were extrapolated from larger x measurements.It was also found that a large fraction(∼10%)of such events contained aﬁnal。

Ultomiris (ravulizumab-cwvz) 疗法指南说明书

Ultomiris® (ravulizumab‐cwvz)(Intravenous/Subcutaneous)Document Number: IC‐0427 Last Review Date: 09/01/2022Date of Origin: 02/04/2019Dates Reviewed: 02/2019, 10/2019, 12/2019, 11/2020, 07/2021, 10/2021, 06/2022, 09/2022I.Length of AuthorizationCoverage will be provided for twelve (12) months and may be renewed.II.Dosing LimitsA.Quantity Limit (max daily dose) [NDC Unit]:-Ultomiris 10 mg/mL** – 30 mL SDV: 10 vials on day zero followed by 13 vials starting on day 14 and every 8 weeks thereafter-Ultomiris 100 mg/mL – 3 mL SDV: 10 vials on day zero followed by 13 vials starting on day 14 and every 8 weeks thereafter-Ultomiris 100 mg/mL – 11 mL SDV: 3 vials on day zero followed by 3 vials starting on day 14 and every 8 weeks thereafter-Ultomiris 245 mg/3.5 mL single-dose cartridge on-body delivery system: 2 on-body delivery systems weeklyB.Max Units (per dose and over time) [HCPCS Unit]:-Ultomiris IVo PNH/aHUS/gMG: 300 units on Day 0 followed by 360 units on Day 14 and every8 weeks thereafter-Ultomiris SQo PNH/aHUS: 49 units weeklyIII.Initial Approval Criteria 1Coverage is provided in the following conditions:∙Patient is at least 1 month of age (unless otherwise specified); AND∙Prescriber is enrolled in the Ultomiris Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program; ANDUniversal Criteria 1∙Patients must be administered a meningococcal vaccine at least two weeks prior to initiation of therapy and will continue to be revaccinated according to current medicalguidelines for vaccine use (If urgent Ultomiris therapy is indicated in an unvaccinated ©2016 Health New England, Inc. Page 1 of 9©2016 Health New England, Inc. Page 2 of 9patient, administer meningococcal vaccine(s) as soon as possible and provide patients withtwo weeks of antibacterial drug prophylaxis.); AND∙ Will not be used in combination with other immunomodulatory biologic therapies (i.e.,efgartigimod, eculizumab, pegcetacoplan, satralizumab, inebilizumab, etc.); ANDParoxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) † Ф 1,4,8,9,18∙ Used as switch therapy; ANDo Patient is currently receiving treatment with Soliris and has shown a beneficialdisease response and absence of unacceptable toxicity while on therapy; OR∙ Patient is complement inhibitor treatment-naïve; ANDo Diagnosis must be accompanied by detection of PNH clones of at least 5% by flowcytometry diagnostic testing; AND▪ Demonstrate the presence of at least 2 different glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI) protein deficiencies (e.g., CD55, CD59, etc.) within at least 2 differentcell lines (e.g., granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes); AND▪ Patient has laboratory evidence of significant intravascular hemolysis (i.e.,LDH ≥1.5 x ULN) with symptomatic disease and at least one other indicationfor therapy from the following (regardless of transfusion dependence):– Patient has symptomatic anemia (i.e., hemoglobin < 7 g/dL orhemoglobin < 10 g/dL, in at least two independent measurements in apatient with cardiac symptoms– Presence of a thrombotic event related to PNH– Presence of organ damage secondary to chronic hemolysis (i.e., renalinsufficiency, pulmonary insufficiency/hypertension)– Patient is pregnant and potential benefit outweighs potential fetalrisk– Patient has disabling fatigue– Patient has abdominal pain (requiring admission or opioid analgesia),dysphagia, or erectile dysfunction; AND▪ Documented baseline values for one or more of the following (necessary forrenewal): serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hemoglobin level, and packedRBC transfusion requirement, history of thrombotic eventsAtypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS) † 