Fluorescence Enhancement From a Periodic Array of Sub 从一个子周期阵列的荧光增强
四苯基乙烯衍生物的合成与生物成像研究
中文摘要四苯基乙烯衍生物的合成与生物成像研究生物成像已成为当今生物研究中的有力工具，因为它提供了一种独特的方法来可视化细胞的形态细节。
荧光成像是实时，非侵入性监测生物分子的最强大的生物成像技术之一。
在过去几十年中，荧光探针的发展已促进细胞生物学的重大进展。
各种荧光探针，如半导体量子点，荧光碳点，Ln离子掺杂纳米材料，光致发光硅纳米颗粒，金属纳米团簇，有机小分子和有机荧光纳米颗粒已被合成并广泛研究用于生物应用。
聚集诱导发光（AIE）材料由于其优异的光学性质在生物成像领域得到了广泛的研究。
本论文基于四苯基乙烯（TPE），合成了一系列具有聚集诱导发光性质的荧光材料，并利用这些材料制备的纳米粒子进行生物成像。
具体研究内容如下：1.以四苯基乙烯为核，通过选择电子供体（D）和受体（A）的适当组合来设计和合成AIE红光分子。
通过将二甲胺和氰基部分引入TPE中，合成了具有不同AIE特性的四种新的红光化合物1,2,3和4。
四种化合物在固态下的最高量子产率可达到40％。
该化合物可以容易地制造成均一稳定的荧光纳米粒子。
并且化合物1负载的Pluronic F127 纳米粒子的发射主峰位在650nm处，并且高荧光量子产率为15.2％。
化合物1和2的纳米粒子对A549肺癌细胞的生物学成像表明这些化合物是癌细胞的有效荧光探针。
2.基于四苯基乙烯，合成出一种新型有机荧光染料TPE-2NH2。
这种材料发绿光，在NO存在下能与其发生反应生成的产物发红光，因此这种材料具有检测NO的性质。
由于材料的疏水性，我们将此染料负载到二氧化硅介孔纳米粒子中，制备了的纳米粒子均一，稳定，具有120nm的平均粒径，良好的生物相容性，较高的灵敏度。
将此纳米粒子与MCF-7细胞共培养，在细胞质中发现红光信号。
因此，此探针在细胞内检测到NO，表现出良好的应用价值。
关键词：聚集诱导发光，四苯基乙烯，生物成像1AbstractSynthesis and Bioimaging Application of TetraphenyletheneDerivativesBiological imaging (bioimaging) has become a powerful tool in biological research today because it offers a unique approach to visualize the morphological details of cells. Fluorescence imaging is one of the most powerful bioimaging techniques for real-time, non-invasive monitoring of biomolecules of interest in their native environments with high spatial and temporal resolution, and is instrumental for revealing fundamental insights into the production, localization, trafficking, and biological roles of biomolecules in complex living systems. The development of fluorescent probes has facilitated the recent significant advances in cell biology and medical diagnostic imaging. Over the past few decades, a variety of fluorescent probes, such as semiconductor quantum dots, fluorescent carbon dots, Ln ion doped nanomaterials, photo-luminescent silicon nanoparticles, metallic nanoclusters, organic small molecules and organic fluorescent nanoparticles have been synthesized and extensively investigated for biological applications. Aggregation Induce Emision (AIE) materials have been extensively studied in the field of biomimetic imaging due to their excellent optical properties. In this paper, based on tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE), a series of fluorescent materials with aggregation induced luminescent properties were synthesized and biologically imaged using the nanoparticles prepared by these materials. The specific research contents are as follows:1. Organic fluorescent probes play an important role in modernbiomedical research, such as biological sensing and imaging. However, the development of organic fluorophores with efficient aggregate state emissions expanded to the red to near-infrared region is still challenging. Here, we present a series of highly efficient Far Red/Near-Infrared (FR/NIR)2fluorescent compounds with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties by attaching electron donor and accepter to tetraphenylethene (TPE) moieties through a simple synthesis method. These compounds exhibit the pronounced fluorescence enhancement in aggregate state, the red to near infrared emission, and facile fabrication into uniform compouds-loaded Pluronic F127 NPs. The emission maximum of the NPs fabricated by the self assembly method is in the range of 550nm-850nm and the highest fluorescent quantum yield is 15.2%. The biological imaging of NPs of compound 1 and 2 for A549 lung cancer cell indicates that these compounds are effective fluorescent probes for cancer cell with high