北语2013考研现当代真题
2013年北京大学中国语言文学系汉语言文字学考研真题(回忆版)及详解【圣才出品】
2013年北京大学中国语言文学系汉语言文字学考研真题（回忆版）专业课一古代汉语一、名词解释1．十三经注疏2．互文3．十六摄4．叶音说5．读若6．读破二、简答题1．简述指示代词“这”产生的时代，学界对这的来源的分歧及评价。
2．简述历代学者上古声母研究的成果。
3．简述古代汉语词义发展的途径。
4．分析“以羊易之”和“易之以羊”的结构的区别。
5．简要解释“六书”并作评价。
三、文言文阅读冬十二月齐侯游于姑棼遂田于贝丘见大豕从者曰公子彭生也公怒曰彭生敢见射之豕人立而啼公惧坠于车伤足丧反诛屦于徒人费弗得鞭之见血走出遇贼于门劫而束之费曰我奚御哉袒而示之背信之费请先入伏公而出斗死于门中石之纷如死于阶下遂入杀孟阳于床曰非君也不类见公之足于户下遂弑之而立无知1．给文言文加标点。
2．翻译原文。
专业课二理论语言学一、名词解释1．话题2．语言联盟二、简答题1．举例说明语法范畴有哪些。
2．语音演变的特点。
3．u在f后面的音值是什么？4．“打一下”等为什么是述宾结构？5．“每”和“各”用法的异同。
2013年北京大学中国语言文学系汉语言文字学考研真题（回忆版）及详解专业课一古代汉语一、名词解释1．十三经注疏答：十三经注疏是对儒家十三部经书的注和疏的合称。
贞观十六年，唐太宗命孔颖达、贾公彦、杨士勋等人编纂儒家精典的义疏，有《周易正义》《毛诗正义》《礼记正义》《春秋左传正义》，合称《五经正义》，后来贾公彦又编了《周礼注疏》和《礼记注疏》，徐彦编了《春秋公羊传注疏》，杨士勋编了《春秋谷梁传义疏》。
这九部注疏与宋代的邢昺、孙奭等人编的《论语》、《孝经》、《尔雅》、《孟子》四部注疏，被后人辑录在一起，合称《十三经注疏》。
2．互文答：互文，也称作“互文见义”，或简称“互见”，是指由上下文义互相交错，互相渗透，互相补充来表达一个完整句子意思的修辞方法。
其特点就是上下文义互相呼应、补充，是古诗文中常采用的一种修辞方法。
互文的使用情况有三种：（1）一个句子中某些字词互见；（2）多数情况下，互见出现在上下两句之中；（3）词互训，避免行文重复。
2013年北京大学中国语言文学大综合考试真题
2013年北京大学中国语言文学大综合考试真题北大大综合考试真题基础题部分填空选择1、“为何写作”是存在主义作家（）提出的。
2、“别才别趣”是南宋理论家（）提出的。
3、“戚而能谐，婉而多讽”是鲁迅对长篇小说（）的评价。
4、古希腊神话中勇敢闯过16道难关的大力士是（）5、中国第一部词典是（）6、最后进入《十三经》的是（）。
7、“披衣衣我，推食食我”在古代汉语中，“衣”“食”的声音和意思都不同，这叫做（）。
8、17年文学中，被称为“图卷戏”的戏剧是老舍的（）。
9、“艳”“yan(4)"的读法是“四呼”中的（）。
10、五六十年代的政治抒情诗的代表诗人是郭小川和（）。
11、在那天洗濯沐浴是古代传统节日（）的内容。
12、中国现代文学第一部诗歌集是（）13.郭沫若在作品（）中运用了凤凰在火中重生的传说。
14、”不恨天涯行役苦，恨西风，吹梦成今古“是清代著名词人（）的作品。
15、《文学革命论》的作者是（）16、语言的构成包括（）和聚合关系。
17、语言的三大主要发源地是古希腊罗马、中国和（）。
选择题：1、《白娘子永镇雷峰塔》出自哪部作品集（）A 警世通言B喻世明言C醒世恒言D初刻拍案惊奇2、下列属于抒情诗的是（)A《赶车转》B《王贵与李香香》C《漳河水》D《向太阳》3、90年代女性文学代表作是（）A《一个人的战争》B《方舟》C《弟兄们》D《在细雨中呼喊》4、中国现存最大的一部类书是（）A《永乐大典》 B C 《古今图书集成》 D6、经史子集四部分类法在下列哪一步作品中正式成立（）A《汉书、艺文志》B《随书、经籍志》C D 《四库全书》7、甲骨文发现后，第一部比较系统地研究甲骨文的著作是（）A刘鹗《铁云藏龟》B孙怡让《契文举例》C罗振玉《殷虚XXXX》D罗振玉《殷墟书契菁华》8、下列概念不属于某人的是（非萨特）（）A B C畏D恶心9、冯梦龙搜集的吴语民歌集是（）A《挂枝儿》B C《山歌》D10《》是下列哪一个民族的史诗（）AXX孜族B藏族C蒙古族D维吾尔族11、下列有词素意丢失现象的是（）A听证B裙钗C人物D迷惑12、古音韵学中，“促声”指的是（）A仄声B短调C入声韵D入声调13、钱钟书说：“唐诗多以风神情韵擅长，宋诗多以( )见胜”。
2013年北京外国语大学英语语言文学考研真题
北京外国语大学考研育明教育孙老师整理，更多信息可以咨询育明教育孙老师。
育明教育规划复习全程第一轮：零基础复习阶段(-2015年6月)本阶段主要是对翻译理论的流派有一个大体上的了解，形成一个总体的印象。
对各本参考书有个系统性的了解，弄清每本书的章节分布情况，内在逻辑结构，重点章节所在等，但不要求记住。
1)学习目标目标1：了解参考书目中基本的翻译流派和翻译理论目标2：掌握专业技能、培养兴趣爱好，基本了解改专业的知识框架和理念，为下一阶段的复习夯实基础;平时多关注北京周报、China Daily等了解社会热点和动向，学会运用所学知识分析社会问题。
2)学习任务①泛读书目，建构翻译的理论框架。
②学习每本教材，需在结合自己的理解绘制知识理论框架图构，建知识体系。
③学生遇到不理解的问题及时记录，上报教务老师，并与教务教师沟通请教。
④扩展知识面所需时政新闻。
⑤综合练习：检测前一阶段学习效果配有参考答案自测。
⑥不要求记忆只要求理解。
3)注意事项①学习任务中所说的“一遍”不一定是指仅看一次书，某些难点多的章节可能要反复看几遍才能彻底理解通过。
②本阶段学习重在理解，不需强制记忆，但一定要全面。
