同济大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试题含答案
2008年医学博士外语真题试卷.doc
2008年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.It was called off unexpectedly.B.It raised more money than expected.C.It received fewer people than expected.D.It disappointed the woman for the man" s absence.A.A thoracic case.B.A nervous disorder.C.A stomach problem.D.A psychiatric condition.A.In the housing office on campus.B.In the downtown hotel.C.At the rental agency.D.In the nursing home.A.Thrilled.B.Refreshed.C.Exhausted.D.Depressed.A.To travel with his parents.B.To organize a picnic in the country.C.To cruise, even without his friends.D.To take a flight to the Maldives instead.A.He" s got a revert.B.He" s got nausea.C.He" s got diarrhea.D.He" s got a runny nose.A.To suture the man" s wound.B.To remove the bits of glass.C.To disinfect the man" s wound.D.To take a closer look at the man" s wound.A.Mr. Lindley had got injured.B.Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C.Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D.Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.A.She will apply to Duke University.B.She will probably attend the University of Texas.C.She made up her mind to give up school for work.D.She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.A.Her boyfriend broke up with her.B.She was almost run over by a truck.C.One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D.She dumped her boyfriend" s truck in the river.A.The patient will not accept the doctor" s recommendation.B.The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C.The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D.The medicine is not available to the patient.A.It was more expensive than the original price.B.It was given to the woman as a gift.C.It was the last article on sale.D.It was a good bargain.A.Excited.B.Impatient.C.Indifferent.D.Concerned.A.She regrets buying the car.B.The car just arrived yesterday.C.She will certainly not buy the ear.D.This is the car she has been wanting.A.He is seriously ill.B.His work is a mess.C.The weather is lousy this week.D.He has been working under pressure.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.He has got bowel cancerB.He has got heart disease.C.He has got bone cancer.D.He has got heartburn.A.To have a colonoscopy.B.To seek a second opinionC.To be put on chemotherapy.D.To have his bowel removed.A.A pretty minor surgery.B.A normal life ahead of him.C.A miracle in his coming years.D.A life without any inconveniences.A.Thankful.B.Admiring.C.Resentful.D.Respectful.A.It was based on the symptoms the man had described.B.It was prescribed considering possible complications.C.it was given according to the man" s actual condition.D.it was effective because of a proper intervention.A.Smoking and lung Cancer.B.Lung cancer and the sexes.C.How to quit Smoking.D.How to prevent lung cancer.A.Current smokers exclusively.B.Second-hand smokers.C.With a lung problem.D.At age 40 or over.A.156.B.269.C.7498D.9427A.Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancerB.Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C.Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D.When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than women.A.Lung cancer can be early detected.B.Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C.Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D.Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.A.A hobby.B.The whole world.C.A learning experience.D.A career to earn a riving.A.Her legs were broken.B.Her arms were broken.C.Her shoulders were severely injured.D.Her cervical vertebrae were seriously injured.A.She learned a foreign language.B.She learned to make friendsC.She learned to be a teacher.D.She learned living skills.A.She worked as skiing coach.B.She was a college instructor.C.She was a social worker in the clinic.D.She worked as elementary school teacher.A.Optimistic and hard-bitten.B.Pessimistic and cynical.C.Humorous and funny.D.Kind and reliable.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.I am afraid that you" 11 have to______the deterioration of the condition.（分数：2.00）A.account forB.call forC.look forD.make for5.Twelve hours a week seemed a generous______of your time to the nursing home.（分数：2.00）A.afflictionB.alternativeC.allocationD.alliance6.Every product is______tested before being put into the market.（分数：2.00）A.expensivelyB.exceptionallyC.exhaustivelyD.exclusively7.Having clean hands is one of the______rules when preparing food.（分数：2.00）A.potentB.conditionalC.inseparableD.cardinal8.The educators should try hard to develop the______abilities of children.（分数：2.00）A.cohesiveB.cognitiveC.collectiveic9.Mortgage______had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.（分数：2.00）A.defectsB.deficitsC.defaultsD.deceptions10.The symptoms may be______by certain drugs.（分数：2.00）A.exaggeratedB.exacerbatedC.exceededD.exhibited11.Her story was a complete______from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.（分数：2.00）A.facilityB.fascinationC.fabricationD.faculty12.The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out______.（分数：2.00）A.salvageB.safeguardC.sabotageD.sacrifice13.The government always______on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.（分数：2.00）A.takes upB.cheeks upC.works outD.looks into14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.The 19 th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.（分数：2.00）A.boostedernedC.clarifiedD.pioneered16.Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.（分数：2.00）A.realisticB.sensitiveC.reasonableD.sensational17.The Chinese people hold their ancestors in great veneration .（分数：2.00）A.recognitionB.sincerityC.heritageD.honor18.I worked to develop the requisite skill for a managerial .（分数：2.00）A.perfectB.exquisiteC.uniqueD.necessary19.If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.（分数：2.00）A.instanceB.indicatorC.appearanceD.option20.The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.（分数：2.00）A.arduousB.demandingC.potentD.continuous21.The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.（分数：2.00）A.practicableB.reliableC.flexibleD.responsible22.Greenpeace has been invited to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.（分数：2.00）A.esteemB.appreciateC.evaluateD.approve23.The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak .（分数：2.00）A.chillyB.dismalC.promisingD.fanatic24.These were vital decisions that bore upon the happiness of everybody.（分数：2.00）A.ensuredB.minedC.achievedD.influenced五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely【C1】______, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius 【C2】______a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the【C3】______of a person" s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whetheror not he reaches those limits will depend on his【C4】______This view, not held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways. It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent 【C5】______we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people【C6】______, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have【C7】______intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth. 【C8】______now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment【C9】______birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the【C10】______that people who live in close contact with each other,but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.quiteB.enoughC.sureD.so(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.out ofB.intoC.from withinD.off(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.amountsB.qualitiesC.limitsD.scores(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.dispositionB.perceptionC.endowmentD.environment(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.in advanceB.for effectC.at randomD.under way(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.variousC.appropriateD.inborn(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.LookB.BelieveC.SuggestD.Imagine(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.andB.or ratherC.as well asD.but for(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.factB.eventC.conditionD.environment六、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Scan would die. Sean" s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren" t enough human organs to go around. Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008. That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activists. They protest that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust; some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans. Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthfully, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs. Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the problem the passage begins with?（分数：2.00）A.High mortality rate of immune rejectionB.A malpractice in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplantD.A shortage of human organs(2).Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it______.（分数：2.00）A.introduces an issue of inhumanityB.raises the issue of justice in medicineC.presents a significant threat to the human natureD.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits(3).Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists______.（分数：2.00）A.are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB.switch to the development of artificial organse up with alternatives to the current problemD.set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease(4).It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC.people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD.the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed(5).The information the passage carries is______.（分数：2.00）A.enlighteningB.unbelievableC.imaginativeD.factualThere is a great irony of 21st-century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes. To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental causes. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, televisions set. And computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats. Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones that far more than they need, another irony, than the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults —-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories—are overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many a-dults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people ate! Less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of Lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.（分数：10.00）(1).The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of foodC.the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD.the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases(2).To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is______.（分数：2.00）A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with the energy imbalance issueC.to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health(3).As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.affluence and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperityD.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity(4).As a result of the third irony, people______.（分数：2.00）A.consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards weight gain(5).Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The economic dimension.B.The political dimension.C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.Women find a masculine face—with a large jaw and a prominent brow—-more attractive when they are most likely to attractive, according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE. Before, during, and use after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more "feminine" male faces, the researchers report. " Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle ," says lead author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. " We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also". The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase. The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment. The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle. Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says. Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as " kinder" men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn"t yet shown a link between a woman" s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.（分数：10.00）(1).The researchers made a study on______.（分数：2.00）A.women" s menstrual cycleB.men" s preferred female imagesC.women" s visual preferences of menD.men" s masculine and feminine features(2).Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they______.（分数：2.00）A.grow to be more feminineB.are on oral contraceptivesC.are ready for conceptionD.are on menstruation(3).It was found in Britain that women" s preferred male images were influenced by______.（分数：2.00）A.their family planningB.the years of marriage they hadC.the length of their menstrual cycleD.the term or relationship they seek(4).Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Pen-ton-Voak implies, does not mean that______.（分数：2.00）A.visual preferences do existB.a woman acts this way is realityC.a man will buy into the phenomenonD.men and women prefer the same image(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Does a woman judge from a man" s appearance?B.Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C.Are women more emotional than men?D.Is beauty more than meets the eye?WELL—do they or don"t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights. One team from Bristol announced that it had evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer(electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about. What is going on? Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interning. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon, a gas normally associated with lung cancer—would cause leukemia in children. The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world" s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link. Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were. Which is not to say the research is perfectly. Critics argue that Britain" s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week" s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields cannot penetrate the body significantly, for example. A more serious concern is whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants(书呆子)would conclude that it doesn" t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study. In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in British homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.（分数：10.00）(1).Both the question "Well—do they or don"t they?" and the question "What is going on?" suggest ______.（分数：2.00）A.the high incidence of LeukemiaB.the advent of bewilderment among peopleC.the warning of the worsening air pollutionD.the tense relation between Bristol and London(2).What would the author say of the results of the first study?（分数：2.00）A.Enlightening.B.Insignificant.C.Reassuring.D.Apparent.(3).What can be suggested from the results of the second study?（分数：2.00）A.There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B.There is much to be improved in terms of design.C.There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D.There is no link between the first and second study.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes______.（分数：2.00）A.are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB.were found to have left much room for doubtC.could have implications in such countries as the USD.will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future(5).To conclude, the author______.（分数：2.00）A.reassures us of the reliability of the latest research in BritainB.asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC.points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD.urges further investigations on the issueSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body" s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking ages skin prematurely. Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks-down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, They chop up the fibers that form collagen(胶原质)—the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin. Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body" s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline(盐的)solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen. After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see how much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells. Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent. He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. " This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing," he says. "It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation". Morita doesn" t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. "So far we" ve only done this in the lab. " he says. " We don"t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time. " Other dermatologists are impressed by file work. "This is fascinating," says Lawrence Parish. Director of the Centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. This confirms scientifically what we"ve long expected, he says. "Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin. "（分数：10.00）(1).Healthy skin lies in______.（分数：2.00）A.a well-kept balance between two working processesB.the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC.a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD.the two steps of forming collagen(2).For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is______.（分数：2.00）A.to verify the aging of human beingsB.to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC.to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD.to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise(3).The Japanese scientists tested their idea using______.（分数：2.00）A.MMPs to form fresh collagenB.cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC.human fibroblasts to produce fresh collagenD.non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke(4).As inferred from Morita" s results, smoking______.（分数：2.00）A.could stimulate tile production of fresh collagenB.is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC.tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD.may cause collagen to die by 60%(5).Monrita implies that his findings______.（分数：2.00）A.took less time than expectedB.were hard to accept in dermatologyC.were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyToday, I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called "Harold"(his first name; Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with "Harold"—it was what he was called in the army—but Dad never has been "Harold" except to those who really don"t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for "Harold" were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson. Dad doesn" t correct his physicians or the office receptionists—he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal "Jack," strong, athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments , his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced thislife-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as "Harold. "（分数：10.00）(1).The author relates the story______.（分数：2.00）A.from a consumer" s point of viewB.with a view to punctuating patient rightsC.according to his own standards of health careD.based on his own unpleasant medical treatment(2).Apparently the author" s father______.（分数：2.00）A.did not like to be called by the first nameB.was not well taken care of as expectedC.was mistaken for somebody elseD.was treated like a businessman(3).As the author implies his father______.（分数：2.00）A.encountered so many impolite physiciansB.did nothing but kept quiet in the hospitalC.accepted the way he was greetedD.had his diagnosis made wrongly。
2008年考研英语真题及答案
2008年考研英语真题及答案2008年考研英语真题及答案Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused Much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including severalworld-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a （an） 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] latelyWhile still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men, according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York''s Veteran''s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries （the female reproductive organs） removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman''s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased opportunities for stress. It''s not necessarily that women don''t cope as well. It''s just that they have so much more to cope with, says Dr. Yehuda. Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men''s, she observes, It''s just that they''re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but wad determined to finish college. I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother. It''s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez''s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda''s research suggests that women[A] Need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] Have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] Are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] Are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence I lived from paycheck to paycheck.（Line 6, Para. 5） shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez''s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it- is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for EconomicCo-operation and Development （OECD） has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author （or his employer） to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to seeit. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association （NBA） listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today''s people- especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations- apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we''ve pretty much gone as far as we can go, says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients–notably, protein–to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height- 5′9〞for men, 5′4〞for women- hasn''t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. There are some real constraints that are set by the geneticarchitecture of the individual organism, says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don''t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass, ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S……[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text？[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree？[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Part BDirections：In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. （41）Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. （42）Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.（43）Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will nit lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraph by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.（44）These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revision.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that in unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote： The A &P as a State of Mind wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.（45）Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times-and then again- working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It''s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one thatdescribed Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P policy he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in A&P, the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel's store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but （46） he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed he possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. （47）He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.（48） On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the Origin of Species is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree. （49） He adds humbly that perhaps he wassuperior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kids gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said：Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. （50） Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions：You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1）make an apology, and2）suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. （10 points）Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1）describe the drawing briefly,2）explain its intended meaning, and then3）give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解（注：答案来自万学海文）完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题I V ocabulary （10%）For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence.1. The directions were so ____ that it was impossible to complete the assignment.A) ingenious B) ambitious C) notorious D) ambiguous2. Our ________ host always enjoys having friends to share his Lucullan suppers.A) cursive B)martial C) fractious D) convivial3. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ____a violent act previously seen on television.A) modifying B) stimulating C) accelerating D) duplicating4. This kind of material can _____heat and moisture.A) delete B) compel C) repel D) constrain5. The damage to his car was ____; therefore, he could repair it himself.A) considerable B) appreciable C) negligible D) invisible6. The ____of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A) implementation B) expedition C) demonstration D) manifestation7. One of the responsibilities of the Coast guard is to make sure that all ships _______ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.A) cautiously B) dutifully C) faithfully D) skillfully8. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be _______ the welfare of his animals.A) critical about B) indignant at C) indifferent to D) subject to9. The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.A) compelled B) posed C) pressed D) tempted10. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _______ and lack of unity in style.A) conflict B) confrontation C) disturbance D) disharmony11. Corrupt politicians who condone the activities of the gamblers are equally _______.A) cryptic B)esoteric C)culpable D)occult12. I don’t know the details for I just gave your manuscript only a(n) _______ gl ance.A) cursory B)cumbrous C)onerous D)obscure13.the Red Cross society helped _________ families to survive the war in the Persian Gulf.A) demure B)destitute C)assiduous D)sedate14. the man felt ________ when the girl turned down his proposal of marriage.A) despondent B) fabulous C)dilapidated D)fortuitous15. the boy gave a ______ look at his classmate’s test paper when the teacher turned.A) frivolous B)furtive C)frenetic D)frigid16. Rubber boots are ___________ to water.A) imperious B)impetuous C)impervious D)impeccable17. Missiles were mounted at various points to _______ the enemy aircrafts.A) integrate B)jeopardize C)intercept D)interrogate18. Being careless, she had her arm _____ by the barbed wire.A) lacerated B)lamented C)juggled D)bemoaned19. The wrestler’s _______ maneuvers made it difficult for his opponent to obtain a hold.A) hermetic B)protean C)titanic D)procrustean20. Psychoanalysis can help a patient recall long-forgotten experiences lost in the ______ recess of his mind.A) labyrinthine B)chimerical C)iridescent D)mercurialII Reading Comprehension (50%)Passage 1There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual invent-ors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopterminsulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources. Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation--a risky and expensive budget item--might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from in-vestment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industrycompetition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.16. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century ________.A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development.B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries.C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams.D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates.17. It is the author"s belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that________.A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation.B. governmental protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change.D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.18. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost cutting rather than innovation if _______.A. their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants.B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry.C. they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development.D. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century.19. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage?A. Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams.B. The federal government"s research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research.C. The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.D. Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.20. The author"s purpose in this passage is to____.A. advocate an increase in governmental support of organized industrial research.B. point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry.C. describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation.D. show that America"s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness.III Translation from English into Chinese (20%)Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward reward the heavens（这句话似乎不完整）. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a haled burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and I would gladly live it again if the chance were offered to me.有三种简单却强烈的情感支配着我的生活，它们分别是：对爱的渴望，对知识的探求，以及对人类的苦难不可抑制的怜悯。
2008医学考博英语统考真题
2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. A.It was called off unexpectedly.B.It raised more money than expected.C.It received fewer people than expected.D.It disappointed the woman for the man’s absence.2. A.A thoracic case.thoracic[θɔː'ræsɪk]adj.[解剖]胸的；[解剖]胸廓的B.A nervous disorder.C.A stomach problem.D.A psychiatric condition.3. A.In the housing office on campus. B.In the downtown hotel.C.At a rental agency.D.In the nursing home.4. A.Thrilled.vt.使…颤动；使…紧张；使…感到兴奋或激动n.激动；震颤；紧张vi.颤抖；感到兴奋；感到紧张B.Refreshed[rɪ'freʃ]vt.更新；使……恢复；消除……的疲劳vi.恢复精神；喝饮料，吃点心；补充给养C.Exhausted.exhausted[ɪɡ'zɔːstɪd]adj.疲惫的；耗尽的v.耗尽；用尽；使…精疲力尽（exhaust的过去式）D.Depressed.adj.沮丧的；萧条的；压低的v.使沮丧；使萧条（depress的过去式和过去分词形式）；压低5. A.To travel with his parents.B.To organize a picnic in the country.picnic['pɪknɪk]n.野餐vi.去野餐C.To cruise,even without his friends.n.巡航，巡游；乘船游览vt.巡航，巡游；漫游vi.巡航，巡游；漫游D.To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A.He’s got a revert.[rɪ'vɜːt]vt.使回复原n.恢复原状者vi.回复；重提；返祖遗传；归还B.He’s got nausea.nausea[ˈnɔ:ziə]n.恶心，晕船；极端的憎恶C.He’s got diarrhea.diarrhea[,daɪə'riə]n.腹泻，痢疾D.He’s got a runny nose.流鼻涕用的线7.A.To suture the man’s wound.suture['suːtʃə]n.缝合；缝合处；缝合状vt.缝合B.To remove the bits of glass.C.To disinfect the man’s injured.D.To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A.Mr.Lindley had got injured. B.Mr.Lindley had fallen asleep.C.Mr.Lindley had fallen off his chair.D.Mr.Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A.She will apply to Duke University.B.She will probably attend the University of Texas.C.She made up her mind to give up school for work.D.She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10.A.Her boyfriend broke up with her.分手；结束，打碎B.She was almost run over by a truck.C.One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D.She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.adj.废弃的；被甩了的v.倾倒；猛地扔下11.A.The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B.The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C.The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D.The medicine is not available to the patient.12.A.It was more expensive than the original price. B.It was given to the woman as a gift.C.It was the last article on sale.D.It was a good bargain.13.A.excited. B.Impatient.C.Indifferent.adj.漠不关心的；无关紧要的；中性的，中立的D.Concerned.14.A.She regrets buying the car. B.The car just arrived yesterday.C.She will certainly not buy the car.D.This is the car she has been wanting.15.A.He is seriously ill. B.His work is a mess.C.The weather is lousy this week.D.He has been working under pressure. Section BPassage One16.A.He has got bowel cancer. B.He has got heart disease.C.He has got bone cancer.D.He has got heartburn.17.A.To have a colonoscopy. B.To seek a second opinion.C.To be put on chemotherapy.D.To have his bowel removed.18.A.A pretty minor surgery. B.A normal life ahead of him.C.A miracle in his coming years.D.A life without any inconveniences.19.A.Thankful. B.Admiring. C.Resentful. D.Respectful.20.A.It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B.It was prescribed considering possible complications.C.I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D.It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21.A.Smoking and Lung Cancer. B.Lung Cancer and the sexes.C.How to quit smoking.D.How to prevent lung cancer.22.A.Current smokers exclusively. B.Second-hand smokers.C.With a lung problems.D.At age40or over.23.A.156 B.269 C.7498 D.942724.A.Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B.Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C.Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D.When struck by lung cancer,men seem to live longer than men.25.A.Lung cancer can be early detected.B.Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C.Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D.Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26.A.A hobby B.The whole worldC.learning experience.D.A career to earn a living27.A.Her legs were brokenB.Her arms were brokenC.Her shoulders were severely injuredD.Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28.A.She learned a foreign language B.She learned to make friends.C.She learned to be a teacher.D.She learned a living skills.29.A.She worked as a skiing coach.B.She was a college instructor.C.She was a social worker in a clinic.D.She worked as elementary school teacher.30.A.Optimistic and hard-bitten. B.Pessimistic and cynical.C.Humorous and funny.D.Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section A31.I’m afraid that you’ll have to___________the deterioration n.恶化；退化；堕落of the condition.A.account for对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因；导致；（比例）占B.call for要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为…叫喊C.look for寻找D.make for导致；有助于；走向32.Twelve hours a week seemed a generous adj.慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的；有雅量的___________of your time to the nursing home.A.affliction n.苦难；苦恼；折磨B.alternative adj.供选择的；选择性的；交替的n.二中择一；供替代的选择C.allocation n.分配，配置；安置（location n.位置（形容词locational）；地点；外景拍摄场地）distributeD.alliance n.联盟，联合；联姻33.Every product is_________tested before being put into market.A.expensivelyB.exceptionally adv.异常地；特殊地；例外地C.exhaustively adv.耗尽一切地D.exclusively adv.唯一地；专有地；排外地34.Having clean hands is one of the___________rules when preparing food.A.potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的B.conditional adj.有条件的；假定的n.条件句；条件语C.inseparable adj.[数]不可分割的；不能分离的n.不可分离的事物；形影不离的朋友D.cardinal n.红衣主教；枢机主教；鲜红色；【鸟类】(北美)主红雀adj.主要的，基本的；深红色的35.The educators should try hard to develop the________abilities of children.A.cohesive adj.有结合力的；紧密结合的；有粘着力的B.cognitive adj.认知的，认识的C.collective adj.集体的；共同的；集合的；集体主义的n.集团；集合体；集合名词ic adj.喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的n.连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物36.Mortgage vt.抵押n.抵押房屋抵押贷款___________had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.A.defects n.缺点，缺陷；不足之处vi.变节；叛变B.deficits n.赤字；不足额C.defaults vi.拖欠；不履行；不到场n.违约；缺席；缺乏；系统默认值vt.不履行；不参加（比赛等）；对…处以缺席裁判（fault n.故障；[地质]断层；错误；缺点；毛病；（网球等）发球失误vi.弄错；产生断层）D.deceptions n.欺骗，欺诈；骗术37.The symptoms n.[临床]症状；症候；病徵may be__________by certain drugs.A.exaggerated adj.夸张的，言过其实的v.夸张，夸大B.exacerbated vt.使加剧；使恶化；激怒=aggravateC.exceeded adj.非常的；过度的；溢出的v.超过（exceed的过去分词）；越出D.exhibited adj.展出的v.展出；表现出（exhibit的过去分词）38.Her story was a complete adj.完整的；完全的；彻底的vt.完成_________from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.A.facility n.设施；设备；容易；灵巧B.fascination n.魅力；魔力；入迷（adj.fascinating迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的fascinated着迷的；被深深吸引的）C.fabrication n.制造，建造；装配；伪造物（n.fabric织物；布；组织；构造；fabricator制作者；杜撰者v.fabricated制造，组装；伪造，捏造（fabricate的过去分词）vt.fabricate制造；伪造；装配）D.faculty n.科，系；能力；全体教员39.The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out排除；取消；划去；反对；阻止_________.A.salvage n.打捞；海上救助；抢救财货；救难的奖金vt.抢救；海上救助B.safeguard n.[安全]保护；保卫；保护措施vt.[安全]保护，护卫C.sabotage vt.妨害；对…采取破坏行动vi.从事破坏活动n.破坏；破坏活动；怠工D.sacrifice n.牺牲；祭品；供奉vt.牺牲；献祭；亏本出售vi.献祭；奉献40.The government always_________on the background n.背景；隐蔽的位置vt.作…的背景adj.背景的；发布背景材料的of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.A.takes up拿起；开始从事；占据(时间,地方)B.checks up检查；核对（check out检验；结账离开；通过考核；盖章，结账后离开，结帐后离开，办理退房、出院手续）C.works out解决；算出；实现；制定出；消耗完；弄懂；锻炼D.looks into调查；观察；窥视；浏览；看Section B41.The19th century physiology n.生理学；生理机能was dominated vt.控制；支配；占优势；在…中占主要地位vi.占优势；处于支配地位by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass体重and activity.A.boosted adj.升高的；升压的；加力的v.提高，推进；宣传（boost的过去式）erned v.管理（govern的过去式和过去分词）；统治；支配C.clarified adj.澄清的；透明的v.阐明（clarify的过去分词形式）；澄清D.pioneered v.倡导；作先驱（pioneer的过去式）42.Surely,it would be sensible adj.明智的合乎情理的通情达理的意识到的，能感觉到的to get a second opinion before taking any further action.采取进一步行动，进一步的行动A.realistic adj.现实的；现实主义的；逼真的；实在论的B.sensitive adj.敏感的；感觉的；[仪]灵敏的；感光的；易受伤害的；易受影响的n.敏感的人；有灵异能力的人C.reasonable adj.合理的，公道的；通情达理的D.sensational adj.轰动的；耸人听闻的；非常好的；使人感动的（economic sanction经济制裁）43.The Chinese people hold the ancestors n.祖先；被继承人in great veneration.n.尊敬；崇拜（Ancestor veneration祖先崇拜）A.recognition n.识别；承认，认出；重视；赞誉；公认B.sincerity n.真实，诚挚C.heritage n.遗产；传统；继承物；继承权D.honor n.荣誉；尊敬；勋章vt.尊敬；[金融]承兑；承兑远期票据44.I worked to develop the requisite skill必要技能（requisite adj.必备的，必不可少的；需要的n.必需品）for managerial adj.[管理]管理的；经理的post.n.岗位；邮件；标杆vt.张贴；公布；邮递；布置vi.快速行进A.perfect adj.完美的；最好的；精通的vt.使完美；使熟练n.完成式B.exquisite adj.精致的；细腻的；优美的，高雅的；异常的；n.服饰过于讲究的男子C.unique adj.独特的，稀罕的；[数]唯一的，独一无二的n.独一无二的人或物D.necessary adj.必要的；必需的；必然的n.必需品45.If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity维修活动and an index n.指标；指数；索引；指针vi.做索引vt.指出；编入索引中of physiological age生理年龄,the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.二者择一的；要么…要么…A.instance n.实例；情况；建议vt.举...为例B.indicator n.指示器；[试剂]指示剂；[计]指示符；压力计C.appearance n.外貌，外观；出现，露面D.option n.[计]选项；选择权；买卖的特权（potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的）46.The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise剧烈运动.（strenuous adj.紧张的；费力的；奋发的；艰苦的；热烈的）A.arduous adj.努力的；费力的；险峻的B.demanding adj.苛求的；要求高的；吃力的v.要求；查问（demand的ing形式）C.potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的D.continuous adj.连续的，持续的；继续的；连绵不断的47.The hospital should be held accountable for负责，对…应付责任the quality of care护理质量it delivers.A.practicable adj.可用的；行得通的；可实行的B.reliable adj.可靠的；可信赖的n.可靠的人C.flexible adj.灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的D.responsible adj.负责的，可靠的；有责任的48.Greenpeace n.绿色和平组织（保护动物不遭捕猎等）has been invite to appraise vt.评价，鉴定；估价the environment costs of such an operation.A.esteem vt.尊敬；认为；考虑；估价n.尊重；尊敬B.appreciate vt.欣赏；感激；领会；鉴别vi.增值；涨价appropriate adj.适当的；恰当的；合适的C.evaluate vt.评价；估价；求…的值vi.评价；估价audit,estimate,assess,reckonD.approve vt.批准；赞成；为…提供证据vi.批准；赞成；满意49.The company still hopes to find a buyer,but the future looks bleak.adj.阴冷的；荒凉的，无遮蔽的；黯淡的，无希望的；冷酷的；单调的A.chilly adj.寒冷的；怕冷的B.dismal adj.凄凉的，忧郁的；阴沉的，沉闷的n.低落的情绪C.promising adj.有希望的，有前途的v.许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）D.fanatic n.狂热入迷者；盲信者；盲信adj.狂热的；盲信的50.These were vital adj.至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的decisions n.决定，决心；决议that bore upon（bear upon）有关；瞄准；对…施加压力the happiness of everybody.A.ensured vt.保证，确保；使安全B.ruined n.废墟；毁坏；灭亡vt.毁灭；使破产vi.破产；堕落；被毁灭C.achieved vt.取得；获得；实现；成功vi.达到预期的目的，实现预期的结果，如愿以偿D.influenced n.影响；势力；感化；有影响的人或事vt.影响；改变Part III Cloze(10%)Are some people born clever and others born stupid?Or is intelligence n.智力；情报工作；情报机关；理解力developed by our environment and our experiences（可数名词：经历；不可数名词：经验）?Strangely___51___,the answer to both these questions is yes.To some extent在一定程度上；在某种程度上our intelligence is given us at birth生下来时（innate adj.先天的；固有的；与生俱来的）,and no amount of即使再大（或再多）的…（也不）special education can make a genius n.天才，天赋；精神___52____a child born with low intelligence.On the other hand另一方面,a child who lives in boring adj.无聊的；令人厌烦的environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding.Thus the___53___of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth,but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his ___54___.This view,not held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent在一定程度上；在某种程度上___55___we are born with.The closer the blood relationship血统；血缘关系between two people,the closer they are likely to be in intelligence.Thus if we take two unrelated people___56___,it is likelythat their degrees of intelligence will be completely different.If on the other hand we take two identical twins[遗]同卵双胞胎；[妇产]单卵性双胎they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters,parents and children,usually have___57___intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.___58___now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments.We might send one,for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring.We would soon find differences in intelligence developing,and this indicates vt.