A Direct Determination of the Gluon Density in the Proton at Low x
tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (25)原文 (25)译文 (28)题目 (31)答案 (40)背景知识 (41)阅读-3 (49)原文 (49)译文 (53)题目 (55)答案 (63)背景知识 (64)阅读-1原文Plant Colonization①Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site.Colonization is a process with two components:invasion and survival.The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms(seeds,spores,immature or mature individuals)arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving.Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization–a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.For a given rate of invasion,colonization of a moist,fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter.A fertile,plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds,whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse,infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.②Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species.Pioneer species-those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization-tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules(seeds,spores,and so on)and because they have an efficient means of dispersal(normally,wind).③If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules,they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats.Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small,relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means If reaching the appropriate type of habitat.Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants,such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds.Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation,and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example,as many as1,125viable seeds per square meter were found in a100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia.Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species.The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the largeseed band on the forest floor.④An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination(the beginning of a seed’s growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions.This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.⑤Species succession in plant communities,i.e.,the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession,especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates.The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of specie with the highest rate of invasion,whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival ratesbut lower invasion rates.译文植物定居①定居是植物改变一个地点生态环境的一种方式。
高一英语农学基础单选题50题
高一英语农学基础单选题50题1. In the agricultural field, the ______ of the new fertilizer has improved the crop yield significantly.A. usageB. useC. usefulD. useless答案：A。
本题考查名词的用法。
A 选项“usage”是名词，“使用；用法”；B 选项“use”既可以作动词也可以作名词，但此处需要名词形式，“usage”更强调“使用的方式、方法”，更符合语境；C 选项“useful”是形容词，“有用的”；D 选项“useless”是形容词，“无用的”。
2. The ______ weather has a great impact on the growth of crops.A. climateB. weatherC. climaticD. weathery答案：C。
本题考查形容词的用法。
A 选项“climate”是名词，“气候”；B 选项“weather”是名词，“天气”；C 选项“climatic”是形容词，“气候的”；D 选项“weathery”不是正确的单词。
这里需要形容词修饰“weather”，所以选C。
3. The farmers need to work ______ to harvest the crops before the rain comes.A. hardB. hardlyC. harderD. hardest答案：A。
本题考查副词的用法。
A 选项“hard”作副词时，表示“努力地；辛苦地”；B 选项“hardly”意思是“几乎不”；C 选项“harder”是“hard”的比较级；D 选项“hardest”是“hard”的最高级。
此处没有比较的意思，所以用“hard”。
4. The ______ of the soil is very important for the quality of the crops.A. qualityB. quantityC. qualificationD. qualificationally答案：A。
英语专四阅读长难句翻译(10)
英语专四阅读长难句翻译 (10) 2. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced,one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces,the other of the larger remains.3. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting,there are considerable difference of opinion.4. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.5. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic,regarded this earth with envious eyes,and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.1、根据这一理论，不是由感觉神经脉冲的质量来决定他们产生的各种神经感觉的，而是由他们被发射到大脑的哪一部位来决定的，对这一观点是有证据的。
英译汉 Lecture 7
3. a sentence—sentences 13.The west for a century dirt-farm poor and ignored by the more industrialized eastern provinces of Ontario and Quebec that control Canada, has latterly begun to sway the nations entire economic structure. 一个世纪以来，加拿大西部是贫困的小农经济 地区。工业化程度较高、左右全国的东部省份 安大略和魁北克曾对它不屑一顾。但最近以来， 西部地区对加拿大的整个经济结构已产生影响。 ***长句一分为三
7. He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation(愤怒). 他摇摇头，两眼睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一道缝， 冒出愤怒的火苗。 8. And a growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed. 越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种观点，虽 然从数量上讲，他们仍然是少数。 9. The street began smoky and dark when there was a loud noise of explosion heard downtown. 街上开始烟雾缭绕，天黑下来了。突然，人们在 闹市区听到一声猛烈的爆炸声。
Section 3
Combination & Division
Division
Division/ Splitting: Division is to separate the whole sentence into two or more parts in rendering when a translator finds it’s hard to keep the original language structure intact and that he has to explain the meaning of the source language text one by one.
