Unit 2 Leadership
Unit-1-2-汉译英与英译汉
汉译英unit1 section_a父母觉得有责任尽其所能给孩子提供最好的。
(to feel obliged to do/to provide ... for ... )Parents feel obliged to provide the best they can for children.应该严肃认真地大力惩治政治腐败。
(to get serious about/to curb/corruption)It’s time to get serious about curbing political corruption.学校的校长不应指望刚从大学毕业的老师来应付一大群难以对付的孩子。
(principals/fresh from/to deal with)School principals should not expect teachers, fresh from college, to deal with a large group of difficult children.她讲话不多，但言之有理。
(to talk much/to make sense)She doesn’t talk much, but what she says makes sense.对于强加给他的指责，他从未放在心上。
to be indifferent to / to thrust ...on...He was indifferent to the criticism that was thrust on him.为了确保司机的安全，一定要敦促机械师确保汽车发动机已调整好。
(to keep...safe/to urge/mechanics/to make sure/to tune up)In order to keep drivers safe, mechanics are urged to make sure that car engines are properly tuned up.当她站在那儿看到她女儿大学毕业时，内心充满了骄傲。
Unit2文献阅读与翻译第二章
Eg.1:Tension is building up.
形势紧张起来。 张力在增大。 电压在增加。 压力在增强。 ……
Eg.2: the English word of story
This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. (事件) It is quite another story now, for the leadership has changed. (情况) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (内情) A young man came to a police officer’s office with a story.
(3)Judging from the Context and Collocation
外研版必修四Unit2知识点详析及练习(有答案)
外研版必修四Unit2知识点详析及练习（有答案）重点单词详析：（1）permit【原句回放】You should check the cab has a business permit, and make sure you ask for a receipt.你应该确定司机有驾驶执照，而且一定要索要发票。
【点拨】permit n. 允许，许可（常指成文的允许）；通行证；许可证，执照；v. 许可，允许permit sb. to do sth. 准许某人做某事permit doing sth. 准许做某事Weather permitting, …＝If weather permits, …如果天气许可的话/假如天气好的话，……Weather permitting, we’ll climb the mountain. 天气许可的话，我们就去爬山。
with/without one’s permission 在某人的允许下/未经某人的许可Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。
It’s illegal to read people’s private letters without permission.未经允许看别人的私人信件是不合法的。
【拓展】permission n. 准许；许可；批准ask for permission 请求许可permit与allow都可以作“允许”解。
permit强调权威性的正式批准，表示“允许、准许”；allow暗含默许、放纵之意，有并不禁止的含义，表示“容许”。
（2）limit【原句回放】Buses numbered 1 to 100 are limited to travel within the city centre.公交线1到100路都是仅限于市中心内的。
【点拨】limit n. 限度，限制范围；极限；vt. 限制(定)a limit to/on 对……的限制limit sth. to…/be limited to… 限制在……I shall limit myself to three aspects of the subject. 我仅探讨这一问题的三个方面。
英语二 unit 7 详细讲解
to come into contact with与……接触
Topics for conversation should be relevant to the experience and interests of the students.
谈话的题目应该与学生的经历与兴趣有关。
Any relevant information should be given to the police.任何有关信息都应交给警察。
反义词：passive a.消极的
He gave positive instructions.他给了明确的指示。
Can you be positive about what you saw？你能肯定你所见到的东西吗？
He always adopts a positive attitude when correcting student‘s mistakes.
He‘s had possession of the house for ten years.
他拥有这所房产已有十年。
She has never really been interested in material possessions.
她从未对物质财富产生过兴趣。
4satisfaction : n满意、满足；满意同根词：satisfy: v使。。。满足；satisfying: a令人满意的；satisfied:对。。。感到满意的；satisfactory: a满意的（表语）
participate v.参加
attain v.完成，达到
1.be concerned with：关于，关切，关注
Her job is something concerned with computers她的工作与电脑有关。
《英语听力教程》Unit2答案高等教育出版社
《英语听力教程》Unit2答案高等教育出版社Unit 2 Let Birds FlyPart IB.1.IUCN—International Union for the Conservation of Nature, is the organization established bythe United Nations to promote the conservation of wildlife and habitats as part of the national policies of member states.2.CITES-- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, / trade/ animals andplants/ 1975/ prohibits/ 8,000/ controls/ 30,0003.UNEP—United Nations Environmental Program/ leadership / environment/ quality of life/4.WWF—World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund)/ 1961/ species/ 3.7million/ Switzerland.C.Questions:1.They work to conserve natural areas that contain endangered wildlife2.They are campaigning to provide sea sanctuaries for some of these endangered species.Protected-nesting sites for turtles have been set up.3.it refers to the places of safety in the sea where sea animals are protected and allowed to livefreely.A: Hallo, I’m