beowulf and song of roland学习
外国文学史复习笔记

单选题:Plato’s The Republic(p22)Dionysus(p41);The Oedipus Complex(p45);Aeneid(p46);Electra;Euripides is good at creating the image of women defying patriarchal domination;The author of the Tale of Genji(p92);Geoffrey Chauce:father of English literature(p113);Bunyan(p153)Rousseau(p193);多选题:1.Aristophanes(p42): The Acharnians; The Knights; The Birds; The Wasps.2.Achievements of ancient Greek literature:Ancient dramas; Ancient myths; Epics.3.Characters in lliad :Achilles; Odysseus and Hector.4.The three major language groups spoken in Europe: Romance language; Germaniclanguage; Slavic language.5.Heroic Epics of middle ages: Beowulf; Saga; Song of Roland.6.Montesquieu(p177): Persian Letter; The spirit of the Laws.7.古印度史诗:《摩诃婆罗多》The theme of mahabharate;《罗摩衍那》Ramayana8.《荷马史诗》:《伊利亚特》lliad;《奥德赛》odyssey9.古希腊悲剧作家:埃斯库罗斯Aeschylus;索福克勒斯Sophocles;欧里庇得斯Euripides10.圣经The Bile:旧约Old Tesament;新约New Testment11.神曲:《地狱篇》Hell Section;《炼狱篇》Puritance;《天堂篇》Heaven12.大学才子派:是文艺复兴时期在莎士比亚之前活跃在英国剧坛的一批受过大学教育的人文主义剧作家。
英语四六级-超级学习法+“巴罗克音乐

超级学习法+“巴罗克音乐”下载不要把它看得太神奇,你可以尝试多一种体验,成效如何因人而异超级学习法需要的“巴罗克音乐”——在此下载/bbs/utcgi/topic_show.cgi?id=42736&h=1&bpg=1&a ge=30这是一种优秀的学习法。
美国纽约华尔街10号的“超级记忆法有限公司”和保加利亚的罗扎诺夫学院都在推广这一种学习方法。
日本长野吉田高中应用该方法使学生平均成绩提高20分,日本东海大学的关英男教授用这种方法使180名短期大学的学生在二年内获得了与四年制长期大学的学生相匹敌的学历。
如果用以记忆英语,13分钟内你可轻易记住100个生词!超级学习法是由保加利亚的罗扎诺夫博士创造的。
据罗扎诺夫博士在国内的实验结果来看,超级学习法有如下特点:学习效率高,用于学习的时间是通常学习时间的三分之一。
学习中没有人与人的差异,无论智商高低和是否有学习经验,所有的学生都能很轻易地掌握这种方法。
记忆过的内容遗忘率低,可经久不忘。
超级学习法以其高效率和多方面的功用,成为世界优秀学习方法中最优秀的一种。
它一问世,便受到了包括东西方在内的所有人的关注和重视。
美国的两位女记者希拉·奥斯特兰和林·休劳塔曾撰文将超级学习法向美国做了介绍;保加利亚的罗扎诺夫记忆学院和美国纽华尔街头10号“超级记忆法有限公司”都在推广这种学习法。
世界上虽然有很多国家推行了超级学习法,但利用盒式磁带应用超级学习法学习要算日本的收效最大。
日本长野吉田高中的宫岢老师报告说,同一教师任课的不同班级,用超级学习法教学的班级比其它班级的平均分数约高20分左右;长野县立丰科高中的浅川良雄老师在1985年7月福冈市召开的〈〈全国语言学研究学会大会〉〉上曾详细报告说,应用超级学习法学习过的内容,经四周时间也几乎全部记得。
日本〈〈语言探求〉〉杂志的副总编斋藤先生,通过学习超级学习法,由厌倦英语学习到轻松愉快地取得了满分;日本东海大学的关英男教授应用超级学习法讲授“情报处理概论”课程,使180名短期大学的学生在2年的时间内获得了与4年制长期大学学生相匹敌的学历超级学习法可以用来学习任何科目的知识,尤期对学习基础课特别有用。
《欧洲文化入门》试题及重点内容归纳总结(完整版)

《欧洲文化入门》第一部分试题I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1 . Two maj or elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Troj an War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subj ect for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, Venus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, Parthenon1 0. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11 . It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras1 2. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C. .A. RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana1 3. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. LucretiusB. VirgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero1 4. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis1 5. In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 1 69B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B. C.1 6. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1 611 .A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version11 7. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version1 8. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament1 9. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21 . In 1 054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. ChristianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.centuries《欧洲文化入门》重点归纳1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Ho mer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮,属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※ “Father of History” —→ Herodotu s —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒,3只是陈述史实,并没有得出理论。
西方文明史reaction paper之the song of Roland

Actually, I did not finish reading the whole material because David’s requirement was 1-7. But as I wanted to know the result, so I did some search to know about the basic plots of the following story. I learned that this story was mainly to glorify Roland. But here I will just make some comments on the parts of 1-7.In these parts, Blancandrin advised the King Marsilion to pretend to become a Christian and send a large amount of livestocks and treasures to the King Charles.Blancandrin was said to be one of the wisest pagan, but I don’t think he was really wise. He was just a cunning man. His advice could be useful for just a short period, but could never be a permanent one. Because the whole thing was false.The same kind of thing is also very common in our daily life. Anything that is false in essence cannot exist for a long time. All of them will come to an end where they are attacked and broken. It’s just like the situation where you tell a lie and afterwards you have to make up more lies to patch it up. Little by little, the lies pile up and form a vicious circle. So it would be much better to be true at the very first moment and correct the mistake in time.The difficulty for me is that for many times I can understand the meaning of a story but I cannot figure out its deeper significance. Perhaps I should read more and think more to be more profound and critical in my thinking.。