specificity, high photostability and good fluorescence contrast.2. Based on tetraphenylethylene, a novel organic fluorescent dye TPE-2NH2 was synthesized. This material is green emision, it can be reacted and the product generated red emision the presence of NO, so this material has the nature of the detection of NO. Due to the hydrophobicity of the material, we loaded the dye into the silica mesoporous nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were homogeneous and stable, with an average particle size of 120 nm, good biocompatibility and high sensitivity. The nanoparticles were co-cultured with MCF-7 cells, and red light was found in the cytoplasm. Therefore, this probe in the cell to detect NO, showing a good application value.Keywords：Aggregation-induced emission，Tetraphenylethene，bioimaging3目录第1章前言 (1)1.1引言 (1)1.2具有AIE性质的化合物 (3)1.3AIE小分子生物探针的制备及其应用 (16)1.4负载AIE化合物的荧光纳米粒子的制备及其应用 (28)1.5本论文设计思想和主要内容 (32)1.6参考文献 (33)第2章具有AIE性质的高效红光分子的合成及细胞成像 (45)2.1引言 (45)2.2实验部分 (46)2.3结果与讨论 (49)2.4本章小结 (57)2.5参考文献 (60)第3章基于AIE染料的RNS荧光探针的合成及性质研究 (62)3.1引言 (62)3.2实验部分 (63)3.3结果与讨论 (65)3.4本章小结 (70)3.5参考文献 (71)第4章结论 (74)作者简介 (83)致谢 (84)41第1章 前言1.1引言人们在分子水平上理解基本的发光过程已经取得了显著的成就。
催化发夹自组装技术用于miRNA 检测的研究进展
微RNA (microRNA,miRNA)是一类小分子非编码RNA,仅由几十个碱基序列构成,主要调节基因表达,参与了细胞增殖、迁移、凋亡以及癌变等基本细胞生命过程,生物体所患有的很多疾病已被证实与miRNA 的异常表达密切相关[1-2]。
mi-RNA 凭借稳定地存在于人的外周血液中这一优势,被认为是液体活检的重要标志物,临床意义重要。
miRNA 在不同细胞中的表达是异质性的,研究单细胞miRNA 的表达对研究miRNA 介导的调控通路以及miRNA 相关疾病的复杂性和异质性具有重要价值[3-5]。
此外,在面对庞大而复杂的临床样本时,研发出快捷简单、准确有效的miRNA DOI:10.16605/ki.1007-7847.2022.05.0146催化发夹自组装技术用于miRNA 检测的研究进展龙禹同,万里,赵国杰*(中国医科大学生命科学学院,中国辽宁沈阳110122)摘要:微RNA (microRNA,miRNA)是一类小分子RNA,参与了众多的细胞过程,在生命体的生长发育过程中起到了关键作用。
鉴于miRNA 的重要性和结构特殊性,其对于疾病的预测与评估有着深刻的意义。
当前,miRNA 检测技术迅猛发展,其中,催化发夹自组装(catalytic hairpin assembly,CHA)是一项新型核酸恒温扩增技术,具有反应过程无需酶催化、检测灵敏度高特异性强、操作简单方便等优点,在miRNA 的检测领域有着巨大潜力。
本文将着重阐述CHA 技术的检测原理,从靶标识别、信号扩增、信号输出3个方面对基于CHA 技术的miRNA 检测策略进行介绍,并提出该技术当前面临的挑战及前景,旨在为医学、生物信息等相关领域的研究提供进一步参考。
关键词:微RNA (miRNA);催化发夹自组装(CHA);检测中图分类号:Q503文献标志码:A文章编号:1007-7847(2023)01-0086-09收稿日期:2022-05-11;修回日期:2022-08-11;网络首发日期:2022-09-30基金项目:沈阳市中青年科技创新人才支持计划项目(RC190235);中国医科大学大学生创新创业项目(X202210159088)作者简介:龙禹同(2000—),女,辽宁鞍山人,学生;龙禹同和万里对本文的贡献相同,为本文共同第一作者;*通信作者:赵国杰(1978—),男,辽宁沈阳人,博士,中国医科大学教授,主要从事核酸及核苷酸衍生物的生物化学、核酸相关酶学、核酸扩增等方面的研究,E-mail:**************.cn 。
植物生理学中英互译
中英互译水势(water potential渗透势(osmotic potential溶质势(solute potential蒸腾作用(transpiration)光合作用(photosynthesis原初反应(primary reaction)光合单位（photosynthetic unit）光补偿点（Light Compensation Point，LCP）光抑制(photoinhibition)CO2补偿点(CO2 compensa-tion point)末端氧化酶（terminal oxidase）长日植物（long-day plant，LDP）短日植物（short-day plant，SDP）日中性植物（day-neutral plant，DNP）植物生理学(plant physiology)质膜（plasma membrane）内膜系统（endomembrane system）内质网（endoplasmic reticulum）高尔基体（Golgi body）液泡（vacuole）过氧化物酶体（peroxisome）乙醛酸循环体(glyoxysome)细胞核(cell nucleus)线粒体(mitochondrion)质体(plastid)白色体(leucoplast)叶绿体(chloroplast)有色体(chromoplast)细胞质基质（cytoplasmic matrix）细胞骨架（cytoskeleton）胞间连丝（plasmodesma）共质体（symplast）质外体（apoplast）扩散作用（diffusion)渗透作用（osmosis）压力势(pressure potential衬质势(matrix potential水孔蛋白(aquaporin)蒸腾速率(transpiration rate)蒸腾比率(transpiration ratio)蒸腾系数(transpiration coefficient)内聚力学说(cohesion theory)矿质营养（mineral nutrition)矿质元素（mineral element）灰分元素(ash element)必需元素(essential element)溶液培养法(solution culture method)水培法(hydroponics)砂基培养法(sand culture method) 有益元素（benefieial element）。
桑色素-铝(Ⅲ)配合物在离子液体中的分子荧光行为