calling on behalf of the World Wildlife Fund.B: the what?A: The World wildlife Fund. If you’ve got a few minutes I’dlike to telly ou what that means.B: Oh, all right.A: We work to conserve natural areas that contain endangered wildlife. The seas for example, have become polluted by the industrialized world; whales are being hunted to extinction; turtles are rolled off their eggs when they come ashore to breed or are slaughtered for their meat and oil…B: Oh.A: Crocodiles are killed to make handbags and shoes; walruses are hunted for their ivory.B: I see.A: Seals are bludgeoned to death to provide fur coats and the threat of extinction hangs over several species of whale, dolphin and porpoise.B: really.A: We are now campaigning to provide sea sanctuaries for some of these endangered species.B: very interesting.A: Aided by our campaign, protected nesting sites for turtles have already been set up. As you can see, this is very valuable work and I wonder therefore if you’d like to make a donation?Part II Christmas bird countsA. Jan. 3rd/ more than 40,000 volunteers/ 1,600/ a 15 mile diameter / an American artist/ their natural habitats/ the late 1800sB. start/ sponsored/ outside counting birds/ experienced bird watchers/ anyone that is interested or concerned as well. / scheduled/ 10 people taking part/ hundreds/ 15 mile diameter circle/ the total bird populations / the number of birds / the longest-running bird censusJohn James Audubon was an American artist in the early 1800s, who illustrated birds in their natural habitats. The Society named after him was founded in the late 1800s by conservationists concerned with the decline of birds, which were being killed so their feathers could be used in the manufacture of women’s hats.Sponsored by the National Audubon Society, more than 40,000 volunteers will be outside counting birds from today until January 3rd. V olunteers from all 50 states of the United States, every Canadian province, parts of Central and South America, Bermuda, the West Indies and Pacific islands have begun to count and record every individual bird and bird species observed during the two and one half week period of the count.Jeffrey leBarron is the National Audubon Society’s Christmas Bird Count editor. He says the count is the longest-running bird census in ornithology.This year, according to MR. LeBaron, more than 1,600 separate bird counts have been scheduled. Some would have as few as 10 people taking part, others with hundreds. The logistics of the Christmas bird count, he adds, are simple.“Each individual count is in a circle. It’s a 15 mile diameter circle, um, around the exact center point. And it’s always the exactly same area that’s done every year, usually, even on the same weekend during the count period. And what the ideal would be, which is virtually impossible, is this census: every single individual bird within that circle on the count day.”Mr. LeBaron says experienced bird counters can get a good idea of the total bird populations within the count circle based on the number of birds they actually see. The editor points out, however, that the counts are not only for experienced birdwatchers.“Anybody that is interested or concerned can become involved. Beginners will go out in a party with experienced individuals who know both the area and the birds in the area, in the field where more eyes and ears are better. And then anybody can point out a bird, and someone in the field will always be able to identify the bird.”Part III. Dolphin captivityA. 1 3 4 5 2B. Thesis Statement 1: Dolphins should be kept in captivityThesis Statement 2: there are educational benefits of keeping marine mammals in captivityCRick Troud: stress / sonar bouncing offDeborah Duffield: little difference in average age of death; life getting better for captive dolphinsRick Troud: natural behavior patterns are altered/ beating each other to death; suffering from fractured skulls, ribs or jaws.Doborah Duffield: Can’t learn from animals in the wild how they operate, breed, what they need, etc.