DownHole_Tractors
Applications
• Production logging • Perforating • Fishing • Plug setting • Cement bond logging • Seismic data acquisition
Tractor and logging string configuration
Departure (ft)
Trends in horizontal drilling
EQUIVALENT DEPARTURE (m)
0 0 2000 4000 6000 2000 8000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 0
Understanding Downhole Tractors
Gulf Coast Section, SPE Northside, December 12, 2000
AUTHOR :
Bruce Henderson, SPE, SmarTract, Inc.
What is a Tractor ?
• A method of conveyance for use in high angle and horizontal wellbores.
• Competes with coiled tubing and drill pipe conveyed systems.
Background
Tractor history :
• early-mid 1990s • North Sea • increase in extended reach wells
Prejob planning
Prejob planning..
Unexpected problems (an example) :
• Identical wells ( # 8) - Logging tools (with nuclear source) unexpectedly stuck below tractor. • Weak point set at 3500 lbs – pulled up to 3000 lbs on wireline with no success. • Choice - try tractor to free logging tool or use service rig.
Tractor
Cement bond logging tool Compensated neutron logging பைடு நூலகம்ool
Cost saving opportunities
Tractor vs alternative services:
• 15 minutes additional rig up time.
• Savings made of 7-10 days service rig time, supervision, tools.
Conclusion
• Horizontal and high angle wells are becoming more common. • Tractors are being used more frequently as a cost effective alternative to other methods of conveyance. • Higher level of awareness of “tractors” will lead to increased use and applications.
• CT/tractor onshore log off – 2 identical wells - rigged up, 2 log runs, rig down - 12 hours. CT rigging up.
• Offshore platform – avoid CT upgrade. Savings can easily be in six figures.
Tractor Schematic
Wireline & cablehead Hydraulics Lower stroke
Anchors
Electronics
Upper stroke
Logging tools
Example anchor arms
The technology
Prejob planning
bp drilling envelope
1000
TVD BRT (ft)
TVD BRT (m)
10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 30000 Amethyst Bruce Colombia Goodwyn Miller Niakuk Pompano Marnock Ula/Gyda Wytch Farm Andrew Chirag Foinaven Harding Milne Point Pedernales Magnus Schiehallion Valhall
• many changes in hole size, small IDs, restrictions, doglegs, combinations of all these – easier to go in than come out.
Model vs actual :
• well conditions may have changed, do not have the safety margin expected.
3000
4000
5000
6000
32000 34000 36000 38000
Colin Mason Phil Hearn, Sept 00
EQUIVALENT DEPARTURE (ft)
Background
Tractor designs :
• wheels - initial designs uni-directional, no CHT. - 5+ designs in N.Sea. • crawlers • mechanical • others
Main areas :
• Wellbore profile, loads
• Hole configurations • Well plan - model vs actual • Unexpected problems
Prejob planning
Prejob planning..
Hole configurations :
Risk reduction using fully bi-directional tractor
• Tractor
+ wireline pull
= 800 + 3000 = 3800 lbs = 3500 lbs
• Cablehead weakpoint • Free within 10 minutes.
A “crawler” Tractor
• Fully bi-directional - speed and power(1000lbs)
• Four modules
The Technology
Cable: Outside Diameter: ID of Casing: Max Pulling Force: Max Speed: Length: Max Pressure: Max Temperature: Tensile Strength: Weight: Build rate: Real Time Monitoring: Pulling Direction: Single or Multi Conductor 2 1/8” 2.44 - 7.125” or larger 1000 lbs 1800 + ft/hr 32 ft (modular) 15 Kpsi 3000F 24,000 lbs 260 lbs 30 degrees/100 ft CHT, CHV, tool parameters (pressures,temperatures, motor RPM, others) Bi-directional, equal force
Minimal rig up time
Further applications
• Open hole tractoring • Logging while tractoring (LWT) • Intelligent use in zones of interest sliding sleeves, gas lift mandrels, other mechanical applications
Trends in horizontal drilling
Extended-Reach Drilling - Evolution in the 1990s
0
5000
98/99 96/97
10000
TVD (ft)
94/95
15000
92/93 Pre-1992
20000
25000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
delay 效果 pedal 的使用说明说明书
MODEON footswitchSet the effect ON or OFF.Also while holding the footswitch down, it works as a SHIFT function button.Tap footswitchTap tempo over the Delay Time.When holding the TAP and the ON buttons down for 3 sec,you will save the current Algorithm’s state.Feedback KnobSet the Delay’s Feedback or the Number of the repeats.This is the main feedback control, but there areactually 2 feedback stages:One right after the delay line, called “Main Feedback”& the other is located after the effects of the delay lines (Filter and Pitch Shifter) called “Post Feedback”.Mix KnobControls the Dry/Wet balance of the effect.At 50% there is a 1:1 mix ratio.Time KnobDelay time from 50ms up to about 1 second.After 700ms, the repeats will start becoming LO-FI.NOTE: when used as a stereo output,the R channel will have an offset compared to the L channel,so as to achieve the stereo spread effect.MODE Toggle SwitchThis changes which parameter the Control knob affects.For more info check on the Algorithms section (page 3).Control knobDepending on the algorithm and