电动三轮车结构设计说明书

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休闲电动代步三轮车的设计

第一章方案及总体设计1.1分析问题，提出概念（conception）电动代步车（Instead of walking electric bicycle）主要具备以下优点：(1)节能（energy efficiency），电动车的能量（energy）可以从化学电池（Chemical battery）中来，也可以从太阳能电池（Solar battery）、燃料电池(Fuel battery)中获得。

(2)能源利用率(energy utilization rate)高，利用率可达20%(3)有利于保护环境，污染小，基本上没有碳氢化合物、一氧化碳(Carbon monoxide)、二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)、氮氧化合物(hydrocarbons)的污染。

(4)无噪音，运行安静(5)有利于电力负荷(Power load)的合理分配在设计(project)工作开展的前期，应对电动代步车设计考虑了以下三个方面设计因素。

(1)安全(safety)因素(2)无障碍(accessible)设计(3)关爱性(caring)设计1.2明确概念，提出设计方案现有的电动车有二轮、三轮、四轮之分，一般主要依靠220V交流电源(Ac power)向蓄电池(storage battery)充电(charging)后行驶。

对于绿色能源(Green energy)的利用已成为各国在交通运输工具(transportation)方面研发的重点，如何才能让电动自行车贴近“节能、环保(environmental)”，是电动代步车创新设计面临的一个大难题。

就目前可用做电动代步车的绿色能源主要有：(1)车用乙醇汽油(Vehicle ethanol and gasoline)（2）风能(wind energy)（3）太阳能(solar energy)1.3各方案的优缺点分析及比较以上三种电动代步车的能源方案，分别分析其优缺点如下：(1)车用乙醇汽油车用乙醇汽油作为一种清洁的发动机燃料油具有以下优点：A、辛烷值(octane value)高，抗爆性(Anti-knock nature)好。

电动三轮车结构设计说明书

单位代码学号分类号密级毕业设计(论文)电动三轮摩托车结构设计院（系）名称工学院机械系专业名称机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名魏华瑞指导教师曲伟石2009年5月5日电动三轮车结构设计摘要本文简要介绍了电动三轮车的分类、用途以及各个类型的电动三轮车的优缺点。

并根据我对电动三轮车的市场调查的情况进行分析研究，并对电动三轮车的某些结构做了简要的介绍、改进和整合。

首先，就电动车的发展过程发展前景以及电动车在发展过程中存在的问题做了简要的介绍和分析，并对世界上其它国家电动车的发展状况做了简要的叙述。

其次，本文对目前市场上的所具有的电动三轮车的类型做了一个详细的介绍，并对各个类型的电动三轮车的配置、用途、适用人群、优缺点做了简要的介绍。

最后，经过认真总结和对市场的分析并利用四年来所学的知识，在指导老师和任课老师的指导和其他同学的帮助下，对电动三轮车的整车参数、外形尺寸、前叉结构、驱动系统和制动系统做了简单的设计和改进。

关键词：电动三轮车，前叉结构，驱动系统，制动系统The structural design of electric tricycleAuthor:weihuaruiTutor:quweishiAbstractThis paper introduces the classification of electric tricycle, uses various types of electrical as well as the advantages and disadvantages of tricycles. And according to my electric tricycle for market research analysis of the situation, and some of the structure of electric tricycle a brief introduction, improvement and integration.First of all, on the development of electric vehicles and electric vehicle development prospects in the development of problems in the course of a brief description and analysis, and other countries in the world, the development of electric cars a brief description.Secondly, this article on the current market has the type of electric tricycle has made a detailed introduction to the various types of electric tricycle configuration, usage, the application of people, the advantages and disadvantages of doing a brief introduction.Finally, after a careful summary and analysis of the market and take advantage of four years of knowledge, in the guidance of teachers and classroom teachers and other students with the help of the whole of the electric tricycle parameters, dimensions, front fork structure, drive system and the braking system to do a simple design and improvement.Keywords: electric tricycle, fork, drive system, brake system目录1绪论 (1)1.1 课题背景及目的 (1)1.2 国内外研究状况 (1)1.3 课题研究方法 (2)1.4 论文构成及研究内容 (2)2 电动三轮车结构设计方案对比分析 (3)2.1 目前国内外常见的电动三轮车后桥的结构样式 (3)2.1.1 单侧电机、外置车架型 (3)2.1.2 中置电机带大轴型 (4)2.2 电动三轮车根据用途不同的分类 (4)2.2.1 休闲型电动三轮车 (4)2.2.2 客运型电动三轮车 (5)2.2.3 客货两用型电动三轮车 (6)2.2.4 货运型电动三轮车 (6)2.3 电动三轮车设计方案的确定 (7)3 电动三轮车整车设计简介 (9)3.1 电动三轮车的参数选择 (9)3.2 电动三轮车外形简介 (9)4电动三轮车前叉设计 (11)4.1 前叉转向轴设计 (12)4.2 前叉连扳设计 (12)4.3 前叉筒管设计 (12)5电动三轮车驱动系统的设计 (14)5.1 电动三轮车后桥设计.................................. .. (14)5.2 电动三轮车后桥半轴的设计 (22)5.2.1 后桥半轴的材料和最小直径的选择 (23)5.2.2 后桥半轴各段长度的确定................... (24)6 电动三轮车制动系统的设计 (25)6.1 电动三轮车前轮制动系统的设计 (25)6.2 电动三轮车后轮制动系统的设计 (26)6.3 电动三轮车驻车系统的设计 (27)结论 (28)致谢 (29)参考文献 (30)附录 (31)附录A 有刷和无刷电机的区别 (31)附录B 我国电动自行车的发展史 (32)1 绪论1.1课题背景及目的目前电动车已经成为城乡主要的交通工具之一，为了顺应时代的潮流和人民生活的需要，我早已想对电动车做进一步的开发，通过和指导老师讨论决定对电动三轮车进行进一步的研究和改进，设计出一款更为实用经济的电动三轮车产品。