(Alan Tu is an announcer for Colorado Public Radio; Peter Jones is a reporter for Colorado Public Radio. The other speakers are identified in the report.)A: A planned aquatic park in Denver is raising the ire of animal rights activists who object to aproposal to include a captive dolphin display. Although officials for Colorado’s Ocean Journeys say they have yet to make a final decision on the issue, local and national activists have already instigated a “NO Dolphins in Denver” campaign . As Colorado Publ ic Radio’s Peter Jones reports, the battle lineshave been clearly drawn.P: Rick Troud, a former navy dolphin trainer based in Florida, is taking an active role in the “NO Dolphins” campaign.R: Average age in the wild ranges anywhere in some of the studies between 30 and 40 years of age. In captivity, you can expect a dolphin to live maybe 5.13 year and every 7 years in captivity, the dolphin population is dead.P: According to Troud, there are many reasons why dolphins can’t live full lives in captivity.R: if you take a look at where the real dolphin is in the real ocean, you find the dolphin who swims 40 miles a day, is very family-oriented. These animals are separated from their mothers; that’s a stress. You put them is a concrete tank where their sona r bounces off of walls, they can’t swim in the same amount of time and direction that they can in the wild.P: Environmentalist and ocean explorer, Jean Michel Cousteau:J: there are some animals which reject captivity right away, and they’re very suicidal. I’ve had one of those in my own arms for many days. The next morning when I came to take care of him, he was dead. And what he’d done was to swim as fast as he could from one end of the pool on…to the other side and destroyed his head by hitting the wall. They have a very sophisticated brain. I don’t think we have any rights to play with the live of these animals.P: Cousteau’s anti-captivity position is challenged by Dr. Deborah Duffield, a biology professor at Portland State College in Oregon. Her 1990 study compared captive dolphins to the wild population of Sarasota Bay, Florida. Among other findings, the study showed little if any difference in the average age of death.And Duffield says life is generally getting better for captive dolphins.D: the ce nsus data say that every time I do a census, I’ve got older and older animals in it as well as this normal age distribution that we’ve been looking at . So my feeling is that the trend in captivity has been that the group of animals that we’re following ar e getting older, and if they continue to do that over the next five years, they will then indeed be older than the wild population.P: There is also a debate over the educational benefits of keeping marine mammals in captivity. According to Duffield, captive dolphins play an important role in our basic understanding of the animals.D: I firmly believe that we cannot learn anything about organisms that we share this world with if we do not understand how they live in an environment, and what they do, and that watching them go by in the wild will not do it. I cannot tell what an animal needs, unless I know how it operates, how it breeds, what it needs metabolically, and I can’t learn that from animals in the wild.P: But Troud says the dolphin displays are anti-educational because the animals’ natural behavior patterns are altered by captivity.R: IN the wild, you don’t have dolphins who beat each other to death. There are no dolphins that I’ve ever seen stranded on the beach, who are suffering from fractured skull, fractured ribs or fractured jaws, as is the case in captivity.P: the Ocean Journey board will take all factors into consideration before making a final decision on whether to include dolphins in the park. For Colorado Public Radio, I’mPeter Jones.Part IV. Birds—a source of wealthA.I. 9,300II. Habitat A. warmer climates/ 300 different species/ B. colder climatesIII. A. 2. habitat alteration B. esthetic