Analog turbo-networks in VLSI The next step in turbo decoding and equalization

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Esoteric N-03T网络音频传输系统说明书

Network Audio Transpor tN-03TVersatile Range of System PlansEver since we were ﬁrst established, Esoteric’s philosophy has centered on modular audio systems, breaking audio down into separate devices and reﬁning each one to achieve maximum audio quality. The N-03T network audio transport system can be combined with Esoteric’s range of D/A converters (D series) and Super Audio CD players (K series) to build your system just the way you want it.USB XLR/RCAGrandioso K111.2 384/32 2.8 192/24Grandioso D1 5.6 384/32 - 192/24D-02X 11.2 384/32 2.8 192/24D-05X 11.2 384/32 2.8 192/24K-01Xs 11.2 384/32 2.8 192/24K-01X + VUK-K01Xs 11.2384/322.8192/24K-01X 5.6 384/32 2.8 192/24K-01+ V UK-K01XUSB 2.8 384/32 - 192/24K-03Xs 11.2 384/32 2.8 192/24K-03X + VUK-K03Xs 11.2 384/32 2.8 192/24K-03X 5.6 384/32 2.8 192/24K-03 + VUK-K01XUSB 2.8384/32-192/24K-05X 11.2 384/32 2.8 192/24K-07X 11.2 384/32 2.8 192/24OP-DAC111.2 384/32 - 192/24Maximum sampling rate / bit rateConnection Models / FormatDSD (MHz) PCM (kHz/bit) DSD (MHz) PCM (kHz/bit ) System Plan 1 N-03T/P-02X/D-02X/G-02XSystem Plan 2 N-03T/D-02X/G-02XSystem Plan 3 N-03T/K-03Xs System Plan 4 N-03T/D-05X* The arrangements in these photos are for illustrative purposes only.In actual use, avoid stacking components. Mount them individually in an equipment rack.PRINTED IN JAPAN 0218O05•TECD-0266ESOTERIC COMPANY1-47 Ochiai, Tama-shi, Tokyo 206-8530, Japan Fax: (042)356-9240www.esoteric.jpPlease note that Esoteric products are only available at select distributors in respective countries.“Esoteric” is a trademark of TEAC Corporation, registered in the U.S. and other countries.©2018 TEAC Corporation. All Rights Reserved. All text, images, graphics and other materials in this catalogue are subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of TEAC Corporation. These materials shall not directly or indirectly be published, reproduced, modiﬁed or distributed in any medium.“Super Audio CD” and “DSD” are registered trademarks. IOS is a trademark or registered trademark of Cisco in the U.S. and other countries and is used under license.Apple, iPhone and iPad are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Bulk Pet is a registered trademark of Interface Co.,Ltd.Other company names and product names in this document are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.Design and speciﬁcations are subject to change without notice.P R O U D L Y M A D E I N T O K Y O•For USB connection, the N-03T automatically down-convert signal to the maximum Fs whichconnected device can playback.•For XLR/RCA connection, PCM 384/352.8kHz data will be down-converted to 192/176.4kHz. DSD 5.6MHz signal output can be down-converted to 2.8MHz (Dop) or PCM88.2kHz signal.*The N-03T cannot down-convert DSD11.2MHz and PCM768/705.6kHz music ﬁles.SpecificationsNetwork sectionSupported ﬁle formats PCM lossless FLAC , Apple Lossles s (ALAC), WAV, AIFFDSD lossless DSF , DSDIFF (DFF ), DoP Compressed audio MP3, AAC (m4a container ) ETHERNET port1(1000BASE-T)USB DRIVE ports 2 (USB 2.0 or higher recommended) Supported ﬁle formats FAT32, NTFS Single partition Maximum current supply 0.5ASupported sampling frequencies PCM 44.1–384kHz, 16/24/32 bitDSD 2.8MHz, 5.6MHz, 11.2MHzDigital outputsUSB port (USB 2.0 standard) 1 X LR connector 1Output level 3Vp-p (into 110Ω) RCA connector 1Output level0.5Vp-p (into 75Ω)*The following are the maximum limits for output from the XLR and RCA connectors. PCM 44.1–192kHz, 16/24 bitDSD2.8MHz (Do P )Clock inputBNC connector 1 Input impedance50ΩFrequencies that can be input 10MHz(±10ppm)Input level Rectangle wave: equivalent to TTL levels Sine wave: 0.5 to 1.0 VrmsGeneralPower supply AC 220-240V, 50/60HzAC 120V, 60Hz / AC 220V, 60Hz Power consumption31WExternal dimensions(W×H×D, including protrusions) 445m m ×131m m ×360mm(17 5/8"×5 1/4"×14 1/4") Weight17kg (37 1/2 lb)Included accessoriesPower cor d ×1, Felt pad s ×3, Owner’s manual ×1, Warranty car d ×1High-Sampling Digital OutputThe N-03T has a USB port enabling digital output up to DSD 11.2MHz and PCM 384kHz/32-bit. This allows the N-03T to be connected to a USB DAC or a disc player with a USB port.Two other digital output systems (XLRx1 and RCAx1) are also included, supporting PCM up to 192kHz/24-bit and DSD2.8MHz (DoP).Music Server FunctionThe N-03T can also be used as a simpliﬁed music server in which a player and a librar y can be integrated by connecting large-capacity storage devices to two USB ports on the front and rear of the unit.Compatible with a Wide Range of Streaming Services and Audio CodecsEsoteric has partnerships with a wide range of streaming service and audio codec providers, and preparations are underway for compatibility with new services.**Information on newly supported services will be released on the ESOTERIC website. However, regional restrictions may be implemented on some services.Compatible with a Wide Range of Audio SourcesCare has been taken with every detail to achieve audio quality suitable for high-end network playback. The N-03T is compatible with a vast range of formats (DSF, DSDIFF, FLAC, Apple Lossless, WAV, AIFF, MP3 and AAC) and supports playback up to DSD 11.2MHz and PCM 384kHz/32-bit by USB output. Gapless playback is also suppor ted for all lossless formats for uninterrupted playback of live or opera recordings.Esoteric Sound StreamEsoteric Sound Stream is an Apple iOS network playback app for tablets and smartphones designed with an emphasis on intuitive operability. Simply select music tracks by using your tablet or smartphone to create a customized playlist and then play the playlist. All screens are intuitively designed for easy operation and access to playlists and libraries, making it easy for anyone to use. It also has a wide range of advanced features that meet the demands of even the most experienced users.A key feature is the excellent search and retrieval function that fully utilizes tag information. Images are also stored in the app, enabling you to instantly scroll through album artwork and libraries according to categories such as artist, year of recording, composer or category.Equipped with Two Powerful Independent Power SuppliesThe N-03T is equipped with two large independent toroidal transformers, one for the internal network module and one for the other digital circuits, enabling the ideal supply of power to each circuit block. Unlike a standard switching power supply, these large linear power supplies are made with high qualit y components such as large ﬁlter capacitors and Schottky barrier diodes. The dedicated power supply for the network module also has an EDLC (Electric Double-layer Capacitor), a super-capacitor that has 1F (1,000,000μF) capacitance. These provide a dramatic improvement in audio quality.High-Rigidity Chassis ConstructionThe bottom chassis used to secure the circuit components has a dual layer structure with two steel plates (5mm and 2mm). Th e power supply transformer and oth er components are arranged th ree-dimensionally on th e two layers to prevent interference between components, and laser-cut slits are applied to each layer for effective controlling of vibration. And a th ick, h eavyweigh t aluminum panel enclosure and Esoteric’s unique pinpoint feet (patents no. JP4075477 and JP3778108) provide t oroug mechanical grounding against vibration.P R O U D L Y M A D E I N T O K Y ONetwork AudioThe N-03T fulﬁlls every music lover’s dream: to access music freely from your living room chair and enjoy the very best audio quality. The DSD master audio source provides a crystal-clear audio experience, your CD collection is arranged in a library for easy access, and streaming services put new music at your ﬁngertips. The N-03T is a network audio transport system specially designed to connect with an external DAC or a Super Audio CD player’s built-in DAC via USB connection. Other than your audio system, all you need is a home LAN (Wi-Fi router, etc.), a tablet or smartphone and a NAS (music server) to store your music library. That’s all you need for an easy, comfortable musicexperience where you don’t have to compromise on quality.N-03TNetwork Audio TransportMassive, super high quality modular systems are the key philosophy that Esoteric has followed since we were first established.We are now bringing this same philosophy to network playback systems with the N-03T network digital audio transport system.Your favorite D/A converter or Super Audio CD player can be digitally connected by USB, enabling you to build just the right system to enjoy playing files or streaming content your way.Esoteric takes digital transport to a new level with endless options and even more possibilities for audio playback.N-03TTablet / SmartphoneD/A converterSuper Audio CD player,etc.USB / XLR / RCA Digital connection Internet。