1,5,7∙ Used as switch therapy; ANDo Patient is currently receiving treatment with Soliris and has shown a beneficialdisease response and absence of unacceptable toxicity while on therapy; OR∙ Patient is complement inhibitor treatment-naïve; ANDo Patient shows signs of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) (e.g., changes in mental status, seizures, angina, dyspnea, thrombosis, increasing blood pressure, decreasedplatelet count, increased serum creatinine, increased LDH, etc.); AND o Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) has been ruled out by evaluating ADAMTS-13 level (ADAMTS-13 activity level ≥ 10%); ANDo Shiga toxin E. coli related hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) has been ruled out; ANDo Other causes have been ruled out such as coexisting diseases or conditions (e.g., bone marrow transplantation, solid organ transplantation, malignancy, autoimmunedisorder, drug-induced, malignant hypertension, HIV infection, Streptococcuspneumoniae sepsis or known genetic defect in cobalamin C metabolism, etc.); AND o Documented baseline values for one or more of the following (necessary for renewal): serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum creatinine/eGFR, platelet count, anddialysis requirementGeneralized Myasthenia Gravis (gMG) †Ф1,11,12-17∙Used as switch therapy; ANDo Patient is at least 18 years of age; ANDo Patient is currently receiving treatment with Soliris and has shown a beneficial disease response and absence of unacceptable toxicity while on therapy; OR∙Patient is complement inhibitor treatment-naïve; AND∙Patients must have failed, or have a contraindication, or intolerance to to efgartigimod alfa-fcab [Vyvgart™]; ANDo Patient is at least 18 years of age; ANDo Patient has Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) Clinical Classification of Class II to IV disease §; ANDo Patient has a positive serologic test for anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies; ANDo Patient has had a thymectomy (Note: Applicable only to patients with thymomas OR non-thymomatous patients who are 50 years of age or younger); AND o Physician has assessed objective signs of neurological weakness and fatiguability ona baseline neurological examination (e.g., including, but not limited to, theQuantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) score, etc.); ANDo Patient has a MG-Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) total score of ≥6; ANDo Patient will avoid or use with caution medications known to worsen or exacerbate symptoms of MG (e.g., certain antibiotics, beta-blockers, botulinum toxins,hydroxychloroquine, etc.); AND©2016 Health New England, Inc. Page 3 of 9o Patient had an inadequate response after a minimum one-year trial with two (2) or more immunosuppressive therapies (e.g., corticosteroids plus animmunosuppressant such as azathioprine, cyclosporine, mycophenolate, etc.); OR Patient required chronic treatment with plasmapheresis or plasma exchange (PE) or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in addition toimmunosuppressant therapy14-Class I: Any ocular muscle weakness; may have weakness of eye closure. All other muscle strength is normal.-Class II: Mild weakness affecting muscles other than ocular muscles; may also have ocular muscle weakness ofany severity.∙IIa. Predominantly affecting limb, axial muscles, or both. May also have lesser involvement of oropharyngeal muscles.∙IIb. Predominantly affecting oropharyngeal, respiratory muscles, or both. May also have lesser or equal involvement of limb, axial muscles, or both.-Class III: Moderate weakness affecting muscles other than ocular muscles; may also have ocular muscleweakness of any severity.∙IIIa. Predominantly affecting limb, axial muscles, or both. May also have lesser involvement of oropharyngeal muscles.