the Mode switch position,this controls different parameters each time.For more info check on the Algorithms section (page 3).OutputAudio out , send to an amp,mixer or monitor.InputAudio, line or fretted instrument input.Accepts up to 2Vpp levels.9VDC center pin negativestandard effect pedals powerDreadbox Raindrops is a Hybrid Delay/Pitch Shifter/Reverb pedal that takes the concept of short echos on a different level. It is equipped with multiple delay stages and different chips and you can choose between 3 different play modes, where in each one you can have a whole new experience and alternative soundscapes. You can achieve from simple short echos, to long, dirty and lo-fi delays and from simple pitch shifting bursts to extensively lasting reverbs.VAT)Main Page ControlsThese are the hands on controls,that you can access without holding down the shift.On/Off Indicator Delay Time IndicatorThese are the SHIFT controls, that you can access while holding down the ON button. Remember, in order to store this so that the pedal remembers them the next time you power it, you must press and hold both footswitch-es for 3 seconds!TIME = EFFECT GAINControls the level of the signal going into the effect’s line. By default, this should be set at 50%, but in many cases, for example if you plug a hot signal instrument, you might need to set this lower, so that the effects do not peak.FEEDBACK = POST FEEDBACKThis will control the amount of feedback that is send after the effect’s section. For example, feedbacks after the Pitch Shifter will introduce the shimmer effect. Be carefully though, as this feedback control and the main one will add up and self-oscillation can be produced.NOTE: On the reverb’s algorithm, this control is deactivated. MIX = LOW PASS FILTERThis controls the Cut Off of a 1-pole Low Pass Filter.CONTROL = TAP DIVISIONSThis is actually a multiplication over the tap tempo. It has fixed areas over 4 selections and it’s X1, X2, X4, X8.MODE toggle switchTails ON/OFF ( ON = 2, OFF = 1). By setting this to ON, will allow the repeats of the delay to be kept on even when the effect is set to by pass.A. Send an Audio signal or an instrument to the input (mono signals it’s better to be send to the R INPUT)B. Connect the Output to an Amp or a Monitor (mono signals should to be pulled out of the L OUTPUT)C. Power the effect by using a 9VDC center pin negative power adapter (specialized for effect pedals)D. Press the ON footswitch to enable the effectE. Press both footswitches to change algorithmsF. To engage the secondary functions (SHIFT page) press and hold down the ON footswitch. While this is on hold, you have access to different parametersG. In order to save the current algorithm’s settings, press and hold both footswitches for 3 secondsMODEMODE- CMOS Buffered Bypass - 9VDC center pin negative supply 150mA at least -True stereo IN/OUT - All IN/OUT are TS unbal-anced 6.4mm jacks- dimensions: 14x10x5 cm - weight: 0,525 kgThere are 3 different algorithms offered into RAINDROPS. 1. A modulated delay 2. Pitch shifted delay 3. Large reverbOn each algorithm you can save a single preset, by holding down both footswitches for 3 seconds.This preset will be stored and each time you power off the effect, or you cycle through the algorithms, you will have these settings as default.A Modulated Delay is simply the effect where the Delay Ttime is modulated by an LFO.On this algorithm the MODE switch + CONTROL knob has the following functions:MODE = 1 —> CONTROL = LFO RATE MODE = 2 —> CONTROL = LFO AMOUNTThis algorithm has a Pitch Shifter as its Post Effect. The Pitch Shifter will control only the Wet signal. The Post Feedback can have a drastic effect here, as each repeat will be shifted again.On this algorithm the MODE switch + CONTROL knob has the following functions:MODE = 1 —> CONTROL = PITCH (from 0 to 12 semitones - none quantised)MODE = 2 —> CONTROL = PITCH SHIFT AMOUNTAdditionally to the Delay signal, a long tailed reverb is added .On this algorithm the MODE switch + CONTROL knob has the following functions:MODE = 1 —> CONTROL = REVERB DECAY MODE = 2 —> CONTROL = REVERB MIXCircuit: Analog signal, hybrid delay, Digital reverbBypass: Buffered opamp, a constant 3 to 4dB volume drop is expected and is compensated over the tremolo effect, to counter the “signal volume drop” feeling a tremolo has.。
sondex井下爬行器
Tractor performance Drives in both directions Use of lighter mono-cables reduces cable drag load and extends useful range 2000m horizontal run has been achieved with 33% max. load Non-stop operation from free fall depth to target depth. Cool down stops not required No slippage. Side forces self-adjusting to maintain traction through entire load range
Downhole Tractor
Used on mono-conductor wireline, the Sondex Tractor deploys logging tools in high deviation or horizontal well profiles.
2.125in OD and 24.5ft long the Tractor is self centralising. Run in casing sizes up to 9.625in.