valueIV. Birds’ populationMr. Lebaron says there are about 9,300 different known species of birds. Larger numbers of them live in the warmer climates. For example, more than 300 different species have been counted in Panama, while far fewer species are native to colder climates. Aside from their esthetic value, Mr. LeBaron says birds are important to the environment because they can signal changes in it. “Birds are one of the best indicators that we have of the quality of the environment within the given area. Whether it is a relatively local area, or even primarily on the worldwide bases, they are one of the first things to be altered. They are quite sensitive to a habitat alteration or to other threats. And often times when birds are disappearing out of the area, it just means there is a degradation of the quality of the habitat within that area which will adversely affect everything in there including humans”national Audubon society editor Jeffrey Lebaron calls the world’s bird populations a source of wealth that humans must protect.“people get so much pleasure out of looking at birds and listening to birds. And if they start disappearing just the quality of lie, may be not physically, but the mental quality of life can be degraded quickly.”Jeffrey leBaron says that while the National AudubonSociety’s annual Christmas bird counts show a declin e in some species, many types of birds are actually increasing their populations.Part V Do you know…?1.one and one-half million / 20 times2.100/ 40,000/ 65 million3.3,500/ 2 million square miles/ 3%4.200 animal species/ 1,0005. a third/ two thirds/ three quarters/。
北师大版九年级英语全册unit2知识点总结 语法点(含答案)
We’re considering selling the house.
我们在考虑卖掉房子。
2). to care about or respect other people or their feelings and wishes
关心；体贴；顾及；考虑到
例句：
触动，感动
例句：
Tragedy touched their lives when their son was 16.
他们儿子16岁那年，他们的生活中发生了悲剧。
The TV report about the children’s work for charity touched thousands of people’s hearts.
steal v. 偷，偷窃
preparation n. 准备
hang v. 悬挂
Oxford n. 牛津
quotation n. 引语，引文
inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的，激励人的
form v. 养成，形成
continuing adj. 连续不断的
need n. 需求 v. 需要
advantage n. 优势，有利条件
据说旧书能使房间别具一格。
3). a person represented in a film, play, or story
（电影、戏剧或故事中的）人物，角色
例句：
The film revolves around three main characters.
电影围绕3位主角展开。
She had Mickey Mouse or some other Disney character on her sweater.
外研版(2019)高中英语必修选择性第二册单词表(全)
外研版（2019）高中英语必修选择性第二册单词表（全）（区分课标与非课标）蓝色为非课标词汇。
Unit 11. integrity [inˈtegriti]n.正直,诚实；2. virtue [ˈvɝtʃʊ] 美德3. licence [ˈlaisəns] 许可；执照4. loan [ləun] n.贷款；借债5. adulthood [əˈdʌlthud]n.成年6. milestone [ˈmailstəun]n.里程碑或石；重大的事件7. election [iˈlekʃən]n.选举；选择8.wage [weidʒ]n.薪资；(pl.)工资；代价；9. tax [tæks]n.税；重负10. have a say 有发言权11.behind the wheel 开车12. ambulance [ˈæmbjuləns]n.救护车(船、机)13. legal [ˈliːgəl]a.合法的；法律上的；法定的14. mature [məˈtjuə] a.成熟的；慎重考虑的；15. instantly [ˈɪnst(ə)ntlɪ] adv.立即地；即刻地16. childhood [ˈtʃaildhud] n.幼年(时代),童年17. obey [əˈbei] v.服从；遵守18. subtle [ˈsʌtl]难以察觉的微妙的19. gradual [ˈgrædʒuəl] a.逐渐的；20. selfish [ˈselfiʃ] a.自私的；利己的21. organ donation 器官捐赠22. approve [əˈpruːv]vt.赞成,同意；称许；23. steady [ˈstedi] a.稳定的；持续的；镇定的；坚定的24.tempt [tempt] vt.引诱；诱惑；怂恿25. librarian [laiˈbreəriən] n.图书馆馆长26. household [ˈhaushəuld] a.家庭的；家常的27. commute [kəˈmjuːt]每天上班的路程28. deposit [diˈpɔzit] n.定金；押金mitment [kəˈmitmənt] n.投入，花销30. suitable [ˈsjuːtəbl] a.适合的；适宜的；恰当的31. minimum [ˈminiməm] a.最小的；最低的32.bittersweet [ˈbitəswiːt]n.半苦半甜；苦乐参半33. boarder [ˈbɔːdə]n.寄膳者；寄宿生；住校生34.varied [ˈveərid]a.各式各样的；杂色的35.cherish [ˈtʃeriʃ]vt.爱护；珍爱；抚育36. routine [ruːˈtiːn] n.惯例；例行公事；常规37.primeval [praiˈmiːvl]非常古老的；远古的38. boa constrictor 蟒蛇39.swallow [ˈswɔləu]vi.吞噬食物；咽下40. prey [prei]n猎物41.chew [tʃuː]vt.嚼,咀嚼42. digestion [diˈdʒestʃən]n.消化(力)；消化作用；43. ponder [ˈpɔndə]vt.考虑；衡量；反思44.masterpiece [ˈmɑːstəpiːs]n.杰作；名著45. digest [diˈdʒest]vi.消化46. lay aside 把…搁置一边47.devote oneself to 致力于，献身于48. arithmetic [əˈriθmətik]n.算术；算术教科书,算法49.disheartened [dɪsˈhɑ:tnd] a.沮丧的，灰心的50.tiresome [ˈtaiəsəm] a.使人疲劳的；讨厌的51. at a glance 一瞥看一眼52. consequence [ˈkɔnsikwəns]n.