关于霍金读大学选专业的英语阅读填空
关于霍金读大学选专业的英语阅读填空Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics (抗生素) given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed (喷射) onto fields as fertilizers (肥料), could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”.The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. ______(46)Some 20, 000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. ______(47)Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf.______(48)With millions of tons of animals manure (施肥于) spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathwayseems an equally likely route for spreading resistance, he said. The drugs contaminate (污染) the crops, which are then eaten. ______(49) Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. _______ (50) His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously.There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage (用污水灌溉) treatment.A. They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water.B. And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says.C. Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid.D. But recent research has found a direct link between theincreased use of these farmyarddrugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people.E. His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animals feed.F. They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.。
Alertsforpolicym...
EDITORIALAlerts for policy makers extracted from papers published during 2012in volume 4of Food SecurityRichard StrangeReceived:13December 2012/Accepted:18December 2012/Published online:5January 2013#Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht and International Society for Plant Pathology 2013The salient points of papers published in this volume of Food Security are listed below.It is hoped that they will be noted by Policy Makers concerned with food security and that they will inspire early action.(Numbers after each entry refer to relevant pages in V olume 4of the journal).The physical environment1.Pressure on land in Kenya:T.S.Jayne and MiluMyanga draw attention to the sharp decline in productivity in Kenya when populations rise above 600–650persons per km 2.They suggest that there is scope for promoting equitable access to arable land that is still unutilized through investment in infrastructure (pp.399–421).2.Soil fertility and persistent food insecurity:EmmaStephens and associates draw attention to the poverty trap engendered by low soil fertility and consequent low productivity and food insecurity (pp.423–439).3.Socio-economic and political factors in relation todrought vulnerability:Elisabeth Simelton and associ-ates show that rice,wheat and maize production in middle income countries are particularly vulnerable to drought.Moreover,vulnerability was greater in author-itarian régimes and flawed democracies than hybrid régimes and full democracies (pp.163–179).nd and water availability in India:M.DineshKumar and co-authors point out that there is a mismatch between the availability of arable land and water.They suggest as correctives,the judicious investment in sur-face water projects which encourage direct irrigation,replenishment of over-exploited aquifers,better use ofgreen water and a shift to low water consuming crops (pp.539–556).5.Rainfall variability:Mintewab Bezabih and SalvatoreDi Falco found that the uncertainty of rainfall prevented farmers from choosing high risk —high return crops and suggest that this could be mitigated by weather insur-ance policies and crop diversification (pp.557–567).The biological environment:productivity and consumption1.Crops that feed the World:Two crops are reviewedin this series:rice is reviewed by P.A.Seck and asso-ciates (pp.7–24)and potato by Paul Birch and asso-ciates (pp.477–508).Policy makers may wish to consider the feasibility of planting these important and nutritious crops in new areas.2.Hillside growth of maize in Nepal:Prasad Tiwari andassociates found that the availability of light limited the yield of maize in agroforestry systems in Nepal.They suggest that this and their other findings may be helpful to breeders in developing maize genotypes suitable for the complex hillside systems of Nepal (pp.103–114)3.Sorghum production and consumption in India:Basavaraj Gali and Pingali Rao draw attention to the decline in consumption of sorghum in India over a period of about 30years,although it is still an impor-tant crop in the states of Maharashtra,Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.As there are considerable shortfalls of the better quality rabi type,it is suggested that research should be devoted to increasing its produc-tion and that it should be made available through the Public Distribution System to poorer sections of communities (pp.209–217).R.Strange (*)Birkbeck College,University of London,Malet Street,WC1E 7HX,London,UKe-mail:*****************Food Sec.(2013)5:9–11DOI 10.1007/s12571-012-0238-44.Significance of wild edible fruit diversity in EastIndia:Ajay Mahapatra and Pratap Panda demonstrate the presence of56wild edible species of fruit trees in Orissa State and their essential role in the nutrition of tribal households where the average annual consump-tion is73Kg(pp.219–234).5.Impact of Nerica rice adoption in the Gambia:Lamin Dibba and associates show that Nerica rice (New Rice for Africa,a cross between Oryza sat-iva and O.glaberrima)increased yields and annual income of small-scale rice farmers by157kg per hectare and$148,respectively(pp.253–265). 