southwest agriculture托福阅读
Southwest AgricultureIntroductionSouthwest agriculture refers to the agricultural practices and systems in the southwestern region of a country. This region is known for its unique climate, topography, and agricultural techniques that are specifically adapted to the conditions found in the area. In this article, we will explore the characteristics of southwest agriculture, including the crops grown, irrigation methods used, and the challenges faced by farmers in this region.Characteristics of Southwest Agriculture1. Drought-resistant CropsDue to the arid and semi-arid climate in the southwest, farmers in this region mainly cultivate drought-resistant crops that can withstand the limited water availability. Some of the common crops grown in southwest agriculture include: - Maize - Sorghum - Millet - SunflowersThese crops have been genetically modified or selectively bred to have increased tolerance to drought conditions and require less water compared to other crops.2. Efficient Irrigation TechniquesWater scarcity is one of the biggest challenges faced by farmers in the southwest. To overcome this, innovative irrigation techniques have been developed and implemented in southwest agriculture. Some of these techniques include: - Drip Irrigation: This method provides water directly to the roots of the plants, reducing water wastage through evaporation. - Sprinkler Irrigation: In this method, water is sprayed over the crops in a manner that mimics rainfall, ensuring uniform distribution. - Terracing: Terraces are built on slopes to prevent soil erosion and maximize water retention.These techniques not only conserve water but also help in maximizing crop yields in the limited water availability.3. AgroforestryAgroforestry is another important aspect of southwest agriculture. It involves the integration of trees or shrubs with agricultural crops or livestock. This practice offers several benefits, such as: - Soil Conservation: Trees help prevent erosion and maintain soil fertility. - Microclimate Regulation: The presence of trees creates a microclimate that can moderate temperature and humidity levels, benefiting both crops and livestock. - Biodiversity Conservation: Agroforestry systems promote biodiversity by providing habitat for various species of plants and animals.Farmers in the southwest often adopt agroforestry techniques to enhance the sustainability and productivity of their agricultural systems.4. Pest and Disease ManagementThe warm climate and diverse ecosystems in the southwest make it a favorable environment for pests and diseases. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are employed to control these threats in southwest agriculture. IPM involves a combination of techniques such as: 1. Biological control: The use of natural enemies of pests, such as predators and parasites, to keep their populations in check. 2. Crop rotation: Changing the crops planted in a specific area helps break the lifecycle of pests and prevent the buildup of pathogens. 3. Cultural practices: Implementing practices like proper sanitation, weed control, and pruning to reduce pest and disease incidences. 4. Minimal use of pesticides: Chemical pesticides are used as a last resort and are carefully chosen to minimize environmental impact.These strategies promote sustainable pest and disease management, reducing the reliance on synthetic pesticides and minimizing harms to the ecosystem.Challenges Faced by Southwest Farmers1. Water ScarcityThe scarcity of water is a significant challenge faced by farmers in the southwest. With limited rainfall and inadequate water sources, farmers have to carefully manage their water resources and make use of efficient irrigation techniques to sustain their crops. Climate change exacerbates this issue, as extreme weather events like droughts become more frequent.2. Soil ErosionThe hilly topography and heavy rainfall in some parts of the southwest make soil erosion a common problem. Uncontrolled runoff can wash away fertile topsoil, reducing the soil’s productivity. Farmers employ various measures like terracing, contour plowing, and the use of cover crops to mitigate soil erosion and maintain soil health.3. Market AccessRemote locations and limited transportation infrastructure pose challenges in accessing markets for southwest farmers. The lack of proper roads and storage facilities can result in difficulties in transporting and selling agricultural produce. Improved infrastructure and better market linkages are essential to overcome this challenge and ensure a fair price for farmers’ products.4. Climate ChangeThe southwest region is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and the frequency of extreme weather events. Unpredictable weather conditions can disrupt crop seasons, affect yields, and increase the prevalence of pests and diseases. Farmers need to adapt their agricultural practices and adopt climate-resilient techniques to mitigate the impacts of climate change.In conclusion, southwest agriculture is characterized by the cultivation of drought-resistant crops, efficient water management techniques, agroforestry practices, and integrated pest and disease management.Despite the challenges posed by water scarcity, soil erosion, limited market access, and climate change, farmers in the southwest remain resilient and adapt their practices to ensure sustainable agricultural production in this unique region.。