希斯特3轮电动搬运车产品介绍说明书

J1.6-2.0UTT 3-WHEEL ELECTRIC FORKLIFT2OVERVIEWThe cost-effective Hyster UT series is a suitable option for less demanding applications, backed by the power of the Hyster name.THE RANGEThe J1.6-2.0UTT range is available in three different capacities:1,600KG – J1.6UTT 1,800KG – J1.8UTT 2,000KG – J2.0UTTDESIGNThe design of the UT range has been engineered with the driver in mind. The ergonomically designed operator compartment, with a wide range ofstandard features and options, can be configured to the needs of the operator and the application.1HIGH STRENGTH OVERHEAD GUARDThe profiled steel overhead guard features high strength materials to enhance reliability and operator protection.2AC CONTROLLERControllers optimize battery powerconsumption. AC traction and hydraulic motors improve precision. All are easily accessible to minimize service time.3WIDE AND LOW STEPThe conveniently positioned non-slip step coupled with large grab handles provide easy and secure access to the truck.4WIDE VIEW MASTThe wide view mast delivers excellent visibility of the load and operator’s forward field of view, optimizing comfort and productivity .5SMALL, ADJUSTABLE STEERING WHEELThe small diameter steering wheel requires low effort, promoting light and precise operation. The adjustable steer column optimizes comfort and convenience.6DUAL DRIVE MOTORSThe compact structure of the drive system provides adequate access for maintenance. Precision cut gears are incorporated, leading to reduced wear and lower noise levels.FEATURES24 53163LOW COST OF OWNERSHIPThe use of high quality and robust components within the UT series deliver a reliable operation with limited wear and tear. Maintenance costs and requirements are further reduced by simple, readily available, genuine and cost effective replacement parts. HYDRAULICSHigh quality cylinders with hard chrome rods reduce seal wear for long life. A full-flow, low pressure filter on the return line keeps the hydraulic oil clean, which helps to minimize seal and pump wear. In addition, this keeps the control valve in good condition, leading to low service costs.4ENGINEERED FOR DRIVERSSAFETY AND COMPLIANCE• H igh visibility, shock absorbing mast enables soft landing• C ontrollable mast lowering speed helps to avoid damage• Secure overhead guard • Standard LED lights • O perator presence systemCOMFORT• H ydraulic power steering requires low steeringeffort for precise positioning • D river fatigue minimized by full suspension, superior comfort and lumbar support seat • A djustable steering column and seat to suit all operators• Low noise and vibration • L ow entrance step, large uncluttered floor space and ergonomically positioned pedals • E rgonomic handbrake and operator controlsPERFORMANCE• O n-demand hydraulic power steering, withtwin drive motor system, delivers superb maneuverability and low energy consumption • E xcellent stopping capability – deliveredthrough maintenance free oil-immersed brakes and regenerative braking system • S imple and clear dash display • D isplay with integrated performance selection functions • A C traction and lifting motors, with electronic control, helps improve performance • S equential seatbelt interlockSERVICE• A C traction and hydraulic motors help reducemaintenance costs • E asy service access to the controllers – mounted inside the counterweight, at waist height, protected by removable cover • I P54 Design – protects the hydraulic and drive motor components • R eadily accessible drivetrain – minimizing service time • C ANbus communication simplifies troubleshooting5Mast typeMax fork height (mm)Overall extended heightFree liftMast tilt Capacity without side shift Lowered height (mm)Lift heightWithout LBR(mm)With LBR (mm)Forward (Deg)Back (Deg)@ 500mm Single pneumatic tire (kg)@ 600mm Single pneumatictire (kg)Without LBR (mm)With LBR (mm)1.6T 1.6T 1.6T1.6T 1.6T 2LFL300019753490401035356616001435330021253790431035356616001435350022253990451035356616001435370023254190471035356616001435400025254490501035353516001435450027754990551035353514001255500030255490601035353512501120550033255990651035353511501030600035756490701035353510509402FFL3000197534904010151099066160014353300212537904310166011406616001435350022253990451017601240661600143537002325419047101860134066160013304000252544905010206015403516001330 3FFL400018504490501013858653516001330435019754840536015109903515001345450020254990551015601040351400125548002125529058101660114035130011655000222554906010176012403512501120550023905990651019251405351150103060002575649070102110159035105094065002790699075102325180535900805J1.6UTT MAST AND CAPACITY TABLENote: For integral sideshift deduct 50kg from stated capacityMAST SPECIFICATIONSMast typeMax fork height (mm)Overall extended heightFree liftMast tilt Capacity without side shift Lowered height (mm)Lift heightWithout LBR(mm)WithLBR (mm)Forward (Deg)Back (Deg)@ 500mm Single pneumatic tire (kg)@ 600mm Single pneumatictire (kg)Without LBR (mm)With LBR (mm)1.8T 1.8T 1.8T 1.8T 1.8T 2LFL300019753490401035356618001615330021253790431035356618001615350022253990451035356618001615370023254190471035356618001615400025254490501035353518001615450027754990551035353516001435500030255490601035353514501300550033255990651035353512001075600035756490701035353511009852FFL3000197534904010151099066180016153300212537904310166011406618001615350022253990451017601240661800161537002325419047101860134066180015004000252544905010206015403518001500 3FFL400018504490501013858653518001500435019754840536015109903517001525450020254990551015601040351600143548002125529058101660114035150013455000222554906010176012403514501300550023905990651019251405351200107560002575649070102110159035110098565002790699075102325180535950850J2.0UTT MAST AND CAPACITY TABLEMast typeMax forkheight (mm)Overall extended heightFree liftMast tilt Capacity without side shift Lowered height (mm)Lift heightWithout LBR (mm)With LBR (mm)Forward (Deg)Back (Deg)@ 500mm Single pneumatic tire (kg)@ 600mm Single pneumatictire (kg)Without LBR (mm)With LBR (mm)2.0T 2.0T 2.0T 2.0T 2.0T 2LFL3000197534904010545466200017953300212537904310545466200017953500222539904510545466200017953700232541904710545466200017954000252544905010545435200017954500277549905510545435180016155000302554906010545435150013455500332559906510545435130011656000357564907010545435120010752FFL3000197534904010151099066200017953300212537904310166011406620001795350022253990451017601240662000179537002325419047101860134066200016654000252544905010206015403520001665 3FFL400018504490501013858653520001665435019754840536015109903519001705450020254990551015601040351800161548002125529058101660114035165014805000222554906010176012403515001345550023905990651019251405351300116560002575649070102110159035120010756500279069907510232518053510008956SPECIFICATIONSD i s t i n g u i s h i n g m a r k 1.1Manufacturer MeasurementHyster Hyster Hyster 1.2Model designationJ1.6UTT J1.8UTT J2.0UTT 1.3Power: battery, diesel, LPG, electric mainsBattery Battery Battery 1.4Operation: manual, pedestrian, stand, seat, orderpicker Seated Seated Seated 1.5Load capacity Q (kg)1600180020001.6Load center c (mm)5005005001.8Load distance x (mm)3713713711.9WheelbaseY (mm)140014001515W e i g h t 2.1Unladen weight (max. battery)kg 3120319033802.2Axle loading, laden front / rear (max. battery)kg 4010 / 6604420 / 5104870 / 5802.3Axle loading, unladen front / rear (max. battery)kg 1480 / 16401500 / 16901580 / 1810T i r e s , c h a s s i s 3.1Tires: L=pneumatic, V=cushion, SE= superelastic SE SE SE 3.2Tire size, front 18 × 7-818 × 7-8200 / 50-103.3Tire size, rear15 × 4.5-815 × 4.5-815 × 4.5-83.5Number of wheels, front / rear (X = driven) 2x / 22x / 22x / 23.6Track width, front b10 (mm)9339339523.7Track width, rear(mm)186186186D i m e n s i o n s 4.1Mast tilt, forward α / back β degrees 6/66/66/64.2Height of mast, lowered h1 (mm)1992199219904.4Lift height “h3 (mm)3036303630454.5Height of mast, extended E h4 (mm)4030403040004.7Height to top of overhead guard m h6 (mm)2002200220044.8Seat height u h7 (mm)9659659654.12Towing coupling height h10 (mm)4454454854.19Overall length (with forks)l1 (mm)2894289431534.20Length to face of forks l2 (mm)1974197420844.21Overall width b1 (mm)1084108411404.22Fork dimensionss /e / l (mm)35 / 100 / 92035 / 100 / 92040 / 120 / 10704.23Fork carriage DIN 15173. class, A / B 2A 2A 2A 4.24Fork carriage width E b3 (mm)9509509504.25Width over forksb5 (mm)8908908904.31Ground clearance, laden, below mast m1 (mm)9090904.32Ground clearance at centre of wheelbasem2 (mm)9696964.33Aisle width with pallets 1000 mm long × 1200 mm wide Ast (mm)3290329034454.34Aisle width with pallets 800 mm wide × 1200 mm long Ast (mm)3415341534104.35Outer turning radius Wa (mm)1601160117164.36Inner turning radius b13 (mm)000P e r f o r m a n c e d a t a 5.1Travel speed laden / unladen km / h 14 / 1614 / 1614 / 165.2Lifting speed laden / unladen mm / s 352 / 500349 / 500310 / 5005.3Lowering speed laden / unladenmm / s 344 / 420382 / 421390 / 4305.6Maximum drawbar pull laden / unladen, 5 minute rating N 15500 / 1000015000 / 1050015500 / 120005.8Maximum gradeability with / without load, 5 minute rating %20 / 3020 / 3020 / 305.9Acceleration time with / without load 10m sec 4.4 / 4.3 4.4 / 4.3 5.9 / 5.65.10Service brakeHydraulic Hydraulic Hydraulic E l e c t r i c -m o t o r 6.1Drive motor rating, S2, 60min kW 2 × 5.0 2 × 5.0 2 × 5.06.2Lifting motor, S3 15% rating kW 1111116.3Battery DIN 43531 / 35 / 36 A, B, C, no 43531A 43531A 43531A 6.4Battery voltage / capacity (5hr rate)V/Ah 48 / 46048 / 46048 / 6006.5Battery weight (min / max)kg 9459451090Battery dimensionsl / w / h (mm)830 / 630 / 627830 / 630 / 627830 / 738 / 6276.6Power consumption in accordance with VDI cycle kWh / h 5.19 5.3 5.7A d d i t i o n a l d a t a8.1Drive control AC AC AC ManufacturerZAPI ZAPI ZAPI 8.2Operating pressure for attachments x bar 1451751758.3Oil volume for attachments Vmin 3838388.4Average noise level at operator's ear ¬dB (A)64.864.869.68.5Towing coupling, type DINØ32Ø32Ø32¬ L PAZ, measured according to the test cycles and based on the weighting values contained in EN12053“ Bottom of forksu Full suspension specified E Without load backrestm h6 subject to +/- 5 mm tolerance x VariableSpecification data is based on VDI 2198, with the following configuration: Complete truck with 3000mm 2-stage limited free lift mast, standard carriage and forks, overhead guard and standard superelastic drive and steer tires.7DIMENSIONSAst = Wa + x + l6 + aa = Minimum operating clearance of 200mm l6= load length7382X 152X 158306275805601802306302X 152X 15750680980ModelCompartment sizeBattery specifications Electrical Battery sizeWeightW mm (in)L mm (in)H mm (in)Voltage W mm (in)L mm (in)H mm (in)Min kg (lbs)Max kg (lbs)J1.6-1.8UTT Vertical extract 843 (33.1)634 (24.9)645 (25.3)48830 (32.6)630 (24.8)627 (24.6)898 (1980)992 (2185)J2.0UTT Vertical extract843 (33.1)752 (29.6)645 (25.3)48830 (32.6)738 (29.0)627 (24.6)1034 (1980)1142 (2515)Battery type: “EO” (without cover)Battery compartment length is measured front to rear. Battery compartment width is measured across the truck Battery lead: length 250mm (10”), bosition “B”, 2 / 0 AWGBATTERY COMPARTMENT SPECIFICATIONSJ1.6-1.8UTTJ2.0UTTHyster Company P .O. Box 7006Greenville, North Carolina 27835-7006Part No. J1.6-2.0UTT/BTG 3/2021 Litho in U.S.A.Visit us online at or call us at 1-800-HYSTER-1.Hyster, and STRONG PARTNERS, TOUGH TRUCKS, are registered trademarks in the United States and certain other jurisdictions. Hyster products are subject to change without notice.Trucks may be shown with optional equipment. © 2021 Hyster Company. All rights reserved.。