思博伦CyberFlood添加全新的虚拟和可扩展测试能力

业
界
要
闻
七七七七七七七七七七七七七
七七七七七七七七七七七七七
《信息通信技术与政策》2018 年 7 月第 7 期
业界要闻
思博伦荣获东京 Interop 2018 展多项大奖，
400G 以及安全测试方案均上榜
的合作伙伴，
思博伦满足客户快速发展需求的能力。
思博伦 CyberFlood 添加全新的虚拟和
在 6 月 13—15 日举办的东京 Interop 展上，思博伦通信荣
更强的测试选择，这不仅符合当前的需要，同时也为将来做
实的 TCP/UDP 流量，可扩展至数以百万计的用户和连接，对
好了准备。”
要求高性能、高密度的客户来说，
是理想的选择。
在此次 Interop Tokyo 展会上，思博伦 400G 方案被多家合
用户可以使用 CF20 在数分钟内完成测试的部署和启
动，单台 1U 设备即可提供 1G/10G/40G 和 100G 连接速率。
解决方案。本次展会上，思博伦有数个解决方案入围 Best of
云和 SDN/NFV 领域的多样化的测试选项。CF20 是一种多
Interop Show 决赛，其中包括最终获奖的 PX3-400G 测试模
合一、尺寸小巧且高度便携的多速率测试设备，具备 Cyber-
块，以及小巧且高度便携的多速率安全测试设备 CF20。
水平。
一种理想的测试解决方案。
CF20 是 2018 年推出的一种多合一、尺寸小巧且高度便
思博伦在日本的经销商伙伴 Toyo 公司总经理 Masahiko
携的多速率测试设备，可用来验证用户的网络性能和安全，
Kawauchi 指出：
“ 在先进的安全和性能测试中，CF20 是一个