google removalcause类型
Google Removal Cause 类型1. 概述在使用Google搜索引擎时，可能会遇到一些搜索结果被移除或隐藏的情况。
这些移除或隐藏的搜索结果是根据一定的移除原因来实施的。
而这些移除原因，即Removal Cause类型，对于了解搜索结果的工作原理和管理方式至关重要。
本文将介绍Google Removal Cause类型的相关知识，帮助读者更好地理解Google搜索引擎的运作机制。
2. Removal Cause 简介Removal Cause 是Google搜索引擎用于管理搜索结果并决定是否移除或隐藏特定内容的一种标准。
这些标准是依据Google的政策和法律法规制定的，旨在保护用户的利益和维护搜索结果的公正性和合法性。
在用户搜索特定内容时，如果搜索结果涉及被移除或隐藏的内容，便会显示相应的Removal Cause类型，通知用户这些搜索结果被移除的原因。
3. Google Removal Cause 类型在Google搜索结果被移除或隐藏时，会显示不同的Removal Cause 类型。
以下是一些常见的Removal Cause类型：3.1 违反Google政策有些搜索结果涉及违反Google政策的内容，如色情、暴力、恶意软件等。
这些搜索结果可能会被移除或隐藏，并显示“违反Google政策”类型的Removal Cause。
3.2 违反法律法规一些搜索结果可能涉及违反法律法规的内容，如侵犯版权、诽谤、盗窃等。
这些搜索结果会根据相关法律法规被移除或隐藏，显示“违反法律法规”类型的Removal Cause。
3.3 隐私问题部分搜索结果涉及用户的个人隐私信息，例如唯一识别信息号码、通联方式号码、住宅区域等。
这些搜索结果会被移除或隐藏，显示“隐私问题”类型的Removal Cause。
3.4 误导性信息有些搜索结果可能包含误导性的信息，如虚假广告、欺诈行为等。
这些搜索结果会被移除或隐藏，并显示“误导性信息”类型的RemovalCause。
downloadthis 0.3.3 用户指南说明书
Package‘downloadthis’November9,2023Title Implement Download Buttons in'rmarkdown'Version0.3.3Description Implement download buttons in HTML output from'rmarkdown'with-out the need for'runtime:shiny'.License MIT+file LICENSEURL https:///fmmattioni/downloadthisBugReports https:///fmmattioni/downloadthis/issuesEncoding UTF-8Imports fs,readr,writexl,bsplus,mime,htmltools,magrittr,zip,ggplot2,base64encRoxygenNote7.2.3Suggests knitr,rmarkdown,testthat(>=3.0.1),spelling,covrVignetteBuilder knitrLanguage en-USConfig/testthat/edition3Config/testthat/parallel trueNeedsCompilation noAuthor Felipe Mattioni Maturana[aut,cre](<https:///0000-0002-4221-6104>),John Coene[ctb]Maintainer Felipe Mattioni Maturana<*********************************.de>Repository CRANDate/Publication2023-11-0911:40:02UTCR topics documented:download_dir (2)download_file (3)download_link (4)download_this (5)12download_dir Index8 download_dir Download a directoryDescriptionThe path is converted into a.zipfile.Usagedownload_dir(path,output_name,button_label="Download data",button_type=c("default","primary","success","info","warning","danger"), has_icon=TRUE,icon="fa fa-save",self_contained=FALSE,...)Argumentspath Path to directory.output_name Name of of the outputfile.button_label Character(HTML),button labelbutton_type Character,one of the standard Bootstrap typeshas_icon Specify whether to include fontawesome icons in the button labelicon Fontawesome tag e.g.:"fa fa-save"self_contained A boolean to specify whether your HTML output is self-contained.Default to FALSE....attributes(named arguments)and children(unnamed arguments)of the button, passed to htmltools::tag().Valuehtmltools::tag,<button>Examples##Not run:##Directory path as an exampledownload_dir(path=system.file("assets",package="downloadthis"),output_name="example dir",button_label="Download directory",download_file3 button_type="success",has_icon=TRUE,icon="fa fa-save",self_contained=FALSE)##End(Not run)download_file Download a localfile or multiplefilesDescriptionIn case multiplefiles are chosen,thefiles will be converted to a.zipfile.Usagedownload_file(path,output_name,button_label="Download data",button_type=c("default","primary","success","info","warning","danger"), has_icon=TRUE,icon="fa fa-save",self_contained=FALSE,...)Argumentspath Path to thefile(s).If multiplefiles are chosen,a vector must be passed to this argument.output_name Name of of the outputfile.If not specified,it will take the sourcefile’s name if onefile is specified.In case of multiplefiles,the output_name must be speci-fied.button_label Character(HTML),button labelbutton_type Character,one of the standard Bootstrap typeshas_icon Specify whether to include fontawesome icons in the button labelicon Fontawesome tag e.g.:"fa fa-save"self_contained A boolean to specify whether your HTML output is self-contained.Default to FALSE....attributes(named arguments)and children(unnamed arguments)of the button, passed to htmltools::tag().Valuehtmltools::tag,<button>4download_linkExamples##Not run:##One file exampledownload_file(path=system.file("assets/css/all.min.css",package="downloadthis"),output_name="CSS file from downloadthis",button_label="Download css file",button_type="danger",has_icon=TRUE,icon="fa fa-save",self_contained=FALSE)##Multiple files examplepath_files<-list.files(path=system.file("assets/css",package="downloadthis"),s=TRUE)download_file(path=path_files,output_name="Files from downloadthis",button_label="Download files",button_type="danger",has_icon=TRUE,icon="fa fa-save",self_contained=FALSE)##End(Not run)download_link