结果；影响；53. intimately [ˈintimitli] ad.亲切地,亲密地54 .golf [gɔlf]n.高尔夫球55. politics [ˈpɔlitiks] n.政治；政纲；政见56. necktie [ˈnektai]n.领带57. evidence [ˈevidəns]n.证据；作证；58. airline [ˈeəlain]n.航空公司；航线59.memorable [ˈmemərəbl]a.值得纪念的；难忘的60.bond [bɔnd]n.纽带关系61.conclusion [kənˈkluːʒən]n.结论；推论Unit 21. security [siˈkjuəriti]n.安全;确信;保证2. moderator [ˈmɔdəreitə] n.调停者；主持人3. detox [di:'tɔks]n. 戒瘾；戒瘾诊所4. fundraising [ˈfʌndˌreiziŋ]n.筹款；募款5. switch [switʃ]vt.开通或关闭(电流)；转变；6. switch on （用开关）开，打开7. motivate [ˈməutiveit] vt.激励；激发；8. occupy [ˈɔkjupai]vt.占用；占去9.profile [ˈprəufail]n.概况10.distract [disˈtrækt] vt.转移；分散；分心11. constantly [ˈkɔnstəntli]ad.经常地；不断地；12.towel [ˈtauəl]n.毛巾,手巾13. throw in the towel 认输14. access [ˈækses] n.进入；接近；接触的机会15.rely [riˈlai] vi.信赖；依赖16. rely on 依靠依赖17. deadline [ˈdedlain]n.截止时间；界线；最后期限18.procrastination [prəuˌkræstiˈneiʃən]n.拖延；延迟；耽搁19. appropriate [əˈprəupriit]a.适合的；专属的；特有的20.spit [spit]vi.吐出21.headphones [ˈhedfəunz]n.(pl.)听筒；耳机22. bin [bin]n.垃圾箱，仓,箱23.considerate [kənˈsidərit] a.慎重考虑的；体谅的；为别人着想的24. clarify [ˈklærifai]vt.使清楚；阐明；澄清；净化25. promote [prəˈməut]vt.升级；促进；奖励；26. headline [ˈhedlain]n.大字标题；(pl.)新闻广播的摘要27.max out（钱）花光，（信用卡）刷爆28.in contrast to 与…形成鲜明对比29.district [ˈdistrikt]n.区域;地域;行政区30. necessity [niˈsesiti]n.急需,必需;(pl.)必需品;贫穷31.toothpaste [ˈtuːθpeist] n.牙膏32.soap [səup]n.肥皂33.item [ˈaitəm]n.一件商品，项目；条(款)；帐目34. unprecedented [ʌnˈpresidəntid] a.空前的；无前例的35.personal finances （个人的）财务管理36.jar [dʒɑː]n.广口瓶37.invest [inˈvest]vt.投资；花费38.lifelong [ˈlaiflɔŋ] a.终身的；一生的39.vision [ˈviʒən]n.视力；洞察力；想像力；幻想40. likewise [ˈlaikwaiz]ad.同样地，相似地41.objectively [ɔbˈdʒektivli]ad.客观地42.equip [iˈkwip]vi.装备,配备43. nail [neil]n.指甲；钉子；Unit 31. decade [ˈdekeid]n.十年,十年期间2.legendary [ˈledʒəndəri] a.传说的；传奇的；著名的；享有盛名的3.fixture [ˈfikstʃə] n.固定；固定物；设备4.elderly [ˈeldəli] a.年老的；稍老的5.tablet [ˈtæblit]n.平板电脑，块，片6.sympathy [ˈsimpəθi]n.同情；怜悯7. bunch [bʌntʃ]n.串；束；组8.a bunch of 一群9.dusty [ˈdʌsti] a.多灰尘的；粉状的；尘灰色的10.shelf [ʃelf]n.架；书架；岩路11. furniture [ˈfəːnitʃə]n.家具；日用器具；必需品12.mist [mist]n.薄雾；朦胧13.brick [brɪk] n.砖14.exterior [eksˈtiəriə]n.外观，外表；外景15.stationery [ˈsteiʃənəri] n.文具；信纸及信封16.saleswoman [ˈseilzˌwumən]n.女店员,女售货员17.leadership [ˈliːdəʃip] n.领导；统御术；领导权anic [ɔːˈgænik] a.有机的；器官的；有组织的19.recital [riˈsaitl]n.吟诵会；背诵20.jazz [dʒæz]n.爵士音乐21.pop up 突然出现，冒出来22.humble [ˈhʌmbl] a.卑微的；简陋的；谦逊的23. compete [kəmˈpiːt]vi.竞争；比赛24.emphasise['emfəsaɪz]vt. 强调, 重读, 加强25.reconstruction [ˈriːkənsˈtrʌkʃən]n.再建；改造；复兴26.journalist [ˈdʒəːnəlist]n.新闻记者,新闻工作者27.era [ˈiərə] n.历史上的时代；纪元28.reform [riˈfɔːm]vt.改革；改进，改过自新29.pave [peiv]vt.铺(路)；铺筑30.pave the way铺平道路31.socialist [ˈsəuʃəlist] a.社会主义(者)的32.alongside [əˈlɔŋˈsaid]prep.在…旁边；横靠；与…并肩33.initiative [iˈniʃiətiv]n.倡议34.the Belt and Road Initiative “一带一路”倡议35.solid [ˈsɔlid] a.固体的；立体的；坚实的36.economic[ˌiːkəˈnɔmik] a.经济的；经济学的37.occupation [ˌɔkjuˈpeiʃən]n.占领,占有；工作,职业38.cafeteria [ˌkæfiˈtiəriə]n.自助餐餐馆,39.emoji [[ɪˈməʊdʒi]] n. 表情符号40.integral [ˈintigrəl] a.不可缺少的ponent [kəmˈpəunənt]n.成分，组成部分42.category [ˈkætigəri] n.种类；部门；类目43.expand [iksˈpænd]vt.增加；扩大；展开44.pictograph [ˈpiktəgrɑːf]n.象形图45.emotional [iˈməuʃənl] a.感情的,情感的,情绪的46.gesture [ˈdʒestʃə]n.手势；姿势47.facial [ˈfeiʃəl] a.面部的48.textspeak [teksts'piːk] n.短信简写语49.intention [inˈtenʃən]n.意图；意思50.adaptation [ˌædæpˈteiʃən]n.适应；改编51.accessible [ækˈsesəbl]a.易接近的；可达到的；易受影响的52.soul [səul]n.灵魂；精神53.tendency [ˈtendənsi]n.趋势；倾向54.facilitate [fəˈsiliteit]vt.使便利；促进cator [ˈedjuːkeitə] n.教育家56.pictorial [pikˈtɔːriəl]a.图画的57.secondary [ˈsekəndəri] a.第二(位)的；次要的ic [ˈkɔmik] a.连环图画的；有趣的；喜剧的；59. costume [ˈkɔstjuːm] n.服装；化妆服60.urgently ['ɜ:dʒəntlɪ] ad.迫切地；急切地61.convincing [kənˈvinsiŋ] a.有说服力的；令人心服的Unit 41.boundary [ˈbaundəri]n.界线；分界；边界2.statistic [stəˈtistik]n.统计数据3.assist [əˈsist]vt.帮助,协助4.tackle [ˈtækl]vt.处理，对付；解决；5.vital [ˈvaitl]a.极其重要的rade [ˈkɔmrid]n.伙伴；同事；挚友；同志7.tragic [ˈtrædʒik] a.悲惨的；不幸的8.Ebola [i'bəulə]n. 埃博拉病毒bat [ˈkɔmbæt v.防止，抑制10. relieve [rɪ'liːv]v.给(某人)换班11.specialist [ˈspeʃəlist]n.专家；技术兵12. infectious [inˈfekʃəs] a.传染(性)的；感染性的13.clinic [ˈklinik]n.诊所，义诊所14.disinfect [ˌdisinˈfekt]vt.将…消毒；净化15.outbreak [ˈautbreik]n.