Linguistics7
Quizforlinguistics-习题整理含答案
Quiz for linguistics:Chapter 1: Linguistics and Language语言和语言学1. Which of the following is the most important function of language?a. Interpersonal functionb. Performative functionc. Informative functiond. Recreational function2. ______ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc..a. Phonologyb. Phoneticsc. Morphologyd. Pragmatics3. ______ function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.a. Performativeb. Interpersonalc. Phaticd. Metalingual4. ______ means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.a. Creativityb. Dualityc. Arbitrarinessd. Displacement5. By ______ it means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.a. arbitrarinessb. dualityc. creativityd. displacement6. ______ distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual production of speeches.a. Chomskyb. Saussurec. Gilmand. Brown7. ______ refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.a. Competenceb. Performancec. Eloquenced. Action8. ______ is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.a. Psycholinguisticsb. Sociolinguisticsc. Anthropological linguisticsd. Computational linguistics9. ______ studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.a. Pragmaticsb. Semanticsc. Syntaxd. Phonetics10. ______ is a branch of linguistics concerned in principle with the physical representation of language or linguistic processes in the brain.a. Anthropological linguisticsb. Psychological linguisticsc. Computational linguisticsd. Neurolinguistics11. The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is ______ (大纲样题)a. morphologyb. general linguisticsc. phonologyd. semantics12. Syntax is the study of ______. (2005年真题)a. language functionb. sentence structuresc. textual organizationd. word formation13. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language? (2005年真题)a. arbitrarinessb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. finiteness14. The distinction between parole and langue was made by ______. (2006年真题)a. Hallidayb. Chomskyc. Bloomfieldd. Saussure15. ______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. (2007年真题)a. Phonologyb. Morphologyc. Semanticsd. Sociolinguistics16. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language? (2008年真题)a. Arbitrarinessb. Displacementc. Dualityd. Diachronicity17. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is ______.(2009年真题)a. corpus linguisticsb. sociolinguisticsc. theoretical linguisticsd. pysholinguistics18. Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed” on a highway serves ______. (2010年真题)a. an expressive function.b. an informative function.c. a performative function.d. a persuasive function.19. ______ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind. (2011年真题)a. Semanticsb. Pragmaticsc. Cognitive linguisticsd. Sociolinguistics20. Saussure distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker as ____a. paroleb. languagec. systemd. langue语音学1. ______ is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.a. Acoustic phoneticsb. Articulatory phoneticsc. Auditory phoneticsd. Pragmatics2. When ______ is produced, complete closure of the articulators is involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth.a. fricativeb. stopc. affricated. lateral3. In the production of vowels, air is ______ as is the case with consonants.a. not obstructedb. obstructedc. semi-obstructedd. half-obstructed4. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the ______ grammarian Otto Jespersen in 1886.a. Englishb. Americanc. Danishd. French5. The present system of the IPA derives mainly from one developed in the ______ by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones and his colleagues at University of London.a. 1910sb. 1920sc. 1930sd. 1940s6. To be specific, ______ deals with how speech sounds are produced.a. articulatory phoneticsb. acoustic phoneticsc. auditory phoneticsd. phonological phonetics7. All the following are the description of [P] EXCEPT ______.a. stopb. bilabialc. alveolard. consonant8. If a single movement from one element to a second element of the tongue is involved, the combine vowels are called ______.a. monophthongsb. triphthongsc. cardinal vowelsd. diphthongs9. The most famous cardinal vowel system put forward by Daniel Jones defines ______ primary cardinal vowels.a. 7b. 8c. 9d. 1010. The followings belong to affricates EXCEPT ______.a. [ts]b. [l]c. [D]d. [tr]11. According to the part of the tongue which is raised, the vowels can be divided into the following three kinds, EXCEPT for ______.a. frontb. middlec. centrald. back12. A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of _______. (2011年真题)a. absence of obstructionb. presence of obstructionc. manner of articulationd. place of articulation13. If the air stream meets with no obstruction when a sound is pronounced, it