∙IIIb. Predominantly affecting oropharyngeal, respiratory muscles, or both. May also have lesser or equal involvement of limb, axial muscles, or both.-Class IV: Severe weakness affecting muscles other than ocular muscles; may also have ocular muscle weakness of any severity.∙IVa. Predominantly affecting limb, axial muscles, or both. May also have lesser involvement of oropharyngeal muscles.∙IVb. Predominantly affecting oropharyngeal, respiratory muscles, or both. May also have lesser or equal involvement of limb, axial muscles, or both.-Class V: Defined as intubation, with or without mechanical ventilation, except when employed during routinepostoperative management. The use of a feeding tube without intubation places the patient in class IVb.† FDA Approved Indication(s); ‡ Compendia Recommended Indication(s);Ф Orphan Drug IV.Renewal Criteria 1Coverage may be renewed based upon the following criteria:∙Patient continues to meet the universal and other indication-specific relevant criteria identified in section III; AND∙Absence of unacceptable toxicity from the drug. Examples of unacceptable toxicity include: serious meningococcal infections (septicemia and/or meningitis), infusion-related reactions, other serious infections, thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) complications, etc.; AND Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) 1,4,8,18∙Patient has not developed severe bone marrow failure syndrome (i.e., aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome) OR experienced a spontaneous disease remission OR receivedcurative allogeneic stem cell transplant; AND∙Disease response indicated by one or more of the following:©2016 Health New England, Inc. Page 4 of 9▪Decrease in serum LDH from pretreatment baseline Stabilization/improvement in hemoglobin level from pretreatment baseline▪Decrease in packed RBC transfusion requirement from pretreatment baseline (i.e., reduction of at least 30%)▪Reduction in thromboembolic eventsAtypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS) 1,5,7∙Disease response indicated by one or more of the following:▪Decrease in serum LDH from pretreatment baseline▪Stabilization/improvement in serum creatinine/eGFR from pretreatment baseline▪Increase in platelet count from pretreatment baseline▪Decrease in plasma exchange/infusion requirement from pretreatment baseline Generalized Myasthenia Gravis (gMG) 1,11-17∙Patient experienced an improvement (i.e., reduction) of at least 3-points from baseline in the Myasthenia Gravis-Specific Activities of Daily Living scale (MG-ADL) total score; OR ∙Patient experienced an improvement of at least 5-points from baseline in the Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) total scoreSwitch therapy from Soliris to Ultomiris∙Refer to Section III for criteriaV.Dosage/Administration 1Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH); Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS); Generalized Myasthenia Gravis (gMG) IV Dosing for Complement-Inhibitor Therapy Naïve*Administer the INTRAVENOUS doses based on the patient’s body weight. Starting 2 weeks after the loading dose, begin maintenance doses once every 4 weeks or every 8 weeks (depending on body weight)PNH, aHUS≥5 kg - <10 kg600300Every 4 weeks≥10 kg - <20 kg600600Every 4 weeks≥20 kg - <309002,100Every 8 weeks≥30 kg - <40 kg1,2002,700Every 8 weeks PNH, aHUS,gMG≥40 kg - <60 kg2,4003,000Every 8 weeks≥60 kg - <100 kg2,7003,300Every 8 weeks≥100 kg3,0003,600Every 8 weeksIV Dosing for Switch Therapy from Eculizumab OR Ultomiris SQ to Ultomiris IV*©2016 Health New England, Inc. Page 5 of 9Currently treated with eculizumab At time of next scheduledeculizumab dose2 weeks after Ultomiris IVloading doseCurrently treated with Ultomiris SQ on-body delivery system§Not applicable 1 week after last UltomirisSQ maintenance