Downloadfile from a web addressDescriptionIt associates your download button to a web link.This might be an alternative when yourfile is too big for being handled by download_this().Usagedownload_link(link,button_label="Download data",button_type=c("default","primary","success","info","warning","danger"), has_icon=TRUE,icon="fa fa-save",self_contained=FALSE,...)Argumentslink A web address for downloadthing thefile.button_label Character(HTML),button labelbutton_type Character,one of the standard Bootstrap typeshas_icon Specify whether to include fontawesome icons in the button labelicon Fontawesome tag e.g.:"fa fa-save"self_contained A boolean to specify whether your HTML output is self-contained.Default to FALSE....attributes(named arguments)and children(unnamed arguments)of the button, passed to htmltools::tag().Valuehtmltools::tag,<button>Examples##Not run:##Link in Github repodownload_link(link="https:///fmmattioni/downloadthis/raw/master/inst/example/file_1.pdf", button_label="Download pdf file",button_type="danger",has_icon=TRUE,icon="fa fa-save",self_contained=FALSE)##End(Not run)download_this Download data frames,lists,or any R objectDescriptionWrapper around bsplus::bs_button()to provide a download button for HTML outputs in R Markdown.Internally,the function writes thefile to tempdir(),encodes it,and produces the down-load button.Currently,Internet Explorer does not support downloading embeddedfiles.For down-loading links,files,or directories,see download_link(),download_file(),and download_dir().Usagedownload_this(.data,...,output_name=NULL,output_extension=c(".csv",".xlsx",".rds"),button_label="Download data",button_type=c("default","primary","success","info","warning","danger"),icon="fa fa-save",self_contained=FALSE,csv2=TRUE,ggsave_args=list())Arguments.data A data frame or(named)list to write to disk.See’Examples’for more details....attributes(named arguments)and children(unnamed arguments)of the button,passed to htmltools::tag().output_name Name of of the outputfile,if NULL uses the deparsed.data object.output_extensionExtension of the outputfile.Currently,.csv,.xlsx,and.rds are supported.Ifa(named)list is passed to the function,only.xlsx and.rds are supported.button_label Character(HTML),button labelbutton_type Character,one of the standard Bootstrap typesicon Fontawesome tag e.g.:"fa fa-save",set to NULL toself_contained A boolean to specify whether your HTML output is self-contained.Default toFALSE.csv2A boolean to specify whether to use readr::write_csv2()in case the output_extension is chosen as’.csv’.If FALSE,readr::write_csv()will be used instead.De-fault to TRUE.ggsave_args List of arguments to pass to ggplot2::ggsave,e.g.:list(height=5).Valuehtmltools::tag,<button>WarningThis example will write the mtcars dataset to tempdir()and produce the download button for thefile mtcars dataset.csv with the fa fa-save icon on the Download data label.Examples##Not run:#Passing a data frame to the functionmtcars%>%download_this(output_name="mtcars dataset",output_extension=".csv",button_label="Download data",button_type="warning",has_icon=TRUE,icon="fa fa-save")#Passing a list with data frames to the functionlist(mtcars,iris)%>%download_this(output_name="mtcars and iris datasets",output_extension=".xlsx",button_label="Download data",button_type="warning",has_icon=TRUE,icon="fa fa-save")#Passing a named list with data frames to the functionlist("mtcars dataset"=mtcars,"iris dataset"=iris)%>% download_this(output_name="mtcars and iris datasets",output_extension=".xlsx",button_label="Download data",button_type="warning",has_icon=TRUE,icon="fa fa-save")#Passing any R object to the functionvector_example<-1:10linear_model<-lm(mpg~gear,data=mtcars)list(mtcars,iris,vector_example,linear_model)%>%download_this(output_name="datasets,vector,and linear model",output_extension=".rds",button_label="Download as rds",button_type="warning",has_icon=TRUE,icon="fa fa-save")##End(Not run)Indexdownload_dir,2download_file,3download_link,4download_this,5tag,2,3,5,68。
5+-+Sondex+Tractor中英文
Feedback reduces risk 反馈减少风险 Control of force against formation 控制对地层的力量 Proven to work in wells with debris 防止在有大量钻屑的井内工作
Tool running well in gravel & damaged pipe 在砾石充填井和管具损坏的井内工作良好23
4
Sondex Tractor Logistics SONDEX爬行器后勤支持 爬行器后勤支持
Tractor kit ready for shipping 成套爬行器准备好发运 2 downhole toolstrings 2 2个井下仪器串 2 surface power supplies 2套地面供电系统 Spares & accessories 配件和附件 110 /240v 1-phase power 110伏或240伏，单相电源
Excess debris can build up & block wellbore 过多的钻屑会堵塞井眼
17
Equipment Preparation 设备准备
Passenger toolstring compatibility 与测井服务公司的仪器串的兼容性 Correct size of drive arms 驱动臂正确的尺寸 Extra drive section to help with OH 外加的驱动部分以助于通过裸眼井段 Double tractor for negotiating radical ID changes 采用双爬行器处置 过激的内径 变化 Twin tractors as back-up 双爬行器作为备份
【codevs2488】绿豆蛙的归宿
【codevs2488】绿⾖蛙的归宿这个题开始正向拓扑排序，然后各种wa，⼼灰意冷，找了个题解，和同学研究了半天，甚⾄曾经⼀度认为题解是错的。