is a(n) ______.a. voiced consonantb. voiceless consonantc. voweld. explosive14. The internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is ______.a. I.P.Ab. I.A.P.Sc. I.S.Sd. S.S.I.P音位学1. ______ refers to two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound (one phoneme) and which also differ in meaning.a. Ahonemeb. A minimal pairc. Allophoned. Free variation2. Phonology is the study of ______.a. how speech sounds are madeb. the sound system of languagesc. speech sounds are transmittedd. how speech sounds are received3. The following are the principle suprasegmental features EXCEPT _______.a. syllableb. stressc. toned. phoneme4. Which aspect does NOT belong to the phonological process?a. A set of sounds to undergo the processb. A set of sounds produced by the processc. The length of the sounds in the processd. A set of situations in which the process applies5. ______ refers to the sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language.a. Phoneb. Allophonec. Phonemed. Morpheme6. The open syllable refers to the syllable that has no ______.a. codab. onsetc. nucleusd. rhyme7. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages. Which of the following is tone language?a. Englishb. Chinesec. both English and Chinesed. Neither English nor Chinese8. If two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a ______.a. minimal pairb. complementary distributionc. phonemic contrastd. minimal set9. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature in English phonology?a. aspirationb. plosivenessc. bilabialityd. voicelessness1. ______ is a unit that cannot be divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.a. Phonemeb. Morphemec. Lexemed. Phone2. The words such as dog, nation and close are ______.a. affixesb. free morphemesc. bound morphemesd. compounds3. The words such as “smog” and ”brunch” are called ______.a. abbreviationb. acronymc. back-formationd. blending4. For example, the word bead originally means “prayer”, but later it refers to “the prayer bead”, and finally “small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood”. It is called ______.a. meaning shiftb. broadeningc. narrowingd. borrowing5. “Kodak” is a/an ______.a. acronymb. blendingc. coinaged. clipping6. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are ______.a. grammatical wordsb. lexical wordsc. both grammatical words and lexical wordsd. neither grammatical words nor lexical words7. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and articles are ______.a. open-class wordsb. closed-class wordsc. both open-class words and closed wordsd. neither open-class nor closed-class words8. In terms of ______, words can be divided into closed-class words and open-class words.a. meaningb. variabilityc. qualityd. membership9. _____ refers to any morphemes or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. It can be equivalent to a root, or a root and a derivational affix.a. affixb. rootc. stemd. suffix10. In the following words foot/feet, goose/geese, the affixes belong to ______.a. suffixb. infixc. prefixd. root11. Which of the following is NOT a compound word? （大纲样题）a. Landladyb. Greenhousec. Upliftd. Unacceptable12. The word holiday originally meant “holy day”; but now the word signifies “any day on which we don’t have to work”. This is an example of ______. （大纲a. meaning shiftb. widening of meaningc. narrowing of meaningd. loss of meaning13. The word “m otel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of ______ in morphology. (2010年全真)a. backformationb. conversionc. blendingd. acronym14. ______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. (2007年全真）a. Phonologyb. Morphologyc. Semanticsd. Sociolinguistics1. ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentence.a. Morphologyb. Syntaxc. Phoneticsd. Semantics2. Which one of the following does NOT belong to English cases?a. Nominativeb. Accusativec. Genitived. Dative3. When a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of category, it is referred to as _____.a. generationb. governmentc. transformationd. negation4. ______ refers to the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.a. C-commandb. Immediate constituent analysisc. Deep structured. Communicative dynamism5. ______ is a general term for verbal category that distinguish the status of events, etc. in relation to specific period of times, as opposed to their simple location in the present, past, or future.a. tenseb. timec. moodd. aspect6. The relation between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc., e.g. between s, p, and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such as Bill hunts is called ______.a. syntagmatic relationb. paradigmatic relationb. positional relation d. relation of subsitutablity7. In English, theme and rheme are expressed by ______.a. subject and objectb. subject and predicatec. predicate and objectd. object and predicate8. Classical Creek and Arabic have a third number: ______, something like the English “both”.a. singleb. pluralc. duald. trial9. Another method to analyze a sentence from the functional perspective is ______, which is proposed by J. Firbas.a. C-commandb. immediate constituent analysisc. deep structured. communicative dynamism10. Those constructions where there is only one head, with the head dominant and the other constituents being modifiers, are ______.a. endocentric constructionsb. exocentric constructionsc. deep structured. surface structure11. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”? (2008年真题)a. a simple sentenceb. a coordinate sentencec. a complex sentenced. none of the above12. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______. (2007年真题)a. lexicalb. syntacticc. phonologicald. psycholinguistic13. Syntax is the study of ______. (2005年全真)a. language functions.b. sentence structures.c. textual organization.d. word formation.语义学1. More specifically, _____ is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.a. pragmaticsb. semanticsc. syntaxd. phonology2. In the semantic triangle by Ogden and Richards, the SYMBOL or FORM refers to ______.a. the linguistic elements (words, phrases)b. the object in the world of experiencec.conceptd. idea3. The words with more or less the same meaning used in different regional dialects are called ______.a. dialectal synonymsb. collocational synonymsc. stylistic synonymsd. complementary antonymy4. The word “table” has at least the six meanings such as “a piece of furniture”, “all the people seated at a table”, etc. It can be called ______.a. polysemyb. antonymyc. homonymyd. hyponymy5. The relation between “dog” and “animal” is that of _____.a. synonymyb. antonymyc. homonymyd. hyponymy6. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called _____. (2009年真题)a. dialectb. idiolectc. pidgind. register7. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______. (2008年真题)a. hyponymyb. synonymyc. polysemyd. homonymy8. The word tail once referred to the “tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal”. This is an example of ______.(2007年真题)a. widening of meaningb. narrowing of meaningc. meaning shiftd. loss of meaning9. The word “kid, child, offspring” are examples of ______. (2006年真题)a. dialectal synonymsb. stylistic synonymsc. emotive synonymsd. collocational synonyms10. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are ______.a. homophonesb. homographsc. complete homonymsd. allophones语用学1. Pragmatics is generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how ______ influences the interpretation of meanings.a. wordb. contextc. sentenced. language form2. Speech Act Theory is the first major theory in the study of language in use, which originated with the Oxford philosopher ______.a. Herbert Paul Griceb. Dan Sperberc. Deirdre Wilsond. John Langshaw Austin3. A(n) _____ is using a sentence to perform a function.a. Locutionary Actb. Illocutionary Actc. Perlocutionary Actd. In-locutionary Act4. The second major theory in pragmatics is the theory of conversational implicature, proposed by Oxford philosopher ______.a. J. Austinb. Hallidayc. Herbert Paul Griced. Saussure5. The following maxims are the Cooperative Principles Except ______.a. quantity maximb. quality maximc. distance maximd. relation maxim6. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of Implicature?a. calculabilityb. cancellabilityc. non-detachabilityd. changeability7. Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims should be reduced to a single principle of ______.a. relevanceb. coordinationc. agreementd. reciprocity8. The notion of ______ is essential to the pragmatic study of language?a. communicationb. contextc. speech act theoryd. words9. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing ______. (2009年真题)a. an illocutionary actb. a perlocutionary actc. a locutionary actd. none of the above10. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of ______. (2006年真题)a. referenceb. meaningc. antonymyd. context11. The speech act theory was first put forward by ______. (2005年真题)a. John Searleb. John Austinc. Noam Chomskyd. M.A.K Halliday12. The force of a/an ______ act is identical with the speaker’s intention.a. illocutionaryb. locutionaryc. perlocutionaryd. Prelocutionary其他1. The definition “the act of using, or promoting the use of several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers”refers to _____. (2011年全真)a. pidginb. creolec. multilingualismd. bilingualism2. ______ refers to the learning and development of a language. (2010年全真)a. Language acquisitionb. Language comprehensionc. Language productiond. Language instruction3. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of differentlanguages for purposes of trading is called ______. (2009年全真)a. dialect.b. idiolect.c. pidgin.d. register.4. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______. (2007年全真)a. lexicalb. syntacticc. phonologicald. psycholinguistic5. With the ______, Latin words were added into the vocabulary of the language spoken in Britain.a. invasion of the Romansb. Christianization of Britainc. Scandinavian invasiond. Norman Conquest现代语言学理论和流派1. The Prague School is best known for its contribution to the distinction between phonetics and ______.a. soundb. phonemec. phonologyd. phone2. The founder of the London School is the British linguist ______.a. J. R. Firthb. Hallidayc. Bloomfieldd. Sapir3. Firth insisted that the object of linguistics is language ______.a. in oral useb. in actual usec. in booksd. in media4. The following function of adult’s language EXCEPT ______ are put forward by Halliday.a. the ideational functionb. the interpersonal functionc. the informative functiond. the textual function5. The principle representative of American descriptive linguistics is ______.a. L. Bloomfieldb. Chomskyc. Sapird. Saussure6. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is ______.a. Firthb. Saussurec. Hallidayd. Chomsky7. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of ______.a. functionb. meaningc. signsd. system8. ______ is the founder of Transformational Generative Grammar.a. Noam Chomskyb. Hallidayc. Saussured.Brown9. The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist ______ in the beginning of the 20th century.a. Chomskyb. Hallidayc. Saussured. Fillmore10. A representative of the Contextualism was ______, the leading British linguist of the period. He held the view that “We shall know a word by the company it keeps”.a. Ogden and Richardsb. J. R. Firthc. Bloomfieldd. Leech11. Bloomfield further strengthened the contextualist view and drew on ______ when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.a. sociologyb. behaviorist psychologyc. anthropologyd. physiology12. ______ means that it is impossible for children to acquire some particular language knowledge resulting from the contrast of language data in the process of their L1 acquisition.a. Language facultyb. Language acquisition devicec. Universal grammard. Argument of poverty stimulus。
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1
1.3考研真题与典型题详解I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研)2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______.6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研)10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研)15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguisticlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study.langue and Chomsky’s______.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’ｓwhi 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”，ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研)20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研)II. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. ArbitrarinessB. ConventionC. Duality2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研)A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness:5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsframework of language functions?6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’ｓA. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation.7.Which of the following is a main branch of linguistics? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. MacrolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Sociolinguistics8. ______ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院2006研)A. LangueB. CompetenceC. Communicative competenceD. Linguistic potential9.The study of language at one point in time is a _______ study. (北二外2010研)A. historicalB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. diachronic10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ” This shows that language has the design feature of _ ____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacementis .11. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade”A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative 12.Saussure is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Langue B. Competence C. EticIII. True or False1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)underlying knowledge about the system of rules and 2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’ｓthe actual use of language in concrete situations.3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.5. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院2008研)6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to thcommunicative skills.e developing learners’10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical linguistics.11. Saussure’ｓ12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸2006研)14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language. IV. Explain the following terms.1.Duality (北二外2010研；南开大学2010研)2.Design featurespetence4.Displacement (南开大学2010研；清华2001研)5.Diachronic linguistics6. Descriptive linguistics7.Arbitrariness(四川大学2006研)V. Short answer questions1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. (北外2002研)参考答案及解析I.Fill in the blanks.1.Design (人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