doseSQ Dosing for Complement-Inhibitor Therapy Naïve §PNH & aHUS (adult patients weighing ≥40 kg ONLY): 490 mg SQ via on-body injector once weekly starting 2 weeks after the initial IV weight-based loading dose (see IV weight-based dosing table above)SQ Dosing for Switch Therapy from Eculizumab OR Ultomiris IV to Ultomiris SQ §Currently treated with eculizumab At time of next scheduledeculizumab dose2 weeks after Ultomiris IVloading doseCurrently treated with Ultomiris IV Not applicable 8 weeks after last UltomirisIV maintenance dose§ Adult patients with PNH and aHUS only*Note: For Supplemental Dose Therapy after plasma exchange (PE), plasmapheresis (PP), andintravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), please refer to the package insert for appropriate dosing. VI.Billing Code/Availability InformationHCPCS Code:∙J1303 − Injection, ravulizumab-cwvz, 10 mg; 1 billable unit = 10 mgNDC(s):∙Ultomiris 300 mg/3 mL single-dose vials for injection: 25682-0025-xx∙Ultomiris 300 mg/30 mL single-dose vials for injection: 25682-0022-xx**∙Ultomiris 1100 mg/11 mL single-dose vials for injection: 25682-0028-xx∙Ultomiris 245 mg/3.5 mL single-dose cartridge on-body subcutaneous delivery system: 25682-0031-xx**Note: This NDC has been discontinued as of 06/11/2021.VII.References1.Ultomiris [package insert]. Boston, MA; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc; July 2022. AccessedJuly 2022.©2016 Health New England, Inc. Page 6 of 92.Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria andrelated disorders by flow cytometry. Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, DiGiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2010 Jul;78(4):211-30. doi: 10.1002/cyto.b.20525.3.Parker C, Omine M, Richards S, et al. Diagnosis and management of paroxysmal nocturnalhemoglobinuria. Blood. 2005 Dec 1. 106(12):3699-709.4.Sahin F, Akay OM, Ayer M, et al. Pesg PNH diagnosis, follow-up and treatment guidelines.Am J Blood Res. 2016;6(2): 19-27.5.Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, et al. An international consensus approach to themanagement of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016 Jan;31(1):15-39.6.Taylor CM, Machin S, Wigmore SJ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the managementof atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome in the United Kingdom. Br J Haematol. 2010 Jan;148(1):37-47.7.Cheong HI, Kyung Jo S, Yoon SS, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management ofAtypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2016 Oct;31(10):1516-1528.8.Brodsky RA, Peffault de Latour R, Rottinghaus ST, et al. Characterization of breakthroughhemolysis events observed in the phase 3 randomized studies of ravulizumab versuseculizumab in adults with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Haematologica. 2020 Jan16. pii: haematol.2019.236877. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2019.236877. [Epub ahead of print]9.Patriquin CJ, Kiss T, Caplan S, et al. How we treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria:A consensus statement of the Canadian PNH Network and review of the national registry.Eur J Haematol. 2019;102(1):36. Epub 2018 Oct 25.10.Lee H, Kang E, Kang HG, et al. Consensus regarding diagnosis and management ofatypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Korean J Intern Med. 2020;35(1):25-40.doi:10.3904/kjim.2019.388.11.Sanders DB, Wolfe GI, Benatar M, et al. International consensus guidance for managementof myasthenia gravis-Executive Summary. Neurology. 