这个题正向反向应该都⽆所谓，但是我实在是蒻，打了半天正向都没打过去，最后跟随dalao的步伐⾛向了反向拓扑#include<iostream>#include<cstring>#include<cstdio>#include<queue>#include<stack>using namespace std;int n,m,x,y,z,head[100010],tail,ru[100010],chu[100010];bool flag[100010];double ans[100010];queue<int>qwq;struct in{int to,ne,co;}ter[200020];inline void build(int f,int l,int c){ter[++tail]=(in){l,head[f],c},head[f]=tail;}int main(){memset(head,-1,sizeof(head));scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z),build(y,x,z),ru[x]++,chu[x]++;//反向建图，因为从1跑不到的点肯定反向建图也跑不到1for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)if(!ru[i])//如果原图该点，没有出边(终点)qwq.push(i);while(!qwq.empty()){int qaq=qwq.front();qwq.pop();//这⾥可以换成栈，跑的还更快，虽然我不知道为啥for(int i=head[qaq];i>0;i=ter[i].ne){int t=ter[i].to;double gai=1.0/chu[t];ans[t]+=(ans[qaq]+ter[i].co)*gai;//求期望的必要步骤嘛qwqru[t]--;if(!ru[t])qwq.push(t);}}for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)printf("%.2lf ",ans[i]);//printf("%.2lf",ans[1]);}/*关于这个反向拓扑排序可以的原因因为每⼀个点都可以到达终点，所以⽆论正向反向，所有的从1到n的路径的期望值都不会变所以正向反向⽆所谓为什么要⽤拓扑排序因为只有⼀个点所有到他的边都被⾛过，关于到它的期望值才算真正确定*/ #include<iostream>#include<cstring>#include<cstdio>#include<queue>#include<stack>using namespace std;int n,m,x,y,z,head[100010],tail,ru[100010],chu[100010];bool flag[100010];double ans[100010];queue<int>qwq;struct in{int to,ne,co;}ter[200020];inline void build(int f,int l,int c){ter[++tail]=(in){l,head[f],c},head[f]=tail;}int main(){memset(head,-1,sizeof(head));scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z),build(y,x,z),ru[x]++,chu[x]++;//反向建图，因为从1跑不到的点肯定反向建图也跑不到1for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)if(!ru[i])//如果原图该点，没有出边(终点)qwq.push(i);while(!qwq.empty()){int qaq=qwq.front();qwq.pop();//这⾥可以换成栈，跑的还更快，虽然我不知道为啥for(int i=head[qaq];i>0;i=ter[i].ne){int t=ter[i].to;double gai=1.0/chu[t];ans[t]+=(ans[qaq]+ter[i].co)*gai;//求期望的必要步骤嘛qwqru[t]--;if(!ru[t])qwq.push(t);}}for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)printf("%.2lf ",ans[i]);//printf("%.2lf",ans[1]);}/*关于这个反向拓扑排序可以的原因因为每⼀个点都可以到达终点，所以⽆论正向反向，所有的从1到n的路径的期望值都不会变所以正向反向⽆所谓为什么要⽤拓扑排序因为只有⼀个点所有到他的边都被⾛过，关于到它的期望值才算真正确定*/ #include<iostream>#include<cstring>#include<cstdio>#include<queue>#include<stack>using namespace std;int n,m,x,y,z,head[100010],tail,ru[100010],chu[100010];bool flag[100010];double ans[100010];queue<int>qwq;struct in{int to,ne,co;}ter[200020];inline void build(int f,int l,int c){ter[++tail]=(in){l,head[f],c},head[f]=tail;}int main(){memset(head,-1,sizeof(head));scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z),build(y,x,z),ru[x]++,chu[x]++;//反向建图，因为从1跑不到的点肯定反向建图也跑不到1 for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)if(!ru[i])//如果原图该点，没有出边(终点)qwq.push(i);while(!qwq.empty()){int qaq=qwq.front();qwq.pop();//这⾥可以换成栈，跑的还更快，虽然我不知道为啥for(int i=head[qaq];i>0;i=ter[i].ne){int t=ter[i].to;double gai=1.0/chu[t];ans[t]+=(ans[qaq]+ter[i].co)*gai;//求期望的必要步骤嘛qwqru[t]--;if(!ru[t])qwq.push(t);}}for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)printf("%.2lf ",ans[i]);//printf("%.2lf",ans[1]);}/*关于这个反向拓扑排序可以的原因因为每⼀个点都可以到达终点，所以⽆论正向反向，所有的从1到n的路径的期望值都不会变所以正向反向⽆所谓为什么要⽤拓扑排序因为只有⼀个点所有到他的边都被⾛过，关于到它的期望值才算真正确定*/。
基于AMESim与Simulink的液压牵引器驱动机构联合仿真
机电工程技术第50卷第01期MECHANICAL&ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Vol.50No.01 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-9492.2021.01.019洪诗益，吴伟，刘斌基于AMESim与Simulink的液压牵引器驱动机构联合仿真[j].机电工程技术，2021,50(01)：67-70.基于AMESim与Simulink的液压牵引器驱动机构联合仿真洪诗益，吴伟，刘斌(西安石油大学机械工程学院，西安710065)摘要：在复杂的水平井工况下，轮式液压牵引器比机械式牵引器表现更好。
而液压牵引器推靠系统需要能适应套管变化的控制系统才能应对复杂的井下工况。
以某一型号液压牵引器的液压推靠系统为研究对象，先利用AMESim软件建立对应的牵引器液压推靠系统仿真模型，根据Simulink软件在控制系统设计方面的优势，设计了PID控制和模糊PID控制，对牵引器液压推靠系统进行联合仿真。
结果表明，模糊PID控制更加拟合仿真曲线，具有更好的控制效果，为牵引器液压推靠控制提供技术支持。
关键词：液压牵引器；AMEsim/Simulink;联合仿真；模糊PID中图分类号：TP273文献标志码：A文章编号：1009-9492(2021)01-0067-04开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)：Simulation Analysis of Driving Mechanism of Hydraulic Tractor Based onAMESim/SimulinkHong Shiyi，Wu Wei，Liu Bin(School of Mechanical Engineering,Xi'an Shiyou University,Xi'an710065,China)Abstract:Wheeled hydraulic tractors perform better than mechanical tractors in complex horizontal well conditions.The hydraulic retractor propulsion system needs a control system that can adapt to casing changes in order to cope with complex downhole conditions.Taking the hydraulic propulsion system of a certain type of hydraulic retractor as the research object,AMESim software was first used to establish the corresponding hydraulic propulsion system simulation model. According to the advantages of Simulink software in the control system design,PID control and fuzzy PID control were designed to carry out joint simulation of the hydraulic propulsion system of the retractor.The results show that the fuzzy PID control can better fit the simulation curve and has better control effect,which provides technical support for the hydraulic pushback control of the tractor.Key words:hydraulic tractor;AMEsim/Simulink;co-simulition;fuzzyPID0引言井下牵引器是依靠自身所携带的动力源，具有一定自主操控能力并能在井下特殊环境中完成特定工作任务的机电一体化装置。
DOWNFLO OVAL 粒子收集器说明书