电动三轮车设计要点

车厢外围尺寸与后桥宽度的关系
头管与主梁的角度（18-21）度
主梁的最低点（前减震受压的状态时）的高度范围（230-260）mm，整车最低点（除后桥车轮）不低于180mm
手刹空间的余量
操作空间（座厢前沿与头管最后点的距离）450-470
弓子板安装后成“八”字型，这样承受力量大
考虑工艺孔和槽根据酸洗磷化时摆放的位置设计
车厢侧门与前靠背间隙设计范围在2-3mm
后门与侧门间隙设计为2mm
后门和侧门与底板的间隙设计要求2mm
控制器盒子尽量设计放在座厢周边
前主梁一般采用3mm厚的管材，后梁一般采用1.2mm，特殊的时候采用1.5或2mm厚
一般尽可能采用高板王
调节拉杆成平行状态
新产品的开发初期，如果用到特殊的管材时，提前申报用的模具，
车厢后尾部设计保险杠
脚踏板的孔中心到车架边缘的距离设计成90-100mm的范围
后桥吊耳优先选用3.5吊耳
座厢连接片的孔与座厢孔十字交叉设计。

说明书-休闲电动代步三轮车的设计

(4)无噪音，运行安静(5)有利于电力负荷(Power load)的合理分配在设计(project)工作开展的前期，应对电动代步车设计考虑了以下三个方面设计因素。