2016 Jul 26; 87(4): 419-25.12.Vu T, Meisel A, Mantegazza R, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Ravulizumab, a Long-actingTerminal Complement Inhibitor, in Adults with Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Generalized Myasthenia Gravis: Results from the Phase 3 CHAMPION MG Study (P1-1.Virtual). Neurology May 2022, 98 (18 Supplement) 791.13.Narayanaswami P, Sanders D, Wolfe G, Benatar M, et al. International consensus guidancefor management of myasthenia gravis, 2020 update. Neurology® 2021;96:114-122.doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000011124.14.Jayam-Trouth A, Dabi A, Solieman N, Kurukumbi M, Kalyanam J. Myasthenia gravis: areview. Autoimmune Dis. 2012;2012:874680. doi:10.1155/2012/87468015.Gronseth GS, Barohn R, Narayanaswami P. Practice advisory: Thymectomy for myastheniagravis (practice parameter update): Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, ©2016 Health New England, Inc. Page 7 of 9and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology.2020;94(16):705. Epub 2020 Mar 25.16.Sussman J, Farrugia ME, Maddison P, et al. Myasthenia gravis: Association of BritishNeurologists’ management guidelines. Pract Neurol 2015; 15: 199-206.17.Institute for Clinical and Economic Review. Eculizumab and Efgartigimod for theTreatment of Myasthenia Gravis: Effectiveness and Value. Draft evidence report. July 22, 2021. https:///wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ICER_Myasthenia-Gravis_Draft-Evidence-Report_072221.pdf. Accessed December 22, 2021.18.Cançado RD, Araújo AdS, Sandes AF, et al. Consensus statement for diagnosis andtreatment of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Hematology, Transfusion and CellTherapy, v43, Iss3, 2021, 341-348. ISSN 2531-1379,https:///10.1016/j.htct.2020.06.006.19.Kulagin A, Chonat S, Maschan A, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy,and safety of ravulizumab in children and adolescents with paroxysmal nocturnalhemoglobinuria: interim analysis of a phase 3, open-label study. Presented at the European Hematology Association 2021 Virtual Congress, June 9-17, 2021.20.Tanaka K, Adams B, Aris AM, et al. The long-acting C5 inhibitor, ravulizumab, isefficacious and safe in pediatric patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndromepreviously treated with eculizumab. Pediatr Nephrol. 2021 Apr;36(4):889-898. doi:10.1007/s00467-020-04774-2.21.Rondeau E, Scully M, Ariceta G, et al; 311 Study Group. The long-acting C5 inhibitor,Ravulizumab, is effective and safe in adult patients with atypical hemolytic uremicsyndrome naïve to complement inhibitor treatment. Kidney Int. 2020 Jun;97(6):1287-1296.doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.035.Appendix 1 – Covered Diagnosis Codes1010D59.32 Hereditary hemolytic-uremic syndromeD59.39 Other hemolytic-uremic syndromehemoglobinuria [Marchiafava-Micheli]nocturnalD59.5 Paroxysmalwithout (acute) exacerbationG70.00 MyastheniagravisG70.01 Myasthenia gravis with (acute) exacerbation©2016 Health New England, Inc. Page 8 of 9Appendix 2 – Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)Medicare coverage for outpatient (Part B) drugs is outlined in the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual (Pub. 100-2), Chapter 15, §50 Drugs and Biologicals. In addition, National Coverage Determination (NCD), Local Coverage Articles (LCAs) and Local Coverage Determinations (LCDs) may exist and compliance with these policies is required where applicable. They can be found at: https:///medicare-coverage-database/search.aspx. Additional indications may be covered at the discretion of the health plan.Medicare Part B Covered Diagnosis Codes (applicable to existing NCD/LCA/LCD): N/AJurisdiction Applicable State/US Territory ContractorE (1) CA, HI, NV, AS, GU, CNMI Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLCF (2 & 3) AK, WA, OR, ID, ND, SD, MT, WY, UT, AZ Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLC5 KS, NE, IA, MO Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corp (WPS)6 MN, WI, IL National Government Services, Inc. (NGS)H (4 & 7) LA, AR, MS, TX, OK, CO, NM Novitas Solutions, Inc.8 MI, IN Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corp (WPS) N (9) FL, PR, VI First Coast Service Options, Inc.J (10) TN, GA, AL Palmetto GBA, LLCM (11) NC, SC, WV, VA (excluding below) Palmetto GBA, LLCL (12) DE, MD, PA, NJ, DC (includes Arlington &Novitas Solutions, Inc.Fairfax counties and the city of Alexandria in VA)K (13 & 14) NY, CT, MA, RI, VT, ME, NH National Government Services, Inc. (NGS)15 KY, OH CGS Administrators, LLC©2016 Health New England, Inc. Page 9 of 9。