6.Post-harvest losses of maize in Africa:TadeleTefera demonstrates that post-harvest losses of maize in Africa are between14and36%and that the remaining crop may be poisoned by mycotoxins.To combat these problems,he advocates mainte-nance of low moisture content of grains,the use of high yielding maize with resistance to post-harvest pests and the use of super grain bags or metal silos (pp.267–277).7.Yield gaps:James Sumberg points out that althoughthe concept of“yield gap”is a useful one,it should be carefully defined.Is it between what the farmer actu-ally obtains and economic or technical yield in the field or is it between actual and the maximum yield obtained at a research station or the calculated potential yield?(pp.509–518)8.Crop losses:Serge Savary and associates call at-tention to the difficulty in measuring the losses of crops to plant diseases.Although direct losses may be substantial,there are also other losses which may not be so obvious such as loss of quality and contamination by toxins,and the expense of developing new varieties which,owing to the oc-currence of new pathogens or new virulences of established pathogens,have short productive lives (pp.519–737).9.Seed Security:Louise Sperling and Shawn McGuirecontend that issues of access and the contribution to commercial and livelihood bases of seed must be addressed.They advocate refraining from using the general phrase‘seed secure’but rather to qualify it in relation to a specific goal such as‘seed secure to ensure income generation’(pp.569–579)10.Post-harvest storage technology:Raushan Bokushevaand associates report on the success in adoption of metal silos for maize storage in four Central American countries and that adopting households experienced a significantly higher improvement in their well-being compared with non-adopters(pp.279–293).The socio-political and economic environment Governance1.Cash Transfers:Sebastian Levine suggests that cashtransfers would have been a more effective way of reducing poverty and in shielding Namibians from the worst impact of the food price crisis of2007/2008 (pp.59–71).2.Smallholders’access to agricultural credit:AbidHussain and Gopal Thapa found that a government scheme to make credit available to smallholder farmers for inputs such as farm machinery,fertilizer and seed was most effective for those with comparatively large holdings(2.5–5.0acres)and least effective for those with small holdings(≤1.0acre).They suggest that the government should improve access of all smallholders to credit,particularly those whose holdings are small (pp.73–85).3.Household food insecurity in small municipalities ofNortheastern Brazil:Rodrigo Pinheiro de Toledo Vianna and associates found that the Brazilian House-hold Food Insecurity Scale(EBIA),which had previ-ously been validated at the national and urban levels was also valid for municipalities of fewer than50,000 inhabitants(pp.295–303).They suggest therefore that EBIA has great potential as a valid tool for targeting and evaluating food security programmes in small and dis-advantaged municipalities in Brazil and elsewhere in Latin America and the Carribean.4.Challenges and opportunities for enhancing foodsecurity in Kenya:Gordon Hickey and associates,in their introduction to the special issue on Kenya,pub-lished in September2012,make the point that for food initiatives to be effective,they must involve solutions that are equitable,generalizable and ecologically sound in order to ensure sustainability(pp.333–340).5.Cash,food or vouchers:Hope Michelson and associ-ates found that,in rural areas,female-headed house-holds with physical limits to market access strongly preferred food aid to cash or vouchers,while such households in urban areas preferred the flexibility of cash or vouchers to food aid(pp.455–469).6.Integrated agricultural research in Eastern Zimbabwe:Kefasi Nyikahadzoi and associates advocate an integrated approach to embed agricultural research and development organizations in a network to undertake multidisciplinary and participatory research.They argue that this is more likely to enhance food security of smallholder farmers thana linear approach from researchers through extensionworkers,farmers,agro-processors and marketers to con-sumers(pp.647–656).10R.Strange7.Missing ecological and health dimensions in theAsian food security debate:Mark Wahlqvist and asso-ciates state that there should be greater emphasis on family planning,encouragement of plant based diets and creation of resilient regional food systems in order to solve the daunting problem of food security in the area(pp.657–670).Nutrition and gender1.Undernutrition in India:Derek Headey and associatesadvocate multisectoral approaches to this problem in-volving commitment at a political level and at the com-munity level to monitor implementation(pp.87–102).2.Malnutrition of children in Malawi:Maria Sassidraws attention to the seasonal nature of hunger in Malawi owing to insufficient