表明；指出；预示；象征that environment___59___birth plays a part.This conclusion is also suggested by the ___60___that people who live in close contact with each other.But who are not related at all,are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.53.A.amounts n.数量，总额（amount的复数）v.总和（amount的第三人称单数形式）B.qualities[统计]品质C.limits n.限制；限度；界线vt.限制；限定D.scores n.分数；二十；配乐；刻痕vt.获得；评价；划线，刻划；把…记下vi.得分；记分；54.A.disposition n.处置；[心理]性情；[军]部署；倾向B.perception n.知觉；[生理]感觉；看法；洞察力；获取C.endowment n.捐赠；捐助；捐款；天资56.A.in advance adv.预先，提前B.for effect为了给人良好的印象；为了得到效果C.at random胡乱地；随便地；任意地D.under way进行中；航行中；在行进57.A.similar adj.相似的n.类似物B.various adj.各种各样的；多方面的C.appropriate adj.适当的；恰当的；合适的vt.占用，拨出D.inborn adj.天生的；先天的Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage One1.Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart.Without it, Sean would die.Sean’s case is not unusual.Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.四处走动；供应；（消息）流传2.Now scientists say/they can alter the genetic make-up基因组成，遗传构成of certain animals/so that their organs may be acceptable to使...可接受humans.With this gene-altering technique to overcome vt.克服；胜过vi.克服；得胜（come over过来；顺便来访；抓住）our immune rejection免疫排斥to foreign organs,scientists hope to use pig heart for transplants vt.移植；迁移；使移居n.移植；移植器官；被移植物；移居者vi.移植；迁移；移居by the year2008.3.That prospect n.前途；预期；景色vi.勘探，找矿vt.勘探，勘察,however,has stirred up激起；煽动；搅拌；唤起strong opposition n.反对；反对派；在野党；敌对among animal fight activities.They protest vi.抗议；断言vt.抗议；断言n.抗议adj.表示抗议的；抗议性的that the whole idea of/using animal organs is cruel adj.残酷的，残忍的；使人痛苦的，让人受难的；无情的，严酷的and unjust.adj.不公平的，不公正的；非正义的.Some scientists also fear such transplants may transmit vt.传输；传播；发射；传达；遗传unknown diseases to humans.4.Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is lions of/dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs.They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable adj.可预防的；可阻止的；可防止的.The key is to convince people to eat healthily,and not to smoke or drink alcohol.Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial adj.人造的；仿造的；虚伪的；非原产地的；武断的organs.5.Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help,spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea.If enough people were educated about organ donations,everyone who needed an organ could be taken off起飞；脱下；离开the waiting list in a year.61.What is the problem the passage begins with?A.High mortality rate of immune rejection.B.A malpractice n.玩忽职守；不法行为；治疗不当in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplant.D.A shortage of human organs.62.Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue技术问题,according to the passage but also it_________________________.A.introduces an issue of inhumanity n.不人道，无人性；残暴B.raises the issue of justice n.司法，法律制裁；正义；法官，审判员in medicineC.presents a significant adj.重大的；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的n.象征；有意义的事物threat to human nature人性；人类本性D.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits63.Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs,some scientists___________________.A.are to narrow adj.狭窄的，有限的；勉强的；精密的；度量小的n.海峡；狭窄部分，隘路vt.使变狭窄the scope n.范围；余地；视野；眼界；导弹射程vt.审视of organ transplantsB.switch to v.切换到；转到；转变成t he development of artificial organse up with提出；想出；赶上alternatives to the current problemD.set out to打算，着手,开始purchase n.购买；紧握；起重装置vt.购买；赢得vi.购买东西better ways of treating heart disease64.It can be inferred from推断the concluding paragraph of the passage that __________________.A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential n.潜能；可能性；[电]电势adj.潜在的；可能的；势的（potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的）to be explored vt.探索；探测；探险C.people prefer vt.更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升vi.喜欢；愿意the use of animal organs for medical purposes n.目的；用途；意志vt.决心；企图；打算D.the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed65.The information the passage carries is__________________________.A.enlightening adj.使人领悟的；有启发作用的v.启蒙；通知（enlighten的ing形式）B.unbelievable adj.难以置信的；不可信的C.imaginative adj.虚构的；富于想象的；有创造力的（imaginable可能的；可想像的）D.factual adj.事实的Passage Two1.There is a great irony n.讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事adj.铁的；似铁的of21st century global health:While many hundreds of millions of数以亿计people lack adequate adj.充足的；适当的；胜任的food as a result of economic inequities n.不公平，不公正,political corruption政治腐败（corruption n.贪污，腐败；堕落）,or warfare n.战争；冲突,many hundreds of millions more are overweight/to the point of达到…的程度increased risk for/diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity n.肥大，肥胖is a worldwide phenomenon n.现象；奇迹；杰出的人才,affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but/the poorest countries/to divert vt.转移；使…欢娱；使…转向scarce resources稀有资源（scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的adv.仅仅；几乎不；几乎没有）away from food security粮食安全；食品安全；食物保障to take care of people with preventable adj.可预防的；可阻止的；可防止的heart disease and diabetes.n.糖尿病；多尿症长难句：Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon,affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but/（the poorest countries）to divert away from/food security to/take care of people with /preventable heart disease and diabetes.2.To reverse n.背面；相反；倒退；失败vt.颠倒；倒转adj.反面的；颠倒的；反身的the obesity epidemic adj.流行的；传染性的n.传染病；流行病；风尚等的流行,we must address vt.演说；从事；忙于；写姓名地址；向…致辞；与…说话；提出；处理n.地址；演讲；致辞；说话的技巧；称呼the fundamental cause根本原因.Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended vt.花费；消耗；用光；耗尽in activity.The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity.People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active.Market economies encourage this.They make people with expendable adj.可消费的；排出的；不重复使用的；可牺牲的n.消耗品income into consumers of aggressively adv.侵略地；攻击地；有闯劲地（侵略=aggress;aggression;invade;invasion）（exaggerated adj.夸张的，言过其实的v.夸张，夸大aggravate vt.加重；使恶化；激怒）marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value营养价值,and of cars,television set,and computers that promote sedentary adj.久坐的；坐惯的；定栖的；静坐的behavior.Gaining weight are good business.Food is particularly business because everyone eats.3.Moreover adv.而且；此外,food is so overproduced vt.过度生产that many countries, especially the rich ones,have far more than远远超过，多得多的they need-another irony.In the United States,to take an extreme adj.极端的；极度的；偏激的；尽头的n.极端；末端；最大程度；极端的事物example,most adults--of all ages,incomes,educational levels,and census vt.实施统计调查n.人口普查，人口调查categories n.种类，分类；[数]范畴–are overweight.The U.S.food supply provides3800kilocalories per person per day,nearly twice as much as required vt.需要；要求；命令by many adults.Overabundant adj.太充足的；过多的food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising,health claims,new products,large portions.And campaigns vi.作战；参加竞选；参加活动n.运动；活动；战役directed toward children.Food marketing promotes weight gain.Indeed adv.的确；实在；真正地；甚至,it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food;certainly not the agriculture,food product, grocery n.食品杂货店,restaurant,diet or drug industries.All flourish n.兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰vt.夸耀；挥舞vi.繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期when people eat more.And all employ armies of lobbyists n.说客；活动议案通过者to discourage vt.阻止；使气馁government from doing anything to inhibit vt.抑制；禁止=bar；restrain；control；stay overeating.注：discourage sb from doing阻止某人做某事;阻止做某事;不鼓励;劝某人打消做某事的念头66.The great irony of21st century global public health refers to_____________.A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive adj.反作用的；抵抗的；反对的n.反作用；抵抗，对抗；反对measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous adj.多余的；不必要的；奢侈的consumption of foodC.the scarce natural resource and the negligence of food securityD.the consumption n.消费；消耗；肺痨of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases67.To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic,according to the passage,is _______.A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with处理，应付the energy imbalance issueC.to combat vt.反对；与…战斗n.战斗；争论adj.战斗的；为…斗争的diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health68.As we can learn from the passage,the second irony refers to参考；涉及；指的是；适用于_____________.A.affluence n.富裕；丰富；流入；汇聚and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperity经济繁荣；发展生产（prosperity n.繁荣，成功）D.diseases of civilization n.文明；文化and pathology n.病理（学）;异常状态of inactivity69.As a result of the third irony,people_____________________.A.consume3800kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards朝...方向驱使（Drive Towards The Light驶向光明drive towards south照南开Drive Towards Zero零排放）weight gain70.Which of the following can be excluded vt.