多尺度模型及相关分析方法

Multi-s cal e Modeli ng and rel ated resol uti on Approach
WANG Chon g- y u
Depart ment of Physi cs 9 Tsi nghua uni versit y 9 Bei i ng 100084 9 Chi na Abstract : The pheno mena of li nki ng lengt h scales and multi levels as well as t he related multi-scale coupli ng reflect t he basic nat ure of matter worl d and t he i ntri nsic character of multi-disci pli ne cross 9 it has great wealt h sci entific connotati on . The unifi ed expressi on and perf or mance of multi-level modeli ng i n which i ntegrated Cuant u m mechanics 9 at o m istic si mulati on 9 coarse-grai ned techni Cue 9 Cuasi-conti nuu m descri pti on and fi nite ele ment met hod are i n seed and i n progress . The ob ecti ve li es i n t o realize t he desi gn of materi als and t he predicti on of properti es . The central proble ms i n multi-scale modeli ng are t o f ound ~a m ilt oni an of syste m and t o fi nd t he constrai nt conditi ons as well as t he related criteri on . This report w ill i ntroduce so me basic proble ms f or multi-scale correlati on i n materi als sci ence 9 and t o gi ve t he bri ef descri pti on of t he multi-resol uti on at t he sa me ti me 9 t he related treati ng sche me is su mmarized . W it h regar d t o t he multi-scale modeli ng and related approach S resol uti on calculati on 9 we e mphasize t o write t he anal ytic trans m issi on mode of para meters and concurrent approach f or li nki ng scales 9 i n which our basic i dea and t heoretical progra mme as well as t he eCuati ons are bri efl y presented 9 and t he calculati on results are gi ven i n part . Key words :multi-scal e modeli ng Smulti-scal e coupli ng S anal yti c tr ans m i ssi on mode of par a met ers S concurr ent apS pr oach f or li nki ng scal es co mpl ex syst e m

基于OD反推的公交站点团OD矩阵预测

０引言
布状况．它是进行城市公共交通线网布设的基本依
公交客流０Ｄ矩阵主要描述公交出行的空间分据。通常情况下，研究城市所有公交站点之间的出
机理．在此基础上关于典型社会公共事件对城市交ｃａｌＲｅｖｉｅｗ，１９９２，４６Ａ（１０）：４６—５４．通系统影响的量化评价将在后续工作中作进一步研［４】ＨａｋｅｎＨ．ＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＳｅｌｆ－ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ［Ｍ］．
ｘ＝ＴｉＦ／点团．通过研究公交站点团之间的出行空间分布来掌握区域之间公交客流的分布情况．为合理布置公交线网、站场提供科学依据。
传统的调查方法是在公交乘客上车时发放调查
式中：为站点［］ｉ＠Ｊｊ＠ＯＤ分布量。根据公式（２）得出的％，理论上可求出各站点
ＬＩＬｉａｎｇ，ＴＩＡＮＷｏ—ｓｈｕｎ，ＸＩＡＣｈａｎｇ—ｈｕｉ
（ＵｒｂａｎＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＺｈｏｎｇｓｈａｎ，Ｚｈｏｎｇｓｈａｎ５２８４０３，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｌｏｔｏｆｂｕｓｓｔｏｐｓｉｎｕｒｂａｎｐｕｂｌｉｃｔｒａｆｆｉｃ．Ｉｎｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｐａｓｓｅｎｇｅｒｆｌｏｗＯＤｍａｔｒｉｘａｍｏｎｇｂｕｓｓｔｏｐｓｉｓｖｅｒｙｄｉｆｉｃｕｌｔ．ＳｏｔｈｅｓｔｏｐｓｎｅａｒｂｙｔｈｅｍａｉｎｔｒｉＰｓｓｉｔｅｓｎｅｅｄｔｏｂｅｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄｉｎｇｒｏｕｐｓｏｆｂｕｓｓｔｏｐｓ．ＴｈｅｎｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｉｎｇｔｈｅＯＤｍａｔｒｉｘｏｆｇｒｏｕｐｓｏｆｂｕｓｓｔｏｐｓｔ０ｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｐａｓｓｅｎｇｅｒｆｌｏｗｃａｎｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｂａｓｉｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅｄｉｓｐｏｓａｌｏｆｐｕｂｌｉｃｔｒａｆｉｃｎｅｔｗｏｒｋａｎｄｂｕｓｓｔａｔｉｏｎｙａｒｄ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｇｒｏｕｐｓｏｆｂｕｓｓｔｏｐｓ；ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｍｏｄｅｌ；ＯＤｍａｔｒｉｘｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎ；Ｆｒａｔａｒｍｅｔｈｏｄ

交流电表的示数一定是有效值吗_由一道模拟题联想到的实验探究_黄正玉

收稿日期：２０１２－０６－２８作者简介：黄正玉（１９７１－），男，深圳市第二实验学校高级教师，硕士，从事中学物理教学及竞赛指导工作．
第９期
黄正玉：交流电表的示数一定是有效值吗？
有一道关于交流电的模拟试题，所给的参考答案为Ｂ，Ｃ．
１台理想变压器的原副线圈的匝数比是５∶ １，原线圈接入电压２２０Ｖ的正弦交流电，各元件正常工作，１只理想二极管和１个滑动变阻器Ｒ串联接在副线圈上，如图１所示．电压表和电流表均为理想交流电表，则下列说法正确的是（）．