productivity,exacerbated by volatile food prices in the market on which families are dependent.Their study suggests that improving child nutritional status would require stabilization of maize prices(pp.593–206).3.Female-headed households and food insecurity inBrazil:Erica Felker-Kantor and Charles Wood show that although female headed households were more likely to experience moderate or severe food insecurity than those headed by men,women’s spending patterns were more favourable to the welfare of children and other members of the household(pp.697–617).4.Vegetable breeding in Africa:Victor Afari-Sefa andassociates found that public sector research supported by a nascent private seed supply sector are resulting in the release of many indigenous and standard vegetables that are nutrient dense.It is suggested that these have considerable potential for reducing poverty and malnu-trition on the African continent(pp.115–127).5.Homestead food production:As a result of a study ofthe relationship of dietary diversity and food variety scores to vegetable production and the socio-economic status of women in Tanzania,Gudrun Keding and asso-ciates suggest that homestead food production may be a good way to improve dietary diversity(pp.129–140).Crises1.Performance of the Food Security Cluster:DanielMaxwell and John Parker review the performance of the Food Security Cluster in food security crises with the Haiti volcano of2010,the Pakistan floods of 2010and the widespread violence in Kenya in 2008and in Côte d’Ivoire in2010following con-tested presidential elections.They suggest that the limited availability of qualified individuals and high turn-over of staff were the biggest constraints to effective coordination and emphasize the importance of good leadership(pp.25–40).2.The dire food security situation in the Himalayas:Prakash Tiwari and Bhagwati Joshi,in a study of the Kumaon Himalaya,draw attention to a massive decline in per capita food production,decrease in off-farm em-ployment and decrease in remittances from migrants.To remedy the situation,they advocate a community ori-ented framework for the management of land,water and forest resources and the generation of off-farm employ-ment(pp.195–207).3.The dire food security situation in urban poor house-holds in Mumbai,India:Nilesh Chatterjee and asso-ciates found that59.7%of households in this area were severely food-insecure and state that food security pol-icies and programmes have to be implemented immedi-ately in order to ensure that subsidies and food items are allocated to the households of the vulnerable urban poor (pp.619–632).4.Impacts of rises in staple food prices:AndrewDorward reports that increases in prices of staple foods have had very serious effects on large numb-ers of poor in national and local economies and states that there is a need for policies and action to address this(pp.633–645).5.Out-migration from rural Nepal:Hom Gartaula andassociates found that voluntary out-migration from rural areas of Nepal in order to take up remunerative employ-ment elsewhere threatens the role of agriculture and food security in the country(pp.181–194).Alerts for policy makers11。
小学上册第2次英语第二单元真题(含答案)
小学上册英语第二单元真题(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do you need to play soccer?A. BallB. RacketC. BatD. Paddle2.My sister has a collection of ____ (postcards).3.The __________ (历史的探讨) fosters dialogue.4.What do you call a young zebra?A. ColtB. CalfC. KitD. Pup5. A cactus is a type of _______.6.What is the name of the holiday celebrated on February 14?A. New YearB. Valentine's DayC. ThanksgivingD. Christmas7.Do you have any _____ (室内植物) at home?8.My brother loves to ______ books. (read)9. A _____ (绿色屋顶) can help cool buildings.10.What is the capital of Zimbabwe?A. HarareB. BulawayoC. GweruD. Mutare11.His favorite food is ________.12.What is the name of the famous race car driver known for his speed?A. Dale EarnhardtB. Michael SchumacherC. Lewis HamiltonD. Jeff Gordon13.I like to play ________ (排球) during PE class.14.What do we call the process of a solid turning directly into a gas?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. SublimationD. Condensation答案:C15. A ________ (植物研究中心) promotes innovation.16.The chemical formula for glucose is ______.17.I love to watch ________ (舞蹈表演) on TV.18.What do we call the imaginary line that divides the Earth into Eastern and Western hemispheres?A. EquatorB. Prime MeridianC. International Date LineD. Tropic of Cancer答案:B19.What do you call the place where you can borrow books?A. BookstoreB. LibraryC. SchoolD. Office20. A ________ (植物知识普及) can inspire others.21.I can _______ (dance) well.22.The __________ (Renaissance) was a period of great cultural revival in Europe.23.The ________ (环境治理) protects resources.24.What is the main function of leaves?A. To absorb waterB. To support the plantC. To make foodD. To reproduce答案:C25.The Earth's surface is shaped by both ______ and natural processes.26.The rabbit is ___ (nibbling) on a carrot.27.The candy is ______ (sweet) and tasty.28.I wear a ___ (hat/scarf) in winter.29.What do we call the area of land that receives little rainfall?A. ForestB. DesertC. WetlandD. Grassland答案:B Desert30._____ (叶子) can be smooth or rough.31.The