外国文学-02 medieval literature

2)The Holy Bible
(Based on a Catholic version)
A. Old Testament 46 books
a. Torah (teaching/law): the Five Books of Moses “摩西五经” Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy 创世纪 出谷纪 肋未纪 户籍纪 申命纪 b. Nevi’im (prophets): Historical books 先知书 e.g. Joshua, Judges, 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel,
Christianity
3. Types of writing
1)Religious Literature 2)epics and ballad A. epic poems
Beowulf The Song of Roland, The Poem of the Cid,
Nibelungenlied, The Tale of Igor’s Campaign
1 Kings, 2 Kings
c. Ketuvim (writings): Wisdom books 诗歌智慧书
e.g. Job, Psalms, Song of Songs
B. New Testament 27 books
a. Canonical gospels 福音书 4 books the Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Mark, the Gospel of Luke, the Gospel of John b. Acts of the Apostles 使徒行传 c. Epistles 21 books 书信 e.g. Epistle to the Ephesians,
民俗学笔记

艾伯特·贝茨·洛德1职业生涯编辑洛德出生在波士顿,在哈佛完成了他的学士、硕士和博士的学位教育。
从1950年起,洛德开始了他在哈佛的事业,主要教授斯拉夫语言和文学、比较文学、民俗学和神话学。
在从教之前,他曾前往南斯拉夫和阿尔巴尼亚收集那里的民间诗歌。
在他后来的教学活动中,他还到保加利亚和前苏联进行了同样的田野调查。
洛德先后在哈佛大学从教33年,1959年起任哈佛大学“帕里口头文学特藏”主任监理。
洛德于1991年7月29日因病在波士顿辞世,享年78 岁。
2文化贡献编辑洛德的研究不仅仅涉及到荷马史诗和古斯勒歌手(gusle)演述的南斯拉夫波斯尼亚人的英雄史诗及其田野记录,还包括《贝奥武夫》(Beowulf)、《吉尔伽美什》(Gilgamesh)、《罗兰之歌》(The Song of Roland)、“盎格鲁─苏格兰童谣”、抒情诗和民歌等多种口头传承,由此他发现了极为突出的共通性,关涉着传统故事讲述的口头创编规律。
洛德的主要著述是《故事的歌手》(Singer of Tales, 1960)和《史诗歌手与口头传统》(Epic Singers and Oral Tradition, 1991)。
洛德离世后,他的夫人玛丽·路易丝·洛德完成并编辑了他箧中遗作《继往开来的故事歌手》(The Singer Resumes the Tale, 1995),进一步佐证并拓展了洛德在前两部著作中作出的那些结论。
此外,在“帕里口头文学特藏”收存的南斯拉夫田野资料的基础上,他与其他学者一同完成了《塞尔维亚─克罗地亚民歌》(1951年,与贝拉·巴尔托克合编),《塞尔维亚-克罗地亚英雄歌》(第1-2卷1952-54年出版,与拜纳姆合编;第3-4卷1975年出版)。
此外,他还是以下教程的主笔,《塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语入门》(1958),《保加利亚语入门》(1962,与拜纳姆合编),以及《保加利亚文学读本》(1968)。
罗兰之歌读后感

Song of Roland----Another brave heartI still remembered that the film brave heart describes a solemn and stirring scene of Scottish people’s revolt against England in history. William in my mind is always an eternal role that could devoted himself bravely to love and freedom, Although the film and different from the Song of Roland. Of course William from Roland too, just because their mission is not consistent. But I always put the two of them together imperceptibly. Perhaps they have similar qualities----They all are heroes. Now putting Roland into the song ,you will feel Roland’s soul exists anywhere and then we come to see this great epic----Song of Roland.Song of Roland, the epic of European medieval France , is One of the most outstanding epics about medieval heroes. It through the shape of Roland image to reflects the spirit of The medieval times and people’s thinking about themselves under the Christian culture background.Also reflects the transformation of the notional heroes to some extent. All those ale based on and transcend Christian ideology.From the Song of Roland,I’ve seen the three points which is devout belief in God,patriotism and loyalty to the king,worship of heroes that inevitably mentioned and form the whole framework ultimately .Religious ideas reflected in the works is the process to historical facts .Many scenes were depicted with religious color portraits. To outward seeming, Roland is a Christian hero image. But his real meaning has exceeded the religious significance far away.Being in the patriotic aspect,He is a really perfectionist.His heroism can be seen everywhere .Until the last,dying Roland still missing the lovely France and his emperor----Charles.This is what a noble action.We also can feel that the praise of Roland from people reflects the worship of heroes. Roland always shows his enthusiasm for fighting.In the Song production of the image of Roland ,it reflects the spirit of the times of the Middle Ages.Roland is a hero belongs to European medieval ages. He worships god, but did not lost himself.This image is pregnant with the spirit of the thought of the middle ages.on the other side ,we can also see Roland faults such as stubborn and capricious.In short, Roland is still the example are worthy emulating and would inspire me to go forward forever.。
(西方文化) Q