三轮电动货车产品说明书

1 500-2 000 KGJ1.5-2.0XNT THREE-WHEEL ELECTRICCOUNTERBALANCED LIFT TRUCKS1.1 Manufacturer (abbreviation) 1.2 Manufacturer’s type designition1.3 Drive: electric (battery or mains), diesel, petrol, fuel gas 1.4 Operator type: hand, pedestrian, standing, seated, order-picker 1.5 Rated capacity/rated load Q (t)1.6 Load centre distancec (mm)1.8 Load distance, centre of drive axle to fork x (mm)1.9 Wheelbasey (mm)2.1 Service weight r kg 2.2 Axle loading, laden front/rear r kg 2.3 Axle loading, unladen front/rear r kg3.1 Tyres: P=pneumatic, C=cushion, SE=superelastic 3.2 Tyre size, front 3.3 Tyre size, rear3.5 Wheels, number front/rear (x = driven wheels) 3.6 Tread, front b 10 (mm)3.7 Tread, rearb 11 (mm)5.1 Travel speed, laden/unladen r km/h 5.1.1 Travel speed, laden/unladen, backwards km/h 5.2 Lift speed, laden/unladen m/s 5.3 Lowering speed, laden/unladen m/s 5.5 Drawbar pull, laden/unladen ** N 5.6 Max. drawbar pull, laden/unladen ***N5.7 Gradeability, laden/unladen † **** %5.8 Max. gradeability, laden/unladen † *** %5.9 Acceleration time, laden/unladen r s 5.10 Service brake6.1 Drive motor rating S2 60 min kW 6.2 Lift motor rating at S3 15%kW 6.3 Battery according to DIN 43531/35/36 A, B, C, no 6.4 Battery voltage/nominal capacity K5(V)/(Ah)6.5 Battery weight Ù kg6.6 Energy consumption according to VDI cycle r kWh/h @Nr of Cycles8.1 Type of drive unit10.1 Operating pressure for attachments bar 10.2 Oil volume for attachments G l/min 10.3 Hydraulic oil tank, capacity l10.7 Sound pressure level at the driver’s seat L PAZ J dB(A)10.8Towing coupling, type DIN4.1 Tilt of mast/fork carriage forward/backward a / b (°) 4.2 Height, mast loweredh 1 (mm)4.3 Free lift ¶ h 2 (mm)4.4 Lift ¶ h 3 (mm)4.5 Height, mast extended ª h 4 (mm)4.7 Height of overhead guard (cabin) n h 6 (mm)4.7.1 Cab height (open cab)4.8 Seat height relating to SIP/stand height £ h 7 (mm)4.12 Coupling height h 10 (mm)4.19 Overall length l 1 (mm)4.20 Length to face of forks l 2 (mm)4.21 Overall width < b 1/b 2 (mm)4.22 Fork dimensions ISO 2331s/e/l (mm)4.23 Fork carriage ISO 2328, class/type A, B4.24 Fork carriage width ª b 3 (mm)4.31 Ground clearance, laden, below mast m 1 (mm)4.32 Ground clearance at centre of wheelbase v m 2 (mm)4.33 Load dimension b 12 × l 6 crossways b 12 × l 6 (mm) 4.34Aisle width predetermined load dimensionsA st (mm)4.34.1 Aisle width for pallets 1000 × 1200 crossways u A st (mm) 4.34.2 Aisle width for pallets 800 × 1200 lengthways u A st (mm)4.35 Turning radius W a (mm)4.36 Internal turning radiusb 13 (mm)4.41 90° intersecting aisle (With pallet W = 1200mm, L = 1000mm) (mm)4.42 Step Height (from ground to running board) (mm)4.43 Step Height(mm)J1.5XNT (SWB) J1.6XNT (SWB) J1.6XNT (MWB) Electric (Battery) Electric (Battery) Electric (Battery)SeatedSeated Seated 1.5 1.6 1.6 500 500 500 HYSTER HYSTER HYSTER2971 3083 3083 3892 580 4096 587 4050 633 1430 1541 1470 1613 1495 1588 SE SE SE 18 x 7-8 18 x 7-8 18 x 7-815 x 4.5-815 x 4.5-815 x 4.5-82X 2 2X 2 2X 2 889 889 889 194 194 194 16 16 16 1616 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 0.43 0.59 0.43 0.59 0.43 0.59 0.50 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.50 0.47 3406 3680 3406 3680 3406 3680 11415 11690 11415 11690 11415 11690 11 16 11 16 11 16 25 34 25 34 25 35 4.6 4.1 4.6 4.1 4.6 4.1 Electric Electric Electric2x 5.02x 5.02x 5.01212 12DIN 43531-ADIN 43531-ADIN 43531-A 48 500 48 500 48 625 673 743 673 743 813 899 3.94.2 4.2 E lectric transmission E lectric transmission E lectric transmission 180 180 180 40 40 40 16.8 16.8 16.8 69 69 69 PinPinPin5 5 5 5 5 50 D I S T I N G U I S H I N G M A R K SW E I G H T ST Y R E S / C H A S S I SD I ME N S I O N SP E R F O R M A N C E D A T AE L E C T R I C E N G I N EA D D I T I O N A L D A T ASpecification data is based on VDI 2198. ** 60 minute rating *** 5 minute rating **** 30 minute ratingJ1.5XNT, J1.6XNT, J1.8XNT, J2.0XNTEQUIPMENT & WEIGHT: Weights (line 2.1) are based on the following specifications: Complete truck with 3 320 mm Vista Plus (J1.5-1.6XNT) or 3 390 mm Vista (J1.8-2.0XNT) 2- stage limited free lift mast, 910 mm hook type carriage with load backrest and 1 000 mm forks. Overhead guard and pneumatic shaped solid drive and steer tyres.J1.6XNT (LWB) J1.8XNT (MWB) J1.8XNT (LWB) J2.0XNT (MWB) J2.0XNT (LWB) 1.2 Electric (Battery) Electric (Battery) Electric (Battery) Electric (Battery) Electric (Battery) 1.3SeatedSeated Seated Seated Seated1.41.6 1.8 1.82.0 2.0 1.5 500 500 500 500 500 1.6 HYSTER HYSTER HYSTER HYSTER HYSTER3258 3335 3331 3602 34362.14056 802 4496 640 4435 695 4941 661 4788 648 2.2 1571 1687 1628 1707 1646 1685 1755 1847 1689 1747 2.3 PSS PSS PSS PSS PSS 3.118 x 7-8 200/50-10 200/50-10 200/50-10 200/50-10 3.215 x 4.5-815 x 4.5-815 x 4.5-815 x 4.5-815 x 4.5-83.32X 2 2X 2 2X 2 2X 2 2X 2 3.5 889 908 908 908 908 3.6 194 194 194 194 194 3.7 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 5.1 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 5.1.1 0.43 0.59 0.41 0.60 0.41 0.60 0.40 0.58 0.40 0.58 5.2 0.50 0.47 0.46 0.40 0.46 0.40 0.47 0.40 0.47 0.40 5.3 3406 3680 3337 3646 3337 3646 3260 3603 3294 3637 5.5 11415 11690 11355 11664 11346 11655 11269 11612 11304 11647 5.6 11 16 10 15 10 15 9 14 9 15 5.7 25 35 23 35 23 36 31 34 22 36 5.8 4.6 4.1 4.6 4.1 4.6 4.1 4.6 4.1 4.6 4.1 5.9 Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric 5.102x 5.02x 5.02x 5.02x 5.02x 5.06.11212 12 12 12 6.2DIN 43531-ADIN 43531-ADIN 43531-A DIN 43531-A DIN 43531-A6.348 750 48 625 48 750 48 625 48 750 6.4 962 1064 813 899 962 1064 813 899 962 1064 6.5 4.2 4.7 4.7 5.5 5.2 6.6E lectric transmission E lectric transmission E lectric transmission E lectric transmission E lectric transmission 8.1180 180 180 180 180 10.1 40 40 40 40 40 10.2 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 10.3 69 69 69 69 69 10.7 PinPinPinPinPin 10.85 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4.1DISTINGUISHING MARKSWEIGHTSTYRES / CHASSISPERFORMANCE DATAELECTRIC ENGINE ADDITIONAL DATA4Load centreDistance from front forks to centre of gravity of load.Rated loadBased on vertical masts up to 3 430mm to top of forks.R a t e d l o a d (k g )Load centre (mm)NOTE :Specifications are affected by the condition of the vehicle and how it is equipped, as well as the nature and condition of the operating area. Inform your dealer of the nature and condition of the intended operating area when purchasing your Hyster T ruck.r Max. battery ¶ Bottom of forks£ F ull suspension seat specified. Standard Hoodspecified. 