RBK40 全家型 AC2200 三带 WiFi 系统说明书

Data SheetRBK40Whole Home AC2200 Tri-band WiFi SystemOverviewThis Orbi WiFi System comes with an Orbi WiFi Router and Satellite that deliver unparalleled WiFi coverage. It covers homes up to 4,000 square feet with strong WiFi signals. Innovative Tri-band WiFi helps maximize the Internet speeds available in your home.Enjoy better WiFi. Everywhere.FeaturesSingle Network Name.One WiFi name and seamless roaming for your whole home to enjoy.Max Internet Speeds.Innovative Tri-band WiFi helps deliver fast Internet speeds even as more devices connect.Your Home. Covered.This kit of two covers up to a 4,000 sq ft † home with high-performance AC2200 WiFi.Simple & Secure.Use the Orbi app or a web browser to create secure whole home WiFi in minutes. With no accounts to set up.Data SheetRBK40Whole Home AC2200 Tri-band WiFi SystemHouse DiagramD E D I CA T E DT R I-B AN DC O N N EC T I ONINTERNETOrbi SatelliteOrbi Router4,000 Square Feet of Orbi WiFi CoverageDedicated Tri-band Connection ensures devices connect directly to maximum Internet speeds1Internet plan and devices that support these speeds are required.Simple setup from your smartphone or tablet.Use the Orbi app to set up and manage your network. To ﬁnd the app, scan one of the following QR codes or search for NETGEAR Orbi in the Apple App Store or Google Play Store.Data SheetRBK40 Whole Home AC2200 Tri-band WiFi SystemOrbi Router (RBR40)Sync buttonPower buttonPlugs intoexisting modemPlugs into Ethernet-enabled devicesSync buttonPower buttonPlugs into Ethernet-enabled devicesOrbi Satellite (RBS40)Data SheetRBK40Whole Home AC2200 Tri-band WiFi SystemTechnical Specifications• O rbi AC2200 Router & AC2200 Satellite (866+866+400Mbps)†• Simultaneous Tri-band WiFi- R adio 1: IEEE ® 802.11b/g/n 2.4GHz–256QAM support - R adio 2: IEEE ® 802.11a/n/ac 5GHz–256QAM support - R adio 3: IEEE ® 802.11a/n/ac 5GHz–256QAM support • Dedicated Backhaul Technology• F our (4) high-performance antennas with high-power amplifiers • I mplicit/Explicit Beamforming for 2.4 & 5GHz bands (866+866+400Mbps)†• M U-MIMO capable for simultaneous data streaming on multiple devices • F our (4) 10/100/1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet ports - O rbi Router (RBR40): 1 WAN & 3 LAN - O rbi Satellite (RBS40): 4 LAN • S ecurity- W PA/WPA2-PSK support- G uest WiFi Network is easy to setup separate& secure Internet access for guestsThis product comes with a limited warranty that is valid only if purchased from a NETGEAR authorized reseller.* 90-day complimentary technical support following purchase from a NETGEAR authorized reseller.† M aximum wireless signal range derived from IEEE standard 802.11 specifications. Actual data throughput and data over distance will vary. Network conditions and environmental factors, including volume of network traffic, building material and construction, and network overhead, result in lower actual data throughput rate and wireless coverage.1Internet plan and devices that support these speeds are required.For indoor use only.For regulatory compliance information, visit /about/regulatoryNETGEAR, the NETGEAR Logo, and Orbi are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of NETGEAR, Inc. Any other trademarks mentioned herein are for reference purposes only. ©2017 NETGEAR, Inc.NETGEAR, Inc. 350 E. Plumeria Drive, San Jose, CA 95134-1911 USA, /supportD-RBK40-2Physical Specifications• Orbi Router (RBR40)- D imensions: 6.4 x 3.1 x 8.0 in - W eight: 1.65 lb • Orbi Satellite (RBS40)- D imensions: 6.4 x 3.1 x 8.0 in - W eight: 1.65 lbWhat’s In the Box?• One (1) Orbi Router (RBR40)• One (1) Orbi Satellite (RBS40)• One (1) 2m Ethernet cable • Two (2) 12V/2.5A power adapters • Quick start guideWhat Do I Need for Orbi to Work?• High-speed Internet connection • Connect to existing modem or gateway。

ArenaMatch Utility 小前景补声扬声器 AMU105 AMU108 AMU206

规范信息
本产品符合所有适用的欧盟指令要求。您可以从网站 /compliance 找到完整的符合性声明。
此符号表示不得将此产品作为生活垃圾丢弃，应将其送到合适的回收站点进行回收。正确处理和回收有助于保护自然资源、人类健康和环境。想要获得更多关于此产品的处理和回收的信息，请联系当地市政当局、垃圾处理服务部门或您购买此产品的商店。
中国危险物质限用表
有毒或有害物质或元素名称及成分
有毒或有害物质和元素
零件名称
铅
汞
(Pb) (Hg)
镉 ()
六价铬 (CR(VI))
多溴化联苯 (PBB)
印刷电路板 X
O
O
O
O
金属零件
X
O
O
O
O
塑料零件
O
O
O
O
O
扬声器
X
O
O
O
O
线缆
X
O
O
O
O
此表格依据 SJ/T 11364 的要求制定。
O：表示此零件中所有均质材料所包含的此类有毒或有害物质均低于 GB/T 26572 中的限定要求。
6. 只能使用制造商指定的附件/配件。
7.
只能使用制造商指定或随本设备一起销售的推车、支架、
三角架、托架或工作台。如果使用推车，则在移动推车/设
备时应格外小心，以免因倾倒而造成伤害。
警告/小心：
包含可能导致窒息危险的小部件。不适合 3 岁以下的儿童使用。
本产品含有磁性材料。有关这是否会影响到您的植入式医疗器械，请咨询您的医生。
包装清单................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 可选配件................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 检查和维护....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 保持防风雨性........................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 推荐使用的工具.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 产品尺寸........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 ArenaMatch Utility AMU105........................................................................................................................................................... 7 ArenaMatch Utility AMU108........................................................................................................................................................... 8 ArenaMatch Utility AMU206.......................................................................................................................................................... 9 ArenaMatch Utility AMU208........................................................................................................................................................ 10