I. Multiple ChoicesDIVISION ONE: Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.? _____A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2. In _____ the Romans conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B.C.C. 146 B.C.D. the 5th century3. Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy? _____A. Oedipus the kingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4. Which of the following is NOT the play written by Aeschylus? _____A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5. Which of the following is NOT the play written by Sophocles? _____A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomenD. Oedipus the king6. Which of the following is the play written by Euripides? _____A. AntigoneB. PersiansC. ElectraD. Medea7. Which of the following is NOT one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece? _____A. AristophanesB. EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus8. Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river”? _____A. PythagorasB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Aristotle9. Who was the founder of scientific mathematics? _____A. HeracleitueB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras10. Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”? _____A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. Epicurus11. Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”? _____A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. Marcus Tullius CiceroD. Virgil12. The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things is _____.A. VirgilB. Julius CaesarC. HoraceD. Lucretius13. Which of the following is not Roman architecture? _____A. The ColosseumB. The PantheonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard14. Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”? ______A. SapphoB. PlatoC. VirgilD. HoraceDIVISION TWO: The Bible and Christianity15. Which of the following is by far the most influential religion in the West? _____A. BuddhismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism16. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which re the first five books, called _____.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentateuch17. Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments? _____A. Honor your father and your motherB. Do no commit suicideC. Do not desire your neighbor’s wifeD. Do not take the name of God in vain18. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practice their religion? _____A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th century19. After the _____ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third20. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions? _____A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar21. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? _____A. AugustusB. TheodosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I22. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _____.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John Wycliff23. By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _____ languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 15424. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as _____.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint25. When printing was invented in the 1500’s the _____ Bible was the first complete work printed.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew26. When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear?A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 1979DIVISION THREE: The Middle Ages27. In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing a large number of the half civilized Germanic tribes? _____A. the MongoliansB. the HunsC. the TurkishD. the Syrians28. The Middle Ages is also called the _____.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”29. According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight? _____A. to be loyal to his lordB. to fight for the churchC. to obey without question the orders of the abbotD. to respect women of noble birth30. In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service? _____A. Charles Martel, a Frankish rulerB. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish rulerD. St. Benedict, an Italian ruler31. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church? _____A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 47632. Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in western Europe is NOT true? _____A. Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.C. As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.D. At about fourteen, the page became a knight.33. When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in western Europe? _____A. At the age of 14B. When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies.C. At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D. When he was pledged to fight for the church.34. Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before entering the monastery according to the Benedictine Rule? _____A. They had to attend service six times during the day and once at midnight.B. They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery.C. They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.D. They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.35. Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe? _____A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs36. By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control?A. 1279B. 1254C. 1096D. 129137. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800? _____A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. Kings James38. Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to the medieval European culture?A. Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great39. Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic?A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French40. Who is the author of the Opus Maius?A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas AquinasDIVISION FOUR: Renaissance and Reformation41. Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture? _____A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany42. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its centre moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance? _____A. in the 11 centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century43. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _____A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses44. Which of the following works is NOT written by Petrarch? _____A. CanzoniersB. On SolitudeC. EcologuesD. Flight into Egypt45. Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? _____A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione46. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting? _____A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo47. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary)? _____A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael48. Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? _____A. Sacred and Profane LoveB. TempestaC. The Return of the HuntersD. Flight into Egypt49. Who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time? _____A. Jan HusB. John WycliffeC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin50. Who is the author Institutes of the Christian Religion? _____A. John WycliffeB. Jan HusC. John CalvinD. Erasmus51. In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal authorities take place? _____A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII52. After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church? _____A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. Archbishop53. Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness of man, expresses his love of life and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning? _____ A. Gargantua and Pantagruel B. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia54. Whose motto put down in his essays, “What do I know” is world-famous? _____A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. MontaigneD. Shakespeare55. Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a style which is easy and familiar? _____A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance56. Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _____A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne57. In 1516, who published the first Greek edition of the new Testament? _____A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais58. “To be, or not to be, -- that is the question” from whose works? _____A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. ShakespeareDIVISION FIVE: The Seventeenth Century59. Who ever said that “The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century”? _____A. CopernicusB. Francis BaconC. Bertrand RussellD. Leibniz60. The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _____?A. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newton61. Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. His telescope magnified objects _____.A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. then-thousand timesD. five-hundred times62. Which of the following statements about Newton’s contribution to the science is NOT true? _____A. He discovered the law of the universal gravitation.B. He invented calculusC. He discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of spectrum.D. He discovered the law of relativity.63. Which of the following about Galileo is NOT true? _____A. He invented the telescope and was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies.B. He discovered the law of inertia.C. He discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics.D. He was the first to establish the law of falling bodies.64. The first major advance of modern science occurred in _____.A. anatomyB. astronomyC. printingD. geographically discoveries65. _____ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler66. Engels said: “The revolutionary act by which natural science declared its independence… was the publication of the immortal work…”, what does the immortal work refer to? _____A. Sidereus NunciusB. New Essays Concerning Human UnderstandingC. New System of NatureD. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs67. Who ever said that “Knowledge is power”? _____A. ShakespeareB. Francis BaconC. Thomas HobbesD. John Locke68. Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon? _____A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlanticsD. The Advancement of Learning69. Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature? _____A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes70. What kind of form of government is England after the Glorious Revolution and enactment of the Bill of Rights? _____A. constitutional monarchyB. republicC. anarchyD. absolute monarchy71. When did the Glorious Revolution in England bread out?A. 1660B. 1649C. 1688D. 168972. Which of the following woks is NOT written by John Milton? _____A. Paradise LostB. AreopagiticaC. Samson AgonistesD. Andromaque73. In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree reimposing complete censorship of the press. This was his best known prose _____.A. AndromaqueB. ArepagiticaC. Paradise LostD. Paradise Regained74. Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights which limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions? _____A. Parliament was responsible for all the law making.B. The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declared to be illegal.C. The King should levy no money at any time.D. The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament.75. Which of the following philosophers ever said “I think, therefore I am”? _____A. Francis BaconB. Pierre GassendiC. DescartesD. John Locke76. Which of the following works displays the grand style of Corneille’s work? _____A. Le CidB. AndromaqueC. TartuffeD. Le Misanthrope77. Which of the following philosophers believed that knowledge of the universe and certain principles and laws of physics is innate? _____A. John LockeB. Pierre GassendiC. Francis BaconD. Descartes78. “I walk, therefore I am” is whose slogan? _____A. John LockeB. Pierre GassendiC. DescartesD. Francis Bacon79. Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax? _____A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravaggioD. Bernini80. Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe? _____A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Bernini81. In painting of the 17th century, who won international fame and his style is basically classical, his figures are frozen and their action stiff? _____A. Christopher WrenB. RembrandtC. PoussinD. Rubbes82. In the middle of the 17th century, which country was the richest and most powerful in Europe? _____A. FlanderB. the NetherlandsC. EnglandD. FranceDIVISION SIX: The Age of Enlightenment83. Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution? _____A. John LockeB. RousseauC. MontesquieuD. V oltaire84. Which of the following works is the most famous of V oltaire’s novel? _____A. CandideB. The New HeloiseC. EmileD. Laocoon85. “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” are whose most famous word? _____A. MontesquieuB. RousseauC. V oltaireD. Diderot86. In which of Rousseau’s works, Rousseau argues that Man’s greatest ill are not natural but made by man himself; the remedy lies also within man’s power? _____A. The Origin of Human InequalityB. The New HeloiseC. Emile or On EducationD. The Social Contract87. Who ever said that “Nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserable”? _____A. DiderotB. V oltaireC. MontesquieuD. Rousseau88. In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? _____A. Rameau’s NephewB. Philosophical ThoughtC. EncyclopedieD. Elements of Physiology89. Which of the Lessing’s works was his most brilliant dramatic work, a landmark in 18th century German drama—its first successful comedy and its first truly national drama? _____A. Nathan the WiseB. LaocoonC. Hamburgische DramaturgieD. Minna Von Barnhelm90. Which of the following works is a classic of modern aesthetics? _____A. LaocoonB. FaustC. The RobberD. Wallenstein91. Which of the following works represents Schiller’s most powerful tragedy? _____A. Wilhelm TellB. WallensteinC. Cabal and LoveD. The Robber92. Which of the following philosophers first proposed the well-known “Nebular hypothesis”? _____A. KantB. DescartesC. LockeD. Hobbes93. Which play by Schiller is widely known in China? _____A. The RobberB. WallensteinC. Wilhelm TellD. Cabal and LoveDIVISION SEVEN: Romanticism94. Which of the following writers whose prose revealed an acid wit and a keen awareness of the social problems of his time and was a friend of Karl Marx, who admired his writings? _____ A. Goethe B. SchillerC. HeineD. Pushkin95. Which of the following two poets were called the “Lakers”? _____A. Wordsworth and ColeridgeB. Goethe and SchillerC. Byron and KeatsD. Pushkin and Lermontov96. Who is the author of Prometheus Unbound? _____A. KeatsB. ShelleyC. ByronD. Aeschylus97. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel? _____A. GoetheB. Victor HugoC. PushkinD. Walter Scott98. Who is the author of Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables on which there have been many films based? _____A. George SandB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Henry Fielding99. Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women’s freedom in love and marriage? _____A. George SandB. ChateaubriandC. Victor HugoD. Taylor Coleridge100. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” is from the ending of which of the following works? _____A. Ode to a NightingaleB. Eugene OneginC. Ode to the West WindD. The French Revolution101. Which of the following writers is a female writer whose real name was Amandine Aurore Dupin? _____A. George SandB. WordsworthC. William BlakeD. John Keats102. Which of the following writers wrote Ode to a Nightingale and died very young? _____A. ByronB. KeatsC. ShellyD. Wordsworth103. Which of the following works was introduced to China at the end of the 19th century through Lin Shu’s translation, which bore the romantic title《撒克逊劫后英雄略》? _____A. The Heart of Mid-LothianB. Boris GodunovC. The BetrothedD. Ivanhoe104. Which of the following works was NOT written by Russian writer Pushkin? _____A. Ruslan and LiudmilaB. Boris GodunovC. A Hero of Our TimeD. Eugene Onegin105. In which of the following works did Pushkin create a character, Onegin, who was the first “Superfluous man” in Russian literature? _____A. Eugene OneginB. Boris GodunovC. Ruslan and LiudmilaD. A Hero of Our Time106. Which of the following writers is the greatest Polish writer during the Romanticism? _____ A. Lenmontov B. ChateaubriandC. LeopardiD. Mickiewicz107. Which of the following works was published as the beginning of Romanticism in Polish literature? _____A. Lyrical BalladsB. Ballads and RomancesC. Pan TadeuszD. Konrad Wallenrod108. Which of the following Mickiwicz’s works is his greatest epic poem, which the poet himself once compared with Scott’s historical novels? _____A. Sonnets from the CrimeaB. Konrad WallenrodC. Ballads and RomancesD. Pan Tadeusz109. Which of the following artists is NOT French? _____A. GoyaB. DavidC. DelacroixD. Gericault110. Which of the following artists was best known for his portraits of royalty and nobility? _____ A. David B. TurnerC. GoyaD. Constable111. Which of the following artists was an English landscape painter? _____A. DelacroixB. TurnerC. DavidD. Goya112. Whose symphony NO. 6 (Pastoral) marked the beginning of 19th-century program music? _____A. MozartB. SchumannC. BeethovenD. Schubert113. Which of the following musicians was NOT from Germany?A. MendelssohnB. BrahmsC. SchumannD. Chopin114. Who is the author of the famous Piano Music Waltzes? _____A. TchaikovskyB. BrahmsC. SchumannD. Schubert115. Which of the following musicians sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic? _____A. BerliozB. ChopinC. WagnerD. Verdi116. Who introduced the symphonic poem and invented new piano techniques and became the greatest pianist of the middle of 19th century? _____A. LisztB. SchubertC. BeethovenD. BerliozMYTHOLOGY117. In Homer’s epic poem of the 9th century B. C., who is the god of earthquake? _____A. AresB. PoseidonC. DionysusD. Poseidon118. Who made the first beautiful woman that ever lived? And what was her name? _____A. Hephaestus; HelenB. Prometheus; HelenC. Hephaestus; PandoraD. Prometheus; Pandora119. Whose shield bears at its centre the head of the Gorgon? _____A. Zeus’s aegisB. Poseidon’s aegisC. Apollo’s aegisD. Hephaestus’s aegis120. In what book is faithful and wise Penelope a character, waiting for a score of years for herhusband’s return home? _____A. Aeschylus’s Prometheus BoundB. Aeschylus’s AgamemnonC. Homer’s IliadD. Homer’s The Odyssey121. Who was Achates? _____A. In Vergil’s Aeneid, the faithful companion and friend of AeneasB. In Vergil’s Aeneid, a Trojan princeC. In Vergil’s Aeneid, son of AphroditeD. In Vergil’s Aeneid, founder of Roman Empire122. In the Arthurian Romance, who were the parents of Sir Galahad, the purest knight of the Round Table who gained the Holy Grail? _____A. Arthur and GuinevereB. Arthur and ElaineC. Lancelot and ElaineD. Lancelot and Guinevere123. Whose head turned all beholders to stone? _____A. Stheno’sB. Medusa’sC. Euryale’sD. Ceto’s124. Who used a polished shield to behead the Gorgon Medusa? _____A. JupiterB. AcrisiusC. PolydectesD. Perseus125. For whom was Europe named? _____A. Europa, a Phoenician princessB. Eruopa, the Phoenician queen of TyreC. Europa, the daughter of ZeusD. Europa, an ancient Greek goddess126. What little girl was changed