953mm with raised hood.”ª Without load backrest l add 32mm with load backrest n h6 subject to +/- 5 mm tolerance G maximum flow set through dash display.r HiP performance Ù min/max< O verall width 1116 mm with required 200/50-10 tyres fitted for masts 5000mm and over.v V alue shown for vertical battery removal;horizontal battery removal has 90 mm of clearance at center of wheelbase.u S tacking aisle width (lines 4.34.1 & 4.34.2)is based on the VDI standard calculation asshown on illustration. The British Industrial T ruck Association recommends the addition of 100 mm to the total clearance (dimension a) for extra operating margin at the rear of the truck.† G radeability figures (lines 5.7 & 5.8) are providedfor comparison of tractive performance, but are not intended to endorse the operation of the vehicle on the stated inclines. Follow instructions in the operating manual regarding operation on inclines.J L PAZ , measured according to the test cyclesand based on the weighting values contained in EN12053MAST TABLES KEY:« Add 721mm with load backrest extension æ Deduct 723mm with load backrest extension.S Add 723mm with load backrest extension.Þ Add 656mm with load backrest extension.D Add 655mm with load backrest extensionÀ Deduct 655mm with load backrest extension. S T ilt speed reduced to 1° per second bymechanical tilt speed restictors for mast heights 5000mm and above.NOTICECare must be exercised when handling elevated loads. When the carriage and/or load is elevated, truck stability is reduced. It is important that mast tilt in either direction be kept to a minimum when loads are elevatedOperators must be trained and must read,understand and follow the instructions contained in the Operating Manual.All values are nominal values and they are subject to tolerances. For further information, please contact the manufacturer.Hyster products might be subject to change without notice.Lift trucks illustrated may feature optional equipment. Values may vary with alternative configurations.Safety:This truck conforms to the current EU requirements.TRUCK DIMENSIONSRATED CAPACITIESJ2.0XNT J1.8XNT J1.6XNT J1.5XNT= Centre of gravity of unladen truck Ast = Wa + R + a (see lines 4.34.1 & 4.34.2)a = Minimum operating clearance (VDI standard = 200 mmBITA recommendation = 300 mm)l 6= Load lengthR = (l 6+ x)2+ b 12 - b 1322VISTA MASTS J1.5-2.0XNTMaximum Fork Height(mm) (h 3 + s)Back Tilt Overall Lowered Height Overall Extended Height Free lift (top of forks)(°) (mm) (mm) (mm) (h 2 + s)3432 5° 2180 4006 Þ 140 3932 5° 2530 4506 Þ 140 4432 5° 2780 5006 Þ 140 4932 5° 3130 5506 Þ 1404600 5° 2030 5175 D 1455 À 4900 5°2130 5375 D 1555 À 5200 S 5° 2280 5775 D 1705 À 5500 S5°2380 6075 D 1805 À3218 5° 2080 3728 D 1505 À 3718 5° 2330 4228 D 1755 À 43385°26804847 D 2105 ÀVista2-Stage full free liftVista2-Stage limited free liftVista3-Stage limited free liftJ1.5-1.6XNT - Vista Plus capacity chart in kg @ 500 mm load centresJ1.5-1.6XNT - Vista Plus capacity chart in kg @ 600 mm load centresPneumatic Shaped Solid TyresWITH integral sideshift WITHOUT sideshift Maxforkheight(mm)J1.5XNT J1.6XNT J1.6XNT J1.6XNT J1.5XNT J1.6XNT J1.6XNT J1.6XNT (SWB) (SWB) (MWB) (LWB) (SWB) (SWB) (MWB) (LWB)3360 1 500 1 600 1 600 1 600 1 500 1 600 1 600 1 600 3860 1 500 1 600 1 600 1 600 1 500 1 600 1 600 1 600 4360 1 480 1 580 1 580 1 580 1 480 1 580 1 580 1 580 48601 390 1 490 1 490 1 500 1 390 1 490 1 490 1 500 4600 1 450 1 540 1 540 1 550 1 450 1 540 1 540 1 550 4900 1 390 1 490 1 490 1 500 1 390 1 490 1 490 1 500 5200 S 1 340 1 430 1 320 1 330 1 340 1 360 1 250 1 260 5500 S1 2801 1301 0601 0801 2401 0701 0001 010Vista Plus 2-Stage limited free lift Vista Plus 3-Stage full free liftPRODUCT FEATURESJ1.5-2.0XNT - Vista capacity chart in kg @ 600 mm load centresNOTE : T he rated capacities shown are for masts in a vertical position on trucks equipped with standard or sideshift carriage and nominal length forks. Masts above the maximum fork heights shown in themast table are classified as high lift and, depending on the tyre/tread configuration may require reduced capacity, restricted back tilt or wide tread.Pneumatic Shaped Solid TyresWITH integral sideshift WITHOUT sideshift Maxforkheight(mm)J1.5XNT J1.6XNT J1.6XNT J1.6XNT J1.8XNT J1.8XNT J2.0XNT J2.0XNT J1.5XNT J1.6XNT J1.6XNT J1.6XNT J1.8XNT J1.8XNT J2.0XNT J2.0XNT (SWB) (SWB) (MWB) (LWB) (MWB) (LWB) (MWB) (LWB) (SWB) (SWB) (MWB) (LWB) (MWB) (LWB) (MWB) (LWB)3432 -1 450 1 450 1 450 1 600 1 600 1 800 1 800 - 1 450 1 450 1 450 1 600 1 600 1 780 1 780 3932 - 1 450 1 450 1 450 1 600 1 600 1 800 1 800 - 1 450 1 450 1 450 1 600 1 600 1 780 1 770 4432 - 1 430 1 430 1 430 1 580 1 580 1 780 1 780 - 1 430 1 430 1 430 1 580 1 580 1 760 1 760 4932- 1 350 1 350 1 360 1 500 1 500 1 570 1 560 - 1 340 1 340 1 350 1 500 1 500 1 520 1 520 3218 1 300 1 450 1 450 1 450 1 600 1 600 1 800 1 800 1 300 1 450 1 450 1 450 1 600 1 600 1 790 1 790 3718 1 300 1 450 1 450 1 450 1 600 1 600 1 800 1 800 1 300 1 450 1 450 1 450 1 600 1 600 1 790 1 780 4338 1 300 1 450 1 450 1 450 1 600 1 600 1 800 1 800 1 300 1 440 1 450 1 450 1 600 1 600 1 780 1 770 4600 - 1 450 1 450 1 450 1 600 1 600 1 800 1 800 - 1 420 1 420 1 420 1 570 1 570 1 750 1 740 4900- 1 420 1 420 1 420 1 570 1 570 1 770 1 770 - 1 420 1 420 1 420 1 570 1 570 1 750 1 740 5200 S - 1 370 1 370 1 380 1 520 1 520 1 720 1 710 - 1 370 1 370 1 370 1 520 1 520 1 700 1 690 5500 S-1 3201 2601 2801 4701 4701 4901 660-1 3101 2001 2101 4701 4701 4401 590Vista 2-Stage limited free liftVista 2-Stage full free lift Vista3-Stage full free liftDEPENDABILITYn R obust and proven masts give high visibility andreliable, high performance lifting. n S teel hoods and covers provide resistance to impactdamage and general wear and tear. n A C motor technology on traction and hoist allowsthe truck to work more reliably and for longer shifts, reducing downtime significantly.n H all-Effect sensors on transmission replace internalencoder bearing, making the truck more reliable and decreasing downtime. n I P54 enclosed traction motors and IP65 protection ofcontrols, prevent ingress of water and dust particles, reducing the probability of truck