暴动；爆发；突发16.devotion [diˈvəuʃən]n.献身,热爱17.vomit [ˈvɔmit]n.吐出物；催呕药18.miracle [ˈmirəkl]n.奇迹；惊人的事例19.van [væn] n.小型货车；行李车20.twin [twin] a.同胎生的21.ward [wɔːd]n.病房pensate [ˈkɔmpenseit]vt.弥补；补偿；偿还23.collaborate [kəˈlæbəreit]vi.合作；协作；同心协力24.mankind [mænˈkaind]n.人类；男性25.realistic [riəˈlistik]a.现实(主义)的；实际的26.minority [maiˈnɔriti]n.少数,少数派27.cast [kɑːst]vt.投；选派（角色）；安排28.inclusive [inˈkluːsiv] a.包括的；包容广阔的29.culture shock 文化冲击30.joint [dʒɔint] a.连接的共同的；联合的31. harmonious[hɑːˈməunjəs] a.协调的；和睦的，融洽的32.mutual [ˈmjuːtʃuəl] a.共同的，共有的33.rewarding [riˈwɔːdiŋ] a.有意义的；值得做的34.mount [maunt] v.走上，登上35. civil [ˈsivl] a.国民的；公民的36.civil war 内战37.slave [sleiv]n.奴隶38.confederate [kənˈfedərit] a.（美国内战期间的）南部联邦的39.union [ˈjuːnjən]n.联盟40.civilian [siˈviljən] a.平民的；百姓的41. division [diˈviʒən]n.分歧，分裂，分开42.bring forth使产生，使出现43.conceive [kənˈsiːv]vt.设想；构想44.liberty [ˈlibəti]n.自由45.delicate [ˈdelikit] a.致力于，献身于46.endure [inˈdjuə]v.持续存在47.battlefield [ˈbætlfiːld]n.战场48.portion [ˈpɔːʃən]n.一部分；一份49.altogether [ˌɔːltəˈgeðə]ad.完全；总共50.consecrate [ˈkɔnsikreit]v.宣布…为神圣之处51.hallow [ˈhæləu]vt.使成为神圣52.detract [diˈtrækt] vt.损害，减低，破坏53.nobly [ˈnəubli]ad.高贵地；高尚地54.in vain 白白地，徒劳地55.perish [ˈperiʃ]v. 死亡56.influential [ˌinfluˈenʃəl]a.有影响力的，有权力的,有势力的munist [ˈkɔmjuːnist]a.共产主义的Unit51.halfway [ˈhɑːfˈwei] a.中途的,半途的2.dramatically [drəˈmætikəli]ad.戏剧性地；明显地；显著地3.heritage [ˈheritidʒ]n.遗产；传统4.inhabitant [inˈhæbitənt]n. 栖居动物，居住者,居民5.penguin [ˈpeŋgwin]n.企鹅6. habitat [ˈhæbitæt]n.(动物或植物的)产地；栖息地7.rat [ræt]n.大老鼠8.subsequently [ˈsʌbsikwəntli]ad.以后；后来9.appetite [ˈæpitait] n.食欲；胃口；嗜好10.multiply [ˈmʌltiplai]vt.增加；繁殖11.vegetation [ˌvedʒiˈteiʃən]n.植物，草本12.erosion [iˈrəuʒən]n.侵蚀；腐蚀13.parakeet [ˈpærəkiːt]n.长尾小鹦鹉14.chaos [ˈkeiɔs]n.混乱紊乱15.conservation [ˌkɔnsəːˈveiʃən]n.保存,维护,保护16.virus [ˈvaiərəs] n.病毒17.decrease [diːˈkriːs] v.减少；缩短；变小18.trap [træp]n.陷阱，夹子19.departure [diˈpɑːtʃə]n.离开；出发20.immunity [iˈmjuːniti]n.免除；免疫(性)21.explode [iksˈpləud]vt.突然增加，使爆炸22.collapse [kəˈlæps]vi.倒塌；崩溃23.substantial [səbˈstænʃəl] a.大量的，多的24.incident [ˈinsidənt]n.事件25.intervention [ˌintəˈvenʃən]n.干预，介入，干涉26.owe [əu]vt.应该做，对…负有…的义务27.postscript [ˈpəusskript] n.附笔；续篇,附言28.pest [pest]n.害虫29.ecology [iˈkɔlədʒi]n.生态学30.dissolve [diˈzɔlv]vt.解散；结束；溶解31.nutrient [ˈnjuːtriənt]n.营养物,养分32.worm [wəːm]n.虫；蠕虫parison [kəmˈpærisn]n.比较；比拟34.visual [ˈvizjuəl] a.视觉的；可见的35.session[ˈseʃən]n.一段时间36.on behalf of 代表37.herbal [ˈhəːbəl]a.草的,草本的;药草的38.mysterious [misˈtiəriəs] a.神秘的；费解的；不可思议的39.status [ˈsteitəs]n.状况；地位；资格；身份；40.criterion [kraiˈtiəriən]n.(批评,判断的)标准；准则41.prosper [ˈprɔspə]vi.兴旺,繁荣,昌盛；成功42.rare [reə].稀有的；珍贵的43.biological [ˌbaiəˈlɔdʒikəl] a.生物学的；生物学上的44.apparently [əˈpeərəntli]adv.据说，看来45.vast [vɑːst] a.广大的；巨大的46.altitude [ˈæltitjuːd]n.高度,海拔47.variation [ˌveəriˈeiʃən]n.变化；变动48.thrive [θraiv]vi.茂盛；兴隆；蔓延49.fossil [ˈfɔsl]n.化石50. floral [ˈflɔːrəl]a.花的；似花的51.vertebrate [ˈvəːtibrit]n.脊椎动物52.beehive [ˈbiːhaiv]n.蜂窝53.endangered [inˈdeindʒəd] a.(生命等)有危险的；有绝种危机的,濒临绝种的54.elsewhere [ˈelsˈweə]ad.在别处；到别处55.invasion [inˈveiʒən]n.侵入,侵犯56.coexist [ˌkəuigˈzist]vi.同时存在；与…共存57.secure [siˈkjuə]a.安心的；安全的；无虑的58.greeting [ˈgriːtiŋ]n.问候语；致意,祝贺Unit 61.crime [kraim] n.罪；犯罪2.seaside [ˈsiːˈsaid] a.海滨的,海边的3.suburb [ˈsʌbəːb]n.市郊；郊外；近郊4.greedy [ˈgriːdi] a.贪心的；贪吃的5.thief [θiːf]n.小偷,贼mit [kəˈmit]vt.犯(罪)；委托；委任7.chacma [ˈtʃækmə]n.大狒狒8.fox [fɔks] n.狐狸9.urban [ˈəːbən] a.都市的10.predator [ˈpredətə]n.掠夺者；食肉动物11.newcomer [ˈnjuːˈkʌmə]n.新来者12.flourish [ˈflʌriʃ]vi.茂盛,繁茂；繁荣；兴旺13.racoon [ræˈkuːn]n.浣熊14.container [kənˈteinə]n.箱；罐；容器15.garbage [ˈgɑːbidʒ]n.垃圾mb [læm]n.小羊；羔羊17.kebab [kəˈbɔb]n.烤肉串18.garlic [ˈgɑːlik]n.大蒜19.estimate [ˈestimit] v.估计；评价20.migratory [ˈmaigrətəri] a.移居的；漂泊的，迁徙的21.appreciate [əˈpriːʃieit]vt.为…表示感激；重视；欣赏22.crucial [ˈkruːʃjəl] a.极重要的；严重的23.restrict [riˈstrikt]vt.限制；约束24. hiker [ˈhaikə]n.徒步旅行者25.kit [kit]n.配套元件；用品箱；成套工具26.optimistic [ˌɔptiˈmistik] a.乐观(主义)的27.clay [klei] n.黏土；泥土28.cave [keiv] n.洞,穴；岩洞29. heat wave 热量30.indoors [ˈinˈdɔːz]ad.在屋里31.cope with 处理32.fuel [fjuəl]n.燃料,柴33.consumption [kənˈsʌmpʃən]n.消耗量；消费量；消耗34.supplement [ˈsʌplimənt]n.增加；补充；追加；补足之物35.eliminate [iˈlimineit]vt.