diachronic linguistics语言学定义和举例
diachronic linguistics语言学定义和举例【正文】Diachronic Linguistics: 语言学定义和举例在语言学中，研究语言历时变化的分支学科被称为历时语言学（Diachronic Linguistics）。
它关注的是语言在时间上的演变和变化，跟随着随时间而变化的语言系统的发展。
与历时语言学相对的是同步语言学（Synchronic Linguistics），后者研究的是特定语言在一特定时期内的现状及其语法和语义的分析。
历时语言学研究的一个重要方面是语言的变迁，特别是在不同历史阶段的语言形态、词汇和语法结构的变化。
通过对语言的演变和变化的研究，我们可以更好地了解语言是如何随着时间发展的。
值得注意的是，语言的变化并非是一蹴而就的，而是随着时间的推移逐步积累的结果。
这种变化可以通过不同的方式进行分类和描述。
一种常用的历时语言学方法是比较历史时期的文本，以研究语言形态和词汇使用的变化。
通过观察不同历史时期的语言文本，研究者可以追踪词汇的演变、语法结构的改变以及语言的语义演化。
这种方法常被用于重建已经消亡的语言的语法和词汇。
例如，拉丁语是一种消亡的文学语言，但它对现代西欧语言的发展影响深远。
通过比较古典拉丁语与现代西欧语言，我们可以看到在不同历史时期，词汇和语法的变化。
例如，拉丁语中的名词和动词屈折变化丰富，而现代西欧语言则减少了这种屈折变化，而更加依赖词序和上下文来表达语义。
历时语言学也研究的另一个重要方面是音系学，即语音学的历史变迁。
通过比较不同历史阶段的语音系统，研究者可以追踪辅音和元音的演化。
这些变化可以从语音学的角度解释为什么一些语音在语言演变中出现或消失。
例如，英语的历时研究表明了元音变化的演化。
在古英语中，存在了许多元音的变化，而今天的现代英语则减少了这些元音之间的差异。
这种元音变化的演化过程需要通过对历史文本和语言材料的系统研究来理解。
总结起来，在历时语言学的研究中，我们可以通过比较不同历史时期的语言文本、追踪词汇、语法和语音的变化来了解语言的历时演变。
Linguistics课后习题必背与答案
Linguistics课后习题必背与答案Chapter One Introduction4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。
除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。
5.For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?Speech is prior to writing;The writing system is invented when needed;Today there are languages which can only be spoken but not written;Speech plays a greater role than writing in daily communication; Each human being first acquires speech and then learns writing; Modern linguistics tends to pay more attention to authentic speech.9.what are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration.The descriptive function.It is the function to convey factual information,which can be asserted or denied,and in some cases even verified,e.g.”The Sichuan earthquake is the most serious one China has ever suffered.”The expressive function,supplies information about the user’s feelings,preferences,prejudices.and values,e.g.”I will never go camping with the Simpsons again.”The social function,serves to establish and maintain socialrelations between people,e.g.”How can I help you, sir?Chapter Two Phonology1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Speech and writing are two major media of linguistic communication. Modern linguistics regards speech as the primary one for some reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system is to record speech. Even today, there are some tribes without writing system. From the view of children’s development, children acquire his mother tongue before they learn to write.5.what criteria are used to classify the English vowels?The criteria used to classify English vowels are:The height of the tongue raising: high, mid, and lowThe position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, and back The degree of lip rounding: rounded, un-rounded The degree of tenseness/the length of sound: tense (long) or lax (short) The change of sound quality: pure(monophthong), gliding(diphthong)7.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? . Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language from patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.8.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to the phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech soundswe hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme.。
外研社应用英语教程综合英语3 Unit_7_教学课件
Pre-Class Tasks
II. Co-Learning
There has long been the “nature vs nurture” debate regarding gender differences in communication. Do you think females and males have different communicative behaviors because they have different brain structures or because they, from the very start, learn to speak in ways particular to their own gender rules and norms? Share your opinion in a group.
Text A
Detailed Analysis
dogmatically: adv. in a narrow-minded dogmatic manner Course books should take account of students’ needs as learners and should facilitate learning processes without dogmatically imposing a rigid mets. 11-13)
The author states the conclusion that the relationship between the sexes is not only about ___d_i_ff_e_re_n__ce_s__, but also
Body (paras. 4-10)
linguistics
Use of linguistics
1. Sociolinguistics: the study of relationship between
language and society
2. Psycholinguistics: the study of the relationship
Noam Chomsky • Birth: 1928.12.7 • Main interests： Linguistics Philosophy of language Philosophy of mind • Notable ideas： Generative grammar, universal grammar
In the late 1960s-1970s, semantics became a separate discipline.