———由一道模拟题联想到的实验探究
黄正玉
（深圳市第二实验学校，广东深圳５１８０２１）
摘要：由一道模拟题引发了关于交流电表示数的实验探究，经理论和实验研究发现：磁电式交流电流表对完整正弦式电流进行测量时，其示数才显示有效值；对恒定电流和半波直流进行测量，其示数不是有效值．４源自２ＴＲ２＝ＵＲ２有效Ｔ
，从
而
求
得
电
压
表
两
端
电
压
有
效
值
为Ｕ有效＝２２槡２Ｖ＝３１．１Ｖ，则１ｍｉｎ内产生的热
量为Ｑ＝ＵＲ２有效Ｔ＝２９０４Ｊ，所以Ｂ和Ｃ选项正确．将滑动变阻器滑片向下滑动，接入电路中的阻值

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浙江大学2008–2009学年春、夏学期《 PHYSICS I 》课程期末考试试卷请考生仔细阅读以下注意事项：1. 诚信考试，沉着应考，杜绝违纪。

2. 开课学院：_理学院_3. 考试形式：闭卷，允许带_计算器、字典_入场4. 考试日期： 2009 年 06 月 24 日,考试时间： 120 分钟考生姓名：学号：所属院系： _When the frame S’ moves relative to the frame S with velocity u along xx’direction,,/1/',',',/1'22222cucuxttzzyycuutxx--===--=2222222/1/1',/1/1',/1'cuvcuvvcuvcuvvcuvuvvxzzxyyxxx--=--=--=The mass, momentum and kinetic energy of a particle, with velocity v, are 'm=p=22K m c=-I. Multiple choices (one correct answer only, score of 2.5 for each):1.An object travels dependent on a formula of 2ˆˆ3r t i tj=-(m), the magnitude of its tangent acceleration is 1.6 m/s2atA. t =2.0s.B. t =1.5s.C. t =1.0s.D. t=0.5s.2. A toy yo-yo, with a disk of mass M and radius R, connected by athin shaft of radius r. The mass of the shaft is much less than Mand r =0.1R. A string is wrapped around the shaft, as show in thefigure. The yo-yo starts its motion from rest. The ratio of rotationalkinetic energy to translational kinetic energy isA. 25B. 50C. 1/25D.1/503. A container holds a quantity of a liquid whose top surface is open to the atmosphere. A syphon is a device for removing liquid from the container. TheA. 2143 P P P P >>>B. 1234 P P P P >>>C. 3412 P P P P >>>D. 2134 P P P P >>>4. A spinning top, with a mass m , makes a processional motion about a vertical axis. The angular momentum of the top is L . The separation between the mass center of the top and the contact point is r as shown in the figure. The angular speed of processional motion isA. Lm grB. m g r LC.m gLrD.rL m g5. A rocket is moving at speed 0.8c relative to the earth. A light emits from the end of the rocket. By an earth observer, the time interval of light from the end to the head of the rocket is 0.1 μs . The rest length of the rocket is A. 100 m B. 50 m C. 10 m D. 5 m6. A particle, with mass m at rest, adsorbs a photon with kinetic energy K . The rest mass of the resulting particle isA. D.7. An electron, with mass m at rest, is accelerated with kinetic energy K . The momentum of the electron isA. B.m C. 2(1)2K m c m c+D. K m c c+8. The mass of two particles is m and 2m respectively. The interaction between them is a massless spring with the force constant k . During the oscillation, the difference between the maximum and minimum separation of two particles is D , the maximum of the relative velocity between them is A.B.C.D.P P 49. The displacement of an object oscillating on a spring is given by x (t )=x m cos(ωt +φ). If the object is initially at x m /2 and given a negative velocity, then the phase constant φ isA. π/3.B. 2π/3.C. -π/3.D. -2π/3.10. In the case as above, if the object comes back its original position in 1 second, the angular frequency is A.5π/3 B. 4π/3 C. 2π/3 D. π/311. A pendulum is made of a uniform hoop. In the case a , it oscillates with small displacements in the plane of the hoop. In the case b , it oscillates in the plane perpendicular to the hoop. Find the ratio of angular frequency of oscillation in the cases of a and b .A.12. A violin string is fixed between two screws. The tension force of the string is F . Now the separation between two screws is twice as before, but the fundamental frequency is not change. The tension force of the string isA. /2B.C. 2FD. 4F13. A sound wave of 1.14 m wavelength enters a tube as shown in the figure. What is the smallest radius r , such that a minimum will be heard at the detector? A. 2.0m B. 1.0m C. 0.5m D. 0.25m14. A student in Chu Kochen Honors College asked me