一种高吞吐低延迟片上互连网络路由器

第50 卷第 8 期2023年8 月Vol.50，No.8Aug. 2023湖南大学学报（自然科学版）Journal of Hunan University（Natural Sciences）一种高吞吐低延迟片上互连网络路由器李晋文†，申慧毅，齐树波（国防科技大学计算机学院，湖南长沙 410073）摘要：本文提出了一种用于片上互连网络的低延迟高吞吐量动态虚拟输出队列路由器，该路由器可以利用前瞻路由计算和虚拟输出队列方案将路由器延迟减低到两个周期.仿真结果表明，与虫孔路由器和虚通道路由器相比，4×4网格上的网络吞吐量分别提高了46.9%和28.6%，并且在相同输入加速比下，性能比双缓冲虚通道路由器要高1.9%.在随机合成流量下，片上网络的零负载延迟也分别降低了25.6%和41%.设计实现结果表明，路由器的工作频率可以达到2.5 GHz.关键词：片上网络；路由器；吞吐量；延迟中图分类号：TN913.3 文献标志码：AA High-throughpur Low-latency Router for On-chip InterconnectNetworksLI Jinwen†，SHEN Huiyi，QI Shubo（School of Computer Science， National University of Defense Technology， Changsha 410073， China）Abstract：A low-latency high-throughput Dynamic Virtual Output Queues Router for On-chip interconnect networks is proposed in this paper，which can reduce the router latency to two cycles by leveraging look-ahead routing computation and virtual output queues scheme. The simulation results show that，compared with the wormhole router and virtual-channel router， the network throughput on a 4×4 mesh increases by up to 46.9% and 28.6%， respectively， and outperforms doubled buffer virtual channel by 1.9% under the same input speedup. Under random synthetic traffic，the zero-load-latency of the network on chip is also reduced by 25.6% and 41%，respectively. Synthesis results indicate the frequency of router can reach 2.5 GHz.Key words：on-chip network；router；throughput；latency随着半导体技术的飞速发展，越来越多的处理器核（多核和众核）集成在单个芯片上，而随着MOS 管尺寸的不断缩小，门级电路延迟在不断缩小，全局互连线的延迟相对于MOS管延迟还在不断增加.微∗收稿日期：2022-11-03基金项目：HPCL国家重点实验室基金项目（202101-02）；国家自然科学基金资助项目（60873212），National Natural Science Foundation of China（60873212）作者简介：李晋文（1975—），男，山西武乡人，国防科技大学研究员，博士† 通信联系人，E-mail：*****************文章编号：1674-2974（2023）08-0141-06DOI：10.16339/ki.hdxbzkb.2023289湖南大学学报（自然科学版）2023 年处理器体系结构设计的重点正在从以提高计算为中心的单核能力设计转向以互连通信为中心的多核设计.由于互连延迟可预测、设计复杂度比较低、易扩展性和结构规整，片上网络已成为CMP和MPSoC中片上众核互连最有前途的选择［1］.其中2D mesh互连网络已广泛应用于许多原型芯片，如Intel 80核Tera⁃flop、Tilera 64核和TRIPS［2-4］.片上网络的概念来源于多处理器间互连网络，但实际与多芯片间互连网络有着许多不同的特点.最重要的一点，芯片内互连线和引脚比芯片间网络中的互连线和引脚资源更丰富［1］.然而，片上网络中缓冲buffer容量不足.网络的延迟对实际多核的计算性能有很大影响.当路由器的每跳延迟从一个周期增加到五个周期时，全系统的性能将下降10%［5］.基准的虚通道路由器的流水线级数为4.近年来，业界提出了几种新型架构的低延迟路由器，包括推测虚通道路由器［6］、采用虫孔交换的两虚通道结构路由器［7］、混合电路交换路由器［5］、带bundle的两周期路由器［8］、组合型两周期路由器［9］、无缓存片上路由器［10］、基于时间序列开关分配路由器［11］以及关键路径延迟只有35个FO4［12］的单周期路由器（FO4是指一个反相器驱动四个相同尺寸反相器产生的延迟，高性能微处理器的周期一般约为20个FO4）.缓冲buffer的实现对互连网络的性能至关重要.缓冲buffer可以用寄存器或SRAM来实现.在芯片中，通常缓冲buffer的容量相对较小，因此使用低延迟的寄存器实现更为有利，而使用SRAM会存在较大的地址译码延迟以及存储阵列访问延迟，这些延迟与全局位线相关；此外还能节省位线预充电功耗［13］.在标准的虚通道路由器中，每个虚通道都需要自带缓冲buffer，一个虚通道无法使用其他虚通道的缓冲buffer［14］.DAMQ路由器设立了5个缓冲buffer队列，每个队列对应一个虚通道，多出的一个队列作为共享缓冲buffer，一个报文flit从到达到离开路由器需要3个时钟周期［15］.VichaR路由器能够根据数据流量（traffic）来调节和分配每个物理通道的虚通道和缓冲buffer数量，并使用复杂的VC控制表来管理报文flit，能够有效提高缓冲buffer的使用效率，其缺点是路由器延迟会达到四个时钟周期.