the history of computer
计算机历史与发展英语作文
计算机历史与发展英语作文英文回答：The History and Evolution of Computers.The history of computers dates back to the early days of human civilization. The first known computing devices were the abacus and the astrolabe, which were used by the ancient Greeks and Chinese for mathematical calculations and astronomy.In the 16th century, the invention of the mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal marked a significant advancement in computing technology. This device could perform basic arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.The 19th century saw the development of more advanced computing machines, such as the Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage. This machine was capable of performing awide range of mathematical operations and is considered to be the first mechanical computer.In the 20th century, the invention of the electronic computer revolutionized the field of computing. The first electronic computer, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), was developed by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at the University of Pennsylvania in 1943.The ENIAC was a massive machine that weighed over 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes. It was capable of performing complex calculations at a speed of 5,000 operations per second.The development of transistors in the late 1940s and early 1950s led to the creation of smaller and more powerful computers. The first transistorized computer, the TX-0, was developed by MIT in 1956.The 1960s and 1970s saw the development of integrated circuits (ICs), which allowed multiple transistors to bepacked onto a single silicon chip. This advancement led to the creation of even smaller and more powerful computers.The 1980s saw the release of the first personal computers (PCs), which brought computing power toindividual users for the first time. The IBM PC, releasedin 1981, was a particularly influential model that popularized the PC concept.The 1990s and early 2000s saw the development of the World Wide Web and the Internet, which connected computers around the world and revolutionized the way people communicated and accessed information.The 21st century has seen the rise of mobile computing, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence (AI). Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, have become ubiquitous, providing users with access to computing power and connectivity on the go.Cloud computing allows users to access and store data and applications over the Internet, rather than on theirown devices. This provides greater flexibility and scalability.AI is a field of computer science that focuses on developing intelligent systems that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.The development of computers has had a profound impact on society. Computers have revolutionized the way we work, communicate, learn, and access information. They have also played a major role in scientific research, engineering, medicine, and many other fields.As computing technology continues to evolve, it is likely to have an even greater impact on our lives in the years to come.中文回答：计算机的历史与发展。
计算机发展历史英文PPT The history of computer.
——XXX（09级通信一班）
• Nearly 5,000 years ago the abacus emerged in Asia Minor. The abacus may be considered the first computer. This device allowed its users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack. Early shopkeepers used the abacus to keep up with transactions. The use of pencil and paper spread, the abacus lost its importance.
6、The PDP—8 is generally recognized as the most important small computer of the 1960's .
7、Interface Message Processor (IMP)
8、The first commercially available personal computer——Kenbak-1
• It wasn't until 1820, however, that mechanical calculators gained widespread use. A Frenchman invented a machine that could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
• In 1642, Blaise Pascal, the 18-year-old son of a French tax collector, invented what he called a numerical wheel calculator to help his father with his duties. In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that could also multiply.
计算机发展史-英文
计算机发展史-英文The History of ComputersComputers have become an indispensable part of our lives today, revolutionizing the way we work, communicate, and access information But have you ever wondered how they came to be? The development of computers is a fascinating journey that spans several decades and is marked by significant technological advancementsThe earliest form of computing can be traced back to ancient times when humans used simple tools like the abacus for arithmetic calculations The abacus, with its rows of beads, allowed for basic addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division However, it was a far cry from the complex and powerful machines we have todayIn the 19th century, mechanical calculators began to emerge These devices were operated by turning cranks or pulling levers and could perform more complex calculations than the abacus They were used mainly in offices and businesses to handle large amounts of numerical dataThe 20th century witnessed a significant leap in computing technology The first electronic computers were developed during World War II for military purposes These early computers were huge, taking up entire rooms and consuming a massive amount of power They were based on vacuum tubes, which were bulky, unreliable, and generated a lot of heatOne of the most important milestones in the history of computers was the invention of the transistor in 1947、 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and were much smaller, more reliable, and consumed less power This led to the development of smaller and more efficient computersIn the 1960s, integrated circuits were introduced, which further miniaturized the components of a computer This allowed for