桑色素-铝(Ⅲ)配合物在离子液体中的分子荧光行为苏文斌;兰瑞家;徐慧娟;张从灿【摘要】研究了桑色素-铝(Ⅲ)配合物在不同浓度的离子液体中的分子荧光行为.用微波法制备四种离子液体(溴代N-丁基吡啶、溴代N-十二烷基吡啶、溴代1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑、溴代1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑),用常规回流法制备了两种离子液体(N-丁基吡啶四氟硼酸盐、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐),用红外和核磁共振波谱进行了结构表征,探究了桑色素-铝(Ⅲ)在离子液体中的分子荧光行为.结果表明,桑色素-铝(Ⅲ)的荧光强度随离子液体浓度的增大而增强.六种离子液体中,溴代N-丁基吡啶的增敏效果最好,能使桑色素-铝的荧光强度增强9.27倍,这对于该荧光探针灵敏检测生物大分子具有重要意义.【期刊名称】《廊坊师范学院学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2018(018)004【总页数】4页(P54-57)【关键词】离子液体;桑色素-铝;荧光【作者】苏文斌;兰瑞家;徐慧娟;张从灿【作者单位】廊坊师范学院,河北廊坊 065000;廊坊师范学院,河北廊坊 065000;廊坊师范学院,河北廊坊 065000;廊坊师范学院,河北廊坊 065000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O650 引言桑色素是从黄桑木、桑橙树等桑科植物的树皮和许多中草药中提取的一种浅黄色色素，具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗肿瘤等药理活性，临床上可用于抗病毒感染，治疗头痛、胃病、慢性炎症和冠心病等。
同时，桑色素也是一种常用的黄酮类分析试剂，能与多种类型的金属离子（如铝离子、锌离子和ⅢB族多种离子）形成络合物，该络合物具有较高的荧光量子产率，可作为荧光探针研究生物大分子的结构特征，并且能研究药物的作用机理，灵敏度高［1-5］。
离子液体是指在室温或接近室温下呈现液态的、完全由阴阳离子所组成的盐，也称为低温熔融盐。
由于离子液体具有不挥发、不可燃、导电性强、热容大、蒸汽压小、性质稳定、可设计性和对环境污染小等优良的性能，已经广泛应用于有机合成、分离提纯、材料制备及电化学研究中［6-8］。
fluorescence quantitative analysis -回复
fluorescence quantitative analysis -回复"Fluorescence quantitative analysis" refers to a technique used to measure the concentration of a substance by examining its fluorescence properties. This technique is commonly employed in various scientific fields such as chemistry, biology, and environmental science. In this article, we will explore the principles behind fluorescence quantitative analysis, the instruments used, and some applications of this technique.1. Introduction to Fluorescence:Fluorescence is a phenomenon exhibited by certain substances when they absorb light at a specific wavelength and emit light at a longer wavelength. This emission of light is called fluorescence. It occurs due to the excitation of electrons in the atoms or molecules of the substance.2. Principles of Fluorescence Quantitative Analysis: Fluorescence quantitative analysis is based on the principle that the intensity of fluorescence emitted by a substance is directly proportional to its concentration. This principle forms the basis for detecting and measuring the concentration of various substances.3. Instrumentation for Fluorescence Quantitative Analysis:a. Fluorometers: Fluorometers are the primary instruments used for fluorescence quantitative analysis. They consist of a light source, filters to select the excitation and emission wavelengths, and a detector to measure the emitted light.b. Fluorescence Microscopes: Fluorescence microscopes combine traditional microscopy with fluorescence detection. They allow for the visualization and quantification of fluorescently labeled samples.c. Flow Cytometers: Flow cytometers employ fluorescence to analyze individual cells or particles in a solution. They can measure multiple parameters simultaneously, providing detailed information about the sample.4. Process of Fluorescence Quantitative Analysis:a. Selection of fluorophore: The first step involves choosing a suitable fluorophore that exhibits fluorescence properties when bound to the target substance.b. Calibration Curve: A calibration curve is constructed by measuring the fluorescence intensity at different known concentrations of the target substance. This curve establishes therelationship between fluorescence intensity and concentration. c. Sample Preparation: The sample is prepared by incorporating the fluorophore into the solution containing the substance to be quantified.d. Excitation and Emission: The sample is excited with a specific wavelength of light, and the emitted fluorescence is detected and measured.e. Comparison