kangaroo carries its baby in its ______ (袋子).32.What is the primary ingredient in a chocolate chip cookie?A. FlourB. SugarC. Chocolate chipsD. Butter33.I like to add stickers to my ________ (玩具).34.Nitrogen makes up most of the ______.35.What do we call a person who writes books?A. AuthorB. EditorC. PublisherD. Journalist答案:A36.I can ___ a kite. (fly)37. A leopard can climb trees very ______ (轻松).38.The bark of a tree protects its ______ (内部).39.What do you call a person who studies the weather?A. MeteorologistB. GeologistC. BiologistD. Astronomer答案:A40.What is the name of the famous detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle?A. Hercule PoirotB. Sherlock HolmesC. Miss MarpleD. Sam Spade41. A __________ (生态研究) can help protect plants.42.What do you call the person who takes care of sick people?A. TeacherB. NurseC. ChefD. Artist43. A ________ (植物生长环境) is carefully managed.44.My ___ (小猫) catches bugs in the summer.45.The dog is _______ (在追逐)小球.46.The first artificial satellite, Sputnik, was launched by _______.47.I have _______ (两只) cats and one dog.48.The ________ (teamwork) fosters creativity.49.What is the main ingredient in hummus?A. ChickpeasB. LentilsC. BeansD. Peas答案:A Chickpeas50.In ancient Rome, the __________ was a large arena for gladiator fights. (斗兽场)51.The ________ (invitation) is for a party.52. A ________ (植物研究支持) fosters innovation.53.We built a ________ out of blocks.54.My friend has a ______ (新) bike.55.Chemical reactions can be classified as synthesis, decomposition, and _____.56.The ________ sits on the windowsill.57.Some rocks can change into different types through a process called __________.58.The crust is thinner under ______ than under continents.59.The kitten loves to explore its _________. (家)60.The ______ (香味) of flowers can be very strong.61.I turned my room into a ________ (玩具名称) playground.62.I like to take care of my toy ________ (玩具名称).63.The bear is very ____.64.What is the name of the largest rainforest in the world?A. Amazon RainforestB. Congo RainforestC. TaigaD. Temperate Rainforest答案:A65.My teacher’s name is ____.66. A chemical bond that involves sharing electrons is a _____ bond.67.What do we call a group of wolves?A. PackB. SchoolC. FlockD. Clutch答案:A68.What is the capital of Italy?A. RomeB. VeniceC. FlorenceD. Milan69.What do we call a baby kangaroo?A. CalfB. JoeyC. KidD. Pup70.I like to ______ with my cousins during holidays. (play)71.Which insect can create honey?A. AntB. BeeC. ButterflyD. Mosquito答案:B72.What is the capital of Portugal?A. LisbonB. PortoC. MadridD. Barcelona73.What do you call a person who plays music?A. ArtistB. MusicianC. ActorD. Author答案:B74.What do we call the sound made by a duck?A. QuackB. MooC. BaaD. Roar75.The freezing point of water is ______ degrees Celsius.76.What is the name of the famous mountain in Japan?A. FujiB. EverestC. KilimanjaroD. Denali77.Mom calls me her little _______ when I help her cook.78.What continent is known as the "Dark Continent"?A. AsiaB. AfricaC. AustraliaD. Europe答案:B79.What is the main purpose of a garden?A. To grow foodB. To decorateC. To relaxD. To entertain答案:A80.Did you see a _______ (小猴子) swinging from a branch?81.What do you call the person who writes books?A. AuthorB. PainterC. ChefD. Teacher答案:A82. A _______ is a tool that helps to determine the height of an object.83.Many _______ need sunlight to grow.84.What is the name of the fairy tale character with a glass slipper?A. AuroraB. CinderellaC. ArielD. Belle85. A tarantula can be found in the ________________ (森林).86.How many senses do humans have?A. 3B. 5C. 7D. 987.The ______ (小鼹鼠) digs tunnels underground, searching for ______ (食物).88.She is ___ (playing/singing) a tune.89.The ____ has a unique pattern and runs fast.90.The signing of the Treaty of Versailles ended ________ (第一次世界大战).91.The stars are ______ at night. (shining)92.The _____ (金鲨) glides through the ocean with grace. 金鲨优雅地穿梭于海洋中。
马来西亚吉隆坡金属加工厂的传统金矿加工过程说明书
Investigating the Standard Process of Conventional Gold Refining Process in Kelantan, MalaysiaSaadiah Kaspin1 and Nadiah Mohamad21Department of Contemporary Metal Design, Faculty of Art and Design, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam,Selangor, Malaysia2Department of Fine Art, Faculty of Art and Design, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaAbstract—the conventional method of gold refining process is widely used and it seems no further effort has been taken to improvise the system. Safety, productivity and reliability issue remains to be crucial barrier to local jewelers to refine their in-house gold scrap. The findings have brought the researcher to conduct site visits to some of the refinery centers to identify their popularly known conventional gold refinery process. Based on researcher early observation during the site visits has founded that current refinery practice seems unsafe and dangerous due to improper handling of acidic chemical substances and unhealthy refining procedures at the workplace. The process normally produce smokes, poisonous fumes and smells that could endanger human’s health, safety and pollutes the environment largely without proper control measures.Keywords-component; gold; refining process; standard process; MalaysiaI.I