a question what is the Doppler Effect in the case of an observer or sound source moving away from the line between observer and source? If you can answer the question, please look at follows: a sound, with a frequency of 1000 Hz and speed of 340 m/s , is set to a plane. The plane moves with speed of 200m/s , its direction is 30°away from the line between the observer and source. The frequency of the sound come back to the source is A.276 Hz B. 300 Hz C.326 Hz D. 362 Hz15. One mole of ideal gas undergoes in a reversible adiabatic process. The temperature is T and the volume is V, which one is not constant: A.1TV γ- B. VC R T V C. VPC C T V D. /VR C TVm/sSource Detector16. A chamber filled with nitrogen molecule, the mean free path of nitrogen moleculein the chamber is λ. If the temperature of the chamber increases from T to 2T, the mean free path of the nitrogen molecule in the chamber isA.2λB.λC./2λλ D./417. In the case a, six identical molecules are in two boxes, three are in each box. Inthe case b, two boxes are brought together and the molecules mix together. In the case c, two boxes are brought together one molecule in a box and five in another box. The entropy ranking from large to small isA. c, b, aB. b, c, aC. c, a, bD. b, a, c18. One mole of an ideal gas undergoes in a constant pressure process. When thevolume increases from V to 2V, the increase in entropy isA. C v ln2B. C p ln2C. (C p+R) ln2D. R ln219. One mole of an ideal gas is expanded freely from V o to 2V o which one is notchangedA. pressureB. temperatureC. entropyD. temperature and entropy20. A Carnot refrigerator operates between 500 and 400 K. If it extracts heat from thelow-temperature reservoir is 500 J, then the work is done on the refrigerator isa) 100 J b) 125 J c) 150 J d) 400 JⅡ.Calculation problems (score of 10 for each):1. A solid ball, with radius r, can roll without slipping near the bottom of a bowl. The radius of the bowl is R, R>>rnear the bottom of a bowl?2. A solid cylinder, with mass 4m and radius R, is at rest on a rough surface of a table.A bullet of mass m, moving with speed v, collides with the cylinder at the height of 5R/4, as shown in the figure. After collision, the bullet moves back with speed v/2. During the collision the internal force between the cylinder and the bullet is much larger than the friction force between the cylinder and the table. When the cylinder starts its rotational motion without slipping, what is its velocity?3. A spaceship is far away from the sun, it moves with a velocityofv ,where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the sun which is much larger than that of the spaceship, and b is the separation between the sun and the line along which the spaceship moves. (1)Under the gravitational force between the sun and the spaceship, what is the minimum separation between the sun and the spaceship? (2)What is the velocity of spaceship when the separation between the sun and the spaceship is the minimum?4. The speed distribution of particle in a chamber is 20()a vv v in the region o f 0<v <v 0, (1) To determine the constant a with N and v o , where N is the total number of the particle; (2) To calculate the most probable speed v p , the average speed v av and the root-mean-square speed v rms ; (3) To find the distribution of kinetic energy, if the mass of one particle is m ; (4) To calculate the average energy.5. One mole of monatomic ideal gas initially at a volume of V o and a temperature T is allowed to expand to 2V o isothermally. Then the gas reduces its temperature to T ’ in a constant pressure process, and finally compressed to its original state in a reversible adiabatic process. (1) To determine T ’ with T(2) To calculate the change in entropy in the constant pressure process (3) To plot the cycle on a p-V diagram. (4) To plot the cycle on a T-S diagram.。