1 Donaldson ToritDOWNFLO OVAL DUST COLLECTORSThe high performance Downflo ® Oval (DFO) family of over-achieving dust collectors provides up to 25percent more filtration capacity than other same-sized cartridge collectors. Powered by proprietaryUltra-Web ®fine fiber filtration technology, DFO delivers cleaner air, up to two times longer filter life, and greater cost savings.The DFO advantage is found in the collector’s proprietary design and components. The combination of a new cabinet design that greatly lowers cabinet velocities, proprietary Extra-Life ™cleaning technology, and proven Ultra-Web fine fiber filters allows more airflow through the collector without increasing the size of the footprint or damaging the filters.A smaller collector helps lower the initial purchase price, reduces filter replacement costs and opens up valuable manufacturing floor space.DFO OFFERS:• Lower initial cost per cubic foot of air per minute• Higher efficiency—cleaner air• Lower pressure drop— greater energy savings• Fewer filter changeouts• Reduced filter disposal cost • Easy system setup• Less maintenance• 10-year warrantyDFO 3-1825%MORE CAPACITYA FAMIL Y OF OVER-ACHIEVERS | 800-365-1331 2DOWNFLO OVAL DUST COLLECTORS DFO collectors offer some strong benefits that distinguish them from all other collectors available in the market today.DFO 2-4DFO 3-3EASY TO USEQuick-release handles provide easy cover removaland faster filter access COMP ACTSmaller footprints for applications that requiremaximum cleaning efficiency in even smaller spaces POWERFUL DFO collectors provide 25 percent more capacity than same-sized dust collectorsCOST EFFECTIVE The proprietary ExtraLife ™Filter Cleaning System averages up to 30 percent increase in pulse cleaningenergy for unmatched cleaning ability INNOV A TIVEUnique oval-shaped Ultra-Web ®cartridge filtersprovide the longest filter life and highest filtrationefficiency—which lowers cost OUTPERFORMS ALL OTHER COLLECTORSDFO 1-1 3Donaldson ToritThe Downflo Oval filter design is another indication of Donaldson Torit’s commitment to technical research and development. The distinguishing factor in our filters is Ultra-Web® filtration technology. Ultra-Web fine fiber media uses a layer of fibers 0.2 to 0.3 microns in diameter to capture contaminants on the surface of the media less than one micron in size. The resulting dust cake is easily cleaned off during the automated collector cleaning cycles providing cleaner air longer, with a minimum MERV* 15 efficiency rating based on ASHRAE 52.2 - 2007 test standards.Fine Fiber Media(600x)Fine fiber surface loading technology is availablein all Ultra-Web and Fibra-Web filter cartridges.CARTRIDGE FIL TERS FOR MANY APPLICA TIONSThe Downflo WorkStation (DWS) in conjunction with Donaldson Torit’s unique oval-shaped filter cartridges are an unbeatable system. Choose from our superior line of filters to complete the most powerful filtration solution available for your application.5Donaldson Torit | 800-365-1331 6DOWNFLO OVAL DUST COLLECTORS UNIQUE OV AL SHAPE CONTRIBUTES TO HIGHER AIRFLOW CAP ACITYThe Downflo Oval filter design is a reflection of Donaldson Torit’s commitment to technical research anddevelopment. High performance oval-shaped filters handle up to 25 percent more airflow without increasing velocities, which can cause filter abrasion. Sophisticated FLUENT ®*Airflow Modeling Software revealed that oval-shaped cartridge filters have fewer areas of high velocity, resulting in a lower potential for mediaabrasion and increased filter life.Downflo Oval Collector 9145 cfm (15,534 m3/h)Standard Collector 7315 cfm (12,426 m 3/h)AIRFLOW BREAKTHROUGHS LEAD TO HIGHER FIL TRA TION EFFICIENCYSophisticated computer modeling for fluid dynamics, structural mechanics and acoustics puts DFO models 1-1, 2-2, and 3-3 in a technical class all their own. The illustration below (left) shows how FLUENT FlowModeling Software enhanced the uniform air velocity distribution through model DFO 3-3. ANSYS ®* Structure Analysis Software shown below (right) demonstrates lowest stress levels and deflections for model DFO 3-3under typical operating pressures.DFO 3-3 Air Velocity Distribution DFO 3-3 Stress and Deflections Model* FLUENT is a registered trademark of Fluent, Inc.; ANSYS is a registered trademark of ANSYS, Inc.MORE AIRFLOW, LESS FIL TER MEDIA | 800-365-1331 8DOWNFLO OVAL DUST COLLECTORS EASY MAINTENANCEWith the new design of the DFO’s quick-release access handles, filter removal and maintenance isextremely fast with one simple movement of the clamp.BAG-IN /BAG-OUT ARRANGEMENTSImprove filter changeouts and hopper dischargemaintenance, help minimize worker exposure topotentially harmful dusts, and reduce exposureof contaminants to the atmosphere.