the creation of desktopsized computers that were more accessible to businesses and individualsThe 1970s saw the birth of the microprocessor, a single chip that contained the processing power of an entire computer This innovation made it possible to develop personal computers that were affordable and practical for home use Companies like Apple and IBM played a crucial role in bringing personal computers to the mainstreamThe 1980s and 1990s were marked by rapid advancements in software and operating systems Graphical user interfaces （GUI) made computers more userfriendly, and applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, and games became widely available The Internet also began to gain popularity during this time, connecting computers around the world and opening up a whole new realm of possibilitiesThe 21st century has brought about even more revolutionary changes Laptops, tablets, and smartphones have become ubiquitous, allowing us to carry computing power in our pockets and access information anytime, anywhere Cloud computing has enabled us to store and access data remotely, eliminating the need for large local storage devicesAdvancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning are also shaping the future of computing Computers are now able to perform tasks that once required human intelligence, such as image recognition, language translation, and autonomous drivingLooking back at the history of computers, it's clear that the progress has been nothing short of remarkable From the simple abacus to the supercomputers of today, the development of computing technology has transformed our world in ways that were once unimaginable And the journey is far from over As technology continues to evolve at an astonishing pace, we can only anticipate more exciting innovations and breakthroughs in the field of computing in the years to comeThe impact of computers on society has been profound They have changed the way we do business, communicate with each other, and access education and entertainment In the business world, computers have streamlined operations, increased productivity, and enabled global collaboration Online shopping, ecommerce, and digital marketing have become integral parts of the modern economyIn the field of communication, email, social media, and video conferencing have made it easier than ever to stay in touch with people around the world We can now communicate instantly and share information with a click of a buttonEducation has also been transformed by computers Online courses, educational software, and digital libraries have made learning more accessible and personalized Students can now access a vast amount of knowledge and resources from the comfort of their homesHowever, the rapid development of computers has also brought some challenges Issues such as cyber security, privacy concerns, and digital divide need to be addressed Cyber attacks and data breaches pose a threat to personal and corporate information The unequal access to technology and the digital skills gap are also issues that need to be overcome to ensure that the benefits of computing are shared by allIn conclusion, the history of computers is a story of continuous innovation and progress It is a field that has constantly pushed the boundaries of what is possible and has had a profound impact on every aspect of our lives As we look forward to the future, it is exciting to think about the new possibilities and challenges that lie ahead。
The History of Computing
Concept
of the stored program
Charles Babbage
Invents Difference Engine in 1823
Adds, subtracts, multiplies, and divides Components of modern computer
The History of Computing
A Brief Introduction
Why You Need to Know About…the History of Computing
Fields altered by computer communication devices
The Computer Era Begins: The First Generation
1950s: First Generation for hardware and software
Software separates from hardware and evolves
Circuit Boards in the Third Generation
Integrated
circuits (IC) on chips
Miniaturized circuit components on board Semiconductor properties Reduce cost and size Improve reliability and speed Program to manage jobs Utilize system resources Allow multiple users
计算机发展历史文章
计算机发展历史文章英文回答：The History of Computing.The history of computing dates back to the early daysof human civilization. In the ancient world, people used simple mechanical devices to aid in calculations. The abacus, a simple counting frame, has been used forcenturies to perform basic arithmetic operations.In the 17th century, the invention of the mechanical calculator by Wilhelm Schickard marked a significant step forward in the development of computing. This machine was capable of performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.In the 19th century, Charles Babbage developed the Analytical Engine, which is widely regarded as the first general-purpose computer. This machine was capable ofperforming a wide range of operations, including logical operations and conditional branching.In the early 20th century, the development ofelectronic computers began to accelerate. In 1943, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer became the first electronicdigital computer. This machine was followed by the ENIAC, which was the first electronic general-purpose computer.In the 1950s, the development of the transistor led to a significant reduction in the size and power consumption of computers. This made it possible to create smaller and more powerful computers.In the 1960s, the development of the integrated circuit led to a further reduction in the size and power consumption of computers. This made it possible to create even smaller and more powerful computers.In the 1970s, the development of the microprocessor led to the creation of the first personal computers. These computers were small enough and affordable enough to beused by individuals.In the 1980s, the development of the graphical user interface (GUI) made computers easier to use. This led to a significant increase in the popularity of personal computers.In the 1990s, the development of the internet led to a global network of computers. This made it possible to share information and resources across vast distances.In the 21st century, the development of cloud computing has led to a new era of computing. This technology allows users to access software and data from anywhere on the internet.The history of computing is a story of continuous innovation. From the simple abacus to the modern cloud computer, humans have constantly pushed the boundaries of what is possible with computing technology.中文回答：计算机发展史。