into gold by her father? _____A. MedusaB. CalthiaC. MarigoldD. Nereid127. What twins were abandoned as babies, suckled by a she-wolf and brought up by a shepherd? _____A. Castor and PolluxB. Amphion and ZethosC. Hypnos (Sleep) and ThanatosD. Romulus and Remus128. Who holds the Earth on his shoulders? _____A. MenoetiusB. AtlasC. EpimetheusD. Prometheus129. Who built the labyrinth for King Minos? _____A. DaedalusB. MinotaurC. ErichthoniusD.Icarus130. Who fell, consumed by flames, at Jason’s feet? _____A. MedeaB. CreonC. CreusaD. Glauce131. Who sleeps in perpetual dreamy slumber upon Mt. Latmos, visited by the moon-goddess every night? _____A. HypnosB. ZeusC. EndymionD. Selene132. Pygmalion and Galatea, his ivory statue which came to life, had a son. Who was he? _____ A. Paphos B. OvidC. PolluxD. Aphrodite133. What caused Orpheus to turn around, when he and his wife Euryidce were leaving Hell? _____A. Eurydice stumbled over a stone.B. Eurydice screamed because Cerberus (Kerberos) snarled.C. Orpheus felt Cerberus (Kerberos) after him.D. Orpheus heard Cerberus (Kerberos) snarling at them.134. What fleet goddess was so fascinated by three golden apples (of Aphrodite, dropped by Hippomenes, also called Melanion) in her path that she lost a race? _____A. ThemisB. AstraeaC. AtalantaD. Hippomenes135. Argus was a giant with 100 eyes. Where did his eyes go after his death? _____A. Turned into a stoneB. Turned into the peacock’s tailC. Transferred to Zeus’s aegisD. Transferred to the peacock’s tail136. For what had the left one of an Amazon’s breasts been cut off? _____A. For saving her lifeB. For the convenience of shooting arrowsC. For showing her loyalty to TroyD. For punishing her for her disloyalty137. Who was the most famous German siren? _____A. The LoreleiB. ArtemisC. ArethusaD. Alpheus138. What Roman woodland nymph was changed into a fountain? _____A. ArtemisB. CallistoC. ArethusaD. The Lorelei139. A hunter named Actaeon was changed by Diana into a _____ and was torn to pieces by his own hounds for having seen her bathing?A. rabbitB. stagC. lambD. antelope140. What daring kidnapping took place in Roman mythology? _____A. AthenaB. DemeterC. AstraeaD. Persephone141. What beautiful nymph was changed into a bear by the vengeful queen Hera? _____A. AlpheusB. ArethusaC. CallistoD. The Lorelei142. Who raped Alcmene disguised as her own husband? _____A. ZeusB. ElectryonC. PerseusD. Amphitryon143. Who was the Egyptian queen of the gods? _____A. JunoB. HeraC. IsisD. Aphrodite144. Who became Aeneas’ wife after his journeys? _____A. VenusB. AndromacheC. LaviniaD. Amata145. What lovely blooming nymph was saved by her river-god father by being changed into a tree? _____A. CallistoB. DaphneC. ArtemisD. Arethusa146. Who was the father of Odysseus? _____A. TelemachusB. SisyphusC. ArcesiusD. Laertes147. In classical mythology whose six sons and six daughters represent the twelve months? _____ A. Aeolus B. DionysusC. AresD. Achelous148. What was the wedding gift of Gaea to Hera?A. The gold ringB. The golden applesC. The crystal cupD. The ruby crown149. Who killed himself out of jealousy when Ulysses (Latin name for Odysseus) received the armor of Achilles? _____A. PhiloctetesB. ParisC. Great AjaxD. Lesser Ajax150. What kind of ears did King Midas have after he announced as judge in favor of Pan the god of woods who could make sweeter music than Apollo? _____A. rabbit’s earsB. stag’s earsC. dog’s earsD. ass’s ears151. What do Athena and Dionysus have in common? _____A. They share the same father, Zeus.B. Both of them were born from Zeu s’ forehead.C. They share the same mother, Metis.D. They share the same mortal mother, Semele.152. Who was the Greek god of war? _____A. PoseidonB. HephaestusC. AresD. Hades153. For what is the mythical creature Echidna well-known? _____A. Its tears were thought to heal wound.B. It was considered the protector of the divineC. It had the upper body of a bull and the lower body of a man.D. It gave birth to many monsters.154. What food had Persephone been tempted to taste during her stay in Hades? _____A. appleB. pomegranateC. pineappleD.guava155. Whose arrow pierced Achilles’ vulnerable heel and so slew him? _____A. Hector’sB. Helenus’sC. AeneasD. Paris’156. What was not shared by the three old sea goddesses called Graeae? ____A. one eyeB. one toothC. knowing the whereabouts of their sisters, the GorgonsD. red hair157. Leda and the Swan are well known in ancient mythology. Who was the Swan? _____A. ZeusB. Eros。
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Karlomagno finds Roland dead (XIV. mendeko miniatura)
Plot
For seven years, the valiant Christian king Charlemagne has made war against the Saracens in Spain . Roland, a courageous knight and Charlemagne's nephew ,,fights in Spain and dies defending a pass in the Pyrenees.