当路由器中发生拥塞时，无论是采用基于信用还是基于开关的流控策略，通道流水线中的缓冲buffer都不能用于缓冲flit.iDEAL路由器提出用中继器（repeater）电路来缓冲flit报文［16］，然而中继器存在较大漏流问题，会导致不可靠.本文提出了一种新型的两周期路由器——动态虚通道输出队列路由器（DVOQR），采用多端口缓冲buffer和虚拟输出队列来消除虚通道路由器中的分配站（allocation stage）.采用Ready/Valid握手机制来控制路由器之间的flit流，在这种策略下，流水线通道中的存储器可以用于缓冲flit报文.本文其余部分组织如下，第1节介绍了路由器的微架构.第2节给出了路由器的具体设计实现.第3节分析了模拟结果.最后，第4节对本文工作进行了简要总结.1 路由器微架构1.1 DVOQR路由器微架构本文提出了一种新型动态虚通道输出队列路由器（DVOQR），其微架构如图1所示.路由器包括P个输入端口和P个输出端口.对于二维mesh网络，P= 5；一个端口连接到本地处理器（核），其他端口连接到相邻路由器.输入单元由三个主要模块组成：集中动态缓冲器（Unified Dynamic Buffer，UDB）、集中动态缓冲分配器（Unified Dynamic Buffer Allocation，UDBA）、P个虚拟输出地址队列（Virtual Ouput Address Queue，以下简称VOAQ）.输出端口包括一个P选1的仲裁器和一个P输入的多路复用器.由多个flit组成1个数据报文，存储在同一FIFO队列中，路由到同一输出端口.每个输入端口有P个FIFO队列，它们共享一个UDB并各自带一个私有的VOAQ.每个FIFO中flit的地址存储在虚拟输出地址队列（VOAQ）中.这样一来，就可以有效消除队列头阻塞（HOL）延迟问题［17］.芯片间网络路由器中的缓冲buffer一般使用SRAM来实现.大容量的多端口SRAM存储器由于需要较大的面积开销、较高的功耗和访问延迟而难以实现，而使用小容量的寄存器来实现多端口缓冲器buffer要容易得多.受片上资源的限制，UDB用低延迟的多端口寄存器实现，具有1个写端口和P个读端口.每个读端口对应1个FIFO队列.尽管使用多个端口会导致面积开销增加，但可以消除虚通道路由器流水线的分配站.连接到输出端口的CDB，由CDB控制器和两项142第 8 期李晋文等：一种高吞吐低延迟片上互连网络路由器寄存器组成，如图2（a ）所示.其中一个寄存器负责接收来自路由器的flit ，而另一个寄存器负责将flit 发送到下一个路由器，一收一发.在下一个周期中，两个寄存器交换收发功能.因此CDB 可以同时接收和发送flit ，可以避免流水线产生气泡.图2（b ）给出了CDB 控制器的实现电路.state ［1：0］表征两个寄存器的状态.读指针rd_ptr 对应发送寄存器，写指针wr_ptr 对应接收寄存器.当路由器之间的线延迟超过一个时钟周期时，可以插入多个CDB.UDBA 用于为队列分配时隙或释放空时隙.使用状态向量来跟踪所有时隙的状态，1表示时隙可用.当时隙分配给flit 时，相应的位将被清掉.采用固定优先级仲裁器以简化分配逻辑，最低可用时隙将被分配最高的优先级.设计了四个物理VOAQ 来缓存同一队列中的flit.当某一个flit 注入UDB 时，UDBA 负责将分配给它的时隙号写入对应的VOAQ ，该VOAQ 还会保存该报文的路由信息以及flit 类型.在UDB 读操作之前，需要首先从VOAQ 中读出UDB 中flit 的地址，这将增加UDB 的访问延迟.本文设计了一种新颖的移位FIFO ，可以有效减少UDB 的读延迟.图3给出了VOAQ 的微架构，使用one-hot 向量来指向FIFO 的尾部，而第一项指向FIFO 的头部.尾向量的宽度比UDB 的深度D 要大1.当tail_vector ［0］为1时，FIFO 为空；而tail_vector ［D ］等于1时，FIFO 为满.当头数图1 DVOQR 路由器微架构Fig.1 Microarchitecture of DVOQR（a ）Architecture of channel double buffer（b ） Channel double buffer controller图2 通道的双缓存控制器Fig.2 Channel double buffer controller143湖南大学学报（自然科学版）2023 年据离开队列时，VOAQ 中的其他数据将向前移一位，而tail_vector 将进行右移.当新数据到达时，数据将被添加到VOAQ 的尾部，并且tail_vector 左移1位.当新数据在同一时钟周期内到达和离开时，tail_vector 将不发生移位.DVOQR 中的交换分配单元使用P 个round-robin 仲裁器实现.交换分配单元只需要一级仲裁，即可实现最大匹配，从而提高路由器吞吐量并降低分配延迟.1.2 DVOQR 流水线设计DVOQR 路由器的流水线由两站组成：flit 交换站（Flit Switch ，FS ）和链路传输站（Link Traversal ，LT ）.FS 站：完成交叉开关分配、前瞻路由计算、UDB读操作和Crossbar 传输.其中交叉开关分配、前瞻路由计算和UDB 读操作能够并行.当VOAQ 的第一项是head flit 报文片时，会为目的仲裁器产生一个请求信号.同时，发送VOAQ 中的flit 地址到UDB ，启动读操作，根据报文的路由信息，采用维序路由算法进行路由的前瞻计算.如果请求未被批准，将在下一个周期中重试，而不需要再次读取flit 报文.LT 站：在这一站中，flit 通过物理链路发送并写入UDB ，并根据FS 站的前瞻路由计算结果，将分配给flit 的地址写入VOAQ 中.1.3 流控机制DVOQR 使用了一种新的流控机制，称为ready-valid 握手机制（handshake ）.ready 输出表示UDB/CDB 有可用的存储来接收flit 报文.valid 信号标识当前的flit 报文是有效的.当ready 和valid 信号在同一个周期内有效时，说明flit 报文已经提交.当下一级路由器发生拥塞时，链路上流水线中的CDB 可以缓冲flit 报文，这等效于增加了缓冲buffer 容量.基于维序路由算法，这种流控机制可以有效避免死锁.2 设计实现基于RTL 设计实现了用于片上2D mesh 网络的DVOQR 路由器，数据位宽128位，带有16项UDB ，评估了路由器的性能和功耗，综合生成门级网表，并对时序进行了详细的分析.FS 站和LT 站的关键路径延迟分别为400 ps （11.4 FO4）和252 ps （7.2 FO4），该工艺下的FO4为35 ps.