电脑的历史英语作文
电脑的历史英语作文The History of Computers。
The history of computers can be traced back to the early 20th century, when the first mechanical computers were developed. These early computers were large, cumbersome machines that were used primarily for complex calculations and data processing. Over the years, computers have evolved significantly, becoming smaller, faster, and more powerful.The first electronic computer, known as the ENIAC, was developed in the 1940s. This computer was massive, taking up an entire room, and was used primarily for military purposes. It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that computers began to be used for commercial and scientific applications.The invention of the microprocessor in the 1970s revolutionized the computer industry, leading to thedevelopment of personal computers. These early personal computers were still quite large and expensive, but they marked the beginning of a new era in computing.In the 1980s and 1990s, personal computers became more affordable and accessible to the general public. This ledto a boom in the computer industry, with many companies competing to produce faster, more powerful computers. The development of the internet further revolutionized the computer industry, allowing people to connect and communicate in ways that were previously unimaginable.Today, computers are an essential part of everyday life. They are used for everything from communication and entertainment to business and education. The development of smartphones and tablets has further expanded the role of computers in our lives, allowing us to stay connected and productive no matter where we are.Looking to the future, it is clear that computers will continue to play a vital role in our society. As technology continues to advance, computers will become even morepowerful and versatile, opening up new possibilities for how we live, work, and communicate.In conclusion, the history of computers is a story of innovation and progress. From the early mechanical computers to the powerful devices we use today, computers have come a long way. As we look to the future, it is exciting to think about the possibilities that lie ahead for this incredible technology.。
电脑的起源英文作文
电脑的起源英文作文示例1:The Origin of ComputersComputers have become an integral part of our lives, but have you ever wondered about their origins? The history of computers dates back to the early 19th century when the concept of a programmable machine was first introduced.The first known mechanical computer was the Analytical Engine, designed by Charles Babbage in the 1830s. Although it was never built during his lifetime, Babbage's invention laid the foundation for modern computers. The Analytical Engine was capable of performing complex calculations and had a memory system similar to today's computers.However, it wasn't until the mid-20th century that electronic computers were developed. During World War II, scientists and engineers worked on building machines that could assist in military calculations. One such machine was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), which was completed in 1945. ENIAC was the world's first general-purpose electronic computer andmarked a significant milestone in computer history.Following the success of ENIAC, computer technology continued to evolve rapidly. The introduction of transistors in the late 1940s and early 1950s paved the way for smaller and more efficient computers. Transistors replaced bulky vacuum tubes and allowed for the creation of the first generation of computers, known as mainframes.In the 1960s, the concept of time-sharing emerged, enabling multiple users to access a single computer simultaneously. This led to the development of minicomputers, which were smaller and more affordable than mainframes. The 1970s saw the birth of microprocessors, which further revolutionized the computer industry. Microprocessors allowed for the creation of personal computers, making computing accessible to individuals for the first time.The 1980s and 1990s witnessed a rapid advancement in computer technology, with the introduction of graphical user interfaces and the internet. Computers became more user-friendly, and the World Wide Web opened up a whole new world of information andcommunication.Today, computers are an indispensable part of our daily lives, used in various fields such as education, business, entertainment, and research. They have become smaller, faster, and more powerful, thanks to continuous advancements in technology.In conclusion, the origin of computers can be traced back to the 19th century, with the development of the Analytical Engine. From mechanical computers to electronic machines and the advent of microprocessors, computers have come a long way. They have revolutionized the way we work, communicate, and access information, making them an essential tool in the modern world.