with Calibration Curve: The fluorescence intensity of the sample is compared with the calibration curve to determine its concentration.5. Applications of Fluorescence Quantitative Analysis:a. Biochemical Assays: Fluorescence quantitative analysis is widely used in biochemical assays to determine the concentration of biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, and enzymes.b. Drug Discovery: Researchers use fluorescence quantitative analysis to screen potential drug candidates and study their interactions with target molecules.c. Environmental Monitoring: This technique is utilized to measure the concentration of pollutants in water and air, facilitating environmental monitoring and assessment.d. Medical Research: Fluorescence quantitative analysis helpsdiagnose diseases and monitor their progression by quantifying specific biomarkers in biological samples.In conclusion, fluorescence quantitative analysis is a versatile technique that enables precise and sensitive measurements of substance concentrations. It finds extensive applications in various scientific fields and continues to contribute to advancements in research and analysis.。
荧光高效液相色谱法 英文
荧光高效液相色谱法英文Fluorescence High Performance Liquid Chromatography (FL-HPLC) is an analytical technique that separates and measures compounds based ontheir fluorescent properties. It is a highly sensitive and selective technique that has gained popularity in areas such as pharmaceutical development, environmental monitoring, and food safety analysis.Fundamental Principle The fundamental principle of fluorescence detection in HPLC is based on the interaction of light with fluorescent compounds, which absorb light at a certain wavelength and emit light at a longer wavelength. When a sample is injected into an HPLC system, it is separated into its constituent components by a stationary phase, such as a column filled with a packing material. The separated components pass through a detector, where they are excited by a light source at a specific wavelength. As the excited moleculesreturn to their ground state, they emit light at alonger wavelength which is detected by a photomultiplier or diode array detector.Instrumentation FL-HPLC systems consist of the following components:1. mobile phase delivery system2. column3. injector4. detector5. data acquisition and processing system.The mobile phase delivery system includes pumps that deliver solvent or buffer solutions to the column at a constant flow rate. The column contains a stationary phase that separates the sample intoits individual components. The injector introduces the sample into the column in precise amounts. The detector detects the emission of light from the fluorescent compound, and the data acquisition and processing system collects and analyzes the detected signals.Applications FL-HPLC is highly sensitive and selective for the detection of fluorescent compounds, making it suitable for the analysis of trace amounts of compounds in complex matrices. It has found applications in the following areas:1. Pharmaceutical analyses: FL-HPLC is used to analyze active pharmaceutical ingredients and impurities in drug formulations.2. Food and beverage analyses: FL-HPLC is used to analyze vitamins, amino acids, and other nutrients in food and beverages.3. Environmental analyses: FL-HPLC is used to analyze pollutants and toxins in soil, water, and air.Advantages and limitations FL-HPLC has several advantages over conventional HPLC:1. High sensitivity: FL-HPLC is highly