排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出as we can understand based on the passage?A.The economic dimension.经济局面（层面）B.The political dimension政治方面（层面）C.The humane adj.仁慈的，人道的；高尚的dimension.人文方面（层面）D.The dietary n.饮食的规定；食谱adj.饮食的，饭食的，规定食物的dimension饮食层面注：dimension n.方面;[数]维；尺寸；次元；容积vt.标出尺寸adj.规格的3-dimension三维Passage Three1.Women find a masculine adj.男性的；阳性的；男子气概的n.男性；阳性，阳性词（muscle n.肌肉；力量vt.加强；使劲搬动；使劲挤出）face with a large jaw n.颌；下巴；狭窄入口；唠叨vt.教训；对…唠叨and a prominent adj.突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的brow n.眉，眉毛；额；表情more attractive when they are more likely to conceive vt.怀孕；构思；以为；持有，according to a study published in the June24Nature.Before,during,and just after menstruation n.[生理]月经；月经期间；有月经，however,they seem to be drawn to被…所吸引less angular adj.[生物]有角的；生硬的，笨拙的；瘦削的,more“feminine”adj.女性的；妇女（似）的；阴性的；娇柔的male faces, the researchers report.2.“Other studies of female preference n.偏爱，倾向；优先权,mainly for odors n.气味；名声,show changes across the menstrual cycle生理]月经周期,”says leading author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St.Andrews on Scotland.“we thought/it would be interesting to look at visual adj.视觉的，视力的；栩栩如生的preferences and see if they changed also.3.The research showed39Japanese women composite n.复合材料；合成物；菊科adj.复合的；合成的；菊科的vt.使合成；使混合male faces that/emphasized masculine or feminine facial features面部特征；面容to differing degrees.The women preferred vt.更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升images with more masculine features男性特性when they were in the fertile adj.富饶的，肥沃的；能生育的phase n.相；阶段；[天]位相vt.使定相；逐步执行of their menses n.[生理]月经；[生理]行经but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.4.The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue vt.继续；从事；追赶；纠缠,according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for偏爱…muscular faces was evident adj.明显的；明白的=obvious/distinct/visible among23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term adj.短期的relationship, Penton-Voak says.The26women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship 长期关系,however,preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.5.Another22women/who were using oral contraceptives[药]口服避孕药/did not show monthly changes/in the faces they preferred even for即使对于short-term relationships, indicating that表明,正在翻译,结果表明(indicat e vt.表明；指出；预示；象征)hormones n.[生理]激素，荷尔蒙might play a role in在……起作用determining vt.决定，确定；判定，判决；限定attractiveness n.吸引力；迷惑力,Penton-Voak says.6.Men/whose faces have some feminine softness n.温柔；柔和/are perceived as“kinder’men/who may make better husbands and partners,he adds,white macho adj.大男子气概的n.强壮男子；大丈夫features may be associated with和…联系在一起；与……有关，与……有关系higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes.He cautions n.小心，谨慎；警告，警示vt.警告,however,that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior实际行为.71.The researchers made a study on_____________________.A.women’s menstrual cycleB.men’s preferred female imagesC.women’s visual preferences of menD.men’s masculine and feminine features72.Women are drawn to a masculine face,according to the researchers,when they___________.A.grow to be feminineB.are on oral contraceptives[药]口服避孕药C.are ready for conception n.怀孕；概念；设想；开始D.are on menstruation n.[生理]月经；月经期间；有月经73.It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by受…的影响___________.A.their family planningB.the years of marriage they hadC.the length of their menstrual cycle[生理]月经周期D.the term of relationship they seek74.Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle,as Penton-Voak implies,does not mean that__________________.A.visual preferences do exist vi.存在；生存；生活；继续存在B.a woman acts this way is reality n.现实；实际；真实C.a man will buy into the phenomenon n.现象；奇迹；杰出的人才D.men and women prefer vt.更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升the same image75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance?B.Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C.Are women more emotional than men?D.Is beauty more than meets the eye?Passage Four1.Well-do they or don’t they?For years,controversy n.争论；论战；辩论has raged n.愤怒；狂暴，肆虐；情绪激动vi.大怒，发怒；流行，风行over whether the electromagnetic fields电磁场produced by power lines电力线;输电线could cause cancer,especially leukemia白血病in young children.But in Britain last week,confusion n.混淆，混乱；困惑reached new heights达到新的高度.2.One team from Bristol announced that/it has evidence to back n.后面vt.支持；后退；背书；下赌注a controversial adj.有争议的；有争论的but plausible adj.貌似可信的，花言巧语的；貌似真实的，貌似有理的theory n.理论；原理；学说；推测which would explain how power lines might cause cancer(Electric fields attract airborne pollutants).Only to be followed/by the release of results/by another group/in London/which suggested/there is nothing to worry about.what is going on?3.Actually,the confusion may be more apparent adj.显然的；表面上的than real.There can be no doubt that/the effects/of power lines on water droplets水滴；微水滴，小水滴,pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered vt.发现；揭开；揭露by the Bristol team are real and interesting.But to suggest that/they have anything to do with leukemia in children is prematureadj.早产的；不成熟的；比预期早的n.早产儿；过早发生的事物.The extra n.临时演员；号外；额外的事物；上等产品adj.额外的，另外收费的；特大的adv.特别地，非常；另外exposure n.暴露；曝光；揭露；陈列to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny adj.微小的；很少的,and it is not obvious adj.明显的；显著的；平淡无奇的why radon-a gas normally associated with与…有关系；与…相联系lung cancer-would cause leukemia in children.4.The second study,which drew reassuring vt.使…安心，使消除疑虑blank,is the world’s biggest ever probe n.探针；调查vt.探查；用探针探测of the statistical adj.统计的；统计学的link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and the electrical appliances日用电器.It is one of several recent studies近代研究that have failed to find a link.Unlike adj.不同的，不相似的earlier research,these newer studies involved vt.包含；牵涉；使陷于；潜心于going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields.The fields they measured included vt.包含，包括(exclude vt.排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出.preclude vt.排除；妨碍；阻止) input from major power lines if they were nearby.5.Which is not to say the research is perfect.Critics n.评论家；批评者；吹毛求疵的人（critic的复数）argue that/Britain’s childhood cancer study,for example,has not yet taken into account考虑；重视；体谅(take sth into account对某事加以考虑;考虑;把;考虑某事)the surges n.汹涌；大浪，波涛；汹涌澎湃；巨涌v.汹涌；起大浪，蜂拥而来in exposure that might come from,say, switching appliances on and off.And some people might wonder n.惊奇；奇迹；惊愕vt.怀疑；惊奇；对…感到惊讶adj.奇妙的；非凡的why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure n.数字；人物；图形；价格；（人的）体形；画像vt.计算；认为；描绘；象征in last week’s study.But neither criticism n.批评；考证；苛求amounts to相当于，总计为a fatal blow.致命的打击.Electrical fields cannot penetrate vt.渗透；穿透；洞察the body significantly adv.意味深长地；值得注目地,for example.6.A more serious concern vt.涉及，关系到；使担心n.关系；关心；关心的事whether the British research provides an all-clear adj.放行；空袭警报信号解除的；无危险信号的signal for such countries such as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore adv.因此；所以produce higher magnetic fields.Pedants(书呆子)would conclude vt.推断；决定，作结论；结束that it doesn’t.But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.7.In Britain the latest epidemiological study流行病学研究can be taken as the final word on the matter.If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen adj.未预见到的，无法预料的way increase the risk of cancer,we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.76.Both the question“Well-do they or don’t they?”and the question“what is going on?”suggest _______________.A.the high incidence of LeukemiaB.the advent n.到来；出现；基督降临；基督降临节of bewilderment n.困惑；迷乱；慌张among peopleC.the warning of the worsening air pollutionD.the tense relation between Bristol and London77.What would the author say of the result of the first study?A.Enlightening adj.使人领悟的；有启发作用的v.启蒙；通知（enlighten的ing形式）B.Insignificant adj.无关紧要的C.Reassuring adj.安心的；可靠的；鼓气的v.使放心（reassure的ing形式）D.Apparent adj.显然的；表面上的(parent n.父亲（或母亲）；父母亲；根源)78.What can be suggested from the results of the second study?A.There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B.There is much to be improved in terms of design.。