示例2:The Origin of ComputersComputers have become an integral part of our daily lives, from personal use to professional applications. However, have you ever wondered about the origin of these incredible machines? Let's delve into the fascinating history of computers.The concept of a computer can be traced back to ancient times when humans used tools like the abacus for calculations. However, the modern computer as we know it today originated in the mid-20th century.The first electronic computer, known as the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), was developed during World War II by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. This massive machine, weighing around 30 tons, was built for the United States Army to calculate artillery firing tables. Although the ENIAC was an impressive invention, it was far from being a personal computer due to its size and complexity.The real breakthrough in computer history came with the development of the transistor. In 1947, three scientists at Bell Laboratories, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, invented this small electronic device that could amplify and switch electronic signals. Transistors replaced the bulky and unreliable vacuum tubes used in early computers, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable.The next significant milestone in computer history was thedevelopment of integrated circuits, also known as microchips. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, engineers began to integrate multiple transistors onto a single silicon chip, revolutionizing the computer industry. This advancement further reduced the size of computers and increased their processing power.The 1970s witnessed the emergence of the personal computer (PC). Companies like Apple and Microsoft played crucial roles in making computers accessible to individuals. The introduction of the Apple II and the IBM PC in the late 1970s and early 1980s made personal computers popular among the general public. These machines were smaller, more affordable, and user-friendly, paving the way for the computer revolution.Over the years, computers have continued to evolve rapidly. The development of the internet and the World Wide Web in the 1990s brought computers into every household, connecting people globally and transforming the way we communicate, work, and access information.In conclusion, the origin of computers can be traced back to the innovative minds of scientists and engineers who revolutionizedtechnology throughout history. From the massive ENIAC to the modern-day smartphones, computers have come a long way, making our lives easier and more efficient. The continuous advancements in computer technology promise an exciting future with endless possibilities.示例3:The Origin of ComputersComputers have become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we work, communicate, and access information. However, the origin of computers can be traced back to several key developments in history.One of the earliest precursors to computers was the abacus, which was developed in ancient China around 2000 BCE. The abacus allowed for simple arithmetic calculations by manipulating beads on rods. Although primitive by today's standards, the abacus laid the foundation for the concept of counting and calculating.Fast forward to the 19th century, and we see the emergence of mechanical calculators. Charles Babbage, an English mathematician,is often credited with designing the first mechanical computer called the Analytical Engine. Although this machine was never built during Babbage's lifetime, it incorporated many key elements of modern computers, such as a central processing unit (CPU) and memory.The true birth of modern electronic computers can be attributed to the efforts of Alan Turing and his team at Bletchley Park during World War II. Turing, a British mathematician and computer scientist, played a crucial role in breaking the German Enigma code by developing the Bombe machine. This machine helped decipher encrypted messages and significantly contributed to the Allied victory.Following the war, the development of computers accelerated with the invention of the transistor in 1947. Transistors replaced bulky vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. Subsequently, the integrated circuit, or microchip, was invented in the late 1950s, further advancing computer technology.The 1970s marked the beginning of the personal computer revolution. Companies like Apple and IBM introduced affordable anduser-friendly computers, bringing computing power to the masses. The invention of the graphical user interface (GUI) by Xerox PARC in the 1980s made computers even more accessible by allowing users to interact with them using icons and menus.Today, computers have become an indispensable tool in every aspect of our lives. From smartphones to supercomputers, the evolution of computers has been remarkable. The relentless pursuit of innovation and advancements in technology continues to shape the future of computing, promising even more exciting possibilities.In conclusion, the origin of computers can be traced back to ancient counting devices, the visionary ideas of Charles Babbage, the breakthroughs during World War II, and subsequent inventions like the transistor and microchip. The journey from the abacus to modern computers is a testament to human ingenuity and our constant quest for knowledge and progress.。
the history of computer
The first PC IBM--PC
In 1983 January, the Apple Corp introduced the Lisa computer,cost up to $50000000 , it is the first computer equipped with the mouse. It sells for $9995
In 1975 April,MITS company launched the first general-purpose type Altair 8800, priced at $375, with 1KB of memory,
The first microcomputer Altair 8800
In 1981, International Business Machines (IBM), the largest computer company in the world, introduced its own microcomputer, dubbed the IBM PC (“PC” is the abbreviation for personal computer).
now
The modern computer and it’s development
1946
The prehistoric age
5th century BC, Chinese invented the abacus （算盘）. It’s also considered the prototype of a computer.