breakdown.n U se of O-Ring face seals in the hydraulic system,sealed electrical connectors and LED lights, replacing light bulbs, gives maximum uptime over the product life cycle.n E -steering system simplifies and shortens thehydraulic circuits in the truck, simplifying maintenance and reducing the opportunity for leaks.PRODUCTIVITYn F ront wheel AC drive motors provides smoothacceleration and excellent travel and torque performance. This is combined with powerfulacceleration and auto regenerative braking to deliver precise efficient load handling. n C ompact chassis length and robust steer axle allowtight turning circles for excellent maneuverability in working aisles or congested loading/ unloading bays. n E -steering increases productivity while maintainingexcellent battery life. n E -braking system provides service braking to beachieved using regenerative motor braking, offering increased energy efficiency, reduced energy consumption and increases uptime.PRODUCT FEATURESn B attery capacity and truck wheel base can be matched to the application, optimising performance,maneuverability and battery shift life.n E nergy Low (eLo) settings are designed to assure full shift of work on each charge.n H igh Performance (HiP) settings give impressive truck performance.n E asy side extraction battery removal with 180°-fold back door, allows more uninterrupted uptime with a fast,simple exchange process to keep trucks on the move. ERGONOMICSn G enerous foot space, intuitive pedal arrangement and low step and hood heights offer a comfortable working space for the driver. This means on/off access anddriving in reverse cause less fatigue over long shifts.n F ull suspension seat with 80mm of travel reduces truck vibrations, creating a smoother ride for theoperator. Swivel seat option for operations requiringfrequent reversing.n O ptional InteligentBelt TM interlock system prevents truck from traveling until operator is seated with seat belt securely fastened to ensure that seat belt isused correctly.n M ultiple choices of Hydraulic controls:- S eat side manual lever control with new designmanual levers for superb handling productivity.- T he latest design adjustable TouchPoint TM armrestmodule with built in hydraulic controls, integrateddirectional control, emergency off switch and hornoffers the ultimate in comfort and control.- N ew design ergonomic joystick with integratedhydraulic controls including direction change, returnto set tilt and clamping, designed and positioned toprovide maximum comfort for operator.n S ynchronous steering maintains the steering knob at the preferred position for the driver when driving straight increasing operator comfort and reduces fatigue.n S teer Column is infinitely adjustable via adjustable gas spring support, optional height adjustment available.n T he memory tilt option allows the steering column to be released to the most vertical position to allowthe operator to get off the truck easily. When gettingback on the truck, the operator simply pulls the steercolumn back to the preset position.n A choice of weather protection options promotes a comfortable working environment, whateverthe conditions. LOW COST OF OWNERSHIPn T he right balance of performance, manoeuvrability and battery provision, matched to the application needsgives productivity and throughput at less cost.n T he Vehicle System Manager (VSM) allows adjustment of truck performance parameters as well as monitoring key functions, leading to application matchedperformance and low maintenance.n D urable, quality components mean long term reliability and lower maintenance costs. Virtually maintenancefree components such as brushless AC motors mean that Hyster Electrics require a full service check onlyafter 1 000 hours.n I n-built thermal protection on traction motors and advanced cooling system protect truck components,leading to reduced maintenance costs.n F ast delivery of diagnostic information allows precise troubleshooting, easy maintenance planning andlower costs.n E-braking and Steering systems reduce ‘wear parts’ and and are less vulnerable to ingress of dirt and floor debris, reducing maintenance costs. SERVICEABILILTYn A ccess to diagnostic information via the display or plug-in point on the steering column allows engineersto monitor truck conditions and plan maintenancerequirements.n E asily removable 2-piece floor plate provides easy access to power contactor, fuses and relays.n A utomatic park brake system can be released manually by activating lever arrangement underneath floor plates, reducing downtime.n M otor, pump, controller and oil tank are located in the counterweight and are easily accessible, requiring only2 thumb screws to be removed.@fwww.hyster.eu*********************/HysterEurope @HysterEurope/HysterEuropeSTRONG PARTNERS. TOUGH TRUCKS.TMFOR DEMANDING OPERATIONS, EVERYWHERE.Hyster supplies a complete range of warehouse equipment, IC and electric counterbalanced trucks, container handlers and reach stackers. Hyster is committed to being much more than a lift truck supplier.Our aim is to offer a complete partnership capable ofresponding to the full spectrum of material handling issues: Whether you need professional consultancy on your fleet management, fully qualified service support, or reliable parts supply, you can depend on Hyster.Our network of highly trained dealers provides expert,responsive local support. They can offer cost-effective finance packages and introduce effectively managed maintenance programmes to ensure that you get the best possible value. Our business is dealing with your material handling needs so you can focus on the success of your business today and in the future.HYSTER EUROPECentennial House, Frimley Business Park, Frimley, Surrey, GU16 7SG, England.Tel: +44 (0) 1276 538500HYSTER-YALE UK LIMITED trading as Hyster Europe. Registered Address: Centennial House, Building 4.5, Frimley Business Park, Frimley, Surrey, GU16 7SG, United Kingdom.Registered in England and Wales. Company Registration Number: 02636775.HYSTER,and FORTENS are registered trademarks in the European Union and certain other jurisdictions.MONOTROL ® is a registered trademark, and DURAMATCH andare trademarks in the United States and in certain other jurisdictions.Printed in Netherlands. Part number: 3990025 Rev08-01/16-TLC。