Trend of modern linguistic development
2. Linguistics studies not only language system, but also speech activities & speech mechanism Structural linguistics: language system is the only object of linguistic study Speech activities: speaking & writing (constructing utterances) and listening and reading (understanding utterances) Speech mechanism: how people construct and understand utterances
英语语言学概论第七章笔记
Chapter 7 Historical Linguistics 历史语言学1.The purpose and significance of the historical study of language研究语言变化的目的和意义The historical study of language is of great importance to our understanding of human languages and human linguistic competence.Researches in historical linguistics shed light on prehistoric development in the evolution of language and the connections of earlier and later variants of the same language, and provide valuable insights into the kinship patterns of different languages.The historical study of language also enables us to determine how non-linguistic factors, such as social, cultural and psychological factors, interact over time to trigger linguistic change.研究语言变化对于理解人类语言和人类的语言能力极其重要。
历史语言学的研究成果揭示语言变化的史前发展和同一语言早期和后期变体自己的联系，为不同语言的亲缘关系提供线索。
历史语言学的研究还可以使我们对非语言的因素，如社会文化和心理因素等在语言变化过程中所起的作用有更深的认识。
general linguistics 一般语言学简介
Linguistics语言学，the study of human language。
包括Theoretical linguistics，Applied linguistics，Sociolinguistics，Cognitive linguistics和Historical linguistics。
这里主要考Theoretical linguistics，包括:1.Lexis词汇学, the study of what is a word and where words come from2.Semantics语义学，the study of meaning in a language3.Phonetics语音学，the study of speech sounds (voice).4.Phonology音位学/音系学,the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication5.Morphology形态学，the study of the structure and form of words and phrases6.Syntax句法学，the study of the rules, or "patterned relations" that govern the way the words in a sentence come together，与morphology形态学并称grammer语法学7.Stylistics文体学，the study of style used in literary, and verbal language and the effect the writer/speaker wishes to communicate to the reader/hearer.8.Pragmatics语用学，generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how context influences the interpretation of meanings.补充：general linguistics, the study of the structure and development of language in generalChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. T2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. F3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. F4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. T5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. T6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. T7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. T8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. F9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. T10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. T11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. T12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. T13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. T14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. T15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. T16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. T17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. T19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. FⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleⅤ.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. A_______ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22. A_______ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_______ sounds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t_______ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27. S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s_______ rules.29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31. P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33. T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress ands_________ stress.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesⅣ. Define the terms below:45. phonology46. phoneme47. allophone48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation 50. phonetics51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics53. phone54. phonemic contrast55. tone56. minimal pairⅤ.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?。
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Language Varieties
The
term social dialect is used to describe differences in speech associated with various social groups or classes. Whereas regional dialects are geographically based, social dialects originate among social groups and are related to a variety of factors. Social dialect could be further distinguished by gender, age, ethnic group, religion, and class. In India, for example, caste, one of the clearest of all social differentiators, quite often determines which variety of a language a speaker uses.
Language and Social Culture
Lecture 7
Language Varieerm for a particular coherent form of language in which specific extralinguistic criteria can be used to define it as a variety. For example, a geographically defined variety is known as a dialect, a variety with a social basis as a sociolect, a functional variety as jargon or a sublanguage, a situative variety as a register. David (1992: 76) defines variety as a system of linguistic expression whose use is governed by situational variables, such as regional, occupational or social class.
Register
Register
refers the functional variety of language that is defined according to use of language in context. People participating in recurrent communication situations tend to use similar vocabularies and ways of saying. For example, a physician may use technical terms when he is talking with his fellow physicians, but he may use ordinary vocabulary when he is talking to his patients. When talking about salt, a chemist may use "NaCl" in writing, but he may use the word "salt" before a preschool child.
Language Varieties
A
language is typically composed of a number of dialects. Dialect refers to any regional, social or ethnic variety of a language. All languages spoken by more than one small homogeneous community are found to consist of two or more dialects. The language differences associated with dialect may occur on any level of language, thus including pronunciation, grammatical, semantic, and language use differences.
Language Varieties
A
regional dialect refers to the language variety used in a geographical region. When people are separated from each other geographically, dialectal diversity develops. When enough differences give the language spoken in a particular region, for example, the city of Chicago or New York its own "flavor," that version of the language is called a regional dialect. A regional dialect differs from language in that the former is considered a distinct entity, yet not distinct enough from other dialects of the language to be regarded as a different language.
Language and Culture
Although
it is true that human culture in its great complexity could not have developed and is unthinkable without the aid of language, no correlation has yet been established between cultures of a certain type and a certain type of language. In fact, there were and still are areas in the world where societies share a very similar cultural orientation and yet speak languages that are not only mutually unintelligible but completely unrelated and structurally different.
Language and Culture
The
language used by a speech community is closely related to the culture of that community. A community's culture consists of what it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members, and to do so in any role that they accept for any one of themselves.
Language and Culture
For
example, the North American Indians of the Great Plains possessed many of the same or very similar cultural characteristics but their languages belonged to at least six different language families. The opposite may also hold true: Estonians and Lapps speak related languages (both belong to the Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric subfamily of the Uralic family of languages), but their cultures are quite different.
Language and Culture
The
close relationship between language and culture has long been the focus of linguistic study. Many linguists have come to realize that language and culture are so inextricably related that you cannot understand or appreciate the one without a knowledge of the other. Language and culture is in a dialectical relationship. Every language is part of a culture, and it serves and reflects cultural needs.