sensitive, and can detect trace amounts of compounds.2. High selectivity: FL-HPLC can selectively detect fluorescent compounds, which can be advantageous in a complex matrix.3. Versatility: FL-HPLC can be used to detect a wide range of compounds, including those that are difficult to detect using other methods.However, there are also some limitations to FL-HPLC:1. Limited applicability: FL-HPLC is only applicable to compounds that are fluorescent, which limits its use in some areas.2. Background fluorescence: Background fluorescence from the matrix can interfere with the detection of fluorescent compounds.3. Instrumentation costs: FL-HPLC instrumentation is more expensive than conventional HPLC instrumentation.Conclusion FL-HPLC is a powerful tool for the analysis of fluorescent compounds. Its high sensitivity and selectivity make it an attractive option for the detection of trace amounts of compounds in complex matrices. However, its limitations must also be considered when selecting an analytical method. With continued development, FL-HPLC has the potential to become even more powerful as an analytical tool in a variety of fields.。
荧光增强常数
荧光增强常数
荧光增强常数（Fluorescence enhancement factor）是指荧光染料与物理吸附剂相互作用后，在特定的波长下相对于无物理吸附剂情况下的荧光强度增加的倍数。
荧光增强常数的大小直接影响到荧光染料的亮度和信噪比，因此它是评估荧光染料性能的重要指标之一。
通常情况下，荧光增强常数越大，荧光强度就越高，信噪比也就越好，因此能够更好地应用于荧光检测和分析领域。
荧光增强常数的大小与物理吸附剂的种类、浓度、pH值、离子强度以及温度等因素密切相关。
不同的物理吸附剂对于荧光染料的荧光增强常数影响程度也不同。
常见的物理吸附剂包括胶体金、纳米线、纳米球、二氧化硅、碳纳米管等。
这些物理吸附剂具有很好的生物相容性和稳定性，因此被广泛应用于荧光检测、细胞成像和生物标记等方面。
在实际应用中，荧光增强常数的测定通常采用比较实验的方法，即将未经物理吸附剂处理的荧光染料作为基准，与经过物理吸附剂处
理的荧光染料进行比较。
通过测定两者的荧光强度，计算出荧光增强常数的大小。
总之，荧光增强常数是评估荧光染料性能的重要指标之一，它的大小直接影响到荧光染料的亮度和信噪比。
在荧光检测、细胞成像和生物标记等领域中，物理吸附剂的应用对于荧光增强常数的提高具有很大的潜力。
电荷补偿剂增强的 Ca2.96 Eu0.04（PO4）2红色荧光粉
电荷补偿剂增强的 Ca2.96 Eu0.04（PO4）2红色荧光粉张志伟;王晓娟;任艳军【摘要】Novel Li + -, Na + -, K + -, and Si4 + -doped Ca2. 96 Eu0. 04 (PO4 ) 2 red phosphors were syn-thesized using a conventional solid-state reaction route. The effects of codoping of charge compensa-tory ions on the phase and luminescent properties of Ca2. 96 Eu0. 04 (PO4 ) 2 red phosphors were investi-gated by X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectra. The excitation spectra include both broad band (200 - 310 nm) and sharp peaks (310 - 500 nm). From emission spectra, it is observed that these phosphors exhibit two dominating bands situated at 593 and 616 nm, originating from the 5 D0→7 F1 and 5 D0→7 F2 transition of the Eu3 + ion, respectively. The luminescence of Ca2. 96 Eu0. 04-(PO4 ) 2 can be enhanced by the incorporation of Li + , Na + , K + , and Si4 + . Furthermore, the charge compensation mechanism was discussed. The charge compensatory additives have little influ-ence on the decay times and CIE of all the phosphors. The CIE chromaticity coordinates of these phosphors all locate in the red region. It implies that Ca2. 96 Eu0. 04 (PO4 ) 2 is a good candidate as a red-emitting phosphor pumped by near-ultraviolet ( NUV) InGaN chip for fabricating white light-emitting diodes (wLEDs).%采用高温固相法合成了 Li +、Na +、K +和 Si4+作为电荷补偿剂的Ca2.96 Eu0.04(PO4)2白光 LED 用红色荧光粉。
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thesis
Center for Microarray Technology
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• End of Junior year (96+ credit hours) • Enrolled in 3910 or equivalent • cumulative GPA > 3.3 • At least 24 resident credit hours • Support letter (BS+MS only) • Consultation with Director
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1.5 to 2 years beyond BS
• Many more options with a Ph.D.