Song of Roland
La Chanson de Roland
Roland pledges loyalty to the ki phases of The Song of Roland in one picture
Historical background
The Beowulf Poet
• The poet is the oldest surviving English epic poem, written sometime in the 7th or 8th century. • The poem reflects established Christian tradition • Allusions to the Old Testament • Beowulf is a Redeemer who is sent by God to save man from sin • The price of salvation is life itself • Correspondences between Beowulf’s death and the death of Christ
Plot
"Beowulf" It is about the great Scandinavian hero Beowulf's journey to free Denmark by slaying the ogre, Grendel who always eats warriors of the king ,so the king asked beowulf for help.,beowulf fights with it and made it wounded badly then it died after rushed out to the marshes. Grendel's mother wants to take the revenge for the death of her son.so she seized ,beowulf, followed the bloody trail ,this time they fight under the water ,that's the dwelling of the monster'mother,also they had a big fight,at last , beowulf cut off the heads of the monster and his mother.After he finished the mission, he went back home where he ruled as king for fifty years.
Beowulf
Background
• Composed around 700 A.D. • The story had been in circulation as an oral narrative for many years before it was written. • The action of the poem takes place around 500 AD • Poet is reviving the heroic language, style and values and pagan values of ancient Germanic oral poetry • The poem deals with ancient Germanic forebears, the Danes and the Geats • Only a single manuscript of the poem survived the AngloSaxon era. In the 1700’s it was nearly destroyed in a fire • It was not until 1936 when the Oxford scholar J.R.R> Tolkien published a paper on the poem that is became popular.
Image of the devastation of the frank troops (from a book of the song of Roland)
Major Themes
Good and Evil Loyalty and Vassalage The Benevolent God The Will of God and Man's Place Duty
the last part of the poem tells that one of beowulf's subjects stole some of the treasure which had been guarding for three hundred years by a dragon ,the dragon can breath fire.so our hero sought the dragon in his cave and killed it.but beowulf mortally wounded,and died . at last ,according to his will,the people followed his instruction how to bury his body and how to rule the country after his death.they buried his ash under a tremendous mound and piled the earth and stones so high that the mound thereafter became a beacon for the seafarers who sailed along the coast,thus ,even after his death,beowulf continued to serve people
Public Domain picture from: /wiki/Image:Ravana.jpg
The Character of Beowulf
• He fights for personal honor, but is committed to service to his own people and humanity. • A superhuman who remains recognizable • Contrast old and young Beowulf • Beowulf as savior
The story told in the poem is based on a historical incident, the Battle of Roncevaux Pass on 15 August 778, in which the rear guard of Charlemagne's withdrawing Franks, escorting a rich collection of booty gathered during a campaign in Spain, was attacked by Basques.
The Song of Roland ( La Chanson de Roland) is the oldest surviving major work of French literature. It exists in various different manuscript versions which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries . The epic poem is the first and most outstanding example of the chanson de geste, a literary form that flourished between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries and celebrated the legendary deeds of a hero .