• Porthole covers protect changeout bagsand provide a clean appearance• Heavy-duty plastic bags hold filtersand function as gloves during thechangeout procedure• Filters are disposed of in a sealed bag• Bag-in/Bag-Out drum arrangement issafely held in place through drum latchesand hose clampsFIL TER CHANGES AND DISCHARGE MAINTENANCE9 Donaldson Torit DOWNFLOOVAL DUST COLLECTORS * S ound measurements were taken in a hemianachoic chamber and under free field conditions and do not reflect the influences of actual operating environments. Standard sound pressure levels were taken at an operator position of 1.5 m high and 1 m from source.** Provided through Donaldson Torit fan program.*** See system performance curves on page 10.ADDRESSING SAFETY CONCEPTSDonaldson Torit manufactures or partners with experts to provide solutions for critical processes where harmful particulate must be controlled.• Explosion Relief Panels(with or without weather domes)• Suppression Systems•Reinforced Housing ConstructionOPERA TING ADV ANT AGES & CONDITIONSDOWNFLO OVAL DUST COLLECTORSPOWERFUL PERFORMANCEUnlike other technologies that require upgrades for more demanding applications, each DFO 1-1, 2-2 and 3-3 footprint comes standard with a unique high performance power pack. The system performance graphs below show the fan performance with clean filters. The curve indicates available external static pressure to the unit.SYSTEM CURVES FOR DFO MODELS 1-1, 2-2, AND 3-311 Donaldson ToritDOWNFLO OVAL DUST COLLECTORSBASEMODULES 1-1, 2-2 & 3-3BASEMODULES (DFO 2-4) 110.8 in.(2814.3 mm)115.7 in.(2938.8 mm)115.7 in.(2938.8 mm)(DFO 2-4) 129.4 in.(3286.8 mm)134.3 in.(3411.2 mm)152.9 in.(3883.7 mm)C LC L(762.0 mm)(762.0 mm)(508.0 mm)Front View DFO 2-12(3-Wide Models)Front View DFO 3-18 (3-Wide Models)Right Side View All ModelsDIMENSIONS & SPECIFICA TIONSDOWNFLO OVAL DUST COLLECTORS* The first number indicates number of filter rows, and the second number indicates number of cartridges.** Based on clean filters.*** Without accessories or optional equipment. | 800-365-13311213 Donaldson ToritDOWNFLOOVAL DUST COLLECTORSDFO 4-112 on Titanium GrindingDFO 4-48 on Metal GrindingDFO 3-6 on Sawing ofHigh Pressure Hydraulic HoseDFO 2-4 on Fiberglass Routing & CuttingDFO 2-2 on Paint Pigment DustPROVEN PERFORMANCE ON HUNDREDS OF APPLICA TIONS | 800-365-1331 14DOWNFLO OVAL DUST COLLECTORSST ANDARD FEA TURES & A V AILABLE OPTIONSSignificantly improve the performance of your collector with genuine Donaldson Torit replacement filters and parts. Call Donaldson Torit today 800-365-1331.F118006 ENG (08/16) Downflo Oval Dust Collector Brochure ©2016 Donaldson Company, Inc. Donaldson, Torit, Downflo, Ultra-Web, Fibra-Web, Ultra-Tek, Thermo-Web, Torit-Tex and the color blue are marks of Donaldson Company, Inc. All other marks belong to their respective owners.Donaldson Company, Inc. Torit P .O. Box 1299Minneapolis, MN 55440-1299 U.S.A. Tel 800-365-1331 (USA)Tel 800-343-3639 (within Mexico) ****************************Industry-Leading T echnology• Advanced filtration technology for optimal performance • Reduced energy consumption and cost of ownership • Advanced design and testing capabilitiesThe Most Filters and Parts• For every brand and style of collector• Wide range of filtration media for any application • 90,000 filters and parts in stock and ready to shipUnparalleled Support• Live technical specialists• Comprehensive pre- and post-sale support• 40 manufacturing plants and 14 distribution centers worldwideCall Donaldson ®Torit ®to get cleaner air today:Important NoticeMany factors beyond the control of Donaldson can affect the use and performance of Donaldson products in a particular application, including the conditions under which the product is used. Since thesefactors are uniquely within the user’s knowledge and control, it is essential the user evaluate the products to determine whether the product is fit for the particular purpose and suitable for the user’s application. All products, product specifications, availability and data are subject to change without notice, and may vary by region or country.。
downward-sloping
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SRAS
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Consider example of catalogue company: publishes price, and takes orders for quantity
CHAPTER 9
Introduction to Economic Fluctuati effects of an increase in M
CHAPTER 9
Introduction to Economic Fluctuations
slide 15
The short run aggregate supply curve
P
The SRAS curve is horizontal: The price level is fixed at a predetermined level, and firms sell as much as buyers demand.
AD2 AD1
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CHAPTER 9
Introduction to Economic Fluctuations
slide 10
Aggregate Supply in the Long Run
Recall from chapter 3: In the long run, output is determined by factor supplies and technology
N. Gregory Mankiw
PowerPoint® Slides by Ron Cronovich
© 2002 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved
Chapter objectives
difference between short run & long run introduction to aggregate demand aggregate supply in the short run & long run see how model of aggregate supply and demand can be used to analyze short-run and long-run effects of “shocks”