4 to 6 years beyond BS Can see how MS goes before committing to Ph.D.
– MS work is more project-oriented – Research is a key component of Ph.D.
• Less time on classes, more like a job • By the 3rd yr, most students are full time on research • Grad school is easier now than later
Senior Fall • Enroll in 4900 • U (+ G) coursework • Develop program of study • Supervisory committee (MS)
Grad Fall • Enroll in 6900 • (U +) G coursework • Comprehensive exam (MS)
Center for Microarray Technology
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Information
• 20 regular faculty members • 12 research faculty • 4 adjunct faculty
– Combined Bachelor/Master – Master of Engineering (ME) – Master of Science (MS) – Electrical Engineer (EE) – phased out… – Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
(funding implications)
• Most engineers should plan on an MS degree • Decide based on your own interests and abilities
– Do you enjoy solving a problem and then moving on to a different challenge? (MS might be right.)
No thesis
Center for Microarray Technology
Master of Science (MS)
[24]+2 coursework hours
– ECE 5000 or higher – 1+1 hours graduate seminar – 9 or more hours at ECE 6000 or higher – Normally takes 4 semesters to complete
Center for Microarray Technology
Mid-program review
• After 1 year or 128 total credit hours • Maintain good grades • Submit program of study • Plan to complete undergrad requirements
Grad Spring • Enroll in 6910 • (U +) G coursework • Complete BS coursework • Thesis defense
Center for Microarray Technology
ECE Graduate Program
Degrees Offered
within 1 more year • Admission to Graduate School
Center for Microarray Technology
Completion
• Finish undergrad requirements within 1 year • Comprehensive exam (MS) • Thesis defense (MS) • Finish grad requirements • Get both degrees!
Center for Microarray Technology
What next?
• Complete ALL undergraduate requirements • Complete ALL graduate requirements • Do the above in any order! • Develop program of study • Form supervisory committee (MS)
Center for Microarray Ted School
• GPA • GRE • Undergraduate research experience • Internship experiences • Writing/speaking ability • Vision for your future • Apply to programs that match your academic
– Focus on subject you love – Close interaction with top faculty and students
Center for Microarray Technology
Can I afford Grad School?
• Get Paid to go to School – Ph.D. students (some MS students) – RA, TA, or Fellowship – Tuition, fees and a monthly stipend $24,400 + $1,700/mo. + health insurance = $49,500/yr.
[6-10] hours of thesis research
– Thesis committee – Comprehensive exam – Thesis defense
Center for Microarray Technology
Typical timeline
Junior Fall • Enroll in 3900
Research Areas
– Communications + Networking - Chen, Shamir, Patwari, Farhang – Computer Engineering - Kalla, Myers, Stevens – Electromagnetics - Gandhi, Grow, Furse – Microscale Systems + Devices - Mascaro, Miller, Solzbacher, Stringfellow – Photonics - Blair, Christensen, Nahata – Signal Processing + Controls - Bodson, Farhang-Boroujeny, Mathews – VLSI - Brown, Harrison, Stevens
• Federal Loans – US Graduate students are considered independent – Eligible for federal loans without including parents income
Center for Microarray Technology
• Explore a topic in-depth • Contribute to scientific knowledge • Do something not done before
Center for Microarray Technology
Tired of School?
• Grad study is very different from undergrad
Junior Spring • Enroll in 3910 • Choose advisor (MS) • Apply
Senior Spring • Enroll in 4910 • U (+ G) coursework • Submit program of study • Apply for graudate status
– Family and financial obligations may keep you from returning
– Continuing school now starts your real career sooner