2008考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2008考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 they also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1.[A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased2.[A] unique[B] particular[C] special[D] rare3.[A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against4.[A] subsequently[B] presently[C] previously[D] lately5.[A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence6.[A] thought[B] sight[C] cost[D] risk7.[A] advises[B] suggests[C] protests[D] objects8.[A] progress[B] fact[C] need[D] question9.[A] attaining[B] scoring[C] reaching[D] calculating10.[A] normal[B] common[C] mean[D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions[B] fortunes[C] interests[D] careers13.[A] affirm[B] witness[C] observe[D] approve14.[A] moreover[B] therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile15.[A] given up[B] got over[C] carried on[D] put down16.[A] assessing[B] supervising[C] administering[D] valuing17.[A] development[B] origin[C] consequence[D] instrument18.[A] linked[B] integrated[C] woven[D] combined19.[A] limited[B] subjected[C] converted[D] directed20.[A] paradoxical[B] incompatible[C] inevitable[D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities”for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.”Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by thereport’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people - especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations - apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far aswe can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients - notably, protein - to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height - 5′9″for men, 5′4″for women - hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw - having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong - and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children - though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times - and then again - working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should bemercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C]It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,”the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as everyfairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.”(49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section IIIWritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
[2008考研英语真题]2008年考研英语一真题答案解析
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[2008考研英语真题]2008年考研英语一真题答案解析[2008考研英语真题]2008年考研英语一真题答案解析篇一 : 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析2008年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语第一部分 USE OF ENGLISHSection I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose best wordfor each numbered blank and mark A,B,C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.The idea that some groups of people may be intelligent than othersis one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. a scientist who any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.that one group of humanity is more are a particular peopleoriginated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, value of 100, and and cultural life of the West, education. The latter was seen as Dr. Cochran suggests that the His argument is that the unusual history of these1.[A]selected [B]prepared [C]obliged [D]Pleased2.[A]unique [B]particular [C]special [D]rare3.[A]of [B]with [C]in [D]against4.[A]subsequently [B]presently [C]previously [D]lately5.[A]Only [B]So [C]Even [D]Hence6.[A]thought [B]sight [C]cost [D]risk7.[A]advise [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects8.[A]progress [B]fact [C]need [D]question9.[A]attaining [B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating10.[A]normal [B]common [C]mean [D]total11.[A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately [C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers13.[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve14.[A]moreover [B]therefore [C]however [D]meanwhile15.[A]given up [B]got over [C]carried on [D]put down16.[A]assessing [B]supervising [C]administrating [D]valuing17.[A]development [B]origin [C]consequence [D]instrument18.[A]linked [B] integrated [C]woven [D]combined19.[A]limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed20.[A]paradoxical [B]incompatible [C]inevitable [D]continuous文章中心:完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句;有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. ButGregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have abacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is aboutto do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paperwhich not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligentthan the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in 8 are a particular people originated from centralEurope. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seenas a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously[D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10. [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14. [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable[D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from theselonger relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para.5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, suchas delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper isrequired to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people –especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations –apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height –5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according tothe text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probablyagree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jeffersonhad fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicatesituations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’slife.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S.history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42)Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search forerrors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space betweenlines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of yourpaper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader witha final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh offa printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinkingand writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that youhave developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with thethesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A& P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you wantto say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to composea perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing thingswhich easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46. 他认为或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不对自己要说的每句话都经过长时间的认真思考，从而能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。
2008年考研英语真题—答案
2008年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题答案第一部分 USE OF ENGLISHSection I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10points）The idea that some groups of people may be intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it any way. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, hut explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9_ 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1.[A]selected [B]prepared [C]obliged [D]Pleased2.[A]unique [B]particular [C]special [D]rare3.[A]of [B]with [C]in [D]against4.[A]subsequently [B]presently [C]previously [D]lately5.[A]Only [B]So [C]Even [D]Hence6.[A]thought [B]sight [C]cost [D]risk7.[A]advise [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects8.[A]progress [B]fact [C]need [D]question9.[A]attaining [B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating10.[A]normal [B]common [C]mean [D]total11.[A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately [C]indefinitely [D]unaccountably12.[A]missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers13.[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve14.[A]moreover [B]therefore [C]however [D]meanwhile15.[A]given up [B]got over [C]carried on [D]put down16.[A]assessing [B]supervising [C]administrating [D]valuing17.[A]development [B]origin [C]consequence [D]instrument18.[A]linked [B] integrated [C]woven [D]combined19.[A]limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed20.[A]paradoxical [B]incompatible [C]inevitable [D]continuous文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句；有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。