③每本书每章节看完后最好自己能闭上书后列一个提纲，以此回忆内容梗概，也方便以后看着提纲进行提醒式记忆。
④看进度，卡时间。
防止看书太慢，遇到弄不懂的问题，要及时请教专业咨询师。
第二轮：一阶-基础阶段(2015年7月-2015年9月)本阶段主要用进一步深入了解翻译理论，对参考书完成第一次的阅读，并开始找出重点和考点，形成知识系统。
同时每周练习一篇老师提供的翻译材料，了解翻译评分的要求。
加强对时政的关注和了解。
1)学习目标具体指定或非指定相关参考书目(据所报考院校为准)2)学习任务对参考书进行深入和全面的总结，列出考点和重点，同时多练习相关翻译材料，了解翻译评分的要求，提高翻译技能。
加强对时政的关注和了解。
同时阅读有关英汉对照。
3)注意事项①注意理解记忆参考书中的概念、原理。
【北京师范大学考研】2013年考研英语(一)真题及参考答案
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors. But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. _4_, he theorised that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was____11____.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardised exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicant would_18_ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20__.1. A grants B submits C transmits D dilivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B.emphasize C.share D.promote9. A.decision B.quality C.status D.success10. A.found B.studied C.chosen D.identified11. A.otherwise B.defensible C.replaceable D.exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hungerand need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year –about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural”ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Aministration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.An arizona.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enfour federal immigrations law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Anturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun .On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field " and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama tures on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued tha Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challengesincluding climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they givecomposure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need.48. The gardens of the homeless which are in efffect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such49 . Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college,inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay,you should1) describe the drawing briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning ,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2013年全国研究生入学考试英语一答案1.A(grants)2. B(external)3. C（picture）4. D(for example)5. B(fearful)6. D(on)7. A(if)8. A(test)9. D(success)10.C(chosen)11.A(otherwise)12.C(conducted)13.B(rated)14.C(took)15.B(then)16.C(marked)17.D(before)18.D(drop)19.B(undo)20.A(necessary)Text 121. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[B] insensitivity to fashion.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing25. What is the subject of the text[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.Text 226. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural”ads help advertisers to:[B] lower their operational costs27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[C] will not benefit consumers29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[D] skepticismText331·[B] our faith in science and technology32·[A] a sustained species33·[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive34·[C] draw onour experience from the past35·[C] TheEver-bright Prospects of MankindText 436. [C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law37. [C]States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.38. [D]stood in favor of the states39. [A] outweighs that held by the states40. [B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.41.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior .all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.42.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .43.[B] However, the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.44.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.45.[C] the idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories,。
东北师大2013年语言学考研题
2013年真题一、术语解释内部语言音高音位变体词的理性意义构形法形态句型语法范畴隐语词干二、分析题1.ban、da、guang中a是三个语素，为什么归为一个音位？2.分析“爱咋咋地”的句法结构。
3.分析“副+名”结构的产生原因。
三、简答题1．简述元音的归类标准。
2．简述汉语语素的类别系统。
3．缺漏。
4．什么是语言的规范化？5．简述语言和思维的关系。
四、论述题1.从语法形式的角度对世界语言进行分类。
2.简述语音学中对立与互补之关系。
3.简评乔姆斯基及转换生成语言学。
现代汉语部分一、术语解释合口呼钟鼎文粘着语素兼类词映衬二、分析题1.分析下列词的结构类型。
推翻笔直猩猩可爱江湖坦克司令枪支注音芙蓉2.“扩大”“缩小”“增多”“降低”“搞好”等述补结构，有人认为是词，有人认为是短语。
请说出你的看法。
3.分化下列歧义结构。
小王没找到吉林和辽宁的北部山区三、简答题1.简述仿词的基本类型，以及使用中应该注意哪些问题。
2.简述空语类与省略的区别。
3.简述仂语。
四．论述题试述方言岛及其形成。
五、思考题试述语素义和词义之关系。
古代汉语部分一、写出下列古代语言学著作的编著者。
《埤雅》《说文释例》《中原音韵》《字林》《毛诗古音考》二、写出下列古代语言学家的代表作一部。
扬雄陆法言桂馥陆德明王引之三、写出下列古书古注的作者。
《庄子集释》《三国志注》《论语集解》《史记索隐》《广雅疏证》四、指出下列句子中哪个字是古今字、通假字、异体字，并解释其意义。
1.苟亏人愈多，其不仁兹甚，罪益厚。
2.夫离法者罪，而诸先生以文学取。
3.古者富贵而名摩灭，不可胜记。
4.靖共尔位，好是正直。
5.若夫乘天地之正，而御六气之辩。
6.其次诎体受辱。
7.将之薛，假涂于邹。
8.武安侯微言太后风上，于是乃以魏其侯为丞相。
9.吾又惧其杂也，迎而距之。
10.齐谐者，志怪者也。
五、解释下列加点词的意义。
1．夫乐，天地之精也，得失之节也。