表1给出了路由器中各功能部件的面积和功耗.3 模拟结果3.1 模拟方法本文采用随机人工合成流量模型评估互连网络的性能.表2给出了模拟实验的参数设置.采用周期精确模拟器Booksim ［14］来评估虫孔路由器（Worm⁃hole Router ，WH ）和虚通道路由器（Virtual-channel Router ，VC ）.本文使用Verilog HDL 设计实现了DVOQR 的RTL 模型.测试程序采用随机通讯的合成程序，进行了仿真模拟，预热时间为1万个时钟周期，测量时间为10万个时钟周期.3.2 模拟结果分析3.2.1 不同缓冲容量的影响图4为带16项UDB 的DVOQR 路由器在随机流量负载下的平均延迟曲线.虫孔路由器和虚信道路由器中的输入缓冲buffer 数量为16~64 flit.与其他两种路由器相比，DVOQR 的吞吐量分别增加了33.2%和12%，而其他路由器缓冲buffer 的容量是DVOQR 的3倍.因此，DVOQR 可以更有效地使用输入缓冲器.其中，三种路由器的零负载延迟分别为10.4、14.0和17.7.表1 路由器中各功能部件的面积和功耗Tab.1 Area and power consumption of each functionalcomponent模块UDBVOAQinput portoutput port CDBrouter 组合逻辑面积/（μm ）218 9452 49629 7311 5102 236167，385时序逻辑面积/（μm ）231 47531 6844 0931133 065221，595总面积/（μm ）250 4205 66473 8241 6235 301403，740功耗/mW58.87.589.30.60312.1507.5数量/个5205551图3 VOAQ 的微架构Fig.3 Microarchitecture of virtual ouput address queue144第 8 期李晋文等：一种高吞吐低延迟片上互连网络路由器3.2.2 相同输入加速比UDB 有四个读端口，因此DVOQR 的输入加速比是4.图5给出了在随机流量负载相同输入加速比时的平均延迟曲线.与VC_4×4和VC_4×8相比，VOQ_16的吞吐率分别增加17.6% 和1.9%，而VC_8×8 和VC_8×16的吞吐率分别比VOQ_16要高2.9%和7.5%.DVOQR 吞吐率比双缓冲虚通道路由器要高1.9%.在相同的输入加速比下，采用动态缓冲buffer分配只需要一半的buffer 容量就能达到相同的吞吐率.3.2.3 UDB 深度的影响图6给出了随机流量下DVOQR 网络性能与UDB 深度的相关性.2项UDB 的网络饱和点约为50%，16项UDB 的饱和点可达到82.4%.当UDB 的深度大于8时，吞吐率的增加随着UDB 深度的增加速度放缓.当注入流量小于0.4时，采用不同深度UDB 的平均延迟几乎是相同的.可以根据网络流量打开或关闭一部分UDB ，这样可以有效减少缓冲buffer 的漏流功耗.事实上，缓冲buffer 产生的漏流功耗是整个NoC 路由器漏流功耗的最主要来源.3.2.4 报文长度的影响图7给出了随机流量下带16项UDB 的DVOQR平均延迟与数据报文长度的关系，报文长度为2~32个flit.吞吐率随着报文长度的增加而降低.报文长度为32 flit 和2 flit 网络的饱和点分别为57.5%和87.5%.报文长度进一步增加将导致阻塞，因此需要占用更多的物理通道，而且竞争增加将导致更大的延迟.图7 对应不同报文长度下DVOQR 平均延迟Fig.7 Average latency of DVOQR under differentmessage lengths表2 模拟参数设置Tab.2 Simulation parameter settingsnetwork路由算法报文长度流量注入DVOQR 路由器虫孔路由器（WH ）虚通道路由器（VC ）4×4 meshdimension-order routing four flitsBernoulli processtwo-stage pipeline ，the depth of UDB is 16 for VOQ_16three-stage pipeline ，the depth of buffer is 16 for WH_16.four-stage pipeline ，the channel number is 4 and the depth of buffer in channel is 8for VC_4×8.图4 不同buffer 容量的DVOQR 路由器平均延迟Fig.4 Average latency of DVOQR with different buffer capacities图5 相同输入加速比下DVOQR 平均延迟Fig.5 Average latency of DVOQR under the sameinput acceleration ratio图6 不同深度UDB 的DVOQR 的平均延迟Fig.6 Average latency of DVOQR with different UDB145湖南大学学报（自然科学版）2023 年4 结论本文提出了一种基于ready-valid握手流控策略的两级流水线片上互连网络路由器，该路由器采用维序路由可以避免死锁.与虫孔路由器和虚通道路由器相比，4×4 mesh网络中的网络吞吐量分别提高了46.9%和28.6%，并且在相同的输入加速比下，DVOQR路由器比双缓冲虚通道路由器性能提高了1.9%.综合结果表明，路由器的时钟频率可达2.5 GHz.参考文献［1］DALLY W J，TOWLES B.Route packets，not wires：on-chip interconnection networks［C］//Proceedings of the 38th DesignAutomation Conference .Las Vegas，NV，USA：IEEE，2005：684-689.［2］VANGAL S，HOWARD J，RUHL G，et al.An 80-tile 1.28TFLOPS network-on-chip in 65nm CMOS［C］//2007 IEEE InternationalSolid-State Circuits Conference. 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通信信号处理中的概率计算及其应用