NTRODUCTIONAccording to Ministry Industry, Mineral and Geoscience Department in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian, Malaysia is a gold producing country and its production on this mineral was about 4000MT yearly. [1]In general, most of the small-scale gold mines are located in the States of Kelantan, Pahang, and Terengganu. In Malaysia, Kelantan is one of the most popular states amongst gold jewelry buyers due to its renown “Kelantan gold” via its unique traditional “design” concept offered at a very reasonable price, even sometimes lower than the industry gold prices. [4, 5]The price and its unique design has been an attraction to local tourism and jewelry industry that indirectly spur the development of the local economic development. In general substantiate by my early observation, Kelantan is the most renowned state for small/medium scale gold jewelry making as compared to others states in Malaysia like Terengganu and Pahang.The case study opted Kota Bharu, Kelantan as due to the early one to one interview findings shows that most of the district based jewellers from Machang, Tanah Merah, Kuala Krai and Pasir Puteh sell their gold waste to gold refinery center located at Kota Bharu. The establishment of these gold refinery centers also has attracted established jewellers from other adjacent areas to get their service. This phenomenon has intrigued researchers’ curiosity to acquire more crucial information about their gold processing devices and techniques used in local production particularly without advanced technology environment.Although the effect of technological advancement has improvised global gold refining process, the researcher’s findings stated that conventional method is still being used to refine gold in Kelantan.II.H ISTORY O F G OLD R ECOVERY P ROCESS Recovery is the process of removing impurities from the precious metal. Gold going through refineries may either be recycled being purified and upgrade or on the final stage of its transformation from ore in the mine of bullion. [2]Gold mining and recovery activities have set its footage since the golden ancient Egyptian time. J.H.F Notton, a well renowned researcher has produced a substantial evidence of information in his journal “Ancient Egyptian Gold Refining” published in Gold Bulletin dated 1st Mac 1974.According to Notton; there was an evidenced on various activities relating to gold mining based on the large amount of gold used in rituals and religious activity. The findings also stated that the equipment used is technically good with high standard and precision.The first recovery technique has been founded and introduced in the Ancient Egyptian era; about 500 B.C. It is based on the result of the chemical analysis that determines the ages and level of purity of the sample gold items founded during archeological activities. It was evidenced that the sample has higher gold purity as compared to normal gold alloy, which proved the usage of the gold refining techniques.[3]FIGURE I. SAMPLE OF THE EGYPTIAN GOLD RECOVERYEQUIPMENT. [3]III.C ONVENTIONAL G OLD R ECOVERY P ROCESS I N K ELANTAN,M ALAYSIAThe locations for the case study on site observation arelocated at the local gold refiner premises at Kota Bharu, International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering (SEEE 2015)Kelantan. Each location shows the creativity by the refiners themselves in order to make the gold recovery process conveniently according to their suitability.The refining process was observed to be conducted in a small covered room located at their home backyard. Improper funnel has been built as a smoke ventilator to release acid and toxic gas moves out from the room. There are two limited spaces to separate refining area and melting area. The refinery is equipped with basic amenities such as water pipes and pail. Nevertheless, the whole refinery area’s condition was poor and need a lot of improvement. [4, 5, 6]The equipment is not a well designated device for refining process and unsafe position of gas tank was noted at the melting area. Toxic smokes clouds the area badly during the process and forced the worker to wear gas mask all the times. The workplace was considered dangerous and messy and could cause fatal accident to the refiners if no further actions are taken to resolve the matter. Though the method has been proven to work effectively and has been used for generations, major improvement is needed to change the technique and the process.