高性能计算与网格技术

• For a grid with twice the resolution in each dimension dimension, multiply the
above figures by at least eight.
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Example: p e Drug ug Design es g
Molecules o ecu es
• How ow c can we do it? ?
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How much data?
• • • • •
Internet archive has 2 PB of data + 20 TB/month Google processes 20 PB a day (2008) “all words ever spoken by human beings” ~ 5 EB CERN’s LHC will generate 10-15 PB a year Sanger anticipates 6 PB of data in 2009
• Computational requirements:
To T match t h real l ti time, need d 5×1011 flops fl in i 60 sec = 8 Gflop/s Gfl / Weather prediction (7 days in 24 hours) => 56 Gflop/s Climate prediction (50 years in 30 days) => 4.8 Tflop/s
640K ought to be enough for anybody.
• Bill Gates, Chairman of Microsoft,1981.
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Resource esou ce Hungry u g y Applications pp c o s
• Solving grand challenge applications using modeling,
simulation and analysis
Life Sciences
Aerospace
Internet & Ecommerce
CAD/CAM
Digital Biology
Military Applications
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Evolution of Science
传统的科学研究 理论分析 设计试验
• Do theory or paper design • Perform experiments or
Protein
Chemical Databases
• It i involves l screening i millcompounds (molecules) in the Chemical DataBase (CDB) to identify those having potential to serve as drug candidates. Ex. Each job screening a compound is p to take up p to three hours of expected execution time on a desktop computer. It take up to 540 000 hours to screen 180 000 compounds, which is roughly equivalent to 61 years!
build system
• Limitations:
Too difficult -- build large wind tunnels. Too expensive -- build a throw-away passenger jet. Too slow -- wait for climate or galactic evolution. Too dangerous -- weapons, drug design, climate experimentation.
物理原理和数值方法
• Solution –CSE (Computational
Sci. & Eng.) :
Use high performance p systems y to simulate computer the phenomenon
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基于计算科学的 科学研究
Some Particularly Challenging C Computations t ti
By 200 nodes Re-computation Re computation rate
• Render Farm：Distributed/Parallel Computing Cluster
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Example：SETI@home
• Launched In 1996. Scientific
experiment - uses Internetconnected computers p in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) • Distributes a screen saver–based application to users • Applies signal analysis algorithms different data sets to process radio-telescope data.
• One piece is modeling the fluid flow in the atmosphere
Solve Navier Navier-Stokes Stokes problem
• Roughly 100 Flops per grid point with 1 minute timestep
High Performance Computing & Grid Technology
Lecture 1: Introduction
Dong Shoubin (董守斌) sbdong@scut edu cn sbdong@
Communication & Computer Network Laboratory (CCNL) （华南理工大学计算机学院广东省计算机网络重点实验室）
• Engineering
Crash sim simulation lation Semiconductor design Earthquake and structural modeling Computation fluid dynamics (airplane design) Combustion (engine design)
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Example: Animation & Movie
Item Duration Number of frames Storage/Per frame Storage/Per film Computation C t ti time/per frame Total computation Animation film 90 minutes 90 m×60 seconds×24 frames =129600 129600 12 MB 2 TB 60～300 minutes i t 5400 days (129600hours)～27000 days (648000小时) 27～135 days 3～25 /per frame
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Example: Large-Scale Data Analysis
Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) Tiny distortions of space and time caused when very large masses, masses such as stars stars, move suddenly. 1TB/day (1024 GB/day), Year-long experiments
• Business
Financial and economic modeling Transaction processing, web services and search engines
• Defense
Nuclear weapons -- test by simulations Cryptography Cr ptograph
Example: Global Climate Modeling
• Problem is to compute: p • Approach:
f(latitude, longitude, elevation, time) temperature, pressure, humidity, wind velocity Discretize the domain, e.g., a measurement point every 10 km Devise an algorithm to predict weather at time t+1 given t
• Compute-Intensive • Data-Intensive • Network-Intensive
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Example: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
Replacing NASA’s Wind Tunnels with C Computers t
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The Compact Muon Solenoid At CERN, , designed g to study y protonp proton collisions with high quality measurements (12,000 tons) 10 GB/sec!!! Many PB/year (1024 TB/year)