概率计算原理小结

概率计算最基本的运算为概率乘法和加法。基于这种概率加法和乘法，可以衍生出一些基本概率逻辑，即概率“与”、概率“非”、概率“或” 和概率“异或”；基于接收符号或序列计算发送符号和序列的概率运算可以转换成基本的概率运算，即概率乘法、概率加法和包括概率与、概率非、概率或和概率异或等概率逻辑；采用模拟集成电路构建基本的概率运算单元，算法任务用这些基本计算单元完成；概率计算适合于低功耗、快速的密集概率运算任务。
内容提要
概率计算的基本原理
概通率信计信算号及处其理应中用的
国内外发展情况
基于概率计算的帧同步
基于概率计算的置信传播译码
小结
20
概率计算的研究状况（1）

1970年James N. Cronholm给出了概率门的定义 [James 1970] Probability gates statistics 概率门表示一个固定但可控的转移概率P，P具有数字电路的随时钟变化特性由于数字技术的迅猛发展，直到近几年基于概率门的信号处理方法才又被人们重视起来 1998年～1999年瑞士研究人员在瑞士国家科学基金的支持下完成了turbo/LDPC码中的BP算法在模拟VLSI上的实现工作 [Hans-Andrea Loeliger] Probability Propagation and Decoding in Analog VLSI （IEEE TRANS. ON I.T., 47（2）, FEB. 2001; 会议版本ISIT 1998） [Hans-Andrea Loeliger] Decoding in Analog VLSI （IEEE Communications Magazine , April 1999）