Desktop
Notebook
all-in-one desktops
Tablet
In April 7, 1964, the 50 anniversary of IBM company, Gene Amdahl as the main designer, IBM360 published , It marked the third generation computer comprehensive debut One of the most successful models in IBM(The International Business Machines Corporation) history.
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trajectory table 弹道表
大连理工大学出版社
Passage One
The Introduction of ENIAC
ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes, about 1,800 square feet of floor space, weighed 30 tons and consumed about 180,000 watts of electrical power. It had punched card I/O, 1 multiplier, 1 divider/square rooter, and 20 adders using decimal ring counters, which served as adders and also as quick-access (0.0002 seconds) read-write register storage. The executable instructions making up a program were embodied in the separate “units” of ENIAC, which were plugged together to form a “route” for the flow of information. ENIAC was commonly accepted as the first successful high-speed electronic digital computer (EDC) and had been used from 1946 to 1955,
universally adv. 普遍地
random adj. 随机的 access n. 存取,访问
大连理工大学出版社
Passage One The Introduction of ENIAC
Key Words
electronic adj. 电子的，电子学的 numerical adj. 数字的,数值的 integrator n. 积分器 calculator n. 计数器 vacuum tube n. 电子管 multiplier n. 乘法器 divider n. 除法器 decimal n. 十进制的 punched card n. 穿孔卡片 counter n. 计数器
electronic adj. 电子的, 电子学的 numerical adj. 数字的, 数值的 integrator n. 积分器 calculator n. 计数器
大连理工大学出版社
Passage One
The Introduction of ENIAC
The start of World War II produced a large need for computer capacity, especially for the military. New weapons were made for which trajectory tables and other essential data were needed. In 1946, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchly, and their associates at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC. The size of ENIAC’s numerical “word” was 10 decimal digits, and it could multiply two of these numbers at a rate of 300 per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ENIAC was therefore about 1,000 times faster then the previous generation of relay computers.
大连理工大学出版社 vacuum tube n. 电子管
punched card n. 穿孔卡片 counter n. 计数器
Passage One
The Introduction of ENIAC
but it had a number of shortcomings which were not solved, notably the inability to store a program. A number of improvements were also made to ENIAC from 1948, based on the ideas of the HungarianAmerican, mathematician John Von Neumann (Pic 1.2)who was called computer’s father.
大连理工大学出版社
Passage Two
The Advancement of Computer
Training target: In this part our target is to train your reading speed. You should pay more attention to “keywords”. We have marked keywords in some paragraphs. You can quickly grasp the main idea of the sentences and paragraphs by these keywords, the rest can be practised by yourself. It will raise your reading speed.
shortcoming n. 缺点 Hungarian adj. 匈牙利的
大连理工大学出版社
Passage One
The Introduction of ENIAC
Von Neumann contributed a new awareness of how practical, yet fast computers should be organized and built. These ideas, usually referred to as the stored-program technique, became essential for future generations of highspeed digital computers and were universally adopted. Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) designed by Von Neumann was built in 1952. This computer used 2,300 vaccum tubes, but its speed was 10 times faster than ENIAC which used 18,000 vaccum tubes. And the most important, Random Access Memory (RAM) was used.
大连理工大学出版社 transistor n. 晶体管
auxiliary adj. 辅助的 magnetic adj. 磁的,磁性的
Passage Two
The Advancement of Computer
RAM capacities increased from 8,000 to 64,000 words in commercially available machines by the 1960’s, with access times of 2 to 3 ms (milliseconds). These machines were very expensive to purchase or even to rent and were particularly expensive to operated because of the cost of expanding programming. Such computers were mostly found in large computer centers operated by industry, government, and private laboratories—staffed with many programmers and support personnel. Late in the 1960s the integrated circuit, or IC, was introduced, making it possible for many transistors to be included on one silicon chip. Therefore, the computers became even smaller and cheaper while their memory capacities became larger.
Unit One
History of the Computer
Passage One
The Introduction of ENIAC
Training target: In this part, our target is to train your reading comprehension. We have made the flexible sentences strong black and marked the subject, predicate and object of them. Try to grasp the main idea of these sentences.