三轮车简单结构

三轮车简单结构三轮车是一种有三个轮子的交通工具，通常由一个座椅和一个踏板组成。

它的设计简单，结构稳定，因此在许多地方被广泛使用。

让我们来看看三轮车的基本结构。

它通常由一个金属框架组成，框架上安装了三个轮子。

前两个轮子位于车辆的前部，用于支撑整个车辆的重量，并提供转向功能。

第三个轮子位于车辆的后部，用于稳定车辆并支撑乘客的重量。

在金属框架上安装了一个座椅，乘客可以坐在上面。

座椅通常由柔软的材料制成，以提供乘客舒适的乘坐体验。

此外，座椅通常还配备了一个背部支撑，以提供额外的支撑和舒适度。

除了座椅，三轮车还配备了一个踏板。

踏板位于乘客的脚下，用于推动车辆前进。

乘客可以通过踩踏踏板来转动车轮并推动车辆前进。

这种人力驱动的设计使得三轮车非常环保，不需要使用燃料或电力。

三轮车的简单结构使其非常适合在短距离内进行代步。

它通常用于城市中的短途旅行或货物运输。

许多人将其用于运输货物，如水果、蔬菜和其他日常用品。

三轮车的稳定性和灵活性使其能够在繁忙的城市街道上穿梭，同时又能够通过狭窄的巷道和拥挤的人行道。

除了在城市中使用，三轮车还在农村地区得到广泛应用。

在农村地区，它被用于运输农产品、农具和其他农业用品。

由于其简单结构和易于操作，农民们可以轻松地使用三轮车进行农业工作。

然而，尽管三轮车有许多优点，但也存在一些缺点。

首先，由于其人力驱动的设计，三轮车的速度相对较慢。

这使得它不适合长距离的旅行或紧急情况。

其次，由于缺乏封闭式车厢，三轮车无法提供乘客和货物的保护，容易受到外部环境的影响。

总的来说，三轮车是一种简单而实用的交通工具，具有稳定的结构和灵活的操作性。

它在城市和农村地区广泛应用，并为人们提供了一种环保、经济实惠的交通方式。

虽然它有一些缺点，但在特定的环境下，三轮车仍然是一种不可替代的交通工具。

无论是作为代步工具还是货物运输工具，三轮车在人们的日常生活中发挥着重要的作用。

江苏金彭集团有限公司快递专用电动三轮车标准说明书

Q 江苏金彭集团有限公司企业标准Q/320305YBF01-2021快递专用电动三轮车2021-10-25发布2021-11-01实施江苏金彭集团有限公司发布前言本标准的编写格式贯彻了GB/T1.1-2009《标准化工作导则第1部分：标准的结构和编写》之规定。

本标准由江苏金彭集团有限公司负责起草。

本标准主要起草人：朱尧、杨巍、滕峰、王川川、窦万坤、黄忠强。

本标准为首次发布。

I快递专用电动三轮车1范围本标准规定了符合浙江省团体标准及浙江省快递业促进条例的快递专用电动三轮车产品的命名、要求、试验方法、检验规则、使用说明书、标志、运输及贮存。

本标准适用于蓄电池为供电能源，直流电动机为驱动力的快递专用电动三轮车。

2规范性引用文件下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。

凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。

凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。

GB/T191-2016包装储运图示标志GB/T2829-2002周期检验计数抽样程序及表(适用于对过程稳定性的检验)GB4208外壳防护等级（IP代码）GB4706.18-2014家用和类似用途电器的安全电池充电器的特殊要求GB/T5373-2019摩托车和轻便摩托车尺寸和质量参数的测定方法GB/T5378-2008摩托车和轻便摩托车道路试验方法GB/T9969-2008工业产品使用说明书总则GB/T12742-1991自行车检测设备和器具技术条件GB/T18332.1-2009电动道路车辆用铅酸蓄电池GB/T18385-2016电动汽车动力性能试验方法GB/T24553-2009摩托车和轻便摩托车转向轮限位装置及最大转向角的技术要求和测定方法GB/T24156-2018电动摩托车和电动轻便摩托车动力性能试验方法GB/T24157-2017电动摩托车和电动轻便摩托车能量消耗率和续驶里程试验方法QC/T792-2017电动摩托车和电动轻便摩托车用电机及控制器技术条件GB/T18411-2018机动车产品标牌YZ/T0136-2014快递专用电动三轮车技术条件GB7258机动车运行安全技术条件GB/T24158-2018电动摩托车和电动轻便摩托车通用技术条件GB17352摩托车和轻便摩托车后视镜的性能和安装要求GB24155电动摩托车和电动轻便摩托车安全要求GB20073摩托车和轻便摩托车制动性能要求及试验方法GB18100.3摩托车照明和光信号装置的安装规定第3部分：三轮摩托车3术语与定义3.1快递专用电动三轮车由蓄电池电力驱动，具有三个车轮的进行快递、外卖、速配、民生配送服务的正三轮道路车辆。

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并根据我对电动三轮车的市场调查的情况进行分析研究，并对电动三轮车的某些结构做了简要的介绍、改进和整合。