2．境内之民，其言谈者必轨于法。
2013年北京语言大学汉语国际教育硕士真题全解析(专业一)
2013年北京语言大学汉语国际教育硕士真题全解析（专业一）一、题型及分数1、客观题占比：43%2、主观题占比：57%二、试题特点1、专业一考察面不算宽广，初试不考语言学，但是现汉主观题较多，至少80分，而且均为分析题。
试题难度也比较大。
（2012年北语试题类型与2013年基本相同，只不过2013年考察了一道词汇方面的分析题。
）2、专业二文化部分内容较散，不易复习，而且最后一题考教案编写，对于没有留学生中文教学经验的学生来说难度较大。
三、重点试题解析1、fans译成中文表示“粉丝”。
以下是一些相关的称呼方式：玉米（李宇春的粉丝）盒饭（何洁的粉丝）凉粉（张靓颖的粉丝）乙醚（易中天的粉丝）纳米（谢娜的粉丝）bar译成中文是“吧”，组成词的有：网吧、书吧、话吧等问题：1分析二者的产生方式有何不同？2分析二者在语言色彩、风格、社会性上的不同【解答】1、（1）“fans”主要有两种译法，第一种可意译为语素“迷”，第二种可音译为一个词：粉丝，而“bar”只能音译为一个音节：吧（2）“玉米”产生方式：“玉米”原式应为：“宇”迷（定中结构）。
其中，“宇”谐音为“玉”。
语素“迷”谐音为“米”。
“盒饭”：原式为“何‘fan’”“何”同音借用为“盒”。
“fans”取词根“fan”音译为“饭”，组合为：盒饭。
“凉粉”：原式为“靓粉”。
“靓”谐音为“凉”。
“粉”源自“fans”之词根“fan”之音译。
“乙醚”：原式为“易迷”。
其中，“乙”谐音为“易”，“醚”源自“fans”意译语素：迷。
“纳米”：原式为“娜迷”。
“娜”借用同音字“纳”。
“米”来源于同音字“迷”。
以上词组成方式基本通过谐音+音译、同音借用+音译、谐音+意译等方式产生。
“网吧、书吧、话吧”等产生方式统一为“词根+bar”这样的方式。
虽然“bar”原为音译成分，但是随着其在汉语中构词能力逐渐增强，而且本身也负载意义，所以渐成为一个语素成分。
2、第一种较诙谐、亲切、可爱、有形象色彩，但是在社会上通行性稍差，一般较通行于团体内部（多为年轻人），对于团体外部人员来说有时相对陌生。
【考研真题】2013年北京大学对外汉语教育学院汉语言文字学专业基础
【考研真题】2013年北京大学对外汉语教育学院汉语言文字学专业基础第一部分：语音1、给出几组词，让用严式音标标出加点字，并指出声母的发音方法和部位。
大概有j、zh、h、x，具体词语记不清了。
2、给一段话注上汉语拼音。
这段话的意思主要是比较西安和北京。
需要注意的地方是西安的拼音一定要加上隔音符号“’”，还有轻声音节。
3、现代汉语中音位/a/的音位变体及出现的语音环境。
（貌似还有题，既不清楚了，语音很简单的）第二部分：文字1、给出几个字，找出错别字。
给的字有“柿、卑、腻、周……”一共八个字，有四个是错别字，也很简单的。
2、笔顺。
“毋，纵”还有几个字记不清了。
3、汉字的结构和形体演变的特点。
（貌似还有题，记不大清楚了）第三部分：词汇1、通用语和专门用语（记不得是专门用语还是其他什么表述了）的比较2、外来词的构造方式有几类。
（呜呜，我答错了。
我把意译词也答进去了。
）3、辨析“体会—体味—体验”（不知道回忆全没有，可能还有题）第四部分：语法1、为什么“长一点”“短一点”都可以说，而“谦虚一点”可以说，骄傲一点不能说。
2、助动词的语法特征。
3、“别”和“甭”的不同。
4、“冷得直哆嗦”“……”有人认为是程度补语，有人认为是情态补语，请谈谈你的看法。
（这道题有点奇怪，北大版没有这种分类，黄廖版有，但是郭锐老师的现代汉语课说的“可能补语”叫情态补语。
我一直忠实于北大版的语法，就答偏了。
唉，这件事教育我们两个版本都要看）5、比较两种说法的异同（1）买菜去去买菜（2）我买了书书我买了第五部分：语言学1、名词解释语言的分层装置词缀和词尾2、解答1、划分词类有哪几种标准，哪一种适合汉语？（还有一道记不清了）3、论述（20分）语言发展有哪些特点，为什么会有这些特点？。
2013年北京大学汉语国际教育专业课真题
2013年北京大学汉语国际教育考研真题及解析（育明教育）
育明教育资深咨询师薛老师认为：在考研复习备考中，信息收集是非常重要的，其次是有一定的方法和套路，在专业课上面能够得到相关内部人员的指导那就更是事半功倍了。
特别是能够收集到一些笔记、真题、讲义、课件、模拟题等具有含金量的资料，那更是为自己考研之路创造有利的条件，希望同学们能够合理利用这些资料，合理安排时间，最后坚持到底，
相信自己一定能得到一个满意的答卷！
专业一
壹（80分）
一、填空题（30分）
1、从语言谱系来看，藏语属于语系语族，英语属于语系语族，阿拉伯语属于语系。
2、和是语言系统中的两种基本关系。
3、仄声族古代汉语中是指、和
4、从词的结构类型来看，“猩猩”属于，“星星”属于。
5、“无言独上西楼，月如钩，寂寞梧桐深院锁清秋。
”这两句用到了、修辞。
6、语言演变特点是和
7、从语言的语法结构类型上来看，俄语属于，日语属于
8、苗、赏、刃、虎分别属于什么造字法。
9、日、表、熊、孔分别属于哪种口呼类型。
10、用国际音标标注下列字，秋韵问学
二、判断题（20分）
三、选择题（30分）
贰（40分）
四、什么是声调？不同声调是怎么形成的（10分）
五、为什么说汉字是表意文字？请举例说明（10分）
六、1、判断下列各词的释义是否有问题（10分）
（1）鞋：足上所穿的履
营业：以营利为目的职业
偏僻：交通不便，也不热闹的荒僻地方
秀：表演，展示
北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班。