[6,7,8]Current practice is considered as unsafe and not economical in the long run. Despite of these weaknesses, the refiners doesn’t have any options due to their limited knowledge and skeptical mind about the latest technology. Generally, it could be categorized as an unsafe, unhealthy and unsystematic condition of refining process particularly because it’s being done in a dark covered room and the improper handling procedures of hazardous chemical substance like nitric acid. [6, 7, 8]Basically, there are 4 stages in gold refining as shown in figure II below:FIGURE II. OUTLINE OF CONVENTIONAL GOLD RECOVERYPROCESS. A.Stage 1The first stage in gold refining is to melt the gold. The jewellery from 916 carat gold and silver goes through the melting process. Before that, put the gold jewellery and silver in a crucible and the ratio for gold and silver is 1:1. Pour the gold and silver solid into metal pan. Then acid nitric is poured into the pan to crush the gold.Then the nitric acid is re-poured from the pan into the dedicated pail. After that, the pan is heated until the gold solution dry. Subsequently, raise the gold from the pan for re-melting process. The process only takes 5 minutes to complete. During the re-melting process, copper is used as a catalyst to turn the gold raw and allowed the mixed gold and silver return to its origin.The usage of copper will affect the mixed gold and silver and change it into yellow pale or red. After the mixture is crushed and melted, pour it into the water. This process will takes 5 minutes to complete. [4, 5]B.Stage 2The second stage is a refining process. This stage is divided into three parts. Firstly, place the solid gold into the pan. Use one dipper of acid nitric until the gold sink. Before that, the acid must be free and clean from any materials. Put the pan on the kitchen and heat it. During the heating process, the copper will evaporate due to the hazardous dark brown acid fumes. If the fumes become slightly white, that signals that all copper metals have been fully evaporated.Secondly, the water is poured into the pan to remove all the fumes. Slowly reduced the heat and raised the pan. There are golds in seeds form and some water left in the pan. The water automatically contains silver because when the heating process, silver has been transformed into liquid form and mixed with the acid nitric. The acidic water that contains silver will later be poured into the pail and leaves the gold in the pan. Pour some water in the pan to remove balance of acid nitric. Put some water and stir regularly.Later, new acid nitric is poured into the pan and the gold is heated again. White color fumes will be produced during this second heating process in the absence of copper substance. Cooked until the acid boiled up. It will take longer time to boil due to the ductility and malleability factors possess by the gold solution. After the acid is boiled up, a lot of fumes will be produced. Acid that is used in this process can be kept and re-used because it does not mix with silver and copper. The gold solution will later change its color into to red.Subsequently, repeat all the disciplines as mention in the second part. After it’s completed, the gold will change to the origin fine gold solution in red color. Dries it with slow fire to fasten the process. At this stage, the appearance of dried gold is in dust form. Dried spatula is used to get the gold. The whole refining process takes 45 minutes to complete.[4,5,6] C.Stage 3The third stage is to make the gold bullion. At first, the flux is used as catalyst to ease the gold melting process. The flux will later be placed at the bottom of ceramic cruciblefollowed by gold dust spurred on top of the flux layer. Driedspatula is used to press the gold and flux together for the finishing purpose. The ceramic crucible will then be placedinto the burning area for heating process. Start the burning process till the gold melted.Borax is a type of chemical substance that is use to removeall the dirt during the melting process. The process will takehalf an hour to complete. The melted gold will then poured inthe bullion mold. The bullion will be removed from the moldand water is used to reduce its temperature. This process takes50 minutes in order to complete the whole cycle. The bullionwill undergo through testing process to ensure its quality and purity. Standard gold purity level is 99.9%. However, some ofthe refine gold only managed to produce only 98.0%. [7, 8] This reduction is mainly caused by the original contents of refined gold jewellery bought from the jewellers house or customers which are lower than the standard purity level. For example, marking initial or carat symbol of 916 gold meansthe gold carat contains 91.6% purity. But in this case, the purity of gold is just 90.0%. They claimed some craftsmen’sand jewellers house reduced the purity of gold to gain more profit. It is a fact that many customers were unable to identifythe purity of the gold contents accurately due to its complicated technicalities. [6, 8]D.Stage 4Silver that has been changed into the liquid form turnedinto light green color because its mixtures with acid nitric. Pour some water to reduce fumes and temperature. Put in copper to extract silver metal from the mixture. It would takes5- 6 hours to complete the process. Silver solution that attached to the copper is white in color and is very soft. Sufficient water quantity in mixture of acid and silver will avoid the copper from being eroded. Results from the above refining process shows that the traditional method that has been used was unsystematically done. Inaccurate calculationand improper instruments arrangement have affected the percentage of gold purity. [4, 5, 6]IV.C OST A NALYSIS F OR G OLD R ECOVERY P ROCESSFrom the observation, the equipment and material used in conventional recovery process was made from steel or plasticand available at the market. Therefore, the actual cost of every equipment and material from each method used in traditional process were identified for its weakness and strength.