削减；除去36.firefighter [ˈfaɪəfaɪtə(r)]n. <美>消防队员37.bring…under control 使..处于控制之下38.blaze [bleiz]n.火焰；爆发39.fierce [fiəs] a.凶猛的；凶恶的；野蛮的40.react [riˈækt]vi.作出反应；影响41.monthly [ˈmʌnθli] a.每月的；每月一次的42.get rid of 摆脱，除去43.Mars [mɑːz] n. [天文]火星44.advanced [ədˈvɑːnst]a.先进的；高级的45.wipe [waip] vt.揩,擦46.wipe out 消灭47.nuclear [ˈnjuːkliə] a.核心的；(原子)核的；核能的48.terrifying [ˈterifaiiŋ]a.可怕的,骇人的49.hostile [ˈhɔstaɪl] a.（生长环境）恶劣的50.unmanned [ˈʌnˈmænd] a.无人操纵的, 无人驾驶的51.spacecraft [ˈspeisˌkrɑːft] n.航天器；宇宙飞船；太空船52.orbit [ˈɔːbit]vt.环绕…运转53.stunning [ˈstʌniŋ] a.极具吸引力的；令人震惊的54.agency [ˈeidʒənsi] n.机构（尤其指政府内的）局，部，处55.consist [kənˈsist]vi.组成；存在；在于…56.consist of 由…构成，由…组成57.in the meantime 在此期间，与此同时58. infer [inˈfəː] vt.推断；推理；推测59.expose [iksˈpəuz] vt.使暴露；揭露60.astronaut ˈæstrənɔːt] n.宇宙航行员；(美国)宇航员61.dust [dʌst] n.灰尘；混乱62.capsule [ˈkæpsjuːl] n.胶囊；太空舱63.exposure [iksˈpəuʒə] .暴露；揭露；曝光64. trunk [trʌŋk] n.象鼻；树干。
流利说商务英语 Level 6 Unit 2 Part 4(一)Leadership Styles - 副本
流利说商务英语Level 6 Unit 2 Part 4（一）Leadership StylesA person's leadership style shows how they use power to lead other people.Since certain leadership styles will be more successful in certain situations, there is not a perfect style that fits into every business.A leader is often required to adapt their leadership style according to different situations.authoritative 有权威的；命令式的；当局的Authoritative leaders take full control of all activities and decisions on a team.They set clear directions for how work should be done and provide frequent and detailed feedback.An authoritative leadership style is effective when control is necessary, such as when there is little room for error.But if a leader is working with a very experienced team, this leadership style can seem egotistical.democratic 民主的；民主政治的；大众的Democratic leaders encourage their team to participate in the decision-making processes.They are open to ideas from team members, which helps to motivate the team.This leadership style is effective when a team needs to come up with creative solutions to problems.However, it may not work well in emergencies or when team members are not competent enough to contribute.When a team isn't experienced enough to contribute, it's better to avoid being too democratic.To succeed as an authoritative leader, one needs to be visionary and able to resolve conflicts quickly.Most people prefer to work with a democratic leader who encourages teamwork and cooperation.A leader is often required to adapt their leadership style according to situation. Authoritative leaders like to set clear directions for how work should be done. Democratic leaders are open-minded to ideas from team members.pacesetting 定速度的；带头的Pacesetting leaders set high performance standards for themselves and their staff. They pursue high work efficiency and are willing to replace whoever doesn't meet their standards.A pacesetting style can be effective when a team is already motivated and skilled and when a leader needs quick results.However, if the standards set by a leader are too high, employees could easily feel stressed and demoralized.affiliative 有亲和力的Affiliative leaders regularly encourage their team and like to nurture a sense of belonging in an organization.They help strengthen emotional bonds among team members, which creates a positive atmosphere.Therefore, an affiliative style is effective when team morale is low and needs to be improved.However, a leader should not always use this style because it can create a culture where poor performance will be tolerated.What kind of leaders tend to closely supervise their employees' work? Authoritative What kind of leadership style is the most effective when there's a need of quick results? DemocraticA pacesetting leader puts heavy pressure on team members, which may even affect their physical health.Affiliative leaders like to seek an amicable resolution to tense or difficult situations. Pacesetting leaders are willing to replace whoever doesn't meet their standards.。
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合资Joint Ventures
合作co-operative enterprises
外商独资企业WFOE