关键词：电动三轮车，前叉结构，驱动系统，制动系统The structural design of electric tricycleAuthor:weihuaruiTutor:quweishiAbstractThis paper introduces the classification of electric tricycle,uses various types of electrical as well as the advantages and disadvantages of tricycles.And according to my electric tricycle for market research analysis of the situation,and some of the structure of electric tricycle a brief introduction,improvement and integration.First of all,on the development of electric vehicles and electric vehicle development prospects in the development of problems in the course of a brief description and analysis, and other countries in the world,the development of electric cars a brief description.Secondly,this article on the current market has the type of electric tricycle has made a detailed introduction to the various types of electric tricycle configuration,usage,the application of people,the advantages and disadvantages of doing a brief introduction.Finally,after a careful summary and analysis of the market and take advantage of four years of knowledge,in the guidance of teachers and classroom teachers and other students with the help of the whole of the electric tricycle parameters,dimensions,front fork structure, drive system and the braking system to do a simple design and improvement.Keywords:electric tricycle,fork,drive system,brake system目录1绪论 (1)1.1课题背景及目的 (1)1.2国内外研究状况 (1)1.3课题研究方法 (2)1.4论文构成及研究内容 (2)2电动三轮车结构设计方案对比分析 (3)2.1目前国内外常见的电动三轮车后桥的结构样式 (3)2.1.1单侧电机、外置车架型 (3)2.1.2中置电机带大轴型 (4)2.2电动三轮车根据用途不同的分类 (4)2.2.1休闲型电动三轮车 (4)2.2.2客运型电动三轮车 (5)2.2.3客货两用型电动三轮车 (6)2.2.4货运型电动三轮车 (6)2.3电动三轮车设计方案的确定 (7)3电动三轮车整车设计简介 (9)3.1电动三轮车的参数选择 (9)3.2电动三轮车外形简介 (9)4电动三轮车前叉设计 (11)4.1前叉转向轴设计 (12)4.2前叉连扳设计 (12)4.3前叉筒管设计 (12)5电动三轮车驱动系统的设计 (14)5.1电动三轮车后桥设计 (14)5.2电动三轮车后桥半轴的设计 (22)5.2.1后桥半轴的材料和最小直径的选择 (23)5.2.2后桥半轴各段长度的确定 (24)6电动三轮车制动系统的设计 (25)6.1电动三轮车前轮制动系统的设计 (25)6.2电动三轮车后轮制动系统的设计 (26)6.3电动三轮车驻车系统的设计 (27)结论 (28)致谢 (29)参考文献 (30)附录 (31)附录A有刷和无刷电机的区别 (31)附录B我国电动自行车的发展史 (32)1绪论1.1课题背景及目的目前电动车已经成为城乡主要的交通工具之一，为了顺应时代的潮流和人民生活的需要，我早已想对电动车做进一步的开发，通过和指导老师讨论决定对电动三轮车进行进一步的研究和改进，设计出一款更为实用经济的电动三轮车产品。

由于能源价格的日益攀升，电动车具有方便,节能,环保等优点，国家倡导绿色能源，电动车将在世界各地逐渐普及，这对保护环境、节约资源和提升人们的生活质量有重要的作用。

针对掌握的资料知道电动摩托车是以蓄电池作为辅助能源，它虽然具有普通三轮摩托车的外表特征，但主要的是，它是在普通三行车的基础上，安装了电机、控制器、蓄电池、转把、闸把等操纵部件和显示仪表系统的、机电一体化的个人交通工具。

无论是国内销售,而是海外发展的电动三轮车.现在还是处于一个摸索中成长的阶段。

表现主要有以下几点:科技含量不够高，整体产业链上中下游问题百出，无具体的行业标准要求限制。

电动车行业经过05和06年“井喷”式增长，到07年整个行业产能已经达到了约6700万台，而08年市场需求只有2100万台左右，由于产能严重过剩，行业开始进入洗牌阶段，许多中小企业都陆续的退出了电动车行业，09年行业市场竞争会更加激烈。

电动车行业由于门槛低，技术含量不高，产品仿冒层出不穷，大多数企业在新品开发上放弃了自主研发而采取市场跟进策略，即市场上什么车型畅销就上什么车型。

电动车市场消费者的不成熟，对新鲜外观的追逐喜好的特点使得电动车新品更新换代过于频繁，企业要想投其所好吸引这些消费者，就必须加快新品开发的速度，可见电动车新品开发得重要性。

1.2国内外研究状况纵观全世界，我国的电动车行业用了最少的政府财政支持和行业监管，已经发展成为最大的电动车生产基地。

原始设备制造商的工业增长从1998年的10增长到了2005年的481。

根据非官方网站估计的数目，原始设备的增张从1000到了5000个。

电动车制造厂的年生产辆从1000辆每年增加到了300000辆每年。

多数自行车生产厂家的年产量在10000到50000辆，但有6家企业年产量超过了20万辆。

造成这样的局面的重要原因是在这个行业里，部分企业的技术不够成熟，供应商的网络是巨大的，制造电动车相对简单。

8个原始设备厂供应的零件的利润率只有6%。

此外，和大公司的管理人员访谈时得知，相当多的中小企业盗窃知识产权的现象严重（IP）。

由于进入这一行业的门槛太低和知识产权保护意识太差，有许多无牌的电动自行车制造厂销售劣质电动车，但是成本相当低。

一些原始设备制造商预测，在未来几年，电动自行车生产厂家数量将大幅下降并且保持相对稳定的厂家数目。

该公司说明。

目前，制造电动自行车的厂家背景各种各样。

有些成立的电动车厂家是摩托车厂家，电器厂，甚至是玩具车厂家根据目前的电动车市场的需要的增加而转产的。

其中一些公司已经成立60多年的大公司，但是直到2000年才开始制造电动自行车。

许多公司甚至没有一点制造业的经验就直接进入制造电动自行车的行业。

德、日、法、美这几个汽车工业发达国家，到目前为止都已研制出实用的电动汽车，其中包括大客车、轿车、摩托车等。

美国几大主要汽车制造商已广泛深入的开展了电动车的研究。

其中通用汽车公司是电动汽车行业的领导者。

通用与美国能源部合作，用MH-Ni电池取代铅蓄电池，使电动车一次充电行使距离达到160km，他们计划在2004年开始生产燃料电池的电动汽车。

1.3课题研究方法通过网上资料的搜集和对市场的亲身调查发现现在电动三轮车的发展状况和技术水平，然后通过对资料的整合和自身大学四年学到的知识的运用和指导老师的帮助，把各项新的技术运用到设计的新产品中。

1.4论文的构成及研究内容论文由任务书、开题报告、文献综述、外文文献、目录、正文、附录、图纸、参考文献和心得体会等文件组成。

内容主要是电动三轮车的整车简介、电动三轮车前叉的设计、电动三轮车驱动系统的设计和电动三轮车制动系统的设计等组成。

2电动三轮车结构设计方案对比分析2.1目前国内外常见的电动三轮车后桥的结构样式2.1.1单侧电机、外置车架型单侧轮电机，外置车架（车架在车轮外边），这种结构的车没有大轴，稳定性不好，后两轮不同步，载重量轻，车架易变形。

这种电动三轮车的优点是制造工艺简单车身轻便，耗电量相对较小，没有差速器，驱动系统相对简单，成本低。

缺点就是使用范围比较狭小，不适合在路况不太好的乡下使用。

一般情况下此种车型车速较低，车子容易掌控，可作为老年人、残疾人代步用车。

如图表一所示图表12.1.2中置电机带大轴型要选择中置电机带大轴的车，（大轴又称后桥、后梁，是连接三轮车后两轮之间的车轴，三轮车的重要部件）这种车稳定性好，中置电机同时驱动后两轮，启动平稳。

而且这类车不用外置车架，整车外观也好看。

这种类型的车成本比较高、车身比较重、承载能力强，适合城市货运和路况比较差的城乡使用。

随着使用范围的扩大，还出现了电动三轮出租车，电动三轮环卫车等。