turbo编译码资料

© Copyright 2012–2015 Xilinx, Inc. Xilinx, the Xilinx logo, Artix, ISE, Kintex, Spartan, Virtex, Vivado, Zynq, and other designated brands included herein are trademarks of Xilinx in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.IntroductionThe LogiCORE™ IP 3GPP Mixed Mode Turbo Decoder provides a flexible turbo convolutional decode function for both LTE and WCDMA air interfaces. The implementation is compliant with the requirements set out in both [Ref 1] and [Ref 2]. The core provides an optimized turbo decode function for base stations at all form factors, from femto to macrocells. The decoder, when used with a TCC encoder,provides an effective way of transmitting data reliably over noisy data channels.Additional DocumentationA full product guide is available for this core. Access to this material can be requested by clicking on this registration link:/member/mm_tcc_dec_eval/index.htmFeatures•Three versions of this core can be generated, each supporting different standard options:°LTE only °UMTS only °LTE and UMTS•When UMTS and LTE are both supported the core can switch between different standards on a block by block basis.•Each core is completely self contained, requiring nothing else to decode data.•All 3GPP LTE block sizes supported: 188 different block sizes in the range 40–6144•All 3GPP UMTS block sizes supported, that is block sizes in the range 40-5114.See Feature Summary for additional features.LogiCORE IP 3GPP Mixed ModeTurbo Decoder v2.0PB009 (v2.0) November 18, 2015Product BriefLogiCORE IP Facts TableCore SpecificsSupportedDevice Family (1)UltraScale+™ Families UltraScale ™ ArchitectureZynq®-7000 All Programmable SoC7 SeriesSupported User InterfacesAXI4-StreamProvided with CoreDesign Files Encypted RTLExample Design VHDL Test Bench VHDLConstraints File Not ProvidedSimulation Model Encrypted VHDLC Model and MATLAB® ModelSupported S/W DriverN/ATested Design Flows (2)Design Entry Vivado® Design SuiteSimulation For supported simulators, see theXilinx Design Tools: Release Notes Guide .SynthesisVivado SynthesisSupportProvided by Xilinx at the Xilinx Support web pageNotes:1.For a complete listing of supported devices, see the Vivado IPcatalog.2.For the supported versions of the tools, see theXilinx Design Tools: Release Notes Guide .Feature Summary•Configurable with either 1, 2, 4 or 8 decode units, allowing resource utilization to be optimized while meeting system performance requirements at all base station form factors.•Dynamically selectable number of iterations 1-15.•Support for MAX, MAX_SCALE and MAX_STAR algorithms.•AXI4-Stream interfaces used for control and data input/output.• C model and MATLAB MEX function available for bit accurate modelling of error correcting performance.•Number representation: Twos complement fractional.•Data Input: 7 or 8 bits (4 or 5 integer bits with 3 fractional bits)•Hardware DSP units can be used instead of logic resources to tailor the core resource usage to specific user applications.•Demonstration test bench to show an example of core usage.•Integrated scheduler ensures that decode latency remains virtually constant with variable block sizes.OverviewThe TCC decoder is used in conjunction with a TCC encoder to provide an effective way of transmitting data reliably over noisy data channels. The turbo decoder operates very well under low signal-to-noise conditions and provides a performance close to the theoretical optimal performance defined by the Shannon limit [Ref3].References1.3GPP TS 25.212 "Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)", v10.1.02.3GPP TS 36.212 "Multiplexing and channel coding", v10.3.03. C. Berrou, A. Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima, Near Shannon Limit Error-correcting Coding andDecoding Turbo Codes, IEEE Proc 1993 Int Conf. Comm., pp1064-1070Technical SupportXilinx provides technical support at the Xilinx Support web page for this LogiCORE™ IP product when used as described in the product documentation. Xilinx cannot guarantee timing, functionality, or support if you do any of the following:•Implement the solution in devices that are not defined in the documentation.•Customize the solution beyond that allowed in the product documentation.•Change any section of the design labeled DO NOT MODIFY.To contact Xilinx Technical Support, navigate to the Xilinx Support web page. Licensing and Ordering InformationThis Xilinx LogiCORE™ IP module is provided under the terms of the Xilinx Turbo Code LogiCORE IP License Terms.The module is shipped as part of the Vivado Design Suite. For full access to all core functionalities in simulation and in hardware, you must purchase a license for the core. Contact your local Xilinx sales representative for information about pricing and availability.For more information, visit the 3GPP Mixed Mode Turbo Decoder product page.Information about other Xilinx LogiCORE IP modules is available at the Xilinx Intellectual Property page. For information on pricing and availability of other Xilinx LogiCORE IP modules and tools, contact your local Xilinx sales representative.Disclaimer: France Telecom, for itself and certain other parties, claims certain intellectual property rights covering Turbo Codes technology, and has decided to license these rights under a licensing program called the Turbo Codes Licensing Program. Supply of this IP core does not convey a license nor imply any right to use any Turbo Codes patents owned by France Telecom, TDF or GET. Contact France Telecom for information about its Turbo Codes Licensing Program at the following address:France Telecom R&D,VAT/TURBOCODES,38, rue du Général Leclerc,92794 Issy Moulineaux,Cedex 9,France.Evaluation LicenseAn evaluation license is available for this core. The evaluation version of the core operates in the same way as the full version for several hours, depending on clock frequency. Operation is then disabled and the data output does not change. If you notice this behavior in hardware, it means that you are using an evaluation version of the core. The Xilinx tools warn that an evaluation license is being used during netlist implementation. If a full license is installed in order for the core to run on hardware, delete the old configuration file and re-create the core from new.Revision HistoryThe following table shows the revision history for this document:Please Read: Important Legal NoticesThe information disclosed to you hereunder (the “Materials”) is provided solely for the selection and use of Xilinx products. To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law: (1) Materials are made available “AS IS” and with all faults, Xilinx hereby DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,NON-INFRINGEMENT, OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE; and (2) Xilinx shall not be liable (whether in contract or tort, including negligence, or under any other theory of liability) for any loss or damage of any kind or nature related to, arising under, or in connection with, the Materials (including your use of the Materials), including for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential loss or damage (including loss of data, profits, goodwill, or any type of loss or damage suffered as a result of any action brought by a third party) even if such damage or loss was reasonably foreseeable or Xilinx had been advised of the possibility of the same. Xilinx assumes no obligation to correct any errors contained in the Materials or to notify you of updates to the Materials or to product specifications. You may not reproduce, modify, distribute, or publicly display the Materials without prior written consent. Certain products are subject to the terms and conditions of Xilinx's limited warranty, please refer to Xilinx's Terms of Sale which can be viewed at /legal.htm#tos ; IP cores may be subject to warranty and support terms contained in a license issued to you by Xilinx. Xilinx products are not designed or intended to be fail-safe or for use in any application requiring fail-safe performance; you assume sole risk and liability for use of Xilinx products in such critical applications, please refer to Xilinx's Terms of Sale which can be viewed at /legal.htm#tos .DateVersionDescription of Revisions11/18/2015 2.0UltraScale+ device support added.04/02/2014 2.0Characterization data added to PG030.12/18/2013 2.0Added UltraScale architecture support.03/20/2013 2.0Updated for Vivado design tools.01/18/20121.0Xilinx initial release.。

NORMA 4000 5000 Power Analyzer 用户说明手册说明书

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