Sole proprietorships
Sole proprietorships: An organization that is owned ,and usually managed, by one person
统计部：Statistic department 监察审计中心：Audit Center 行政管理中心：Public Administration
Center 人事部：Human Department
行政部：Administrative Department 总经办：General Administrative Office 项目管理中心：Project Management
clients customers. Support involves such activities such as
marketing/financial analysis (professional), data entry (non-professional). Regional offices can be national or international and are usually functional equivalents of the corporate office, on a smaller scale. Field includes regional offices, divisional offices, and branch offices. They handle all activities outside of corporate.
But the sole proprietorship is the most
popular form of business ownership. (why?)
Partnerships
Partnership: A legal relationship between persons carrying on a profitmotivated business.
Managerial staff is responsible for implementing concepts and strategies.
Administrative staff is task-oriented. They
assist in scheduling, reception, filing/recordkeeping, etc. Clerical staff handles process-oriented tasks.
Unit 2 Leadership
Text A Peter Drucker on Leadership
The Focuses of This Unit
What Is Management 什么是管理 Management Functions 管理职能 Organizational Structure 组织结构 Management Levels 管理层次 leader Roles 领导角色 Management Skills 管理技能
There exists division of profits Disagreement among partners Difficult to terminate
Corporation
The corporation :a legal entity ,allowed by legislation ,which permits a group of people ,as shareholders (for-profit companies) or members (non-profit companies), to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set objective ,and empowered with legal rights which are usually only reserved for individual ,such as to sue or be sued ,own property ,hire employees or loan and borrow money
Easier to pay the rent ,utilities ,and other bills incurred by a business
Disadvantages of partnerships
Personally responsible for liability of the partnership
Multiple taxation Difficulty and expense of starting Government involvement Lack of secrecy Lack of personal interest Credit limitations
Warm-up Activities
A. Video game rental store. B. Wedding planning service. C. Software development firm. D. Computer hardware manufacturing
company.
Classifications of Business
Executive staff is responsible for the overall performance and results of the business. They develop key concepts and strategies to drive the business.
Functional Head
Non-managerial Employees
Line job
staff job
Corporate is the over-riding authority for any company. All business directives, objectives, goals are developed in a corporate.
Executive Level
股东会 General Meeting of Shareholders
(impermanent organ, authority)
监事会 Board of supervisors
董事会 Board of directors (elected by GMS)
The Sole proprietor assumes complete responsibility for any of its liabilities or debts
Disadvantages of Sole proprietorships
Difficult to raise capital Unlimited liability Long hours working Limited life span
Advantages of Corporation
Limited liability Skilled management team Transfer of ownership Greater capital base Stability
Disadvantages of Corporation
Maintenance staff ensure that company premises and equipment are clean, safe, and in good-working order.
Back office personnel usually don’t interact with
Co. abbreviation.
Company
Inc. abbreviation.
Incorporated
Ltd. abbreviation.
Limited
Plc. abbreviation.
Public limited company
Corporate structure公司组织结构
Forms of Business Ownership
Sole proprietorships 独资
Partnerships合伙制
(LLC)
Corporations股份制
内资domestic-funded enterprises
外资 foreign-capital enterprises
Warm-up activity
Let’s assume you want to open one of the following new businesses. What form of business ownership would you choose for each business? Why?
董事长 Board chairman
总裁 Chairmen /President
CEO Chief Executive Officer
总经理 General manager
财务管理中心：Financial Management Center
财务部：Financial Department 会计部： accounting department
(1)common ownership (2)shared profits and losses (3)the right to participate in managing