[6,8] TABLE I. COST ANALYSIS OF GOLD RECOVERY PROCESS.Conventional Gold Recovery ProcessNo Equipment/ Material Price ( RM)1 NitricAcid 802 Pan 253 Kui 14 StainlessSteel 55 TorchSet 1606 Gassilinder 257 PlasticPail 15Total cost RM 301According to the above table, the cost for conventional recovery process is RM 301.00. The expensive equipment inthis process was a torch set that used in melting process.[7,8] V.T IME C ONSUMING T O C OMPLETE T HE C ONVENTIONALG OLD R ECOVERY P ROCESSThe conventional method was conducted at night startingfrom 8.00 o’clock. Time duration for conventional gold recovery process for method A was about 1 hour and 5 minutes. It took a longer time only during when the gold was allowed to dissolve in acid niric and the process was repeated untill the brown fumes disappeared. In a same time, the funnel placed above the kitchen allowed the brown fumes to spread out to the air and speed up the recovery process.[6,7,8]TABLE II. ANALYSIS ON QUANTITY OF GOLD RECOVERED BEFORE (PRE) AND AFTER (POST) REFINING PROCESS.Traditional method Purity%Weight GoldBefore ProcessWeight GoldRecoveredPurity %A 83.525gm 24.3gm 99.0 The amount of gold recovered through method A was 0.7 gram.TABLE III. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOLID GOLD SAMPLES FROM CONVENTIONAL METHOD USING XRF ANALYSIS.Method SampleWeight( gm )Element (weight %) Goldas AuSilveras AgCopper asCuA4.57 99.00.890.11From the table above, it shows that chemical composition gold sample is 99 % purity with appearance of 0.89% silver element and 0.11% copper.TABLE IV. ANALYSIS ON GOLD THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ON CONVENTIONAL RECOVERY METHODS SAMPLESMethodSample was heated to 1200 o C at 10oC minSample Weight ( gm ) Purity % Melting PointA 4.57 gm 99.0 1090o CAccording to the table above, the melting temperature of sample from method A was the highest with 1090oC due to its chemical compositions that consists a higher percentage of purity with 99% and it reflected from it resistant properties that can withstand high temperature untill 1090oC. The highest gold contained will contribute to the highest melting temperature of gold alloy.VI.R ESULTS AND F INDINGSThe nitrogen dioxide produced from the conventional gold recovery process caused the air pollution and derived to the safety issues. This problem relates to the quality control of each methods used by the refiners. The finding also derives that this method was unable to filter out all silver and copper element and in a same time affect the quality of gold in terms of percentage. [6, 7, 8]From this research, the researcher hopes that it can be a starting point for other studies on gold recovery process. For example, the introduction of new small scale device or machine to refine gold from jewelry scrap. Other than that, the traditional recovery process through nitric acid andprecipitation process must be improve to avoid the long period which was taken to complete the process and in the same time, it can avoid the gold losses from happening during filtering process.The most important things are the benefit of refining in-house in a small scale production must be weighed against the cost and yield of gold obtained from use of the gold refiners. In some cases, use of third party refiners may be more cost-effective and easy to manage as compared to in-house refining process.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors are grateful for support from local refiners, Associate Prof. Dr. Zaini Hamzah from Faculty of Applied Science, University Technology MARA (UiTM) and Dr.Christopher W. Corti from World Gold Council (WGC). Last but not least, University Technology MARA (UiTM), Malaysia for their support in making this research successfully.R EFERENCES[1]Mohamad Yusof Che Sulaiman and Azemi Hj. Eki ( 2004 ), Import andExport of Mineral, Mineral Malaysian Minerals Yearbook 2004, Department of Mineral and Geoscience, Kuala Lumpur. [2]Kenneth Blackmore ( 1982 ) ‘Buying Jewelry ( A Practical Guide)[3]J.H.F Notton (1974 ) Egyptian Gold Recovery , Gold Buletin Magazine1 Mac 1974, 7 (2), pg 50-56[4]BINTIKASPIN, SAADIAH. "Improvement of traditional gold recoveryprocess for jewellery scrap." PhD diss., Universiti Teknologi MARA, 2008[5]Kaspin, Saadiah, Zuriati Mohamed Shaari, and Nadiah Mohamad. "Aninvestigation on the effectiveness of traditional gold recovery process forjewellery scrap." (2009).[6]Kaspin, Saadiah. "Small scale gold refining: Strengths and weaknesses."In Technology, Informatics, Management, Engineering, and Environment (TIME-E), 2013 International Conference on, pp. 32-36.IEEE, 2013.[7]Kaspin, S., and N. Mohamad. "Gold refining process and its impact onthe environment." In Environmental Engineering and Computer Application: Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Environmental Engineering and Computer Application (ICEECA 2014), Hong Kong, 25-26 December 2014, p. 19. CRC Press, 2015.[8]Kaspin, Saadiah. "Eco gold: An improvement of traditional goldrecovery process for jewellery scrap." In Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC), 2013 IEEE, pp. 784-788.IEEE, 2013.。